31:
415:. Hammira held his minister Dharmasimha responsible for this debacle, and had him castrated and blinded. However, Dharmasimha soon gained back the king's favour, by raising money for his fight against the Delhi forces. This money was raised through heavy taxes on the general public, which made Hammira very unpopular among the masses. His brothers Bhoja and
451:(mass self-immolation to avoid falling into the enemy hands). Hammira offered safe passages to his brother Virama, his minister Jaja, and the rebel Mongol leader Muhammad Shah, but all of them refused to desert him. Virama died fighting by his side in a
444:
By July 1301, Hammira was in a dire situation owing to the defections and a famine-like situation within the fort. Therefore, he decided to fight to death with his loyal men. The ladies of the fort, led by his chief queen Ranga Devi, died by
455:. Jaja, whom Hammira had appointed as his successor, died two days later while defending the fort. Muhammad Shah was wounded in the action, and later executed on Alauddin's orders. Hammira and his loyal companions marched to the top of the
408:. Hammira granted asylum to two of these leaders ā Muhammad Shah (alias Mahim Shah) and Kabhru ā and their followers. He rejected the demands to surrender these soldiers, leading to an invasion from the Delhi Sultanate.
422:
At Bhoja's instigation, Alauddin sent a stronger army to
Ranthambore. However, this army was defeated by Hammira's generals, which included the rebel Mongol leaders. Alauddin next dispatched
222:. The Paramaras had greatly declined in power, and their kingdom faced an internal rebellion after Arjuna's death. Taking advantage of this, several of their enemies had plundered Malwa.
437:
After Nusrat Khan's death, Alauddin decided to personally lead the siege of
Ranthambore. He ordered his officers from his various provinces to assemble their contingents at
148:, written by a poet about 100 years after Hammiradeva's death and whose reliability has been questioned. Hammiradeva had two elder brothers named Suratrana and Virama.
441:, and then led a joint force to Ranthambore. After a prolonged siege followed, during which Hammira's officers Ratipala and Ranamalla defected to Alauddin's side.
79:. In the 1280s, he raided several neighbouring kingdoms, which ultimately left him without allies. In the 1290s, he successfully defended his kingdom against
381:
104:
1074:
430:, to reinforce Ulugh Khan's forces. The combined Delhi forces advanced up to Ranthambore, and besieged the fort. Some days later, Nusrat Khan was hit by a
405:
459:
mound, where they fought to death with
Alauddin's army. Some Rajput-era bards claim that Hammira severed his own head and offered it to the god
231:, Hammiradeva also subjugated Arjuna, the ruler of a principality called Bhimarasa. Next, he extracted tribute from the Manįøalakį¹ta fort (modern
640:
327:
Hammira's wars with his Hindu neighbours ultimately left him without any allies against his powerful northern neighbour, the Muslim-ruled
434:
stone and killed. Taking advantage of the situation, Hammira came out of the fort with a large army, and forced Ulugh Khan to retreat.
1089:
1049:
1030:
1009:
925:
526:
also describes him, although it is not entirely reliable from a historical point-of-view. He is also mentioned in a few verses of
1069:
368:
After
Jalaluddin's retreat, Hammira recaptured Jhain. In 1292, Jalaluddin once again invaded Jhain, this time unsuccessfully.
387:
In the annals of RÄjpÅ«t chivalry, there is scarcely a name better known than that of HammÄ«ra the haį¹hÄ«, ruler of
Ranthambhor.
69:
236:
155:
retired because of old age, he appointed
Hammiradeva as his successor, although Hammira was not his eldest son. The
632:
Religion, a Human
Phenomenon: XXth World Congress of the International Association for the History of Religions
191:
Soon after his ascension, Hammiradeva launched a series of raids against his Hindu neighbours until 1288. The
282:
Out of all these raids, Hammira's own inscriptions mention only his successes in Malwa. Therefore, historian
1084:
377:
365:(siege engines), but were unable to capture the fort. Jalaluddin ultimately gave up, and returned to Delhi.
935:
484:
239:, the successor of Arjuna II in Malwa. He defeated the Paramara forces, and reached as far as Ujjayini (
500:
Hammira has been hailed as a hero in several works written after his death, including those written in
488:, Hammira was a pupil of the scholar-poet Raghavadeva, who was a grandfather of the famous anthologist
110:
Hammira is celebrated as a hero in several texts composed after his death including
Nayachandra Suri's
1079:
423:
203:("conquests in all directions") campaign. However, Hammiradeva's own inscriptions do not mention any
199:
100:
513:
522:, his biography by the Jain scholar Nayachandra Suri, is a major source of information about him.
489:
138:(Jaitra Singh) and queen Hira Devi. The name "Hammira" is a Sanskritized form of the Arabic title
416:
72:. He is also known as Hamir Dev Chauhan in the Muslim chronicles and the vernacular literature.
30:
1045:
1026:
1020:
1005:
999:
986:
967:
945:
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636:
518:
346:
283:
264:
256:
227:
193:
176:
157:
144:
112:
80:
215:
95:
to invade his kingdom. Hammira's forces achieved some successes against
Alauddin's generals
36:
210:
The Balvan inscription of 1288 CE mentions that
Hammiradeva captured the elephant force of
944:. Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House.
