1057:
632:: on the second to fifth vertebrae these are only low ridges and subsequent neck vertebrae lack them completely. In the second to fifth neck vertebrae the normally paired postzygapophyses have fused into a single lobe-shaped process. The neural spines of the tail vertebrae are extremely shortened: at the first three tail vertebrae they are formed like low bumps and subsequent tail vertebrae lack them completely. The chevrons of the tail base are large with a pentagonal profile. The first phalanx of the third finger has 47% of the length of the third
589:
1299:
2710:
514:
123:
921:
2699:
1817:
661:
705:
2705:
143:
2716:
753:
993:
1121:
447:
892:
783:
1207:
1089:
943:
1182:
2739:
1846:
1803:
1832:
1379:, noting that it had low bone density, a trait not observed in semi-aquatic animals. In response, Cau has pointed out on his blog that swans similarly have low bone density yet have adaptations for semi-aquatic feeding. A 2024 study by Tse, Miller, and Pittman, focusing on the skull morphology and bite forces of various dromaeosaurids discovered that
774:. The tail base is rather short in that the transition point to the middle tail, where the transverse processes cease to exist, is at the eighth vertebra. The transition is also very gradual in morphology. The neural spines of the front tail are already strongly reduced: only the first three vertebrae possess them and they are formed like low bumps.
687:, the premaxillary teeth are very closely packed, touching each other, and are very elongated, gradually recurving. The teeth in the maxilla, estimated in number at twenty to twenty-five, are more robust, curve only at their tips, and are spaced at a larger distance. They are more transversely flattened, with an oval cross-section. The
1025:
724:. The preserved tail vertebrae include the first twenty caudals and a series of six from the middle tail. The neck is very elongated. It equals 290% of the skull length and 150% of the back length. This implies that it represents half of the snout-sacrum length, a value that is the highest for all known Mesozoic
668:
The snout, though elongated, is transversely expanded in front, creating a spoon-shaped profile in top view. It is also flat, and its width is 180% of its height. The top profile in side view is hollow. The expanded area consists of a relatively long premaxilla. This bone is internally excavated by a
1383:
had a rapid bite unsuited to piscivorous feeding as previously hypothesized based on its skull morphology, and instead suggest it was an insectivore that hunted small invertebrates possibly in low-light conditions (at night or in murky water), since it likely had exceptional low-light vision among
651:
is rod-shaped. The number of vertebrae of the neck and back totals twenty-two. Only the seventh, eighth and ninth neck vertebrae have pleurocoels, pneumatic depressions on their sides. The transition between the tail base and the middle tail is situated at the seventh to eighth vertebra. The third
1561:
Fabbri, Matteo; Navalón, Guillermo; Benson, Roger B. J.; Pol, Diego; O’Connor, Jingmai; Bhullar, Bhart-Anjan S.; Erickson, Gregory M.; Norell, Mark A.; Orkney, Andrew; Lamanna, Matthew C.; Zouhri, Samir; Becker, Justine; Emke, Amanda; Dal Sasso, Cristiano; Bindellini, Gabriele; Maganuco, Simone;
736:
never surpass 40%. The length is not caused by a greater number of vertebrae, as in the
Oviraptorosauria, but by an elongation of the individual vertebrae. The sixth cervical vertebra is the longest, being four times longer than tall. The neck vertebrae generally have a simplified structure, as
1319:
more to the front, which is more useful for swimming than walking. The torso would have been held more vertical than is normal with theropods. To this end, there are adaptations for an improved extension of the hindlimb, in the hip joint and the thighbone. It had many sharp, backward-curving
691:
of the lower jaw likewise bears an estimated twenty to twenty-five teeth. The nostrils are relatively retracted. They are also unique for a theropod in being obliquely oriented to the top in front view. Despite the length of the snout, the main opening in the side of the front skull, the
541:, an artificial assembly of bones of disparate species, though the top of the snout had been restored with plaster and some elements had been reattached to the rock by glue. The skeleton is largely articulated and not compressed. It represents a subadult individual, about one year old.
