Contesting - Knowledge (XXG)

276:. Many popular contests are offered on two separate weekends, one for CW and one for telephony, with all the same rules. The CQ World Wide WPX Contest, for example, is held as a RTTY-only competition one weekend in February, a phone-only competition one weekend in March, and a CW-only competition one weekend in May. Some contests, especially those restricted to a single radio frequency band, allow the competing stations to use several different emissions modes. VHF contests typically permit any mode of emission, including some specialty digital modes designed specifically for use on those bands. As with the other variations in contest rules and participation structure, some contest stations and operators choose to specialize in contests on certain modes and may not participate seriously in contests on other modes. Large, worldwide contests on the HF bands can be scheduled for up to forty-eight hours in duration. Typically, these large worldwide contests run from 0000 661:, although some continue to use paper and pencil. There are many different software logging programs written specifically for radio contesting. Computer logging programs can handle many additional duties besides simply recording the log data; they can keep a running score based upon the formula of the contest, track which available multipliers have been "worked" and which have not, and provide the operator with visual clues about how many contacts are being made on which bands. Some contest software even provide a means to control the station equipment via computer, retrieve data from the radio and send pre-recorded Morse code, voice or digital messages. After the conclusion of a contest, each station must submit its operational log to the contest sponsor. Many sponsors accept logs by 253:. Some contests permit activity on all HF or all VHF bands, and may offer points for contacts and multipliers on each band. Other contests may permit activity on all bands but restrict stations to making only one contact with each other station, regardless of band, or may limit multipliers to once per contest instead of once per band. Most VHF contests in North America are similar to the ARRL June VHF QSO Party, and allow contacts on all the amateur radio bands 50 MHz or higher in frequency. Most VHF contests in the United Kingdom, however, are restricted to one amateur radio band at a time. An HF contest with worldwide participation that restricts all contest activity to just one band is the ARRL 10 Meter Contest. 686:

Contest results articles might also include photographs of radio stations and operators in the contest, and a detailed listing of the scores of every participating station. In addition to publication in magazines and journals, many contest sponsors also publish results on web sites, often in a format similar to that found in print. Some contest sponsors offer the raw score results data in a format that enables searching or other data analysis. The American Radio Relay League, for example, offers this raw line score data to any of its members, and offers the summary report of the winners and the line score data in a non-searchable format to anyone through their web site.

550:. Some of these operators at modest home stations operate competitively and others are simply on the air to give away some points to serious stations or to chase some unusual propagation. More serious radio contesters will spend significant sums of money and invest a lot of time building a potentially winning station, whether at home, a local mountain top, or in a distant country. Operators without the financial resources to build their own station establish relationships with those that do and "guest operate" at other stations during contests. Contesting is often combined with a 342:, which had been principal in organizing and publicizing these tests, proposed a new format for the annual event, encouraging stations to make as many two-way contacts with stations in other countries as possible. The 1928 International Relay Party, as the event was renamed, was the first organized amateur radio contest. The International Relay Party was an immediate success, and was sponsored annually by the ARRL from 1927 through 1935. In 1936, the contest name changed to the ARRL International DX Contest, the name under which it is known today. 1478: 505:) as a multiplier, contacts with stations in rare locations are in high demand. In contests on the VHF and higher frequency bands, having a location at a high altitude with unobstructed line of sight in all directions is also a major advantage. With range limited to around 1000 kilometers in normal radio propagation conditions, a location on high ground close to a major metropolitan area is an often unbeatable advantage in VHF contests. In the large international HF DX contests, stations in the 78:

amateur radio regulations of the country in which they are located. Because radio contests take place using amateur radio, competitors are generally forbidden by their national amateur radio regulations from being compensated financially for their activity. High levels of amateur radio contest activity, and contesters failing to comply with international band plans, can result in friction between contest participants and other amateur radio users of the same radio spectrum.

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inaccuracies in the log, which means that the need for speed in operation must be balanced against the requirement for accuracy. It is not uncommon for a station to lead in points at the end of the contest, but slip behind a more accurate competitor after the cross-checking process has assessed penalties. Some contest sponsors provide custom log checking reports to participating stations that offer details about the errors in their log and how they were penalized.

