1177:
158:
312:
22:
210:(PEP), while some organisations opine that the power limit should be 5 Watts. QRPers are known to regularly use less than 5 Watts, sometimes operating with as little as 100 milliwatts or even less. Extremely low power — 1 Watt and below — is often referred to by hobbyists as "QRPP".
116:
Most amateur transceivers are capable of transmitting approximately 100 watts, but in some parts of the world, such as the U.S., amateurs can transmit up to 1,500 watts. QRP enthusiasts contend that this practice is rarely necessary, and doing so wastes power, increases the likelihood of
168:
The practice of operating with low power was popularized as early as 1924, with a variety of reports, editorials and articles published in U.S. amateur radio magazines and journals that encouraged amateurs to lower power output, both for purposes of experimentation, and for improving operating
217:
faced by amateurs using higher power levels, but with the inherent disadvantages associated with having a weaker signal on the receiving end, all other things being equal. QRP aficionados try to make up for this through more efficient
45:
refers to transmitting at reduced power while attempting to maximize one's effective range. QRP operation is a specialized pursuit within the hobby that was first popularized in the early 1920s. QRP operators limit their transmitted
428:
event, making a QSO (ham-to-ham contact) using "QRP battery power" is worth five times as many points as a contact made by conventional means. The QRP ARCI club sponsors 12 contests during the year specifically for QRP operators.
248:
involved in QRP operation. QRSS enthusiasts may record a transmission for later analysis, sometimes decoding "by ear" while playing it back at much faster speeds, or decoding "by eye" on the waterfall display of a spectrum
432:
Typical awards include the QRP ARCI club's "thousand-miles-per-watt" award, available to anyone presenting evidence of a qualifying contact. QRP ARCI also offers special awards for achieving the ARRL's
330:
In 1969 the
American manufacturer Ten-Tec produced the Powermite-1, one of Ten-Tec's first assembled transceivers, and featured modular construction. All stages of the transceiver were on individual
549:
operator (currently K1JT), and has generously contributed his technical expertise to the development of successful transmission of weak signals over otherwise rarely usable propagation paths.
230:
QRP enthusiasts may use special modes that employ technology and software designed to enhance reception of the relatively weak transmitted signals resulting from low power levels.
61:
systems, enhanced operating skills, and a variety of special modes, in order to maximize their ability to make and maintain radio contact. Since the late 1960s, commercial
1452:
260:
Coherent CW uses transmitters that clock-out signals calibrated to a precise rate, allowing receivers to employ extremely narrowband filtering to increase readability.
1118:
424:
International DX Contest, as well as many major international contests have designated special QRP categories. For example, during the annual ARRL's
282:
141:
Part 97 rule, which states that one must use "the minimum power necessary to carry out the desired communications". QRP can also be used for
420:
devoted to QRP enthusiasts. In the United States, the
November Sweepstakes, June and September VHF QSO Parties, January VHF Sweepstakes, and the
380:
Amateur radio organizations dedicated to QRP include QRP Amateur Radio Club
International (QRPARCI), American QRP Club, G-QRP Club based in the
1146:
445:
awards under QRP conditions. Other QRP clubs also offer similar versions of these awards, as well as general QRP operating achievement awards.
142:
1257:
1216:
1025:
947:
878:
844:
806:
781:
747:
713:
644:
1042:
1262:
1512:
1111:
459:
172:
Although not universally agreed upon, the ARRL makes a recommendation for QRP power limits. Most amateur organizations agree that for
1421:
1252:
323:
Many of the larger, more powerful commercial transceivers permit the operator to lower their output level to QRP levels. Commercial
138:
1447:
1412:
1320:
1141:
1487:
1482:
1407:
939:
739:
1272:
1267:
1201:
1104:
294:
273:
WSJT is a software system that utilizes several separate modes, each optimized for a different signal path; these include
265:
1372:
1067:
118:
1075:
911:
870:
677:
632:
577:
421:
274:
164:
simulation of propagation against distance, comparing effective radiations of 1 watt (top) and 99 Watts (bottom).
302:
WSPR is a software suite and computer network used to monitor propagation paths for optimal communication conditions.
1315:
335:
203:
830:
425:
327:
specially designed to operate at or near QRP power levels have been commercially available since the late 1960s.