402:
350:
340:
328:
211:
171:
92:
84:
938:(1992). "The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji". In Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (ed.).
162:
1063:
547:
354:
308:
ceremony, which was proved by ancient Indian kings to prove their sovereignty. The
297:
The Balvan inscription mentions that Hammira performed a ritual sacrifice known as
118:
980:
961:
939:
915:
630:
361:, and then marched towards Ranthambore. They besieged the Ranthambore fort with
180:
152:
135:
452:
412:
305:
232:
96:
971:
990:
957:
949:
411:
Hammira lost his general Bhimasamha to an invasion led by the Delhi general
276:
252:
166:
76:
501:
431:
362:
268:
767:
765:
569:
567:
505:
476:
398:
272:
260:
248:
88:
275:). At Karkarala, he received homage from the ruler of Tribhuvanagiri (
75:
Hammiradeva ruled a kingdom centred around Ranthambore in present-day
941:
A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526)
447:
438:
240:
68:: HammÄ«ra-deva; r. 1283 ā 10 July 1301) was the last ruler from the
881:
879:
830:
828:
740:
738:
736:
711:
709:
707:
705:
555:
by Chandrashekhara. However, these are of little historical value.
353:, invaded Hammira's territory. He defeated Hammira's forces led by
1044:(in Hindi) (1 ed.). India: Rajmangal Prakashan. p. 240.
692:
690:
688:
612:
610:
608:
606:
509:
460:
427:
358:
300:
219:
472:
244:
139:
65:
635:. Institute for the Advanced Study of Religion. p. 313.
419:
defected to Alauddin as a result of Dharmasimha's scheming.
286:
doubts the historicity of the other raids described in the
304:
twice. This sacrifice appears to have been similar to the
103:, but he was ultimately defeated and killed in 1301 after
183:
lived until 1285 CE, which may explain this discrepancy.
91:
rebels from Delhi, which prompted Jalaluddin's successor
357:, who was killed in the battle. The Delhi army captured
819:
771:
573:
479:, and respected all Indian faiths, including Jainism.
175:, Hammira ascended the throne in 1285 CE. Historian
51:
43:
23:
727:
655:
475:scholar Nayachandra, Hammira was generous towards
897:
885:
870:
858:
846:
834:
807:
795:
783:
756:
744:
715:
696:
679:
667:
616:
585:
385:
70:Ranthambore branch of the Chauhans (Chahamanas)
492:. Hammira also patronised the poet Bijaditya.
247:). He then returned home via the place called
597:
8:
134:Hammiradeva was a son of the Chahamana king
161:dates Hammira's ascension to 1283 CE (1339
545:Two later Hindi works on his life include
312:performed by the royal priest Vishvarupa.
29:
20:
982:Historicity in Sanskrit Historical KÄvyas
392:Dashratha Sharma, Early ChauhÄn Dynasties
382:Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Ranthambore
142:. Little is known about him, except the
1022:Ancient Indian History and Civilization
1001:Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History
563:
16:King of Ranastambhapura from 1283ā1301
197:presents these raids as a systematic
7:
1075:Chahamana kings of Ranastambhapura
963:History of the Khaljis (1290-1320)
920:. S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass.
463:when faced with a certain defeat.
87:. In 1299, he gave asylum to some
14:
322:Location of Delhi and Ranthambore
316:Conflict with the Delhi Sultanate
966:. Allahabad: The Indian Press.
406:mutined against their generals
1:
542:(1964) is based on his life.
1019:Sailendra Nath Sen (1999).
985:. Sanskrit Pustak Bhandar.
979:Manabendu Banerjee (2004).
820:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
772:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
574:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
263:, Maharashtra (present-day
165:). However, according to a
1106:
914:Dasharatha Sharma (1959).
375:
338:
1090:Monarchs killed in action
1025:. New Age International.
271:), Champa and Karkarala (
235:). Hammira then targeted
47:1283 – 10 July 1301
28:
122:, and Chandrashekhara's
35:Hammira's palace at the
1040:Sudheer Maurya (2020).
917:Early ChauhÄn Dynasties
728:Sailendra Nath Sen 1999
656:Manabendu Banerjee 2004
294:account as fictitious.
1070:Maharajas of Rajasthan
998:Romila Thapar (2005).
936:Banarsi Prasad Saksena
898:Dasharatha Sharma 1959
886:Dasharatha Sharma 1959
871:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
859:Dasharatha Sharma 1959
847:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
835:Dasharatha Sharma 1959
808:Dasharatha Sharma 1959
796:Dasharatha Sharma 1959
784:Dasharatha Sharma 1959
757:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
745:Dasharatha Sharma 1959
716:Dasharatha Sharma 1959
697:Dasharatha Sharma 1959
680:Dasharatha Sharma 1959
668:Dasharatha Sharma 1959
617:Dasharatha Sharma 1959
586:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
395:
378:Battle of Banas (1300)
629:Aditya Malik (2011).
536:Sharngadhara-Paddhati
485:Sharngadhara-Paddhati
267:village), Khandilla (
534:, 14th century) and
290:, and considers its
861:, pp. 118ā119.