373:. Field day events were promoted as an opportunity for radio amateurs to operate from portable locations, in environments that simulate what might be encountered during emergency or disaster relief situations. Field day events have traditionally carried the same general operating and scoring structures as other contests, but the emphasis on emergency readiness and capability has historically outweighed the competitive nature of these events. 31: 207:

amateur radio station worldwide may participate and make contact with any other stations for contest credit. The CQ World Wide DX Contest permits stations to contact other stations anywhere else on the planet, and attracts tens of thousands of participating stations each year. In large contests the number of people taking part is a significant percentage of radio amateurs active on the

164:("ARRL"). Depending on the rules for a particular contest, each multiplier may count once on each radio band or only once during the contest, regardless of the radio band on which the multiplier was first earned. The points earned for each contact can be a fixed amount per contact, or can vary based on a geographical relationship such as whether or not the communications crossed a 354:. The competition was immediately popular, both with those operators active in the NTS who participated as an opportunity to gauge the merits of their station and operating skills, and among those for whom the competitive excitement of the event was the primary attraction. The contest, sponsored annually by the ARRL, became known as the ARRL November Sweepstakes in 1962. 471:

participation based on geography, and those that are shorter in duration tend to have fewer participating stations and attract more specialized operators and teams. Over time, contests that fail to attract enough entrants will be abandoned by their sponsor, and new contests will be proposed and sponsored to meet the evolving interests of amateur radio operators.

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stations to decide when to be on the air making contacts and when to be off the air, and adds a significant element of strategy to the competition. Although common in the 1930s, only a small number of contests today take place over multiple weekends. These competitions are called "cumulative" contests, and are generally limited to the

395:, began circulation in the United States in 1973. The IARU HF World Championship, a worldwide contest sponsored by the International Amateur Radio Union, was known as the IARU Radiosport Championship from its inception in 1977 until the name of the contest changed in 1986. Recognizing the vitality and maturity of the sport, 127: 690:

recognition of their peers, winners in radio contests do, however, often receive paper certificates, wooden plaques, trophies, engraved gavels, or medals in recognition of their achievements. Some contests provide trophies of nominal economic value that highlight their local agricultural or cultural heritage, such as

418:, United States, and was an effort to overcome some of these issues by inviting the top contesters from around the world to operate a single contest from similar stations in one compact geographic area. Twenty-two teams of two operators each represented fifteen countries, and included some top competitors from the 648:

On Morse code, suitable well-known abbreviations are used to keep the contact as brief as possible. Skilled contesters can maintain a "rate" over four contacts per minute on Morse code, or up to ten contacts per minute on voice during peak propagation periods, using this short format. The peak rate

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The geographic location of a station can impact its potential performance in radio contests. In almost all contests it helps to be in a rare location close to a major population center. Because the scoring formula in most contests uses the number of different locations contacted (such as countries,

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in twenty-four hours. In the CQ World Wide DX Contest, the world's largest HF contest, leading multi-operator stations on phone and CW can make up to 25,000 contacts in a forty-eight-hour period, while even single operators with world-class stations in rare locations have been known to exceed 10,000

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Several contests are designed to encourage outdoor operations, and are known as field days. The motivating purpose of these events is to prepare operators for emergency readiness, but many enjoy the fun of operating in the most basic of circumstances. The rules for most field day events require or

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have been the sites of some of the most famous radio contesting victories in the large worldwide contests. Competition between stations in large countries, such as Canada, Russia, or the United States can be greatly affected by the geographic locations of each station. Because of these variations,

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amateur radio frequencies. Even after the first two-way communications between North America and Europe were established in 1923, these tests continued to be annual events at which more and more stations were successful in establishing two-way contacts over greater and greater distances. In 1927,

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Some contests restrict participation to stations in a particular geographic area, such as a continent or country. Contests like the European HF Championship aim to foster competition between stations located in one particular part of the world, specifically Europe. There are contests in which any