1191:
526:
286:
195:
384:, and The Adventure Radio Society emphasizing portable QRP operation. Major QRP gatherings are held yearly at
57:
and the difficulty of receiving the relatively weak transmitted signals. QRP enthusiasts may employ optimized
1502:
70:
1559:
1538:
1497:
1196:
1166:
530:
454:
365:
26:
1477:
1236:
1161:
834:
438:
353:
331:
245:
1176:
342:
HW-7 and HW-8 lines, which introduced many amateurs to QRP'ing and led to the popularity of the mode.
1457:
1351:
1325:
1310:
1300:
417:
181:
177:
77:
963:
413:
207:
76:
A number of organizations dedicated to QRP operation exist, and aficionados participate in various
610:
1432:
1346:
538:
1021:
1013:
943:
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840:
802:
777:
771:
743:
709:
640:
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214:
146:
54:
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Reliable two-way communication at such low power levels can be challenging due to changing
1528:
1442:
1367:
812:
542:
442:
393:
241:
219:
213:
Communicating using QRP can be difficult since the QRPer must face the same challenges of
58:
47:
50:
output power to 5 W or less regardless of mode (Some call 10 W on Phone QRP) .
636:
604:
381:
346:
334:: the transmitter was capable of about one or two watts of RF, and the receiver was a
1553:
1507:
1437:
1402:
1277:
1127:
546:
324:
134:
62:
38:
669:
1417:
361:
349:
278:
80:
designed to test their skill in making long-distance contacts at low power levels.
933:
864:
733:
703:
625:
364:. Some QRPers prefer to construct their equipment from kits, published plans, or
1206:
289:
to acknowledge his work in developing weak signal communication modes for radio.
192:
66:
1231:
1151:
409:
188:
173:
122:
1079:
651:
The maximum power output from most amateur transceivers is about 100 W.
149:, when frugal use of available battery power and generator fuel is crucial.
130:
816:
1392:
1305:
1221:
357:
339:
316:
903:
311:
1211:
385:
206:(single sideband) is sometimes agreed to be no more than 10 Watts
30:
1533:
1427:
1387:
1382:
1226:
606:
Wireless
Telegraphy: A handbook for the use of operators and students
534:
505:
161:
89:
21:
1377:
1156:
405:
369:
310:
156:
20:
1096:
990:
199:
185:
1100:
1397:
982:
569:
484:
372:
mixer IC, i.e. the K1, K2, ATS series and the
Softrock SDR.
29:
QRP low-power transmitter and receiver that fits inside an
705:
368:
it from scratch. Many popular designs are based on the
315:
Example of transceiver optimized for QRP CW operation:
65:
specially designed for QRP operation have evolved from
1521:
1470:
1360:
1339:
1293:
1286:
1245:
1184:
1134:
624:
1043:The Five-Watt QRP Movement in the US, 1968-1981
1112:
244:(Morse code) to compensate for the decreased
8:
858:
856:
765:
763:
761:
759:
697:
695:
839:. Cambridge University Press. p. 312.
727:
725:
256:: Critically-timed Morse code transmission
1290:
1119:
1105:
1097:
598:
596:
594:
88:The term "QRP" derives from the standard
298:: Weak Signal – Propagation Reporter
202:(or less). The maximum output power for
1014:"CW QRP transmitter for 80 meters"
932:Dennison, Mike; Fielding, John (2007).
663:
661:
659:
561:
533:in 1993 for discovery of a new type of
471:
222:systems and enhanced operating skills.
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
776:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 218.
460:List of amateur radio QRP transceivers
345:Enthusiasts operate QRP radios on the
1258:International Telecommunication Union
799:History of QRP in the U.S., 1924-1960
627:The ARRL General Class License Manual
169:conditions by reducing interference.
7:
981:Chaffin, Kenny A. (February 1990).
801:. Vermillion, SD: Milliwatt Books.
770:H. Ward Silver (25 February 2011).
338:unit, similar to that found in the
92:used in radio communication, where
732:Dobbs, George (1 September 2012).
14:
1253:International Amateur Radio Union
537:which is useful for the study of
529:is an astrophysicist who won the
356:, usually carrying the radios in
1175:
1056:– via n5dux.com/ham/files.
670:"QRP: More than a state of mind"
603:Marchant, William Henry (1914).
708:. American Radio Relay League.
508:used in radio communications. "
488:, or increased power operation.
