Alauddin Khalji - Knowledge (XXG)

733: 1493: 828:, hoping that Alauddin would present the loot to him there. However, Alauddin marched directly to Kara with all the wealth. Jalaluddin's advisors such as Ahmad Chap recommended intercepting Alauddin at Chanderi, but Jalaluddin had faith in his nephew. He returned to Delhi, believing that Alauddin would carry the wealth from Kara to Delhi. After reaching Kara, Alauddin sent a letter of apology to the Sultan and expressed concern that his enemies may have poisoned Sultan's mind against him during his absence. He requested a letter of pardon signed by the Sultan, which the Sultan immediately despatched through messengers. At Kara, Jalaluddin's messengers learned of Alauddin's military strength and of his plans to dethrone the Sultan. However, Alauddin detained them and prevented them from communicating with the Sultan. 846: 1506: 2155: 1530: 2126: 3379:

By this time, Jait Singh may have already lost his life, as tradition holds, and the crown taken up by his son, Mularaj. It was at this stage that the women of Jaisalmer fort performed jauhar, while the men, led by Rawal Mularaj, and his younger brother Ratan Singh, flung open the gates of the fort and rushed forth to die fighting to the last. Some sources suggest that Mularaj died in an earlier sortie, and that Ratan Singh (or Ratan-Si), succeeded him as Rawal and carried out the defence of Jaisalmer, until the final shaka. In any event, once Jaisalmer was invested, it is known to have remained in Khilji hands for the next few years

1890: 42: 2175: 935:). As Alauddin marched to Delhi, the news spread in towns and villages that he was recruiting soldiers while distributing gold. Many people, from both military and non-military backgrounds, joined him. By the time he reached Badaun, he had a 56,000-strong cavalry and a 60,000-strong infantry. At Baran, Alauddin was joined by seven powerful Jalaluddin nobles who had earlier opposed him. These nobles were Tajul Mulk Kuchi, Malik Abaji Akhur-bek, Malik Amir Ali Diwana, Malik Usman Amir-akhur, Malik Amir Khan, Malik Umar Surkha, and Malik Hiranmar. Alauddin gave each of them 30 to 50 753:. Malika-i-Jahan was greatly infuriated by her husband taking a second wife. According to Dabir, this was the main cause of the misunderstanding between Alauddin and his first wife. Once, while Alauddin and Mahru were together in a garden, Jalaluddin's daughter attacked Mahru out of jealousy. In response, Alauddin assaulted her. The incident was reported to Jalaluddin, but the Sultan did not take any action against Alauddin. Alauddin was not on good terms with his mother-in-law either, who wielded great influence over the Sultan. According to the 16th-century historian 1636: 1702:

forced the rural chiefs to pay same taxes as the others, and banned them from imposing illegal taxes on the peasants. To prevent any rebellions, his administration deprived the rural chiefs of their wealth, horses and arms. By suppressing these chiefs, Alauddin projected himself as the protector of the weaker section of the rural society. However, while the cultivators were free from the demands of the landowners, the high taxes imposed by the state meant a cultivator had "barely enough for carrying on his cultivation and his food requirements."

2195: 1919:(prime minister), and even executed the minister Sharaf Qa'ini. It appears that Malik Kafur, who considered these officers as his rivals and a threat, convinced Alauddin to carry out this purge. Kafur had Alauddin's eldest sons Khizr Khan and Shadi Khan blinded. He also convinced Alauddin to order the killing of his brother-in-law Alp Khan, an influential noble who could rival Malik Kafur's power. The victims allegedly hatched a conspiracy to overthrow Alauddin, but this might be Kafur's propaganda. 1520: 1297: 2644: 1648:

nobles and cancelled revenue assignments which were henceforth controlled by the central authorities. Henceforth, "everybody was busy with earning a living so that nobody could even think of rebellion". He also ordered "to supply some rules and regulations for grinding down the Hindus, and for depriving them of that wealth and property which fosters rebellion. The Hindu was to be so reduced as to be unable to keep a horse to ride on, wear fine clothes, or to enjoy any luxuries of life."

1289:. The Mongols engaged his forces in some minor conflicts, but neither army achieved a decisive victory. The invaders ransacked Delhi and its neighbourhoods, but ultimately decided to retreat after being unable to breach Siri. The Mongol invasion of 1303 was one of the most serious invasions of India, and prompted Alauddin to take several steps to prevent its repeat. He strengthened the forts and the military presence along the Mongol routes to India. He also implemented a series of 1851:, and excommunicated drunkards and gamblers from Delhi, along with vendors of intoxicants. Alauddin's administration strictly punished the violators, and ensured non-availability of alcohol not only in Delhi, but also in its surrounding areas. Nevertheless, alcohol continued to be illegally produced in and smuggled into Delhi. Sometime later, Alauddin relented, and allowed brewing and drinking in private. However, public distribution and drinking of wine remained prohibited. 2104:, and after the Mongols left, he built the Qasr-i-Hazar Situn palace at the site of his camp. The fortified city of Siri existed in the time of Timur, whose memoirs state that it had seven gates. The destruction of the Fort is attributed to the local rulers who removed the fort's stones, bricks and other artifacts for their own buildings. In particular, Sher Shah Suri (1540–1545), from Eastern India (Bihar), took away material from Siri to build his own city. 1389: 2608: 2596: 2620: 1540: 2656: 6298: 1165: 2111: 2632: 1226: 2141: 965:, Ruknuddin led an army against him. However, a section of Ruknuddin's army defected to Alauddin at midnight. A dejected Ruknuddin then retreated and escaped to Multan with his mother and the loyal nobles. Alauddin then entered the city, where a number of nobles and officials accepted his authority. On 21 October 1296, Alauddin was formally proclaimed as the Sultan in Delhi. 2668: 1777:, his administration prohibited peasants and traders from storing the grains, and established government-run granaries, where government's share of the grain was stored. The government also forced the transport workers to re-settle in villages at specific distances along the Yamuna river to enable rapid transport of grain to Delhi. 1156:, Alauddin personally led the Delhi forces, but his general Zafar Khan attacked the Mongols without waiting for his orders. Although Zafar Khan managed to inflict heavy casualties on the invaders, he and other soldiers in his unit were killed in the battle. Qutlugh Khwaja was also seriously wounded, forcing the Mongols to retreat. 1602:, he implemented several reforms to be able to maintain a large army and to weaken those capable of organizing a revolt against him. Barani also attributes Alauddin's revenue reforms to the Sultan's desire to subjugate the Hindus by "depriving them of that wealth and property which fosters rebellion". According to historian 1285:), and the army had lost several men and its baggage. Neither this army, nor the reinforcements sent by Alauddin's provincial governors could enter the city because of the blockades set up by the Mongols. Under these difficult circumstances, Alauddin took shelter in a heavily guarded camp at the under-construction 1643:

The countryside and agricultural production during Alauddin's time was controlled by the village headmen, the traditional Hindu authorities. He viewed their haughtiness and their direct and indirect resistance as the main difficulty affecting his reign. He also had to face talk of conspiracies at his

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The attack on Jaisalmer during Sultan Alauddin Khilji's reign seems to have begun in AD 1299, when its Bhati king Jait Singh I was ruling. The besieged fort withstood the assault and encirclement until, at long last, scarcity of food and provisions played their inevitable part in deciding the issue.

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Contemporary chroniclers did not write much about Alauddin's childhood. According to the 16th/17th-century chronicler Haji-ud-Dabir, Alauddin was 34 years old when he started his march to Ranthambore (1300–1301). Assuming this is correct, Alauddin's birth can be dated to 1266–1267. His original name

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murdered him. Towards the end of the night, Kafur brought the body of Alauddin from the Siri Place and had it buried in Alauddin's mausoleum (which had already been built before Alauddin's death). The mausoleum is said to have been located outside a Jama Mosque, but neither of these structures can

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During this campaign, the Mongol general Abachi had conspired to ally with the Pandyas, and as a result, Alauddin ordered him to be executed in Delhi. This, combined with their general grievances against Alauddin, led to resentment among Mongols who had settled in India after converting to Islam. A

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Meanwhile, Alauddin's younger brother Almas Beg (later Ulugh Khan), who was married to a daughter of Jalaluddin, assured the Sultan of Alauddin's loyalty. He convinced Jalaluddin to visit Kara and meet Alauddin, saying that Alauddin would commit suicide out of guilt if the Sultan did not pardon him

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While instigating Alauddin to revolt against Jalaluddin, Malik Chajju's supporters emphasized that he needed a lot of money to raise a large army and stage a successful coup: Malik Chajju's revolt had failed for want of resources. To finance his plan to dethrone Jalaluddin, Alauddin decided to raid

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Allaudin realized his duties as a king. To him, this kingly office was divine, which carried a lot of responsibilities with itself. For he was very thankful to God Almighty. Moreover, as a Muslim, he believed in the day of judgment & considered himself answerable for all his deeds on that day.

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Alauddin's government maintained a descriptive roll of every soldier, and occasionally conducted strict reviews of the army to examine the horses and arms of the soldiers. To ensure that no horse could be presented twice or replaced by a poor-quality horse during the review, Alauddin established a

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and the 14th century writer Hamid Qalandar suggest that Alauddin introduced these changes for public welfare. However, Barani states that Alauddin wanted to reduce the prices so that low salaries were acceptable to his soldiers, and thus, to maintain a large army. In addition, Barani suggests that

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To enforce these land and agrarian reforms, Alauddin set up a strong and efficient revenue administration system. His government recruited many accountants, collectors and agents. These officials were well-paid but were subject to severe punishment if found to be taking bribes. Account books were

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directly from the cultivators. He did not levy any additional taxes on agriculture, and abolished the cut that the intermediaries received for collecting revenue. Alauddin's demand for tax proportional to land area meant that the rich and powerful villages with more land had to pay more taxes. He

1035:), who had deserted Jalaluddin's family to join Alauddin, were arrested, blinded or killed. All their property, including the money earlier given to them by Alauddin, was confiscated. As a result of these confiscations, Nusrat Khan obtained a huge amount of cash for the royal treasury. Only three 1854:

Alauddin also increased his level of control over the nobility. To prevent rebellions by the nobles, he confiscated their wealth and removed them from their bases of power. Even charitable lands administered by nobles were confiscated. Severe punishments were given for disloyalty. Even wives and

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Mughis replied that the Hindu "should pay the taxes with meekness and humility coupled with the utmost respect and free from all reluctance. Should the collector choose to spit in his mouth, he should open the same without hesitation, so that the official may spit into it... The purport of this

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After some initial conspiracies and Hindu revolts in rural areas during the early period of his reign, he struck the root of the problem by introducing reforms that also aimed at ensuring support of his army and food supply to his capital. He took away all landed properties of his courtiers and

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of 1290. The marriage, however, was not a happy one. Having suddenly become a princess after Jalaluddin's rise as a monarch, she was very arrogant and tried to dominate Alauddin. According to Haji-ud-Dabir, Alauddin married a second woman, named Mahru, who was the sister of Malik Sanjar alias

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Chroniclers such as Khusrau and Barani state that the prices were not allowed to increase during Alauddin's lifetime, even when the rainfall was scarce. The shopkeepers who violated the price control regulations or tried to circumvent them (such as, by using false weights) were given severe

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and Wassaf. Barani, while summing up his achievements, mentions that the submission and obedience of the Hindus during the last decade of his reign had become an established fact. He states that such a submission on the part of the Hindus "has neither been seen before nor will be witnessed

2358:. In accordance with this opinion, whatever affair of state came before him, he only looked to the public good, without considering whether his mode of dealing with it was lawful or unlawful. He never asked for legal opinions about political matters, and very few learned men visited him. 1430:

The plunder obtained from Devagiri prompted Alauddin to plan an invasion of the other southern kingdoms, which had accumulated a huge amount of wealth, having been shielded from the foreign armies that had ransacked northern India. In late 1309, he sent Malik Kafur to ransack the

1862:, and ordered all existing prostitutes of Delhi to be married. Firishta states that he classified prostitutes into three grades, and fixed their fees accordingly. However, historian Kishori Saran Lal dismisses this account as inaccurate. Alauddin also took steps to curb 836:

with a smaller body of around 1,000 soldiers. On 20 July 1296, Alauddin had Jalaluddin killed, after pretending to greet the Sultan, and declaring himself the new king. Jalaluddin's companions were also killed, while Ahmad Chap's army retreated to Delhi.