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After they are received by the contest sponsor, logs are checked for accuracy. Points can be deducted or credit and multipliers lost if there are errors in the log data for a given contact. Depending on the scoring formula used, the resulting scores of any particular contest can be either a small

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Radio contests are principally sponsored by amateur radio societies, radio clubs, or radio enthusiast magazines. These organizations publish the rules for the event, collect the operational logs from all stations that operate in the event, cross-check the logs to generate a score for each station,

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Contesting grew out of other amateur radio activities in the 1920s and 1930s. As intercontinental communications with amateur radio became more common, competitions were formed to challenge stations to make as many contacts as possible with amateur radio stations in other countries. Contests were

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frequency bands. Short "sprint" contests lasting only a few hours have been popular among contesters that prefer a fast-paced environment, or who cannot devote an entire weekend to a radio contest. A unique feature of the North American Sprint contest is that the operator is required to change

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The most common entry category is the single operator category and variations thereof, in which only one individual operates a radio station for the entire duration of the contest. Subdivisions of the single operator category are often made based on the highest power output levels used during the

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A wide variety of amateur radio contests are sponsored every year. Contest sponsors have crafted competitive events that serve to promote a variety of interests and appeal to diverse audiences. Radio contests typically take place on weekends or local weeknight evenings, and can last from a few

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communications by the popularity of the International Relay Parties, the ARRL adopted a competitive operating format for events designed for non-international contacts. The first ARRL All-Sections Sweepstakes Contest was started in 1930. The Sweepstakes required a more complicated exchange of

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Many contests employ a concept of "off time" in which a station may operate only a portion of the available time. For example, the ARRL November Sweepstakes is thirty hours long, but each station may be on the air for no more than twenty-four hours. The off-time requirement forces competitive

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There is no international authority or governance organization for this sport. Each competition is sponsored separately and has its own set of rules. Contest rules do not necessarily require entrants to comply with voluntary international band plans. Participants must, however, adhere to the

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Most contests are sponsored by organizations that either publish a membership journal, or sell a radio enthusiast magazine as their business. The results of radio contest events are printed in these publications, and often include an article describing the event and highlighting the victors.

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The scale of activity varies from contest to contest. The largest contests are the annual DX contests that allow worldwide participation. Many of these DX contests have been held annually for fifty years or more, and have devoted followings. Newer contests, those that intentionally restrict

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The wide variety of contests attracts a large variety of contesters and contest stations. The rules and structure of a particular contest can determine the strategies used by competitors to maximize the number of contacts made and multipliers earned. Some stations and operators specialize in

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magazine established the Contest Hall of Fame in 1986. By the turn of the century, contesting had become an established worldwide sport, with tens of thousands of active competitors, connected not just through their on air activities, but with specialist web sites, journals, and conventions.

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or political boundary. Some contests, such as the Stew Perry Top Band Distance Challenge, award points are scaled to the distance separating the two stations. Most contests held in Europe on the VHF and microwave bands award 1 point per kilometre of distance between the stations making each

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Because radio contests take place using amateur radio, competitors are forbidden by regulation from being compensated financially for their activity. This international regulatory restriction of the Amateur Radio Service precludes the development of a professional sport. In addition to the

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Once a contest sponsor receives all the logs from the competitors, the logs undergo a process known as "cross-checking." In cross-checking, the contest sponsor will match up the contacts recorded in the logs and look for errors or omissions. Most contests enforce stiff points penalties for

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Without a single worldwide organizing body or authority for the sport, there has never been a world ranking system by which contesters could compare themselves. The vast differences contesters face in the locations from which they operate contests, and the effect that location has on both

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number of points or in the millions of points. Most contests offer multiple entry categories, and declare winners in each category. Some contests also declare regional winners for specific geographic subdivisions, such as continents, countries, U.S. states, or Canadian provinces.

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Modern contests draw upon the heritage of DX communications, traffic handling, and communications readiness. Since 1928, the number and variety of competitive amateur radio operating events have increased. In 1934, contests were sponsored by radio societies in Australia, Canada,

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frequency bands, where only a handful of radio amateurs have the technical skills to construct the necessary equipment, a few contacts just a few kilometers away may be enough to win. In the most popular VHF contests, a well-equipped station in a densely populated region like

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magazine) may only contact other stations located outside Japan and vice versa. There are also contests that limit participation to just the stations located in a particular continent or country, even though those stations may work any other station for points.