1268:ITU prefixes for amateur radio
1018:Radio and Electronics Cookbook
940:Radio Society of Great Britain
740:Radio Society of Great Britain
236:: Very slow speed Morse code
1:
668:Wells, Bradley (April 1984).
500:is an exaggerated version of
404:There are specific operating
1048:(Report). Miliwatt QRP Books
935:Radio Communication Handbook
1076:American Radio Relay League
912:American Radio Relay League
871:American Radio Relay League
702:Arland, Richard H. (2007).
678:American Radio Relay League
633:American Radio Relay League
578:American Radio Relay League
269:: Weak Signal – Joe Taylor
137:' amateurs, is contrary to
1576:
1068:"QRP – what, why, and how"
240:QRSS uses very slow speed
1173:
1030:– via Google Books.
952:– via Google Books.
883:– via Google Books.
849:– via Google Books.
786:– via Google Books.
752:– via Google Books.
718:– via Google Books.
649:– via Archive.org.
514:Shall I send more slowly?
1147:Emergency communications
836:The Electronics of Radio
613:– via Archive.org.
527:Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.
143:emergency communications
1217:International operation
285:. WSJT was named after
16:Low-power amateur radio
1539:Amateur radio in India
1483:Amateur radio software
1287:Modes of communication
1197:Amateur radio operator
1012:Brown, George (2001).
797:Weiss, Adrian (1987).
531:Nobel Prize in Physics
455:Amateur radio homebrew
320:
165:
106:Should I reduce power?
34:
1478:Amateur radio station
1263:Frequency allocations
1237:Vintage amateur radio
1162:High-speed telegraphy
970:. Bergamo, IT: I2NDT.
773:Ham Radio For Dummies
609:. Whittaker. p.
439:Worked All Continents
314:
246:signal-to-noise ratio
160:
24:
1082:on 27 September 2007
968:digilander.libero.it
964:"Grabber compendium"
863:DeMaw, Doug (1991).
96:is used to request "
904:"Weak signal modes"
866:W1FB's QRP Notebook
400:Contests and awards
208:peak envelope power
539:General Relativity
321:
283:EME communications
166:
35:
1547:
1546:
1466:
1465:
1074:. Newington, CT:
1027:978-0-7506-5214-8
989:. Newington, CT:
949:978-1-905086-33-7
880:978-0-87259-365-7
846:978-1-107-39366-0
808:978-0-9614139-1-0
783:978-1-118-05419-2
749:978-1-905086-84-9
715:978-0-87259-104-2
676:. Newington, CT:
646:978-0-87259-676-4
635:. 1998. pp.
435:Worked All States
392:, Pacificon, and
390:Dayton Hamvention
336:direct-conversion
226:Weak signal modes
215:radio propagation
147:disaster recovery
55:radio propagation
1567:
1291:
1179:
1157:DX communication
1121:
1114:
1107:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1078:. Archived from
1064:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1047:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1009:
1003:
1002:
1000:
998:
978:
972:
971:
966:. QRSS Knights.
960:
954:
953:
929:
923:
922:
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478:The opposite of
476:
104:is used to ask "
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1574:
1570:
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1565:
1564:
1550:
1549:
1548:
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1529:Shortwave radio
1517:
1462:
1443:Spread spectrum
1356:
1335:
1282:
1273:Maritime mobile
1241:
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1171:
1130:
1125:
1095:
1085:
1083:
1066:
1065:
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1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:Weiss, Adrian.
1040:
1039:
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831:Rutledge, David
829:
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543:radio astronomy
524:
520:
504:, the standard
496:
492:
477:
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443:DX Century Club
402:
394:Friedrichshafen
378:
309:
287:Dr. J.H. Taylor
228:
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114:
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17:
12:
11:
5:
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382:United Kingdom
377:
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354:portable modes
332:circuit boards
308:
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304:
303:
291:
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275:meteor scatter
262:
261:
251:
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227:
224:
154:
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113:
110:
85:
82:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1572:
1561:
1560:Amateur radio
1558:
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1508:Two-way radio
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1403:Hellschreiber
1401:
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1129:
1128:Amateur radio
1122:
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1103:
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579:
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548:
547:amateur radio
544:
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536:
532:
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376:Organizations
375:
373:
371:
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363:
362:whip antennas
359:
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328:
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135:United States
132:
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99:
95:
91:
83:
81:
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68:
64:
60:
56:
51:
49:
44:
43:QRP operation
40:
39:amateur radio
32:
28:
23:
19:
1513:Transceivers
1492:
1471:Technologies
1418:Packet radio
1361:Data/Digital
1084:. Retrieved
1080:the original
1071:
1062:
1050:. Retrieved
1036:
1017:
1007:
995:. Retrieved
993:. p. 43
987:QST magazine
986:
976:
967:
958:
934:
927:
915:. Retrieved
907:
865:
835:
825:
798:
792:
772:
734:
704:
682:. Retrieved
680:. p. 52
674:QST Magazine
673:
650:
626:
619:
605:
581:. Retrieved
573:
564:
521:
513:
509:
501:
497:
493:
483:
479:
474:
431:
403:
379:
344:
329:
325:transceivers
322:
293:
292:
279:troposcatter
264:
263:
253:
252:
233:
232:
229:
212:
198:should be 5
196:output power
171:
167:
119:interference
115:
105:
101:
98:Reduce power
97:
93:
87:
75:
73:technology.