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merchants spread over North India and in 1314, the sons of a Shrimala and others along with their cousins and a huge congregation of pilgrims were able to visit a temple at Phaludi despite Ajmer and its neighbourhood being under siege by Muslim forces.

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extreme meekness and humility on his part... is to show the extreme submissiveness incumbent upon this race. God Almighty Himself (in the Quran) commands their complete degradation in as much as these Hindus are the deadliest foes of the true prophet.

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had not been able to subvert Islam, and people would revolt against Alauddin for founding a new religion. Barani's claim that Alauddin thought of founding a religion has been repeated by several later chroniclers as well as later historians. Historian

2420:, it is said that the citizens were caught by surprise. Wassaf states that "The Muhammadan forces began to kill and slaughter on the right and on the left unmercifully, throughout the impure land, for the sake of Islam, and blood flowed in torrents." 1213:

had granted asylum to the leaders of the mutiny near Jalore. After Nusrat Khan was killed during the siege, Alauddin personally took charge of the siege operations, and conquered the fort in July 1301. During the Ranthambore campaign, Alauddin faced

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Alauddin was the most powerful ruler of his dynasty. Unlike the previous rulers of the Delhi Sultanate, who had largely relied on the pre-existing administrative set-up, Alauddin undertook large-scale reforms. After facing the Mongol invasions and

1606:, Alauddin's reforms were based on his conception of fear and control as the basis of good government as well as his military ambitions: the bulk of the measures were designed to centralise power in his hands and to support a large military. 2384:

Therefore he always tried his best to do the deeds which were acceptable to God. He introduced many reforms only to remove the sufferings of the masses, irrespective of their color and creed so that he could win the pleasure of his creator

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children of soldiers rebelling for greater war spoils were imprisoned. An efficient spy network was set up that reached into the private households of nobles. Marriage alliances made between noble families had to be approved by the king.

2029:) of the Sultanate. A deep emotional bond developed between Alauddin and Kafur. According to Barani, during the last four or five years of his life, Alauddin deeply favoured Kafur, and handed over the administration to him. Scholars 775:(subordinate nobles) at Kara considered Jalaluddin as a weak and ineffective ruler and instigated Alauddin to usurp the throne of Delhi. This, combined with his unhappy domestic life, made Alauddin determined to dethrone Jalaluddin. 2490:

Alauddin believed "that the Hindu will never be submissive and obedient to the Musalman unless he is reduced to abject poverty." He undertook measures to impoverish them and felt it was justified because he knew that the chiefs and

977:, the ones appointed by Jalaluddin and his own appointees. He also increased the strength of the Sultanate's army, and gifted every soldier the salary of a year and a half in cash. Of Alauddin's first year as the Sultan, chronicler 1901:

During the last years of his life, Alauddin had an illness, and became very distrustful of his officers. He started concentrating all the power in the hands of his family and his slaves. He became charmed with his slave-general

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around August 1303. Alauddin managed to reach Delhi before the invaders, but did not have enough time to prepare for a strong defence. Meanwhile, the Warangal campaign was unsuccessful (because of heavy rains according to

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s from Jalaluddin's time were spared: Malik Qutbuddin Alavi, Malik Nasiruddin Rana, and Malik Amir Jamal Khalji. The rest of the older aristocrats were replaced with the new nobles, who were extremely loyal to Alauddin.

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and Nilanjan Sarkar, Thomas Gugler and Historian Judith E. Walsh believe Alauddin and Kafur were lovers in a sexually intimate relationship. Given his relationship with Kafur, historians believe Alauddin may have been

2271:) minorities, after the orthodox Sunnis falsely accused them of permitting incest in their "secret assemblies". Alauddin ordered an inquiry against them sometime before 1311. The inquiry was conducted by the orthodox 2486:

has given orders regarding the slaying, plundering and imprisoning of them, ordaining that they must either follow the true faith, or else be slain or imprisoned, and have all their wealth and property confiscated."

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Alauddin was brought up by Jalaluddin after Shihabuddin's death. Both Alauddin and his younger brother Almas Beg married Jalaluddin's daughters. After Jalaluddin became the Sultan of Delhi, Alauddin was appointed as

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from the custody of her father, Raja Karan. Alauddin sent an order to Raja Karan telling him to send Deval Devi immediately. Deval Devi was eventually brought to Delhi and lived in the royal palace with her mother.

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to ensure that the low salaries were acceptable to his soldiers. Although he was opposed to granting lands to his generals and soldiers, he generously rewarded them after successful campaigns, especially those in

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in 1296. He left Devagiri with a huge amount of wealth, including precious metals, jewels, silk products, elephants, horses, and slaves. When the news of Alauddin's success reached Jalaluddin, the Sultan came to

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Mahasena to Delhi. There was no learned Digambracarya in North India during this period and Mahasena was persuaded by Jains to defend the faith. Alauddin was impressed by his profound learning and asceticism. A

1570:. Both Vira and Sundara fled their headquarters, and thus, Kafur was unable to make them Alauddin's tributaries. Nevertheless, the Delhi army looted many treasures, elephants and horses. The Delhi chronicler 757:, she warned Jalaluddin that Alauddin was planning to set up an independent kingdom in a remote part of the country. She closely monitored Alauddin and encouraged her daughter's arrogant behavior toward him. 1832:, drinking was common among the Muslim royals and nobles of the Delhi Sultanate in the 13th century, and Alauddin himself was a heavy drinker. As part of his measures to prevent rebellions, Alauddin imposed 1197:

at the time under Jait Singh I. Following a long siege and due to the dearth of food and resources, eventually, the besieged Rajputs under the command of Mularaja performed Saka where the women committed

1269:. According to his courtier Amir Khusrau, he ordered a massacre of 30,000 local Hindus after this conquest. Some later legends state that Alauddin invaded Chittor to capture Ratnasimha's beautiful queen 1677:

Alauddin Khalji's taxation system was probably the one institution from his reign that lasted the longest, surviving indeed into the nineteenth or even the twentieth century. From now on, the land tax (

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Meanwhile, after conquering Siwana, Alauddin had ordered his generals to subjugate other parts of Marwar, before returning to Delhi. The raids of his generals in Marwar led to their confrontations with

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personally. A gullible Jalaluddin set out for Kara with his army. After reaching close to Kara, he directed Ahmad Chap to take his main army to Kara by land route, while he himself decided to cross the

808:. Therefore, he shrewdly surrendered the loot from Bhilsa to Jalaluddin to win Sultan's confidence, while withholding the information on the Yadava kingdom. A pleased Jalaluddin gave him the office of 2174: 5417: 1492: 958:

heard that Jalaluddin's nobles had joined Alauddin, she apologized to Arkali and offered him the throne, requesting him to march from Multan to Delhi. However, Arkali refused to come to her aid.

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led a luxurious life but never paid a jital in taxes. His vigorous and extensive conquests led to him being viewed as persecutor both at home and abroad, including by Maulana Shamsuddin Turk,

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Initially, Alauddin consolidated power by making generous grants and endowments and appointing many people to government positions. He balanced the power between the officers appointed by the

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came to the conclusion that polity and government are one thing, and the rules and decrees of law are another. Royal commands belong to the king, legal decrees rest upon the judgment of the

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Meanwhile, Ala-ul Mulk, who was Alauddin's governor at Kara, came to Delhi with all the officers, elephants, and wealth that Alauddin had left at Kara. Alauddin appointed Ala-ul Mulk as the

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of the Hindu chiefs bowing before Alauddin. This policy of compromise with Hindus was greatly criticized by a small but vocal set of Muslim extremists, as apparent from Barani's writings.

2326:), with whose help he could establish a new religion. Barani's uncle Alaul Mulk convinced him to drop this idea, stating that a new religion could only be found based on a revelation from 1202:

and the men fought until death. Thus, Alauddin successfully penetrated into territories of the Bhattis. After the conquest of Jaisalmer, it remained under the Khalji's for few more years.

2509:, obtaining a membership in the higher bureaucracy was difficult for the Indian Muslims and impossible for Hindus. This however seems to have changed under the Khaljis. Khusrau states in 2025:, caught the fancy of Alauddin. He rose rapidly in Alauddin's service, mainly because of his proven ability as military commander and wise counsellor, and eventually became the viceroy ( 3888:...helps identify another curious flag found in northern India – a brown or originally silver flag with a vertical black line – as the flag of the Delhi Sultanate (602-962/1206-1555). 2375:

disagrees with Barani, mentioning that Alauddin had great faith in his religion and never permitted anything irreligious to be said, the 14th-century Indian historian and court poet,

896:. His objective was to cause a change in the general political opinion, by portraying himself as someone with huge public support. To portray himself as a generous king, he ordered 5 1733:), which were not sanctioned by the Islamic law. In addition, Alauddin demanded four-fifths share of the spoils of war from his soldiers, instead of the traditional one-fifth share ( 1485:

kingdoms located further south. After returning to Delhi, he took Alauddin's permission to lead an expedition there. Kafur started his march from Delhi in November 1310, and crossed

5391: 2462:(feudal landlords) kindly, and granted more favours to them than they had expected. In his poetic style, Khusrau states that by this time, all the insolent Hindus in the realm of 1706:

audited and even small discrepancies were punished. The effect was both large landowners and small-scale cultivators were fearful of missing out on paying their assessed taxes.