389:, Hungary, Ireland, and New Zealand. The first VHF contest was the ARRL VHF Sweepstakes held in 1948, and the first RTTY contest was sponsored by the RTTY Society of Southern California in 1957. The first publication dedicated exclusively to the sport, the 65:, the mode of communication that may be used, and the kind of information that must be exchanged. The contacts made during the contest contribute to a score by which stations are ranked. Contest sponsors publish the results in magazines and on web sites. 99:), which prohibits the use of radio frequencies for pecuniary interests, there are no professional radio contests or professional contesters, and any awards granted by the contest sponsors are typically limited to paper certificates, plaques, or trophies. 185:

of output power, or a High Power category that allows stations to transmit with as much output power as their license permits. Multi-operator categories allow for teams of individuals to operate from a single station, and may either allow for a single

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A contest score is computed based on a formula defined for that contest. A typical formula assigns some number of points for each contact, and a "multiplier" based on some aspect of the exchanged information. Often, rules for contests held on the

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contacts, an average of over three per minute, every minute. Over 30,000 amateur radio operators participated in the phone weekend of the 2000 CQ World Wide DX Contest, and the top-scoring single operator station that year, located in the

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after every other contact, introducing another operational skills challenge. Whatever the length of the contest, the top operators are frequently those that can best maintain focus on the tasks of contest operating throughout the event.

134: 133: 129: 128: 305:, offer newly licensed hams the ability to take part in contesting for the first time, by restricting contacts to a single VHF band, and providing entry categories for anything from a handheld radio to a fully equipped contest station. 135: 214:

There are regional contests that invite all stations around the world to participate, but restrict which stations each competitor may contact. For example, Japanese stations in the Japan International DX Contest (sponsored by

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During a radio contest, each station attempts to establish two-way contact with other licensed amateur radio stations and exchange information specific to that contest. The information exchanged could include an

61:, which may be operated by an individual or a team, seeks to contact as many other amateur radio stations as possible in a given period of time and exchange information. Rules for each competition define the 461:

There have been controversies among amateur operators over the impact of dense contest traffic on the popular HF bands, the use of packet cluster systems, log editing, rare station QSYs and other techniques.

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certain contests, and either rarely operate in others, or compete in them with less seriousness. As with other sports, contest rules evolve over time, and rule changes are one of the primary sources of

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communications across long distances. Over time, the number and variety of radio contests has increased, and many amateur radio operators today pursue the sport as their primary amateur radio activity.

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hours to forty-eight hours in duration. The rules of each contest will specify which stations are eligible for participation, the radio frequency bands on which they may operate, the communications

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in 1930, and was soon emulated by small events through Europe and North America. The first ARRL International Field Day was held in July 1933, and publicized through the ARRL's membership journal

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or several to be in use simultaneously on different amateur radio bands. Many contests also offer team or club competitions in which the scores of multiple radio stations are combined and ranked.

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of the other station, as well as the information in the "exchange", and record this data, along with the time of the contact and the band or frequency that was used to make the contact, in a log.

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on Saturday morning until 2359 UTC Sunday evening. Regional and smaller contests often are scheduled for a shorter duration, with twenty-four, twelve, and four hours being common variations.

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amateur radio bands assign a new multiplier for each new Maidenhead grid locator in the log, rewarding the competitors that make contacts with other stations in the most locations. Many

492:, made over 9,000 contacts. Other HF contests are not as large, and some specialty events, such as those for QRP enthusiasts, can attract no more than a few dozen competitors. 410:

and the proximity to major populations of amateur radio operators also conspired to make comparisons of the top performers in the sport difficult. The first "face to face"

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of contacts that can be made during contests that employ longer exchanges with more information that must be sent, received, and acknowledged, will be necessarily lower.