760:
On the front neck, the neural spines, normally rectangular plates, have been reduced to a low ridge; more to behind they have disappeared. At the first five neck vertebrae, the postzygapophyses have no separating space in between them but are fused into a single lobe. With other basal
1341:
as they share similar traits with this dromaeosaurid taxon, such as the long neck and a serrated snout edge used to catch small prey. While they are less active moving on land, assuming a hip-extended body posture, on water, they use a distinct
533:, about seventy-five million years old. It consists of a relatively complete skeleton with skull. In 2017, the fossil was not further prepared. Work by the fossil dealers had at that point generally exposed the left side of the skeleton. The
1361:
do not directly support its ability to swim. He also suggested that this dinosaur may be a basal dromaeosaur with transitional features, although Cau rebutted his claims a year later. In 2021, Hone and Holtz noted that since
769:
this groove is absent and the profile is convex. The neck ribs are short, no longer than the vertebral bodies. The back vertebrae are not pneumatised. The tail is not stiffened by long zygapophyses or chevrons as in derived
1328:
in its snout that may have allowed it to detect vibrations in water, leading scientists to believe that it hunted aquatic prey. It had to come up onto land to reproduce, because, like all dinosaurs, it needed to lay its
1374:
do not necessarily suggest that the animal can swim; they didn't propose their own view on this dinosaur's potential ability to swim. In 2022, Fabbri and his colleagues argued against a semi-aquatic ecology for
1314:
had characteristics that allowed it to spend time both in water and on land, including strong hindlimbs for running and smaller flipper-like forelimbs for swimming. The short tail would have brought the
619:
is rod-shaped and its ascending branch occupies only a tenth of the bar behind the eye socket, not reaching the orbit. The neck is extremely elongated, representing half of the snout-sacrum length. The
765:
these rear joint processes are sometimes connected by a plate, but in that case the bony shelf is notched by a postspinal fossa causing a concave profile in top view; in
1480:
482:
2875:
1434:
Cau, A.; Beyrand, V.; Voeten, D. F. A. E.; Fernandez, V.; Tafforeau, P.; Stein, K.; Barsbold, R.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Currie, P. J.; Godefroit, P. (2017).
481:
for some years until the
Eldonia company of fossil dealer François Escuillié obtained it. He identified it as a new species, and in 2015 took it to the
1892:
1624:"The body plan of Halszkaraptor escuilliei (Dinosauria, Theropoda) is not a transitional form along the evolution of dromaeosaurid hypercarnivory"
501:
2870:
1357:
Other researchers have either disagreed with or merely followed Cau's interpretation. In 2019, Brownstein argued that the features noted for
832:
using updated data from the
Theropod Working Group. The analysis showed that Halszkaraptorinae was the basalmost known dromaeosaurid group.
675:, but the top also. These channels probably housed electro-sensory organs. Each premaxilla bears eleven teeth, a record among the entire
551:
was in 2017 named and described by Andrea Cau, Vincent
Beyrand, Dennis F. A. E. Voeten, Vincent Fernandez, Paul Tafforeau, Koen Stein,
2732:
1393:
1858:
669:
system of air chambers. From a larger chamber in the rear, neurovascular channels permeate the entire bone, not just the sides as in
603:. The head was about 7 cm (2.8 in) long, the neck 20 cm (7.9 in), the back 13 cm (5.1 in) and the
2709:
2698:
615:, the front snout bone, forms a flattened snout, occupying 32% of the snout length. The premaxilla bears eleven teeth. The
1885:
1056:
728:. Within the Paraves, only some more recent birds have a proportionally longer neck. Among more basal theropods only some
2715:
1740:"Morphological disparity and structural performance of the dromaeosaurid skull informs ecology and evolutionary history"
142:
2704:
2865:
1298:
588:
496:
and Andrea Cau for further verification. After verifying its authenticity, among other means by scanning it with
679:. Theropods normally have four premaxillary teeth and the previous record for this group was seven, as found in
2860:
1989:
1878:
1836:
1717:
1674:
2837:
639:
Furthermore, a unique combination is present of traits that in themselves are not unique. The external bony
577:
643:
is situated behind the main body of the premaxilla, the point where it connects to the front branch of the
504:, Cau and other prominent paleontologists described the genus in a detailed study published in the journal