1137:) from them. Alauddin's administration meted out brutal punishments to the mutineers' families in Delhi, including killings of children in front of their mothers. According to 950:

appointed her youngest son Qadr Khan as the new king with the title Ruknuddin Ibrahim, without consulting the nobles. This irked Arkali Khan, her elder son and the governor of

506:, and used the acquired loot to stage a successful revolt against Jalaluddin. After killing Jalaluddin, he consolidated his power in Delhi, and subjugated Jalaluddin's sons in 1423:

region unsuccessfully for several years. In August–September 1308, Alauddin personally took charge of the siege operations in Siwana. The Delhi army conquered the fort in the

5954: 1589:, after Ramachandra's death, his son tried to overthrow Alauddin's suzerainty. Malik Kafur invaded Devagiri again in 1313, defeated him, and became the governor of Devagiri. 3916:

The sultan captured the Rajput fort of Chitor, in Rājasthān, and in 1310 he subjected most of the Deccan to his power. He took Devagiri – the capital of the Yādava – in 1307

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had died on the battlefield, and the other Hindus had bowed their heads before Alauddin. Describing a court held on 19 October 1312, Khusrau writes the ground had become

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was firm like the faith of the illiterate and the ignorant". He further states that Alauddin once thought of establishing a new religion. Just like the Islamic prophet

845: 1029:(prime minister). Having strengthened his control over Delhi, the Sultan started eliminating the officers that were not his own appointees. In 1297, the aristocrats ( 892:

rivers were flooded. But Alauddin made preparations for a march to Delhi, and ordered his officers to recruit as many soldiers as possible, without fitness tests or

6253: 6174: 5339: 1840:, Alauddin banned alcohol, after a noble condemned him for merrymaking when his subjects were suffering from a famine. However, this account appears to be hearsay. 1579: 1563: 1439:. Helped by Ramachandra of Devagiri, Kafur entered the Kakatiya territory in January 1310, ransacking towns and villages on his way to Warangal. After a month-long 665: 5443: 2416:

states that Gujarat was only annexed in the second invasion which took place seven years after the first one, implying the first was merely a plundering raid. At

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To ensure that the goods were sold at regulated prices, Alauddin appointed market supervisors and spies, and received independent reports from them. To prevent a

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During the last years of his life, Alauddin had an illness and relied on Malik Kafur to handle the administration. After his death in 1316, Malik Kafur appointed

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At this time, the Pandya kingdom was reeling under a war of succession between the two brothers Vira and Sundara, and taking advantage of this, the Hoysala king

1088:, 20,000 Mongols were killed in the battle, and many more were killed in Delhi after being brought there as prisoners. In 1298–99, another Mongol army (possibly 2458:

He compromised with the Hindu chiefs who were willing to accept his suzerainty. In a 1305 document, Khusrau mentions that Alauddin treated the obedient Hindu

6109: 5750: 1206: 1176: 573: 383: 2125: 1412:(later married to Alauddin's son Khizr Khan). At Devagiri, Kafur achieved an easy victory, and Ramachandra agreed to become a lifelong vassal of Alauddin. 1127:, who later led Alauddin's southern campaigns. During the army's return journey to Delhi, some of its Mongol soldiers staged an unsuccessful mutiny near 1372:. Duwa died next year, and after that the Mongols did not launch any further expeditions to India during Alauddin's reign. On the contrary, Alauddin's 6156: 5984: 1397: 625: 6191: 6362: 6103: 2567:, completed in 1336–1337, details atrocities on Jains under his reign including destruction of a religious fair in 1313 while capturing Jabalipura ( 2022: 1975: 1609:

Some of Alauddin's land reforms were continued by his successors, and formed a basis of the agrarian reforms introduced by the later rulers such as

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In December 1305, the Mongols invaded India again. Instead of attacking the heavily guarded city of Delhi, the invaders proceeded south-east to the

1315: 1108: 741: 565: 379: 6347: 1836:, because he believed that the rampant use of alcoholic drinks enabled people to assemble, lose their senses and think of rebellion. According to 1181:

Around the same time, Alauddin turned his attention towards the present-day state of Rajasthan to subdue the Rajput kingdoms for a secure base to

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He had amassed wealth in his treasury through campaigns in Deccan and South India and issued many coins. His coins omitted the mention of the

1123:, where it desecrated the famous Hindu temple. The Delhi army also captured several people, including the Vaghela queen Kamala Devi and slave 6372: 6367: 6150: 5919: 5898: 5785: 5735: 5667: 5641: 5553: 3909: 3371: 2896: 2002:

king of Gujarat. She was captured by Khalji forces during an invasion, escorted to Delhi as part of the war booty, and taken into Alauddin's

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Alauddin rarely listened to the advice of the orthodox ulama. When he had asked about the position of Hindus under an Islamic state, the

6091: 785: 499: 363: 213: 1529: 6273: 6243: 6238: 1823: 1630: 1599: 1290: 1215: 460: 452: 2194: 6248: 5874: 5850: 5322: 5295: 5268: 5215: 5030: 4936: 4011: 2869: 2521:). Because of the large presence of non-Muslims in the imperial army, Alaul Mulk advised him not to leave Delhi to repel the Mongol 1798: 1748: 1578:

section of Mongol leaders plotted to kill Alauddin, but the conspiracy was discovered by Alauddin's agents. Alauddin then ordered a

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in Delhi, established laws to prevent his nobles from networking with each other, and confiscated wealth from the general public.

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described this seizure of wealth from Dwarasamudra and the Pandya kingdom as the greatest one since the Muslim capture of Delhi.

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was controlled by Jalaluddin's son Arkali, who harbored the fugitives from Delhi. In November 1296, Alauddin sent an army led by

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The Political Theory of the Delhi Sultanate: Including a Translation of Ziauddin Barani's Fatawa-i Jahandari, Circa, 1358-9 A.D

391: 1889: 4788: 4725: 2101: 1369: 1277: 542: 534: 41: 1408:. Kafur was supported by Alauddin's Gujarat governor Alp Khan, whose forces invaded Baglana, and captured Karna's daughter 6377: 6342: 5977: 2802: 605: 2643: 1051:, the governorship of Kara was entrusted to Nusrat Khan, who had become unpopular in Delhi because of the confiscations. 853:

Alauddin, known as Ali Gurshasp until his ascension in July 1296, was formally proclaimed as the new king with the title

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Alauddin resumed his march to Delhi in the second week of October 1296, when the Yamuna river subsided. When he reached

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Malik Chajju. Jalaluddin rewarded Alauddin by appointing him as the new governor of Kara in 1291. Malik Chajju's former

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Alauddin's march to Delhi was interrupted by the flooding of the Yamuna river. Meanwhile, in Delhi, Jalaluddin's widow

6115: 6046: 2319: 1266: 1238: 1101: 1013: 924: 577: 550: 387: 2655: 1987:, probably after the 1296 Devagiri raid, or after his 1308 conquest of Devagiri. Alauddin had a son with Jhatyapali, 1669:

tax on the agricultural produce in a substantial part of northern India: this was the maximum amount allowed by the

6352: 5884: 5860: 5824: 5721: 997: 697: 514: 471: 464: 2074:, who invaded Delhi in 1398, mention that the reservoir was a source of water for the city throughout the year. 6357: 6322: 6301: 6197: 6162: 5970: 5517: 1618: 1093: 1047:

of Delhi and placed all the non-Turkic municipal employees under his charge. Since Ala-ul Mulk had become very

736:

Gold coinage of 'Ala al-Din Muhammad (AH 695-715 / AD 1296–1316). Dar al-Islam mint. Dated AH 709 (AD 1309–10).

526: 278: 2342:

According to Barani, Alauddin was the first sultan to separate religion from the state. Barani wrote that he:

816:. In addition, the Sultan granted Alauddin's request to use the revenue surplus for hiring additional troops. 5504:. Vol. 5: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. 796:, which had been weakened by multiple invasions. At Bhilsa, he learned of the immense wealth of the southern 6062: 5495: 5243: 5132: 5106: 2607: 2595: 2339:

doubts the authenticity of this claim, arguing that it is not supported by Alauddin's contemporary writers.

1995: 1984: 1763: 1551:

had invaded the Pandyan territory. When Ballala learned about Kafur's march, he hurried back to his capital

1440: 1404:

had discontinued the tribute payments promised in 1296, and had granted asylum to the Vaghela king Karna at

1401: 1116: 1020:. On his orders, Nusrat Khan arrested, blinded, and/or killed the surviving members of Jalaluddin's family. 984:

At this time, Alauddin could not exercise his authority over all of Jalaluddin's former territories. In the

641: 629: 253: 246: 81: 1651:

Alauddin brought a large tract of fertile land under the directly governed crown territory, by eliminating

1447:

agreed to become a tributary of Alauddin, and surrendered a large amount of wealth (possibly including the

1218:. To suppress any future rebellions, he set up an intelligence and surveillance system, instituted a total 6021: 5841: 5601: 2506: 2406: 2336: 2213: 2043: 1928: 1797:. He managed to raise such a large army by paying relatively low salaries to his soldiers, and introduced 1377: 1318:, which resulted in the annexation of the Vaghela kingdom to the Delhi Sultanate. In 1305, he launched an 1141:, the practice of punishing wives and children for the crimes of men started with this incident in Delhi. 974: 680: 479: 1334:, which ruled the region to the north-east of Malwa, also appears to have fallen to Alauddin's invasion. 6168: 2818: 2774: 2769: 2739: 2667: 2631: 2619: 1556: 1533:). Devagiri was ultimately captured by Alauddin Khalji in 1307. The trading ship raises the flag of the 633: 1519: 1296: 1767: 6337: 6036: 5937: 5187: 5002: 2517:, to repel the Mongols. During Ikat Khan's rebellion, the Sultan's life was saved by Hindu soldiers ( 2315: 1460: 912: 865:. Over the next two days, Alauddin formed a provisional government at Kara. He promoted the existing 713: 487: 155: 2235:

has also been attributed to Alauddin, because its architecture and design is similar to that of the

2110: 1276:

While the imperial armies were busy in Chittor and Warangal campaigns, the Mongols launched another

6016: 2716: 2687: 858: 797: 766: 721: 637: 609: 448: 329: 2549: 1635: 5627: 2067: 1935: 1878: 1811: 672: 283: 1687:) became the principal form in which the peasant's surplus was expropriated by the ruling class. 692:

was Ali Gurshasp. He was the eldest son of Shihabuddin Mas'ud, who was the elder brother of the

5466: 4928:

Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India – Vol. III: Medieval Indian Society And Culture

4717: 4710: 3902:

The worlds of the Indian Ocean : a global history : a revised and updated translation

2140: 1931:, the ruined foundations of these two structures probably lie under one of the mounds at Siri. 6074: 6026: 5915: 5894: 5870: 5846: 5781: 5775: 5755: 5731: 5725: 5709: 5687: 5663: 5637: 5611: 5589: 5570: 5549: 5543: 5527: 5505: 5318: 5291: 5264: 5211: 5205: 5146: 5120: 5094: 5026: 5020: 4979: 4932: 4926: 4784: 4721: 4007: 3905: 3367: 2892: 2865: 2702: 2539: 2498: 2376: 2287:, writing half a century after his death, mentions that Alauddin did not patronize the Muslim 2242:

In 1311, Alauddin repaired the 100-acre Hauz-i-Shamasi reservoir that had been constructed by

2217: 2117: 2055: 1906:, who became the de facto ruler of the Sultanate after being promoted to the rank of viceroy ( 1837: 1660: 1548: 1468: 1388: 1331: 745: 657: 617: 475: 359: 264: 232: 5909: 5655: 5312: 5285: 5258: 1922:

Alauddin died on the night of 4 January 1316. Barani claims that according to "some people",

1582:

in his empire, which according to Barani, resulted in the death of 20,000 or 30,000 Mongols.