63:transceivers
52:
42:
36:
18:
1207:DX-pedition
1167:Homebrewing
1052:24 November
997:24 November
917:24 November
684:24 November
583:10 December
545:. He is an
418:conventions
254:Coherent CW
193:transmitter
123:televisions
71:solid state
67:vacuum tube
1340:Television
1246:Governance
1232:Radiosport
1152:Contesting
1135:Activities
1020:. Newnes.
983:"Why QRP?"
735:QRP Basics
570:"Why QRP?"
557:References
131:telephones
121:to nearby
112:Philosophy
1503:Satellite
1278:Licensing
426:Field Day
358:backpacks
307:Equipment
249:analyzer.
133:and, for
84:Etymology
1554:Category
1393:EchoLink
1222:QSL card
1072:ARRL.org
942:(RSGB).
908:ARRL.org
833:(1999).
817:2411449M
742:(RSGB).
574:arrl.org
512:" asks "
449:See also
410:contests
388:such as
386:hamfests
366:homebrew
340:Heathkit
317:Elecraft
153:Practice
117:causing
78:contests
27:homebrew
1522:Related
1453:WIRES-X
1212:Hamfest
1192:History
1185:Culture
1086:4 April
360:, with
220:antenna
145:during
59:antenna
31:Altoids
1534:Q code
1428:PACTOR
1388:DAPNET
1383:D-STAR
1306:DSB-SC
1227:Q code
1202:Awards
1024:
946:
877:
843:
815:
805:
780:
746:
712:
643:
535:pulsar
506:Q code
441:, and
416:, and
406:awards
281:, and
191:, the
184:, and
162:VOACAP
129:, and
127:radios
100:" and
90:Q code
1378:AMTOR
1294:Voice
1046:(PDF)
466:Notes
414:clubs
370:NE612
350:bands
200:watts
189:modes
1488:IRLP
1448:C4FM
1438:RTTY
1422:APRS
1413:MFSK
1352:SSTV
1142:ARDF
1088:2007
1054:2019
1022:ISBN
999:2019
991:ARRL
944:ISBN
919:2019
875:ISBN
841:ISBN
803:ISBN
778:ISBN
744:ISBN
710:ISBN
686:2019
641:ISBN
585:2019
525:Dr.
510:QRS?
498:QRSS
422:ARRL
295:WSPR
266:WSJT
234:QRSS
186:data
102:QRP?
33:tin.
1498:SDR
1493:QRP
1458:DMR
1433:PSK
1408:DMT
1398:FT8
1373:ALE
1347:ATV
1321:AME
1316:SSB
1311:ISB
611:220
541:by
502:QRS
485:QRO
482:is
480:QRP
352:in
204:SSB
139:FCC
108:".
94:QRP
69:to
37:In
1556::
1368:CW
1331:PM
1326:FM
1301:AM
1070:.
1016:.
985:.
938:.
910:.
906:.
889:^
873:.
869:.
855:^
813:OL
811:.
758:^
738:.
724:^
694:^
672:.
658:^
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593:^
576:.
572:.
516:".
437:,
412:,
408:,
396:.
347:HF
319:K2
277:,
242:CW
182:FM
180:,
178:AM
176:,
174:CW
125:,
48:RF
41:,
25:A
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1420:(
1120:e
1113:t
1106:v
1090:.
1001:.
921:.
819:.
688:.
637:3
587:.
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