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signal report, a name, the national region, i.e. a province or US state, in which the station is located, the geographic zone in which the station is located, the

1419: 381:, and Spain, and the ARRL sponsored a new contest specifically for the ten meter amateur radio band. By the end of 1937, contests were also being sponsored in 119:

in which the station is located, the age of the operator, or an incrementing serial number. For each contact, the radio operator must correctly receive the

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they may employ, which other amateur radio stations they may contact, and the specific time period during which they may make contacts for the contest.

95:. Because the competitions are between stations licensed in the Amateur Radio Service (with the exception of certain contests which sponsor awards for 542:

some stations may specialize in only those contests where they are not at a disadvantage, or may measure their own success against only nearby rivals.

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Contacts between stations in a contest are often brief. A typical exchange between two stations on voice — in this case between a station in

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All contests use one or more amateur radio bands on which competing stations may make two-way contacts. HF contests use one or more of the

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contests reward stations with a new multiplier for contacts with stations in each country - often based on the "entities" listed on the

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power, and temporary antennas. This can create a more level playing field, as all stations are constructed in a similar manner.

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also formed to provide opportunities for amateur radio operators to practice their message handling skills, used for routine or

1713: 1621: 1442: 513:, close to Europe and eastern North America with their high densities of active contest stations, are frequently the winners. 1788: 1783: 1708: 1196: 936: 891: 575: 1573: 1568: 1502: 1405: 1673: 791: 768: 1376: 1365: 1332: 1283: 1162: 987: 920: 848: 339: 161: 1616: 277: 855: 1010: 835:

An example of published results that break down winning entries by continent: Japan Amateur Radio League (2004).

427: 359: 1492: 717: 711: 658: 391: 310: 634:(ZL6QH confirms reception of M2W's exchange, sends a signal report of 59, and is in Zone 32 (South Pacific).) 1316: 554:, where amateur radio operators travel to a location where amateur radio activity is infrequent or uncommon. 1803: 836: 502: 351: 116: 54: 1839: 1798: 1497: 1467: 971: 1870: 1778: 1537: 1462: 722: 563: 58: 1477: 1260: 426:

for whom the trip was their first to a western nation. Subsequent WRTC events have been held in 1996 (

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Many radio amateurs are happy to contest from home, often with relatively low output power and simple

1865: 1758: 1652: 1626: 1611: 1601: 623:(M2W confirms the ZL6QH call sign, sends a signal report of 59, and is in Zone 14 (Western Europe).) 582:

RST code and contest serial number exchange between M0NKR, (using his contest callsign G1A) and M0TWM

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information for each two-way contact that was adapted from the message header structure used by the

1860: 538: 415: 149: 96: 450:). The closest thing to a world championship in the sport of contesting, WRTC 2010 took place in 1733: 1647: 695: 526: 326: 1173: 439: 407: 187: 140: 1287: 1631: 443: 397: 325:

of the early 1920s, when amateur radio operators first attempted to establish long distance

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and one in New Zealand in the CQ World Wide DX Contest — might proceed as follows:

211:, although they in themselves are a small percentage of the total amateurs in the world. 1383: 924: 824: 612:(The station calling, ZL6QH, gives only his callsign. No more information is needed.) 530: 522: 480: 451: 330: 208: 153: 1390: 139:

ARRL Sweepstakes, Morse code section 2023. Note the density of signals in the radio's

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Contests exist for enthusiasts of all modes. Some contests are restricted to just

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modes and spoken communications, and some employ digital emissions modes such as

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operating events. The earliest known organized field day activity was held in

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Handy, F.E. W1BDI (1935). "The Seventh International Relay Competition".

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A multioperator contest effort involves a team of operators at one station.

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Another important innovation in early contesting was the development of

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Jones, David K4DLJ (2005). "The 2004 ARRL 10 Meter Contest Results".

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Radio Society of Great Britain General Rules for VHF Contests (2012),

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Warner, Kenneth W1EH (1930). "British Societies...Club Field Day".

823:, Deutscher Amateur Radio Club General Rules for VHF Contests (2006) 666: 662: 447: 382: 378: 645:(M2W confirms ZL6QH's exchange, is now listening for new stations.) 345:

To complement the burst of activity and interest being generated in

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Tilton, E.P. W1HDQ (1947). "VHF Sweepstakes, January 17th-18th".