2759:
538:
1563:
1435:
607:
5 cm (2.0 in). The describing authors indicated some distinguishing traits. Some of these were
2819:
2742:
742:
497:
417:
513:
122:
2806:
2043:
1751:
1575:
1512:
1447:
1346:
model including forelimb-propelled locomotion. This particular behaviour has also been inferred for
1333:
on land. A more recent analysis performed by Cau specifically points out similarities to modern-day
920:
2460:
1822:
915:
693:
560:
470:
428:
350:
660:
2797:
2197:
2016:
1850:
1599:
1471:
1343:
556:
137:
2824:
704:
559:, and Pascal Godefroit. The generic name combines a reference to the late Polish paleontologist
477:
in or before 2011. The fossil found its way to Japan and Great
Britain, being owned by several
2657:
2548:
2484:
2380:
2173:
1779:
1655:
1591:
1540:
1463:
1316:
992:
868:
805:
786:
Photo of the holotype at Munich Fossil Show in 2011 before the genus was named, labelled as a
762:
752:
733:
478:
474:
423:
239:
130:
1436:"Synchrotron scanning reveals amphibious ecomorphology in a new clade of bird-like dinosaurs"
2581:
2527:
2387:
2365:
1808:
1769:
1759:
1696:
1686:
1675:"Evaluating the ecology of Spinosaurus: Shoreline generalist or aquatic pursuit specialist?"
1645:
1635:
1583:
1530:
1520:
1455:
1198:
1120:
729:
721:
713:
648:
621:
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1306:, with plumage and swimming posture based on aquatic birds that use wing-propelled swimming
891:
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2055:
1974:
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30:
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1088:
942:
446:
2299:
1650:
1623:
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revealed that the bones continued into the rock and that the piece was probably not a
2854:
2620:
2534:
2426:
2411:
2350:
2343:
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2261:
2254:
1603:
1080:
680:
628:, additional processes on their upper rim. The neck vertebrae have extremely reduced
413:
362:
73:
2679:
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2511:
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2448:
2433:
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2147:
1475:
1144:
1048:
984:
837:
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545:
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269:
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563:, who was involved in many expeditions to Mongolia and named the closely related
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2634:
2612:
2563:
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2441:
2419:
2358:
2269:
2204:
2028:
1351:
1112:
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409:
48:
1845:
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1525:
2627:
2604:
2556:
2307:
2276:
2154:
2132:
1940:
1931:
1798:
1718:"Theropoda: L'impatto della densità ossea di Halszkaraptor sulla sua ecologia"
787:
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398:
373:
200:
93:
58:
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2597:
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2190:
2001:
1949:
1865:
1337:. He stated that these birds are probably the closest ecological analogs to
1334:
937:
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213:
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98:
42:
34:
1783:
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1467:
1831:
2776:
2649:
2570:
2541:
2315:
2125:
1925:
529:
of the Bayn Dzak Member of the
Djadochta Formation, dating from the late
486:
462:
390:
369:
187:
174:
88:
83:
68:
63:
53:
1459:
412:
lifestyle, while some researchers question about semiaquatic ecology. A
2832:
2672:
1958:
1640:
746:
725:
688:
644:
640:
377:
103:
78:
1701:
2247:
2139:
1919:
1367:
1016:
824:
below is based on the phylogenetic analysis conducted in 2017 by Cau
604:
580:
honours
Escuillié for having made the specimen available to science.
164:
2753:
473:
at Ukhaa Tolgod in southern
Mongolia, and was illegally removed by
1870:
1691:
1321:
1297:
1024:
802:
781:
751:
703:
659:
587:
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512:
445:
354:
2811:
394:
2757:
1912:
1874:
696:, is short; shorter than high. The rear skull roof is vaulted.
1330:
517:
Skeletal diagram showing known remains. Scale bar equals 10 cm
341:
314:
836:
720:
contains ten neck vertebrae, twelve back vertebrae and six
326:
1370:
is said to be semi-aquatic, having flattened unguals like
320:
1384:
dromaeosaurids based on its relatively large orbit size.
332:
510:. The fossil was returned to the Mongolian authorities.
457:
fossils have been collected at the Ukhaa Tolgod locality
1354:
and aquatic life-style similar to that of mergansers.