6215: 5811: 5795: 5631: 3879: 2825: 2746: 2560: 1988: 1346: 1323: 1073: 893: 861:. Meanwhile, the head of Jalaluddin was paraded on a spear in his camp before being sent to 789: 597: 538: 518: 419: 91: 6127: 5997: 5610:. Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. 5604:(1992) . "The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji". In Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (ed.). 5498:(1992) . "The Khaljis: Jalaluddin Khalji". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). 5287:

Interpreting Medieval India: Early medieval, Delhi Sultanate, and regions (circa 750–1550)

2750: 2467: 2364: 2284: 2232: 2093: 1999: 1844: 1829: 1571: 1524: 1482: 1471: 1424: 1338: 1307: 1282: 1138: 1112: 978: 661: 601: 585: 451:. Alauddin instituted a number of significant administrative changes in India, related to 444: 399: 53: 2710: 1697:

Alauddin also eliminated the intermediary Hindu rural chiefs, and started collecting the

2548:

Jain Purancandra was very close to him and the Sultan also maintained contacts with the

2513:

that Alauddin had dispatched a 30,000 strong army under a Hindu officer Malik Naik, the

2010:, sometime between 1306 and 1307, Kamala Devi requested Alauddin to secure her daughter 1994:

Alauddin also married Kamala Devi, a Hindu woman, who was originally the chief queen of

490:). After suppressing a revolt against Jalaluddin, Alauddin obtained the governorship of 6203: 5799: 5745: 5699: 5564: 5164: 2790: 2522: 2393:

At times, he exploited Muslim fanaticism against Hindu chiefs and the treatment of the

1939: 1881:(called "blood-sucking magicians" by his courtier Amir Khusrau) to be stoned to death. 1610: 1603: 1486: 1342: 1258: 1190: 1168: 1153: 1149: 801: 693: 676: 613: 569: 530: 440: 375: 318: 5418:"Did You Know? Deepika Padukone is not the first actress to play Padmavati on-screen?" 4741:

Nilanjan Sarkar (2013). "Forbidden Privileges and History-Writing in Medieval India".

1539: 6316: 6283: 5962: 5771: 5623: 5539: 5001:. Islam and the Modern Age Society; Dr. Zakir Husain Institute of Islamic Societies, 4100: 4098: 2814: 2765: 2264: 2034: 1790: 1754: 1715:

tax on its non-Muslim subjects, and his Muslim subjects were obligated to contribute

1510: 1097: 985: 549:. The military commanders that successfully led his army against the Mongols include 541:(1305). In 1306, his forces achieved a decisive victory against the Mongols near the 491: 118: 5839:

S. Digby (1978). "Kāfūr, Malik". In E. Van Donzel; B. Lewis; Charles Pellat (eds.).

2330:, not based on human wisdom. Alaul Mulk also argued that even great conquerors like 1345:. Alauddin's 30,000-strong cavalry, led by Malik Nayak, defeated the Mongols at the 1164: 6278: 6263: 6258: 6068: 5946: 5201: 2798: 2580: 2413: 2331: 2307: 2260: 2236: 2221: 2209: 2201: 2181: 2165: 2161: 2146: 2097: 2059: 1954: 1943: 1894: 1859: 1774: 1758: 1617:. However, his other regulations, including price control, were revoked by his son 1555:. However, he could not put up a strong resistance, and negotiated a truce after a 1552: 1444: 1327: 1270: 1254: 1230: 1085: 833: 765:

In 1291, Alauddin played an important role in crushing a revolt by the governor of

649: 5866:

Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One

5888: 5864: 5703: 5681: 5605: 5583: 5521: 5499: 3883: 3361: 2886: 2212:, which was completed in 1311, and serves as the southern gateway leading to the 1489:

in early 1311, supported by Alauddin's tributaries Ramachandra and Prataparudra.

849:

Extent of the Delhi Sultanate at the time of Jalaluddin Khalji's ascension (1290)

6031: 5767: 5651: 5260:

A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-eighteenth Century

2785: 2720:(The right hand of the Caliphate, the helper of the Commander of the Faithful). 2683: 2572: 2448: 2030: 2018: 1923: 1903: 1833: 1464: 1456: 1365: 1219: 1210: 1124: 920: 897: 558: 546: 340: 297: 2698:) translates to 'The Second Alexander' in recognition of his military success. 2537:

sources, Alauddin held discussions with Jain sages and once specially summoned

1225: 6041: 5016: 2311: 2225: 2011: 1866:

by ordering the male adulterer to be castrated and the female adulterer to be

1656: 1477:

During the siege of Warangal, Malik Kafur had learned about the wealth of the

1448: 1409: 1361: 1357:) of 8,000 Mongols were used to build the Siri Fort commissioned by Alauddin. 1273:, but most modern historians have rejected the authenticity of these legends. 1262: 1009: 989: 928: 554: 68: 5759: 5691: 5531: 4879: 4877: 2745:

He is also depicted as a central character of the Medieval Bengali epic poem

1913:

Alauddin removed several experienced administrators, abolished the office of

1119:

offered a weak resistance. Alauddin's army plundered several towns including

5713: 5677: 5615: 5574: 5509: 2830: 2822: 2736: 2563: 2545: 2463: 2427:

temples during their military campaigns. These temples included the ones at

2372: 2243: 2132: 2078: 1874: 1824:

Rebellions against Alauddin Khalji § Measures for preventing rebellions

1534: 1380:

regularly raided the Mongol territories located in present-day Afghanistan.

1286: 1234: 1189:

and for further expeditions in the South. In 1299 CE, Alauddin besieged the

1023:

Shortly after the conquest of Multan, Alauddin appointed Nusrat Khan as his

981:

wrote that it was the happiest year that the people of Delhi had ever seen.

962: 701: 5815: 5593: 1793:, which included 475,000 horsemen according to the 16th-century chronicler 620:. His slave-general Malik Kafur led multiple campaigns to the south of the 6011: 4970:

M.B. Deopujari (1973). "The Deccan Policy of the Sultanate (1296–1351)".

4640: 4638: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4491: 4489: 2839: 2731: 2493: 2483: 2459: 2432: 2417: 2323: 2300: 2296: 2277:, who found several Ismailis guilty. Alauddin ordered the convicts to be 2185: 2039: 2007: 2006:. She eventually reconciled to her new life. According to the chronicler 1980: 1958: 1863: 1848: 1794: 1652: 1586: 1501: 1436: 1432: 1373: 1350: 1349:. Many Mongols were taken captive and killed; the 16th-century historian 1250: 1246: 1089: 905: 805: 754: 750: 645: 621: 239: 5444:"Padmavati row: Who was Rani Padmavati's husband Maharawal Ratan Singh?" 3184: 3182: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3116: 3114: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 1983:'s sister Mahru. He also married Jhatyapali, the daughter of Hindu king 4760:

Gugler TK (2011). "Politics of Pleasure: Setting South Asia Straight".

2939: 2937: 2935: 2922: 2920: 2781: 2534: 2452: 2440: 2436: 2231:

The construction of the Lal Mahal (Red Palace) sandstone building near

2089: 1867: 1726: 1567: 1562:

From Dwarasamudra, Malik Kafur marched to the Pandya kingdom, where he

1559:, agreeing to surrender his wealth and become a tributary of Alauddin. 1478: 1415:

Meanwhile, a section of Alauddin's army had been besieging the fort of

1405: 1245:

In the winter of 1302–1303, Alauddin dispatched an army to ransack the

1182: 1120: 1065: 1048: 1001: 932: 825: 653: 313: 4562: 4560: 2837:

Darshan Paandya played roles of Alauddin in the historical drama film

2058:) water reservoir, which covered an area of 70 acres, and had a stone- 1364:, ransacking the territories along the way. Alauddin's forces, led by 5607:

A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526)

4523: 4521: 2754: 2691: 2471: 2428: 2398: 2354: 2303: 2086: 2082: 1915: 1803: 1679: 1670: 1665: 1420: 1416: 1302: 1199: 1128: 1044: 1025: 1005: 993: 951: 916: 889: 593: 30: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4625: 4623: 4384: 4382: 4369: 4367: 4231: 4229: 3867: 1973:

Alauddin's wives included Jalaluddin's daughter, who held the title

1942:. However, Kafur was killed shortly after, and Alauddin's elder son 1293:

to ensure sufficient revenue inflows for maintaining a strong army.

5945:), a book describing Alauddin's military career by his court poet 5911:

The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times

5754:. Vol. VI (Second ed.). Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. 4679: 4677: 4476: 4474: 4163: 4161: 3223: 3221: 2758: 2568: 2444: 2424: 2402: 2327: 2292: 2273: 2071: 2003: 1962: 1888: 1735: 1717: 1711: 1634: 1614: 1491: 1427:, and the defending ruler Sitaladeva was killed in November 1308. 1224: 1194: 1186: 1163: 1133: 1077: 1069: 1031: 885: 873: 862: 813: 793: 495: 201: 99: 5751:

The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Delhi Sultanate

4551: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2956: 2954: 2952: 1757:

measures for a wide variety of market goods. Alauddin's courtier

5660:

The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 1, C.1200-c.1750

4461: 4459: 4457: 4282: 4280: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4073: 4071: 2348: 2268: 2063: 1843:

Subsequently, Alauddin also banned other intoxicants, including

1322:

in central India, which resulted in the defeat and death of the

1145: 1131:, after the generals forcibly tried to extract a share of loot ( 867: 771: 5966: 4993:

M. Yaseen Mazhar Siddiqi. "Chronology of the Delhi Sultanate".

4298: 4104: 4050: 4038: 3593: 3591: 1496:

Western coast of India, with the traditional Yadava capital of

819:

After years of planning and preparation, Alauddin successfully

2278: 513:

Over the next few years, Alauddin successfully fended off the

1360:

In 1306, another Mongol army sent by Duwa advanced up to the

1301:

Sultan Alau'd Din put to Flight; Women of Ranthambhor commit

804:

region, as well as about the routes leading to their capital

5234:

Pushpa Prasad. "The Jain Community in the Delhi Sultanate".

4003:

Essays in Indian history : towards a Marxist perception

2864:(1st ed.). New Delhi: India Research Press. p. 8. 2306:

helped spread Islam, Alauddin believed that he too had four

2046:

believes that the closeness between the two was not sexual.