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Battey, E.L. W1UE (1930). "The All-Section Sweepstakes Contest".

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Handy, F.E. 1BDI (1927). "Coming--An International Relay Party".

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Most serious competitive stations log their contest contacts using

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category for single operator stations using no more than five

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Handy, F.E. W1BDI (1933). "First Annual Field Day Report".

1375:. "Chapter 7: Contests". West Hartford, Connecticut, US: 249:

bands. VHF contests use all the amateur radio bands above

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Radio Regulations: Article 1, Section III, paragraph 1.59

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Handy, F.E. W1BDI (1962). "The November Sweepstakes".

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Warner, K.B. 1BHW (1923). "The Transatlantic Triumph".

798:. Originally published 1947. Retrieved Jan. 20, 2006. 597:

CQ contest Mike Two Whiskey, Mike Two Whiskey, contest.

1237:"WRTC 2022 Final Qualification Rules and Mailing List" 601:(Station M2W is soliciting a contact in the contest) 1822: 1771: 1661: 1640: 1594: 1587: 1546: 1485: 1435: 694:(for the Washington State Salmon Run contest) or a 1194:Members, CQ Contest Hall Of Fame (as of May 2003) 558:strongly incent participating stations to use 321:The origin of contesting can be traced to the 1413: 809:Rules, Stew Perry Top Band Distance Challenge 630:Thanks 59 32 (said as "five nine three two"). 8: 1314:Guide to CQWW DX-Contest UBN and NIL Reports 619:ZL6QH 59 14 (said as "five nine one four"). 264:for communications, some are restricted to 1591: 1420: 1406: 1398: 1261:"Results of the 2000 CQ WW DX SSB Contest" 1386:. Retrieved Dec. 8, 2005, Updated 2015. 1312:CQ World Wide Contest Committee (2003). 837:Results of the 45th All Asian DX Contest 1391:"The ham spirit from hobby to contests" 1225:World Radiosport Team Championship 2014 941:RSGB VHF/UHF/SHF Contests Calendar 2012 743: 53:) is a competitive activity pursued by 458:. Next WRTC will take place in Italy. 1559:International Telecommunication Union 762:International Telecommunication Union 7: 992:2005 ARRL November Sweepstakes Rules 909:Japan International DX Contest Rules 751:A Brief History of the CQ WW Contest 1364:. West Hartford, Connecticut, US: 1213:World Radiosport Team Championship 1146:"RTTY Sweepstakes Announcement". 925:2005 ARRL June VHF QSO Party Rules 728:World Radiosport Team Championship 412:World Radiosport Team Championship 303:Wireless Society of Southern Maine 299:Maine 2 Meter FM Simplex Challenge 87:and then publish the results in a 36:World Radiosport Team Championship 25: 1554:International Amateur Radio Union 1476: 1389:Lombry, Thierry LX4SKY (2015). 1382:Lombry, Thierry LX4SKY (2015). 483:can make over 1,000 contacts on 474:In a specialised contest in the 454:. The 2014 event was hosted in 414:event was held in July, 1990 in 91:, in a society journal, or on a 907:JIDX Contest Committee (2005). 873:Rules, European HF Championship 1569:ITU prefixes for amateur radio 1384:"The History of Amateur Radio" 939:VHF Contest Committee (2012). 937:Radio Society of Great Britain 871:Slovenia Contest Club (2005). 1: 967:Bolia, Stephen N8BJQ (2006). 