624:, rear joint processes, of the neck vertebrae bear no
323:
745:
by pleurocoels, depressions in which diverticula of
338:
335:
329:
317:
276:
2766:
2580:
2494:
2459:
2397:
2325:
2214:
2172:
2109:
2054:
2027:
2000:
1973:
311:
308:
1562:Auditore, Marco; Ibrahim, Nizar (March 23, 2022).
1564:"Subaqueous foraging among carnivorous dinosaurs"
1366:and many modern aquatic birds with no flattened
1738:Tse, Y. T.; Miller, C. V.; Pittman, M. (2024).
453:-aged dinosaur fossil localities of Mongolia;
1886:
8:
790:and with two rib fragments that are now lost
483:Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences
2754:
2403:
2117:
2106:
2033:
2006:
1979:
1970:
1909:
1893:
1879:
1871:
1501:and the evolution of the paravian bauplan"
121:
20:
1773:
1763:
1700:
1690:
1649:
1639:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1534:
1524:
1429:
652:finger is longer than the second finger.
416:analysis revealed it was a member of the
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1405:
708:Pectoral area of holotype MPC D-102/109
502:European Synchrotron Radiation Facility
756:Pelvis area of holotype MPC D-102/109
7:
2838:B14CF603-F0E9-4DC6-9BB1-D215549B6D4F
1556:
1554:
1490:
1488:
1673:Hone; Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2021).
1165:
1136:
1104:
1072:
1040:
1008:
976:
907:
875:
863:
851:
376:period. It contains only one known
1394:Timeline of dromaeosaurid research
14:
2876:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia
611:, unique derived characters. The
525:, was found in a layer of orange
2738:
2737:
2714:
2708:
2703:
2697:
1844:
1830:
1815:
1801:
1205:
1180:
1119:
1087:
1055:
1023:
991:
941:
919:
890:
737:exemplified by the lack of rear
304:
141:
664:Skull of holotype MPC D-102/109
647:. The descending branch of the
1324:in its mouth, a long neck and
1:
2871:Fossil taxa described in 2017
1716:Cau, Andrea (26 March 2022).
500:, a beam of X-rays, at the
393:) has been compared to the
372:that lived during the Late
2892:
1765:10.1186/s12862-024-02222-5
1679:Palaeontologia Electronica
1588:10.1038/s41586-022-04528-0
1526:10.1038/s41598-019-52867-2
749:penetrate the bone walls.
732:approach this value; even
555:, Khishigjav Tsogtbaatar,
408:, and found evidence of a
16:Extinct genus of dinosaurs
2727:
2695:
2406:
2120:
2105:
2086:
2036:
2009:
1982:
1969:
1908:
1744:BMC Ecology and Evolution
1495:Brownstein, C.D. (2019).
1481:Supplementary Information
1350:, and seems to support a
1195:
1170:
1163:
1141:
1134:
1109:
1102:
1077:
1070:
1045:
1038:
1013:
1006:
981:
974:
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912:
905:
880:
873:
861:
275:
268:
138:Scientific classification
136:
129:
120:
23:
1861:Halszkaraptor escuilliei
1499:Halszkaraptor escuilliei
1304:Halszkaraptor escuilliei
812:and its close relatives
599:was about the size of a
592:Size compared to a human
549:Halszkaraptor escuilliei
383:Halszkaraptor escuilliei
281:Halszkaraptor escuilliei
1310:Andrea Cau argues that
808:was coined, containing
1307:
791:
757:
709:
665:
593:
518:
458:
2820:Paleobiology Database
1859:3D skeletal model of
1301:
840:of a clade formed by
785:
755:
707:
663:
591:
516:
498:synchrotron radiation
469:likely came from the
449:
1841:at Wikimedia Commons
700:Postcranial skeleton
442:History of discovery
2461:Saurornitholestinae
1823:Paleontology portal
1756:2024BMCEE..24...39T
1580:2022Natur.603..852F
1517:2019NatSR...916455B
1460:10.1038/nature24679
1452:2017Natur.552..395C
694:antorbital fenestra
471:Djadochta Formation
389:The type specimen (
1641:10.7717/peerj.8672
1308:
1302:Reconstruction of
797:was placed in the
792:
758:
710:
666:
594:
557:Philip John Currie
519:
459:
2866:Halszkaraptorines
2848:
2847:
2760:Taxon identifiers
2751:
2750:
2723:
2722:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2658:Saurornitholestes
2549:Saurornitholestes
2485:Saurornitholestes
2174:Halszkaraptorinae
2101:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2073:
1835:Media related to
1574:(7903): 852–857.