545:, and later ransacked the Mongol territories in present-day 5184:

The position of Hindus under the Delhi Sultanate, 1206–1526

2077:

In the early years of the 14th century, Alauddin built the

1766:, and Alauddin's market reforms resulted from the Sultan's 1673:

school of Islam, which was dominant in Delhi at that time.

1107:

In early 1299, Alauddin sent Ulugh Khan and Nusrat Khan to

5845:. Vol. 4, Iran–Kha (2 ed.). Brill. p. 419. 5123:. "Political conditions of the Hindus under the Khaljis". 5097:. "Political conditions of the Hindus under the Khaljis". 4951:

K. S. Lal , History of the Khaljis: A.D. 1290-1320, p. 308

470:

Alauddin was a nephew and a son-in-law of his predecessor

2862:

The French & Delhi : Agra, Aligarh, and Sardhana

5340:"Padmavati isn't history, so what's all the fuss about?" 2228:, but the project was abandoned, probably when he died. 1692:

The Cambridge Economic History of India: c.1200-c.1750,

1523:), while coastal cities are under the black flag of the 1392:

Khalji territory at its maximum extent including vassals

1205:

In 1301, Alauddin ordered Ulugh Khan and Nusrat Khan to

668:(1311), obtaining much treasure, elephants, and horses. 4783:. Vol. 1: To 1500. Cengage Learning. p. 366. 2401:

states that he sent an expedition against Gujarat as a

5656:"Northern India under the Sultanate: Agrarian Economy" 5081: 5069: 4883: 4868: 4781:

Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History

4644: 4602: 4512: 4495: 4322: 4310: 4259: 4208: 4196: 4152: 4089: 3963: 3939: 3927: 3837: 3825: 3801: 3789: 3777: 3729: 3705: 3645: 3621: 3558: 3546: 3534: 3522: 3486: 3474: 3438: 3426: 3414: 3402: 3390: 3323: 3311: 3287: 3212: 3188: 3149: 3137: 3120: 3105: 3086: 3065: 3053: 3041: 3029: 2943: 2926: 675:, son of Alauddin and his Hindu wife Jhatyapali, as a 5959:, by Sir H. M. Elliot. Vol III. 1866–177. Page:67-92. 5777:

Same-Sex Love in India: Readings in Indian Literature

5727:

The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History

5705:

Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period

2571:). The conditions seem to have changed a year later. 2054:

In 1296, Alauddin constructed the Hauz-i-Alai (later

1927:

be identified with certainty. According to historian

988:, his authority was limited to the areas east of the 812:(Minister of War), and also made him the governor of 5748:(1967) . "Social Life: Hindu and Muslim Relations". 3570: 2405:

and it was not motivated by "lust of conquest". The

1253:. Meanwhile, he himself led another army to conquer 6231: 6184: 6143: 6084: 6055: 6004: 5955:

The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians

5392:"Actor's actor Om Puri redefined idea of male lead" 5022:

Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices

3005: 1934:The next day, Kafur appointed Alauddin's young son 355: 336: 324: 312: 296: 263: 221: 208: 191: 178: 174: 163: 151: 143: 135: 124: 116: 105: 97: 87: 77: 67: 59: 51: 23: 5545:The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate 5207:The Age of Wrath: A History of The Delhi Sultanate 4709: 4527: 1060:Mongol invasions and northern conquests, 1297–1306 5810:(3). Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies: 283–319. 4907: 4895: 4856: 4844: 4832: 4820: 4808: 4656: 4629: 4614: 4590: 4566: 4448: 4436: 4412: 4400: 4388: 4373: 4358: 4346: 4334: 4235: 4026: 3975: 3951: 3904:. Cambridge University Press. p. Chapter 8. 3813: 3765: 3753: 3741: 3717: 3693: 3669: 3657: 3582: 3510: 3450: 3335: 3299: 3275: 3227: 3173: 3161: 3017: 2993: 2981: 2960: 2911: 2224:, which was intended to be double to size of the 939:s of gold, and each of their soldiers 300 silver 704:(later Ulugh Khan), Qutlugh Tigin, and Muhammad. 624:, obtaining a considerable amount of wealth from 5263:. Pearson India Education Services. p. 13. 5057: 4683: 2062:. Gradually, it became filled with mud, and was 16:Turco-Afghan emperor of Khalji dynasty 1296–1316 5825:"Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim states: II" 2888:Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India 2381: 2344: 2081:. The fort walls were mainly constructed using 1675: 1104:defeated the invaders and recaptured the fort. 5045: 4578: 4424: 4271: 4220: 4184: 4167: 4116: 4077: 4062: 3872:Beiträge zur islamischen Kunst und Archäologie 3498: 3462: 3263: 2246:in 1229, and also built a dome at its centre. 1991:, who succeeded him as the next Khalji ruler. 884:At that time, there were heavy rains, and the 5978: 5658:. In Tapan Raychaudhuri; Irfan Habib (eds.). 4695: 4539: 4480: 4465: 4286: 4247: 4128: 3987: 3681: 3633: 3609: 3597: 3347: 3251: 3239: 3200: 2891:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 141. 2817:portrayed a fictional version of Alauddin in 2705:, replacing it with the self-laudatory title 2070:around 1354. The autobiographical memoirs of 877:, and appointed his close friends as the new 474:. When Jalaluddin became the Sultan of Delhi 8: 5151:Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India 2423:Alauddin and his generals destroyed several 2085:(in mud), although there are some traces of 1314:In 1304, Alauddin appears to have ordered a 911:One section of his army, led by himself and 784:the neighboring Hindu kingdoms. In 1293, he 5800:"Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim states" 4960:Abdul Malik Isami, Fatuh Us Salatin, p. 306 4299:Hermann Kulke & Dietmar Rothermund 2004 4140: 4105:Hermann Kulke & Dietmar Rothermund 2004 4051:Hermann Kulke & Dietmar Rothermund 2004 4039:Hermann Kulke & Dietmar Rothermund 2004 1171:was captured by Alauddin Khalji in 1299 CE. 5985: 5971: 5963: 5236:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 5229: 5227: 5125:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 5099:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 2556:Ramachandra Suri was also honored by him. 2220:. He also started the construction of the 1396:Around 1308, Alauddin sent Malik Kafur to 855:Alauddunya wad Din Muhammad Shah-us Sultan 463:. He also successfully fended off several 424: 304:Alauddunya wad Din Muhammad Shah-us Sultan 46:A 17th century portrait of Alauddin Khalji 40: 20: 5465:Chauhan, Chetansingh (17 February 2024). 5338:Sharma, Manimugdha S. (29 January 2017). 4920: 4918: 4916: 1474:after defeating and killing Kanhadadeva. 1177:Alauddin Khalji's Conquest of North India 716:), while Almas Beg was given the post of 596:and other Hindu dynasties, including the 384:Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Ranthambore 4668: 2860:Lafont, Jean-Marie & Rehana (2010). 2686:for 'Alexander', a title popularized by 1387: 1384:Marwar and southern campaigns, 1307–1313 1295: 1080:. Alauddin's forces, led by Ulugh Khan, 844: 740:Alauddin married Jalaluddin's daughter, 731: 5526:(Second ed.). Shiva Lal Agarwala. 4552:Qutb Complex: Ala al Din Khalji Madrasa 3852:Antiquities from San Thomé and Mylapore 2852: 2678:Khalji minted coins using the title of 2591: 2188:, which also has his tomb to the south. 2106: 5952:English translation, as it appears in 5442:Palat, Lakshana N (21 November 2017). 2259:Like his predecessors, Alauddin was a 2100:). Alauddin camped in Siri during the 1953:dedicated to him exist at the back of 1721:. He also levied taxes on residences ( 683:seized power shortly after his death. 592:(1311). These victories ended several 568:(raided in 1299 and annexed in 1304), 293: 34:Sikander-e-Sani (Alexander the Second) 5523:The Sultanate of Delhi, 711–1526 A.D. 5467:"Review of Gujarati Movie "Kasoombo"" 4972:Nagpur University Journal: Humanities 2729:Alauddin Khalji is the antagonist of 1265:. Alauddin captured Chittor after an 482:, Alauddin was given the position of 380:Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat 7: 4931:. Sterling Publishers. p. 102. 4006:. London: Anthem Press. p. 81. 2263:. His administration persecuted the 404:Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Jalore 5890:History of Medieval India: 800-1700 5823:Richard M. Eaton (5 January 2001). 5416:Shah, Shravan (21 September 2017). 3366:. Rupa & Company. p. 368. 1076:raided Punjab, advancing as far as 636:(1311). These victories forced the 564:Alauddin conquered the kingdoms of 423: 396:Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Malwa 214:Madrasa and tomb of Alauddin Khalji 6274:Nabhi-nandana-jinoddhara-prabandha 5683:History of the Khaljis (1290-1320) 5390:Ghosh, Avijit (27 February 2017). 2707:Sikander-us-sani Yamin-ul-Khilafat 1709:Alauddin's government imposed the 1631:Revenue reforms of Alauddin Khalji 368:Alauddin Khalji's raid on Devagiri 14: 5182:Kanhaiya Lall Srivastava (1980). 5025:. Psychology Press. p. 168. 1749:Market reforms of Alauddin Khalji 1152:to conquer Delhi. In the ensuing 1084:on 6 February 1298. According to 900:of gold pieces to be shot from a 728:Marriage to Jalaluddin's daughter 494:in 1291, and the governorship of 6297: 6296: 5501:A Comprehensive History of India 5153:. Aditya Prakashan. p. 128. 2808:Chittod Ki Rani Padmini Ka Johur 2666: 2654: 2642: 2630: 2618: 2606: 2594: 2193: 2173: 2153: 2139: 2124: 2109: 1538: 1528: 1518: 1504: 1100:. This time, Alauddin's general 364:Alauddin Khalji's raid on Bhilsa 6363:Indian people of Afghan descent 5686:. Allahabad: The Indian Press. 5563:Ashok Kumar Srivastava (1979). 5317:. Adam Publishers. p. 88. 4716:. Infobase Publishing. p. 2694:for 'Second'. The coin legend ( 557:, and Alauddin's slave-general 430: 392:Mongol invasion of India (1303) 328:Shihabuddin Mas'ud (brother of 6348:People from Kaushambi district 5730:. Cambridge University Press. 5548:. Penguin Books. p. 178. 4528:R. Vanita & S. Kidwai 2000 2661:Silver Tanka Dar al-Islam Mint 2042:or even homosexual. Historian 2021:, a slave captured during the 1762:the Hindu traders indulged in 1639:Copper coin of Alauddin Khalji 1621:a few months after his death. 1513:(1375). On top of the city of 1467:. In 1311, Alauddin's general 1229:Alauddin Khalji conquered the 1: 6328:Sultans of the Khalji dynasty 5708:. People's Publishing House. 5582:Asoke Kumar Majumdar (1956). 5366:"Chitoor Rani Padmini (1963)" 5311:Thomas Walker Arnold (2010). 5257:Salma Ahmed Farooqui (2011). 2803:Sony Entertainment Television 2784:portrayed Alauddin Khalji in 2673:Silver Tanka Qila Deogir Mint 1216:three unsuccessful rebellions 923:). The other section, led by 779:Conspiracy against Jalaluddin 606:Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura 184: 167: 128: 109: 6373:14th-century Indian monarchs 6368:13th-century Indian monarchs 5569:. Sahitya Sansar Prakashan. 5364:Guy, Randor (13 June 2015). 4743:The Medieval History Journal 1789:Alauddin maintained a large 1144:In 1299, the Chagatai ruler 841:Ascension and march to Delhi 498:in 1296, after a profitable 372:Khilji invasion of Jaisalmer 6239:Rebellions against Alauddin 5171:. Kitab Mahal. p. 150. 5082:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 5070:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 4884:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 4869:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 4645:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 4603:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 4513:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 4496:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 4323:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 4311:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 4260:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 4209:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 4197:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 4153:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 4090:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3964:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3940:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3928:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3900:Beaujard, Philippe (2019). 3838:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3826:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3802:Ashok Kumar Srivastava 1979 3790:Ashok Kumar Srivastava 1979 3778:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3730:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3706:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3646:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3622:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3559:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3547:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3535:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3523:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3487:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3475:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3439:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3427:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3415:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3403:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3391:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3363:A HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN (PB) 3324:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3312:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3288:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3213:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3189:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3150:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3138:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3121:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3106:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3087:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3066:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3054:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3042:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3030:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 2944:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 2927:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 2885:Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1979). 2168:added by Khalji in 1300 CE. 1239:Siege of Chittorgarh (1303) 1148:sent a Mongol force led by 1096:, and occupied the fort of 1064:In the winter of 1297, the 388:Siege of Chittorgarh (1303) 63:19 July 1296–4 January 1316 6394: 5869:. Har-Anand Publications. 5804:Journal of Islamic Studies 5588:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. 3884:10.29091/9783954909537/009 2735:, an epic poem written by 2208:Alauddin commissioned the 1821: 1746: 1628: 1451:diamond) to the invaders. 1316:second invasion of Gujarat 1174: 1160:Conquest of northern India 612:, the Rawal branch of the 6292: 5908:Shanti Sadiq Ali (1996). 5290:. Macmillan. p. 17. 5167:, Afsar Umar Salim Khan. 3855:. 1936. pp. 264–265. 3571:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 2363:Tarikh i Firoze Shahi by 2291:, and that "his faith in 1893:Tomb of Alauddin Khalji, 1663:region. He imposed a 50% 700:. He had three brothers: 666:raided the Pandya kingdom 465:Mongol invasions of India 409: 350: 346: 303: 292: 39: 28: 4995:Islam and the Modern Age 4712:A Brief History of India 4708:Judith E. Walsh (2006). 3006:A. B. M. Habibullah 1992 2797:Khalji was portrayed by 2764:Khalji was portrayed by 2715:Yamin-ul-Khilafat Nāsir 2713:'s name, instead adding 2529:Relationships with Jains 2389:Relationship with Hindus 1949:Alauddin's tomb and the 1580:mass massacre of Mongols 1517:floats a peculiar flag ( 1509:) at the center, in the 1472:captured the Jalore fort 788:, a wealthy town in the 727: 279:Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah 252:Jhatyapali (daughter of 5957:: The Muhammadan Period 5566:The Chahamanas of Jalor 5244:Indian History Congress 5133:Indian History Congress 5107:Indian History Congress 2525:who had surrounded it. 1985:Ramachandra of Devagiri 1353:claims that the heads ( 927:, marched to Delhi via 915:, marched to Delhi via 679:. Alauddin's elder son 439:, was a ruler from the 82:Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji 6185:Conflicts with Mongols 6022:Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq 5842:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5602:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 4908:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4896:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4857:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4845:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4833:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4821:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4809:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4779:Craig Lockard (2006). 