1371:Ford, Steve WB8IMY (1996). 789:CQ DX Zones of the World map 1393:. Retrieved Dec. 31, 2015. 1377:American Radio Relay League 1366:American Radio Relay League 1333:American Radio Relay League 1323:. Retrieved Jan. 24, 2006. 1303:. Retrieved April 2, 2007. 1290:. Retrieved Jan. 24, 2006. 1284:American Radio Relay League 1203:. Retrieved Jan. 20, 2006. 1170:Collection CD-ROM 1973-1998 1163:American Radio Relay League 1017:. Retrieved Jan. 24, 2006. 994:. Retrieved Jan. 20, 2006. 988:American Radio Relay League 978:. Retrieved Jan. 23, 2006. 943:. Retrieved Jan. 11, 2012. 927:. Retrieved Jan. 23, 2006. 921:American Radio Relay League 911:. Retrieved Jan. 20, 2006. 898:. Retrieved Jan. 20, 2006. 875:. Retrieved Jan. 20, 2006. 849:American Radio Relay League 839:. Retrieved Jan. 20, 2006. 807:Boring Amateur Radio Club. 775:. Retrieved Jan. 20, 2006. 340:American Radio Relay League 297:Some contests, such as the 162:American Radio Relay League 1887: 1339:. Retrieved Jan. 24, 2006. 862:. Retrieved Jan. 20, 2006. 811:. Retrieved Aug 16, 2017. 714:- Contest logging software 673:, or even by postal mail. 608:Zulu Lima Six Quebec Hotel 422:and nations of the former 38:(WRTC), Helsinki, Finland. 1474: 1373:The ARRL Operating Manual 1360:DeSoto, Clinton (1936). 641:73. Mike Two Whiskey QRZ? 428:San Francisco, California 40:Photo: R. A. Wilson, N6TV 1448:Emergency communications 1004:National Contest Journal 889:CQ World Wide DX Contest 718:Contesting controversies 712:Contest logging software 659:contest logging software 570:Typical contest exchange 430:, United States), 2000 ( 392:National Contest Journal 1518:International operation 1259:Cox, Bob K3EST (2001). 352:National Traffic System 117:Maidenhead grid locator 55:amateur radio operators 1840:Amateur radio in India 1784:Amateur radio software 1588:Modes of communication 1498:Amateur radio operator 1299:Klimoff, Timo OH1NOA. 1137:. Dec., 1947, p. 128. 1008:NAQP CW/SSB/RTTY Rules 958:. July, 2005, p. 101. 583: 144: 107: 41: 34:Champions of the 2002 1779:Amateur radio station 1564:Frequency allocations 1538:Vintage amateur radio 1463:High-speed telegraphy 1274:. Aug., 2001, p. 11. 1153:. Oct. 1957, p. 101. 1092:. Nov., 1962, p. 81. 1047:. Mar., 1927, p. 28. 723:Contesting technology 653:Logs and log checking 581: 317:History of contesting 138: 105: 59:amateur radio station 33: 1337:ARRL Contest Results 1288:Field Day 2005 Rules 1122:. Sep. 1933, p. 35. 1077:. May, 1930, p. 43. 1062:. Feb. 1935, p. 34. 1032:. Feb., 1923, p. 7. 511:North Atlantic Ocean 323:Trans-Atlantic Tests 260:emissions using the 57:. In a contest, an 27:Competitive activity 18:Ham Radio Contesting 1362:200 Meters and Down 1107:. June 1930. p. 7. 539:Trinidad and Tobago 537:and the islands of 466:Contesting activity 416:Seattle, Washington 385:, France, Germany, 327:radiocommunications 177:contest, such as a 97:shortwave listeners 63:amateur radio bands 1346:General References 1319:2006-02-09 at the 1266:2006-02-25 at the 1215:official web site. 1199:2006-05-06 at the 1013:2006-01-17 at the 974:2006-01-17 at the 894:2006-01-07 at the 858:2006-01-15 at the 794:2006-07-19 at the 771:2009-04-30 at the 681:Results and awards 584: 527:Cape Verde Islands 160:maintained by the 145: 108: 42: 1848: 1847: 1767: 1766: 1379:. Fifth Edition. 