1446:(7685): 395–399.
1317:centre of gravity
1290:
1289:
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1280:
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1271:
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1236:
1235:
1227:
1226:
1218:
1217:
963:
962:
954:
953:
869:Halszkaraptorinae
806:Halszkaraptorinae
424:Halszkaraptorinae
353:'s seizer") is a
295:
294:
264:
240:Halszkaraptorinae
131:Holotype specimen
2883:
2841:
2840:
2828:
2827:
2815:
2814:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2755:
2741:
2740:
2718:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2582:Velociraptorinae
2528:Dromaeosauroides
2404:
2388:Zhongjianosaurus
2366:Sinornithosaurus
2118:
2107:
2034:
2007:
1980:
1971:
1964:
1963:
1910:
1895:
1888:
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1849:Data related to
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1809:Dinosaurs portal
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1622:Cau, A. (2020).
1619:
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1558:
1549:
1548:
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1528:
1492:
1483:
1479:
1431:
1209:
1204:
1199:Velociraptorinae
1184:
1179:
1166:
1137:
1123:
1118:
1105:
1091:
1086:
1073:
1059:
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1041:
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1022:
1009:
995:
990:
977:
945:
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908:
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829:
763:maniraptoriforms
734:ornithomimosaurs
722:sacral vertebrae
714:vertebral column
649:postorbital bone
622:postzygapophyses
576:, "robber". The
561:Halszka Osmólska
553:Rinchen Barsbold
494:Pascal Godefroit
489:, showing it to
348:
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45:
29:Temporal range:
21:
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2861:Djadochta fauna
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2747:
2719:
2685:
2642:Luanchuanraptor
2576:
2496:Dromaeosaurinae
2490:
2455:
2399:Eudromaeosauria
2393:
2321:
2210:
2168:
2114:
2112:Dromaeosauridae
2093:
2090:Dromaeosauridae
2070:
2056:Dromaeosauridae
2050:
2023:
1996:
1990:Avemetatarsalia
1975:Avemetatarsalia
1965:
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1904:
1902:Dromaeosauridae
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1407:
1402:
1390:
1326:sensory neurons
1296:
1291:
1282:
1273:
1264:
1255:
1246:
1237:
1228:
1219:
1202:
1177:
1174:Dromaeosaurinae
1159:Eudromaeosauria
1116:
1084:
1052:
1020:
988:
964:
955:
887:
857:Dromaeosauridae
827:
801:in 2017. A new
799:Dromaeosauridae
780:
741:. Most are not
730:oviraptorosaurs
702:
658:
586:
491:paleontologists
475:fossil poachers
444:
307:
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257:
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25:Halszkaraptor
22:
19:
2767:
2702:
2680:Velociraptor
2678:
2671:
2664:
2656:
2648:
2640:
2633:
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2619:
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2603:
2596:
2591:Acheroraptor
2589:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2518:
2512:Dakotaraptor
2510:
2505:Achillobator
2503:
2483:
2475:
2470:Atrociraptor
2468:
2449:Zhenyuanlong
2447:
2440:
2434:Tianyuraptor
2432:
2425:
2418:
2410:
2386:
2379:
2373:Tianyuraptor
2371:
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2349:
2342:
2335:
2314:
2306:
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2291:
2283:
2275:
2268:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2240:Dakotaraptor
2238:
2233:Buitreraptor
2231:
2226:Austroraptor
2224:
2216:Unenlagiinae
2203:
2196:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2163:Zhenyuanlong
2161:
2153:
2148:Tianyuraptor
2146:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2088:
1954:
1945:
1936:
1860:
1851:
1837:
1747:
1743:
1733:
1721:. Retrieved
1711:
1682:
1678:
1668:
1631:
1627:
1571:
1567:
1511:(1): 16455.