4657:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4630:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4615:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4591:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4567:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4449:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4437:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4413:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4401:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4389:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4374:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4359:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4347:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4335:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4236:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4027:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3976:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3952:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3814:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3766:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3754:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3742:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3718:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3694:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3670:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3658:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3583:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3511:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3451:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3336:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3300:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3276:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3228:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3174:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3162:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3018:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 2994:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 2982:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 2961:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 2912:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 2386: 2369: 2337:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 2214:Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque 2162:Quwwat ul-Islam mosque 2160:Courts to the east of 2044:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1929:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1898: 1695: 1640: 1619:Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah 1593:Administrative changes 1544: 1393: 1311: 1267:eight-month long siege 1242: 1172: 969:Consolidation of power 908:) at a crowd in Kara. 850: 737: 681:Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah 6005:Generals and officers 5585:Chaulukyas of Gujarat 5058:Richard M. Eaton 2001 4684:Shanti Sadiq Ali 1996 4000:Habib, Irfan (2002). 3868:"On the Timurid flag" 2819:Sanjay Leela Bhansali 2775:Chittoor Rani Padmini 2770:Chitrapu Narayana Rao 2757:poet of medieval era 2740:Malik Muhammad Jayasi 2552:sages. The Jain poet 2410:Deval Devi—Khizr Khan 1892: 1799:market price controls 1753:Alauddin implemented 1638: 1495: 1469:Malik Kamaluddin Gurg 1391: 1299: 1257:, the capital of the 1228: 1191:fortress of Jaisalmer 1167: 848: 735: 660:to become Alauddin's 245:Kamala Devi (wife of 6378:Afghan Sunni Muslims 6343:Indian Sunni Muslims 6269:Chanderi inscription 6165:(1302-1303 and 1310) 5914:. Orient Blackswan. 5816:10.1093/jis/11.3.283 5636:. Psychology Press. 5284:Vipul Singh (2009). 5188:Munshiram Manoharlal 5003:Jamia Millia Islamia 4762:South Asia Chronicle 3866:Kadoi, Yuka (2010). 2805:'s historical drama 2788:'s historical drama 2397:. Persian historian 2244:Shamsuddin Iltutmish 2180:Alauddin's Madrasa, 2102:1303 Mongol invasion 1828:Although Islam bans 1564:raided several towns 1443:, the Kakatiya king 1370:defeated the Mongols 1082:defeated the Mongols 992:. The region beyond 943:s (hammered coins). 714:Master of ceremonies 502:. In 1296, Alauddin 488:master of ceremonies 156:Master of ceremonies 6333:13th-century births 6254:Massacre of Mongols 6017:Ayn al-Mulk Multani 5496:A. B. M. Habibullah 5084:, pp. 355–356. 5046:R. C. Majumdar 1967 4886:, pp. 336–337. 4859:, pp. 376–377. 4835:, pp. 377–378. 4579:Satish Chandra 2004 4542:, pp. 178–179. 4425:Satish Chandra 2004 4403:, pp. 262–263. 4361:, pp. 256–257. 4272:Satish Chandra 2007 4262:, pp. 374–376. 4221:Satish Chandra 2004 4199:, pp. 358–359. 4185:Satish Chandra 2007 4168:Satish Chandra 2004 4155:, pp. 357–358. 4117:Satish Chandra 2007 4078:Satish Chandra 2007 4063:Satish Chandra 2004 4053:, pp. 172–173. 3840:, pp. 411–412. 3768:, pp. 195–197. 3720:, pp. 192–193. 3708:, pp. 400–402. 3660:, pp. 171–172. 3636:, pp. 227–228. 3624:, pp. 392–393. 3585:, pp. 133–134. 3537:, pp. 369–370. 3499:Mohammad Habib 1981 3463:Satish Chandra 2004 3453:, pp. 119–120. 3417:, pp. 350–352. 3405:, pp. 343–346. 3393:, pp. 342–347. 3360:Rima Hooja (2006). 3350:, pp. 221–222. 3338:, pp. 159–161. 3290:, pp. 334–335. 3264:Mohammad Habib 1981 3254:, pp. 219–220. 3044:, pp. 322–323. 2709:. He ceased adding 2688:Alexander the Great 2470:-coloured from the 1659:and vassals in the 1566:reaching as far as 1343:Himalayan foothills 722:Master of the Horse 616:, and possibly the 449:Indian subcontinent 204:(present-day India) 6144:Southern campaigns 6085:Northern campaigns 5893:. Orient Longman. 5798:(September 2000). 5633:A History of India 5628:Dietmar Rothermund 5396:The Times of India 5344:The Times of India 4749:(1): 33–4, 48, 55. 4698:, p. 177-178. 4696:Abraham Eraly 2015 4540:Abraham Eraly 2015 4481:Abraham Eraly 2015 4466:Peter Jackson 2003 4287:Abraham Eraly 2015 4248:Peter Jackson 2003 4129:Peter Jackson 2003 4107:, p. 171-173. 3988:Peter Jackson 2003 3966:, p. 415-417. 3780:, p. 409-410. 3682:Peter Jackson 2003 3634:Peter Jackson 2003 3610:Peter Jackson 2003 3598:Peter Jackson 2003 3525:, p. 366-369. 3513:, p. 164-165. 3348:Peter Jackson 2003 3252:Peter Jackson 2003 3240:Peter Jackson 2003 3201:Peter Jackson 2003 2724:In popular culture 2515:Akhur-bek Maisarah 2068:Firuz Shah Tughlaq 1946:seized the power. 1899: 1641: 1600:several rebellions 1545: 1394: 1312: 1243: 1207:invade Ranthambore 1173: 1055:Military campaigns 919:and Baran (modern 851: 744:, long before the 738: 696:'s founder Sultan 284:Shihab-ud-din Omar 6353:Deaths from edema 6310: 6309: 6027:Kamal al-Din Gurg 5921:978-81-250-0485-1 5900:978-81-250-3226-7 5787:978-1-137-05480-7 5737:978-0-521-54329-3 5678:Kishori Saran Lal 5669:978-0-521-22692-9 5643:978-0-415-32919-4 5555:978-93-5118-658-8 5147:Kishori Saran Lal 5121:Kishori Saran Lal 5095:Kishori Saran Lal 5060:, pp. 72–73. 4980:Nagpur University 4569:, pp. 56–57. 3911:978-1-108-42456-1 3792:, pp. 48–50. 3373:978-81-291-1501-0 3278:, pp. 84–86. 2914:, pp. 40–41. 2898:978-81-207-0617-0 2717:Amīri 'l-Mu'minīn 2499:Abdul Malik Isami 2377:Abdul Malik Isami 2255:Views on religion 2218:Qutb al-Din Aibak 1847:. He also banned 1661:Ganga-Yamuna Doab 1441:siege of Warangal 1332:Yajvapala dynasty 1320:invasion of Malwa 1278:invasion of Delhi 1261:kingdom ruled by 894:background checks 746:Khalji revolution 413: 412: 360:Khalji Revolution 330:Jalaluddin Khalji 308: 307: 238:Mahru (sister of 199:(aged 49–50) 112:1296–19 July 1296 6385: 6300: 6299: 5987: 5980: 5973: 5964: 5938:Khazáínu-l Futúh 5925: 5904: 5880: 5856: 5835: 5829: 5819: 5796:Richard M. Eaton 5791: 5763: 5741: 5717: 5695: 5673: 5647: 5619: 5597: 5578: 5559: 5535: 5518:A. L. Srivastava 5513: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5413: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5387: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5281: 5275: 5274: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5231: 5222: 5221: 5198: 5192: 5191: 5179: 5173: 5172: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5091: 5085: 5079: 5073: 5067: 5061: 5055: 5049: 5043: 5037: 5036: 5013: 5007: 5006: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4967: 4961: 4958: 4952: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4922: 4911: 4905: 4899: 4893: 4887: 4881: 4872: 4866: 4860: 4854: 4848: 4842: 4836: 4830: 4824: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4795: 4794: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4715: 4705: 4699: 4693: 4687: 4681: 4672: 4666: 4660: 4654: 4648: 4642: 4633: 4627: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4555: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4516: 4510: 4499: 4493: 4484: 4483:, p. 177-8. 4478: 4469: 4463: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4427:, p. 76-77. 4422: 4416: 4410: 4404: 4398: 4392: 4386: 4377: 4371: 4362: 4356: 4350: 4344: 4338: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4314: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4290: 4284: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4206: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4182: 4171: 4170:, p. 78-80. 4165: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4141:Irfan Habib 1982 4138: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4114: 4108: 4102: 4093: 4087: 4081: 4075: 4066: 4065:, p. 76-79. 4060: 4054: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4017: 3997: 3991: 3985: 3979: 3973: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3847: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3804:, p. 52-53. 3799: 3793: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3733: 3727: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3595: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3124: 3118: 3109: 3103: 3090: 3084: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2979: 2964: 2958: 2947: 2941: 2930: 2924: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2857: 2747:Padmavati (poem) 2696:Sikander-e -Sani 2690:, while sani is 2670: 2658: 2646: 2634: 2622: 2613:Copper half Gani 2610: 2601:Copper half Gani 2598: 2367: 2250:Religious policy 2197: 2177: 2157: 2143: 2128: 2113: 2023:Gujarat campaign 1989:Shihabuddin Omar 1873:Alauddin banned 1858:Alauddin banned 1830:alcoholic drinks 1785:Military reforms 1768:desire to punish 1693: 1542: 1532: 1522: 1508: 1347:Battle of Amroha 1291:economic reforms 1074:Chagatai Khanate 761:Governor of Kara 519:Chagatai Khanate 515:Mongol invasions 434: 433: 1296–1316 432: 427: 426: 294: 198: 186: 169: 130: 111: 92:Shihabuddin Omar 44: 21: 6393: 6392: 6388: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6383: 6382: 6358:Indian warriors 6323:Alauddin Khalji 6313: 6312: 6311: 6306: 6288: 6244:Revenue reforms 6227: 6180: 6139: 6106:(1299 and 1304) 6080: 6069:Prataparudra II 6051: 6000: 5998:Delhi Sultanate 5994:Alauddin Khalji 5991: 5941:(also known as 5933: 5928: 5922: 5907: 5901: 5883: 5877: 5859: 5853: 5838: 5827: 5822: 5794: 5788: 5766: 5744: 5738: 5720: 5698: 5676: 5670: 5662:. CUP Archive. 5650: 5644: 5622: 5600: 5581: 5562: 5556: 5538: 5516: 5494: 5490: 5485: 5475: 5473: 5464: 5463: 5459: 5449: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5436: 5426: 5424: 5415: 5414: 5410: 5400: 5398: 5389: 5388: 5384: 5374: 5372: 5363: 5362: 5358: 5348: 5346: 5337: 5336: 5332: 5325: 5310: 5309: 5305: 5298: 5283: 5282: 5278: 5271: 5256: 5255: 5251: 5233: 5232: 5225: 5218: 5200: 5199: 5195: 5181: 5180: 5176: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5145: 5144: 5140: 5119: 5118: 5114: 5093: 5092: 5088: 5080: 5076: 5068: 5064: 5056: 5052: 5044: 5040: 5033: 5015: 5014: 5010: 4992: 4991: 4987: 4969: 4968: 4964: 4959: 4955: 4950: 4946: 4939: 4924: 4923: 4914: 4906: 4902: 4894: 4890: 4882: 4875: 4867: 4863: 4855: 4851: 4843: 4839: 4831: 4827: 4819: 4815: 4807: 4798: 4791: 4778: 4777: 4773: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4740: 4739: 4735: 4728: 4707: 4706: 4702: 4694: 4690: 4682: 4675: 4667: 4663: 4655: 4651: 4643: 4636: 4628: 4621: 4613: 4609: 4601: 4597: 4589: 4585: 4577: 4573: 4565: 4558: 4550: 4546: 4538: 4534: 4526: 4519: 4511: 4502: 4494: 4487: 4479: 4472: 4464: 4455: 4447: 4443: 4435: 4431: 4423: 4419: 4411: 4407: 4399: 4395: 4387: 4380: 4372: 4365: 4357: 4353: 4345: 4341: 4333: 4329: 4321: 4317: 4309: 4305: 4297: 4293: 4285: 4278: 4270: 4266: 4258: 4254: 4246: 4242: 4234: 4227: 4219: 4215: 4207: 4203: 4195: 4191: 4183: 4174: 4166: 4159: 4151: 4147: 4139: 4135: 4127: 4123: 4115: 4111: 4103: 4096: 4088: 4084: 4076: 4069: 4061: 4057: 4049: 4045: 4037: 4033: 4025: 4021: 4014: 3999: 3998: 3994: 3986: 3982: 3974: 3970: 3962: 3958: 3950: 3946: 3938: 3934: 3926: 3922: 3912: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3849: 3848: 3844: 3836: 3832: 3824: 3820: 3812: 3808: 3800: 3796: 3788: 3784: 3776: 3772: 3764: 3760: 3752: 3748: 3740: 3736: 3728: 3724: 3716: 3712: 3704: 3700: 3692: 3688: 3680: 3676: 3668: 3664: 3656: 3652: 3644: 3640: 3632: 3628: 3620: 3616: 3608: 3604: 3596: 3589: 3581: 3577: 3569: 3565: 3557: 3553: 3545: 3541: 3533: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3509: 3505: 3497: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3473: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3449: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3425: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3401: 3397: 3389: 3385: 3374: 3359: 3358: 3354: 3346: 3342: 3334: 3330: 3322: 3318: 3310: 3306: 3298: 3294: 3286: 3282: 3274: 3270: 3262: 3258: 3250: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3226: 3219: 3211: 3207: 3199: 3195: 3187: 3180: 3172: 3168: 3160: 3156: 3148: 3144: 3136: 3127: 3119: 3112: 3104: 3093: 3085: 3072: 3064: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3040: 3036: 3028: 3024: 3016: 3012: 3004: 3000: 2992: 2988: 2980: 2967: 2959: 2950: 2942: 2933: 2925: 2918: 2910: 2906: 2899: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2872: 2859: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2726: 2674: 2671: 2662: 2659: 2650: 2647: 2638: 2635: 2626: 2623: 2614: 2611: 2602: 2599: 2590: 2561:Kharataragaccha 2531: 2511:Khazainul Futuh 2391: 2379:confirms this: 2368: 2365:Ziauddin Barani 