1352:Contests Calendar 579: 496:Station locations 490:Galápagos Islands 440:Helsinki, Finland 408:radio propagation 301:sponsored by the 194:Types of contests 188:radio transmitter 158:DXCC country list 141:waterfall display 136: 82:Contesting basics 16:(Redirected from 1878: 1592: 1480: 1458:DX communication 1422: 1415: 1408: 1399: 1340: 1330: 1324: 1310: 1304: 1297: 1291: 1281: 1275: 1272:CQ Amateur Radio 1257: 1251: 1250: 1248: 1247: 1233: 1227: 1222: 1216: 1210: 1204: 1190:CQ Amateur Radio 1187: 1181: 1160: 1154: 1151:(Operating News) 1144: 1138: 1129: 1123: 1114: 1108: 1099: 1093: 1084: 1078: 1069: 1063: 1054: 1048: 1039: 1033: 1024: 1018: 1001: 995: 985: 979: 965: 959: 950: 944: 934: 928: 918: 912: 905: 899: 885:CQ Amateur Radio 882: 876: 869: 863: 853:Club Competition 846: 840: 833: 827: 818: 812: 805: 799: 785:CQ Amateur Radio 782: 776: 759: 753: 748: 739:Cited References 580: 398:CQ Amateur Radio 137: 21: 1886: 1885: 1881: 1880: 1879: 1877: 1876: 1875: 1851: 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599: 598: 571: 568: 531:Madeira Island 523:Canary Islands 497: 494: 481:Central Europe 467: 464: 452:Moscow, Russia 331:Atlantic Ocean 318: 315: 313:in the sport. 195: 192: 83: 80: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1883: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1856: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1809:Two-way radio 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1704:Hellschreiber 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1590: 1586: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 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CD-ROM. 734:References 700:California 639:Station 1: 628:Station 2: 617:Station 1: 606:Station 2: 595:Station 1: 533:, coastal 501:states or 485:two meters 335:short wave 262:Morse code 50:radiosport 45:Contesting 1804:Satellite 1579:Licensing 1286:(2005). 1241:WRTC 2022 1192:(2003). 1165:(1999). 1006:(2005). 851:(2005). 698:(for the 671:web sites 560:generator 476:microwave 438:), 2002 ( 360:Field Day 291:frequency 286:microwave 266:telephony 227:160 meter 218:Five Nine 169:contact. 121:call sign 71:emergency 1694:EchoLink 1523:QSL card 1335:(2006). 1317:Archived 1264:Archived 1197:Archived 1011:Archived 990:(2005). 972:Archived 923:(2005). 892:Archived 887:(2005). 856:Archived 792:Archived 769:Archived 764:(2005). 706:See also 548:antennas 509:and the 436:Slovenia 247:10 Meter 243:15 Meter 239:20 Meter 235:40 Meter 231:80 Meter 209:HF bands 93:web site 89:magazine 1823:Related 1754:WIRES-X 1513:Hamfest 1493:History 1486:Culture 588:England 564:battery 535:Morocco 519:Curaçao 333:on the 1835:Q code 1729:PACTOR 1689:DAPNET 1684:D-STAR 1607:DSB-SC 1528:Q code 1503:Awards 1176: 667:upload 663:e-mail 525:, the 521:, the 448:Brazil 383:Brazil 379:Poland 251:50 MHz 245:, and 1679:AMTOR 1595:Voice 665:, by 515:Aruba 274:PSK31 201:modes 183:watts 1789:IRLP 1749:C4FM 1739:RTTY 1723:APRS 1714:MFSK 1653:SSTV 1443:ARDF 1174:ISBN 432:Bled 338:the 270:RTTY 1799:SDR 1794:QRP 1759:DMR 1734:PSK 1709:DMT 1699:FT8 1674:ALE 1648:ATV 1622:AME 1617:SSB 1612:ISB 1270:. 1168:NCJ 1149:QST 1134:QST 1119:QST 1104:QST 1089:QST 1074:QST 1059:QST 1044:QST 1029:QST 955:QST 787:. 669:on 562:or 370:QST 278:UTC 272:or 179:QRP 150:VHF 1857:: 1669:CW 1632:PM 1627:FM 1602:AM 1239:. 529:, 517:, 446:, 434:, 347:DX 258:CW 241:, 237:, 233:, 229:, 154:HF 1725:) 1721:( 1421:e 1414:t 1407:v 1368:. 1354:. 1249:. 1180:. 826:. 143:. 20:)

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