822:, pp. 343ā344.
670:, pp. 107ā108.
467:Cultural activities
349:, the ruler of the
786:, p. 110-111.
598:Romila Thapar 2005
496:In popular culture
426:, the governor of
958:Kishori Saran Lal
642:978-0-9876934-0-2
551:by Jodharaja and
532:Prakrta-Paingalam
519:Hammira Mahakavya
471:According to the
347:Jalaluddin Khalji
335:Jalaluddin Khalji
288:Hammira Mahakavya
284:Dasharatha Sharma
228:Hammira Mahakavya
225:According to the
194:Hammira Mahakavya
177:Dasharatha Sharma
158:Hammira Mahakavya
145:Hammira Mahakavya
113:Hammira Mahakavya
81:Jalaluddin Khalji
59:
58:
1097:
1055:
1036:
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994:
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571:
393:
255:, Vardhanapura (
179:speculates that
37:Ranthambore Fort
33:
21:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1099:
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978:
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561:
538:. A Hindi film
528:Prakrta-Pingala
524:Surjana-Charita
516:languages. The
498:
469:
403:Delhi Sultanate
394:
391:
384:
376:Main articles:
374:
372:Alauddin Khalji
351:Delhi Sultanate
343:
341:Battle of Jhain
337:
329:Delhi Sultanate
325:
324:
323:
318:
189:
172:Prabandha Kosha
132:
93:Alauddin Khalji
85:Delhi Sultanate
39:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1103:
1101:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1085:Hindu monarchs
1082:
1077:
1072:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1037:
1031:
1016:
1010:
995:
976:
954:
932:
926:
910:
908:
905:
903:
902:
900:, p. 116.
890:
888:, p. 115.
875:
873:, p. 104.
863:
851:
849:, p. 112.
839:
837:, p. 113.
824:
812:
810:, p. 112.
800:
798:, p. 111.
788:
776:
774:, p. 342.
761:
749:
747:, p. 109.
732:
730:, p. 336.
720:
718:, p. 107.
701:
699:, p. 108.
684:
682:, p. 124.
672:
660:
658:, p. 278.
648:
641:
621:
619:, p. 106.
602:
600:, p. 120.
590:
588:, p. 103.
578:
576:, p. 347.
562:
560:
557:
497:
494:
468:
465:
397:In 1299, some
389:
373:
370:
339:Main article:
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321:
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188:
185:
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116:, Jodharaja's
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10:
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1051:9788194612278
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1038:
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1032:9788122411980
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1011:9781844670208
1007:
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988:
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927:9780842606189
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766:
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759:, p. 88.
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553:Hammira-Hatha
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541:
537:
533:
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507:
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482:According to
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243:) and Dhara (
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169:given in the
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124:Hammira-Hatha
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548:Hammira Raso
546:
544:
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535:
531:
527:
523:
517:
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490:Sharngadhara
483:
481:
470:
456:
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421:
410:
401:soldiers of
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355:Gurdan Saini
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133:
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119:Hammira Raso
117:
111:
109:
105:a long siege
74:
61:
60:
55:10 July 1301
18:
1080:1301 deaths
1042:Hammir Hath
540:Hameer Hath
424:Nusrat Khan
259:), Changa,
181:Jaitrasimha
153:Jaitrasimha
136:Jaitrasimha
101:Nusrat Khan
62:Hammiradeva
24:Hammiradeva
1064:Categories
559:References
514:Rajasthani
453:last stand
417:Pithasimha
413:Ulugh Khan
310:Koti yajna
306:Ashvamedha
233:Mandalgarh
207:campaign.
187:Early rule
130:Early life
97:Ulugh Khan
1004:. Verso.
972:685167335
363:manjaniqs
345:In 1290,
292:digivjaya
277:Timangarh
212:Arjuna II
205:dgivijaya
200:digvijaya
167:genealogy
77:Rajasthan
991:69734858
960:(1950).
950:31870180
502:Sanskrit
477:Brahmins
461:Mahadeva
432:manjaniq
390:ā
269:Khandela
237:Bhoja II
218:king of
216:Paramara
506:Prakrit
273:Karauli
261:Pushkar
249:Chittor
83:of the
1048:
1029:
1008:
989:
970:
948:
924:
639:
457:pasheb
448:jauhar
439:Tilpat
399:Mongol
257:Badnor
241:Ujjain
214:, the
89:Mongol
510:Hindi
428:Awadh
359:Jhain
301:yajna
299:Koti-
265:Marot
220:Malwa
151:When
44:Reign
1046:ISBN
1027:ISBN
1006:ISBN
987:OCLC
968:OCLC
946:OCLC
922:ISBN
637:ISBN
530:(or
512:and
473:Jain
380:and
245:Dhar
140:Amir
99:and
66:IAST
52:Died
279:).
253:Abu
1066::
878:^
827:^
764:^
735:^
704:^
687:^
605:^
566:^
508:,
504:,
331:.
251:,
163:VS
126:.
107:.
1054:.
1035:.
1014:.
993:.
974:.
952:.
930:.
645:.
64:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