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1371:
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1338:
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1303:
1294:Paleobiology
1197:
1196:
1172:
1171:
1157:
1145:Tianyuraptor
1143:
1142:
1111:
1110:
1079:
1078:
1049:Zhenyuanlong
1047:
1046:
1015:
1014:
985:Unenlagiinae
983:
982:
936:
935:
914:
913:
883:
882:
881:
867:
855:
845:
841:
838:sister group
833:
825:
817:
813:
809:
794:
793:
766:
759:
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711:
685:Halskaraptor
684:
681:spinosaurids
670:
667:
638:
601:mallard duck
596:
595:
573:
564:
548:
546:type species
543:
522:
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505:
466:
465:specimen of
460:
454:
433:
427:
414:phylogenetic
402:crocodilians
388:
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381:
298:
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287:
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279:
270:Type species
260:
253:
252:
207:
194:
181:
24:
18:
2792:Wikispecies
2635:Linheraptor
2613:Deinonychus
2564:Yurgovuchia
2520:Deinonychus
2477:Bambiraptor
2442:Vectiraptor
2420:Bambiraptor
2359:Microraptor
2270:Pamparaptor
2205:Natovenator
2044:Maniraptora
2029:Maniraptora
1372:Spinosaurus
1352:piscivorous
1113:Bambiraptor
743:pneumatised
739:epipophyses
626:epipophyses
584:Description
535:synchrotron
410:semiaquatic
349:; meaning "
233:Subfamily:
41:75–71
2855:Categories
2731:See also:
2605:Boreonykus
2557:Utahraptor
2308:Variraptor
2277:Pyroraptor
2155:Variraptor
2133:Pyroraptor
2065:see below↓
1941:Dinosauria
1932:Sauropsida
1702:1903/28570
1685:(1): a03.
1400:References
1335:mergansers
788:troodontid
677:Dinosauria
672:Neovenator
634:metacarpal
617:jugal bone
613:premaxilla
479:collectors
451:Cretaceous
374:Cretaceous
201:Saurischia
188:Dinosauria
2783:Q44884994
2598:Adasaurus
2293:Unenlagia
2285:Rahonavis
2191:Hulsanpes
2017:Theropoda
2002:Theropoda
1950:Theropoda
1918:Kingdom:
1866:Sketchfab
1750:(1). 39.
1634:: e8672.
1604:247630374
938:Hulsanpes
842:Hulsanpes
822:cladogram
814:Hulsanpes
726:paravians
566:Hulsanpes
531:Campanian
527:sandstone
435:Hulsanpes
421:subfamily
366:dinosaurs
359:waterfowl
214:Theropoda
161:Kingdom:
155:Eukaryota
35:Campanian
2812:60974107
2777:Wikidata
2743:Category
2733:Timeline
2650:Nuthetes
2571:Zapsalis
2542:Itemirus
2316:Ypupiara
2198:Mahakala
2126:Daurlong
1926:Chordata
1924:Phylum:
1920:Animalia
1784:38622512
1775:11020771
1723:28 March
1660:32140312
1596:35322229
1545:31712644
1468:29211712
1388:See also
1344:swimming
916:Mahakala
846:Mahakala
818:Mahakala
747:air sacs
539:chimaera
487:Brussels
463:holotype
429:Mahakala
391:holotype
370:Mongolia
220:Family:
175:Chordata
171:Phylum:
165:Animalia
151:Domain:
2833:ZooBank
2673:Tsaagan
1959:Paraves
1930:Class:
1752:Bibcode
1651:7047864
1576:Bibcode
1536:6848195
1513:Bibcode
1476:4471941
1448:Bibcode
1368:unguals
689:dentary
645:maxilla
641:nostril
569:, with
378:species
351:Halszka
246:Genus:
110:↓
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2412:Balaur
2381:Wulong
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2140:Shanag
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399:extant
361:-like
290:, 2017
288:et al.
263:, 2017
261:et al.
1955:Clade
1946:Clade
1937:Clade
1628:PeerJ
1600:S2CID
1472:S2CID
1322:teeth
803:clade
683:. In
656:Skull
571:Latin
418:basal
395:bones
368:from
355:genus
208:Clade
195:Clade
182:Clade
2666:Shri
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2042:see
2015:see
1988:see
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1656:PMID
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844:and
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286:Cau
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