2362: 2285:Ziauddin Barani 2257: 2252: 2233:Chausath Khamba 2204: 2200:The unfinished 2198: 2189: 2178: 2169: 2158: 2149: 2144: 2135: 2131:Ruined wall of 2129: 2120: 2114: 2052: 1971: 1887: 1868:stoned to death 1826: 1820: 1787: 1751: 1745: 1694: 1691: 1633: 1627: 1625:Revenue reforms 1595: 1572:Ziauddin Barani 1525:Delhi Sultanate 1500:("Deogiri", or 1425:Siege of Siwana 1398:invade Devagiri 1386: 1339:Gangetic plains 1308:Rajput painting 1283:Ziauddin Barani 1179: 1162: 1139:Ziauddin Barani 1062: 1057: 979:Ziauddin Barani 971: 871:to the rank of 843: 821:raided Devagiri 781: 763: 730: 720:(equivalent to 712:(equivalent to 689: 504:raided Devagiri 486:(equivalent to 445:Delhi Sultanate 443:that ruled the 429: 425:علاء الدین خلجی 416:Alauddin Khalji 402: 400:Siege of Siwana 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 351:Military career 288: 259: 217: 200: 196: 183: 159: 154:(equivalent to 73:21 October 1296 54:Sultan of Delhi 47: 33: 24:Alauddin Khalji 17: 12: 11: 5: 6391: 6389: 6381: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6315: 6314: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6304: 6293: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6249:Market reforms 6246: 6241: 6235: 6233: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6225: 6222:Ravi riverbank 6219: 6213: 6207: 6201: 6195: 6188: 6186: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6178: 6175:Pandya kingdom 6172: 6166: 6160: 6154: 6147: 6145: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6137: 6131: 6125: 6119: 6113: 6107: 6101: 6095: 6088: 6086: 6082: 6081: 6079: 6078: 6072: 6066: 6059: 6057: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6008: 6006: 6002: 6001: 5992: 5990: 5989: 5982: 5975: 5967: 5961: 5960: 5950: 5943:Táríkh-i 'Aláí 5932: 5931:External links 5929: 5927: 5926: 5920: 5905: 5899: 5885:Satish Chandra 5881: 5875: 5861:Satish Chandra 5857: 5851: 5836: 5820: 5792: 5786: 5764: 5746:R. C. Majumdar 5742: 5736: 5718: 5700:Mohammad Habib 5696: 5674: 5668: 5648: 5642: 5620: 5598: 5579: 5560: 5554: 5536: 5514: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5483: 5457: 5434: 5422:www.zoomtv.com 5408: 5382: 5356: 5330: 5323: 5303: 5296: 5276: 5269: 5249: 5223: 5216: 5210:. Penguin UK. 5204:(April 2015). 5193: 5190:. p. 142. 5174: 5165:Mohammad Habib 5156: 5138: 5112: 5086: 5074: 5072:, p. 354. 5062: 5050: 5048:, p. 625. 5038: 5031: 5008: 4985: 4962: 4953: 4944: 4937: 4912: 4900: 4888: 4873: 4871:, p. 399. 4861: 4849: 4847:, p. 380. 4837: 4825: 4823:, p. 376. 4813: 4811:, p. 375. 4796: 4789: 4771: 4752: 4733: 4726: 4700: 4688: 4673: 4671:, p. 419. 4661: 4659:, p. 297. 4649: 4647:, p. 402. 4634: 4632:, p. 190. 4619: 4607: 4605:, p. 334. 4595: 4583: 4571: 4556: 4544: 4532: 4530:, p. 132. 4517: 4515:, p. 425. 4500: 4498:, p. 421. 4485: 4470: 4468:, p. 176. 4453: 4451:, p. 265. 4441: 4439:, p. 264. 4429: 4417: 4415:, p. 263. 4405: 4393: 4391:, p. 262. 4378: 4376:, p. 261. 4363: 4351: 4349:, p. 260. 4339: 4337:, p. 257. 4327: 4325:, p. 387. 4315: 4313:, p. 379. 4303: 4301:, p. 173. 4291: 4289:, p. 166. 4276: 4274:, p. 103. 4264: 4252: 4250:, p. 243. 4240: 4238:, p. 250. 4225: 4213: 4211:, p. 361. 4201: 4189: 4187:, p. 104. 4172: 4157: 4145: 4133: 4131:, p. 242. 4121: 4119:, p. 102. 4109: 4094: 4092:, p. 429. 4082: 4080:, p. 105. 4067: 4055: 4043: 4041:, p. 172. 4031: 4029:, p. 241. 4019: 4012: 3992: 3990:, p. 174. 3980: 3978:, p. 213. 3968: 3956: 3954:, p. 203. 3944: 3942:, p. 413. 3932: 3930:, p. 412. 3920: 3910: 3892: 3858: 3842: 3830: 3828:, p. 411. 3818: 3816:, p. 201. 3806: 3794: 3782: 3770: 3758: 3756:, p. 186. 3746: 3744:, p. 135. 3734: 3732:, p. 396. 3722: 3710: 3698: 3696:, p. 189. 3686: 3684:, p. 229. 3674: 3672:, p. 175. 3662: 3650: 3648:, p. 393. 3638: 3626: 3614: 3612:, p. 145. 3602: 3600:, p. 198. 3587: 3575: 3573:, p. 191. 3563: 3561:, p. 373. 3551: 3549:, p. 372. 3539: 3527: 3515: 3503: 3501:, p. 267. 3491: 3489:, p. 369. 3479: 3477:, p. 368. 3467: 3455: 3443: 3441:, p. 367. 3431: 3429:, p. 366. 3419: 3407: 3395: 3383: 3372: 3352: 3340: 3328: 3326:, p. 338. 3316: 3314:, p. 335. 3304: 3292: 3280: 3268: 3266:, p. 266. 3256: 3244: 3242:, p. 221. 3232: 3217: 3215:, p. 333. 3205: 3193: 3191:, p. 332. 3178: 3166: 3154: 3152:, p. 331. 3142: 3140:, p. 330. 3125: 3123:, p. 329. 3110: 3108:, p. 328. 3091: 3089:, p. 327. 3070: 3068:, p. 324. 3058: 3056:, p. 323. 3046: 3034: 3032:, p. 322. 3022: 3010: 3008:, p. 322. 2998: 2986: 2965: 2948: 2946:, p. 321. 2931: 2929:, p. 326. 2916: 2904: 2897: 2877: 2870: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2844: 2835: 2812: 2795: 2791:Bharat Ek Khoj 2779: 2762: 2743: 2725: 2722: 2682:. Sikander is 2676: 2675: 2672: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2653: 2651: 2649:Bilingual coin 2648: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2593: 2589: 2586: 2579:mentions that 2577:Ardhakathanaka 2530: 2527: 2523:Qutlugh Khwaja 2507:Mamluk dynasty 2390: 2387: 2360: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2206: 2205: 2199: 2192: 2190: 2179: 2172: 2170: 2159: 2152: 2150: 2145: 2138: 2136: 2130: 2123: 2121: 2115: 2108: 2051: 2048: 1976:Malika-i-Jahan 1970: 1967: 1940:puppet monarch 1886: 1883: 1877:, and ordered 1822:Main article: 1819: 1818:Social reforms 1816: 1786: 1783: 1747:Main article: 1744: 1743:Market reforms 1741: 1689: 1629:Main article: 1626: 1623: 1611:Sher Shah Suri 1604:Satish Chandra 1594: 1591: 1585:Meanwhile, in 1385: 1382: 1169:Jaisalmer Fort 1161: 1158: 1154:Battle of Kili 1150:Qutlugh Khwaja 1109:invade Gujarat 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1018:conquer Multan 996:suffered from 970: 967: 956:Malika-i-Jahan 842: 839: 810:Ariz-i Mamalik 798:Yadava kingdom 780: 777: 762: 759: 742:Malika-i-Jahan 729: 726: 694:Khalji dynasty 688: 685: 677:puppet monarch 543:Ravi riverbank 500:raid on Bhilsa 476:after deposing 457:price controls 441:Khalji dynasty 411: 410: 407: 406: 376:Battle of Kili 357: 353: 352: 348: 347: 344: 343: 338: 334: 333: 326: 322: 321: 319:Khalji dynasty 316: 310: 309: 306: 305: 301: 300: 290: 289: 287: 286: 281: 276: 273: 269: 267: 261: 260: 258: 257: 250: 243: 236: 229:Malika-i-Jahan 225: 223: 219: 218: 212: 210: 206: 205: 195:4 January 1316 193: 189: 188: 180: 176: 175: 172: 171: 165: 161: 160: 153: 149: 148: 145: 141: 140: 137: 133: 132: 126: 122: 121: 114: 113: 107: 103: 102: 95: 94: 89: 85: 84: 79: 75: 74: 71: 65: 64: 61: 57: 56: 49: 48: 45: 37: 36: 26: 25: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6390: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6303: 6295: 6294: 6291: 6285: 6284:Thakkar Pheru 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6232:Miscellaneous 6230: 6223: 6220: 6217: 6214: 6211: 6208: 6205: 6202: 6199: 6196: 6193: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6183: 6176: 6173: 6170: 6167: 6164: 6161: 6158: 6155: 6152: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6142: 6135: 6132: 6129: 6126: 6123: 6120: 6117: 6114: 6111: 6108: 6105: 6102: 6099: 6096: 6093: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6083: 6076: 6073: 6070: 6067: 6064: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6054: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5988: 5983: 5981: 5976: 5974: 5969: 5968: 5965: 5958: 5956: 5951: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5939: 5935: 5934: 5930: 5923: 5917: 5913: 5912: 5906: 5902: 5896: 5892: 5891: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5876:9788124110645 5872: 5868: 5867: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5852:90-04-05745-5 5848: 5844: 5843: 5837: 5833: 5826: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5783: 5779: 5778: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5752: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5733: 5729: 5728: 5723: 5722:Peter Jackson 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5706: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5684: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5639: 5635: 5634: 5629: 5625: 5624:Hermann Kulke 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5608: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5586: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5567: 5561: 5557: 5551: 5547: 5546: 5541: 5540:Abraham Eraly 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5524: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5502: 5497: 5493: 5492: 5487: 5472: 5468: 5461: 5458: 5446:. India Today 5445: 5438: 5435: 5423: 5419: 5412: 5409: 5397: 5393: 5386: 5383: 5371: 5367: 5360: 5357: 5345: 5341: 5334: 5331: 5326: 5324:9788174350336 5320: 5316: 5315: 5314:The Caliphate 5307: 5304: 5299: 5297:9780230637610 5293: 5289: 5288: 5280: 5277: 5272: 5270:9788131732021 5266: 5262: 5261: 5253: 5250: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5230: 5228: 5224: 5219: 5217:9789351186588 5213: 5209: 5208: 5203: 5197: 5194: 5189: 5185: 5178: 5175: 5170: 5166: 5160: 5157: 5152: 5148: 5142: 5139: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5116: 5113: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5090: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5075: 5071: 5066: 5063: 5059: 5054: 5051: 5047: 5042: 5039: 5034: 5032:9780415239028 5028: 5024: 5023: 5018: 5012: 5009: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4989: 4986: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4966: 4963: 4957: 4954: 4948: 4945: 4940: 4938:9788120704329 4934: 4930: 4929: 4925:J. L. Mehta. 4921: 4919: 4917: 4913: 4910:, p. 91. 4909: 4904: 4901: 4898:, p. 90. 4897: 4892: 4889: 4885: 4880: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4865: 4862: 4858: 4853: 4850: 4846: 4841: 4838: 4834: 4829: 4826: 4822: 4817: 4814: 4810: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4797: 4792: 4786: 4782: 4775: 4772: 4767: 4763: 4756: 4753: 4748: 4744: 4737: 4734: 4729: 4723: 4719: 4714: 4713: 4704: 4701: 4697: 4692: 4689: 4686:, p. 35. 4685: 4680: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4669:S. Digby 1978 4665: 4662: 4658: 4653: 4650: 4646: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4626: 4624: 4620: 4617:, p. 86. 4616: 4611: 4608: 4604: 4599: 4596: 4593:, p. 84. 4592: 4587: 4584: 4581:, p. 92. 4580: 4575: 4572: 4568: 4563: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4548: 4545: 4541: 4536: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4492: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4477: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4445: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4430: 4426: 4421: 4418: 4414: 4409: 4406: 4402: 4397: 4394: 4390: 4385: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4370: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4355: 4352: 4348: 4343: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4328: 4324: 4319: 4316: 4312: 4307: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4292: 4288: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4268: 4265: 4261: 4256: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4223:, p. 80. 4222: 4217: 4214: 4210: 4205: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4190: 4186: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4164: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4149: 4146: 4143:, p. 62. 4142: 4137: 4134: 4130: 4125: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4110: 4106: 4101: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4086: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4059: 4056: 4052: 4047: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4032: 4028: 4023: 4020: 4015: 4013:9781843310617 4009: 4005: 4004: 3996: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3981: 3977: 3972: 3969: 3965: 3960: 3957: 3953: 3948: 3945: 3941: 3936: 3933: 3929: 3924: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3907: 3903: 3896: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3862: 3859: 3854: 3853: 3846: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3831: 3827: 3822: 3819: 3815: 3810: 3807: 3803: 3798: 3795: 3791: 3786: 3783: 3779: 3774: 3771: 3767: 3762: 3759: 3755: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3663: 3659: 3654: 3651: 3647: 3642: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3627: 3623: 3618: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3576: 3572: 3567: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3468: 3465:, p. 89. 3464: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3447: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3432: 3428: 3423: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3369: 3365: 3364: 3356: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3305: 3302:, p. 88. 3301: 3296: 3293: 3289: 3284: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3233: 3230:, p. 81. 3229: 3224: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3206: 3203:, p. 85. 3202: 3197: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3183: 3179: 3176:, p. 80. 3175: 3170: 3167: 3164:, p. 79. 3163: 3158: 3155: 3151: 3146: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3047: 3043: 3038: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3023: 3020:, p. 45. 3019: 3014: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2999: 2996:, p. 43. 2995: 2990: 2987: 2984:, p. 42. 2983: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2966: 2963:, p. 41. 2962: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2908: 2905: 2900: 2894: 2890: 2889: 2881: 2878: 2873: 2871:9788183860918 2867: 2863: 2856: 2853: 2847: 2842: 2841: 2836: 2833: 2832: 2827: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2815:Ranveer Singh 2813: 2810: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2793: 2792: 2787: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2766:M. N. Nambiar 2763: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2734: 2733: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2718: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2680:Sikander Sani 2669: 2664: 2657: 2652: 2645: 2640: 2633: 2628: 2621: 2616: 2609: 2604: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2581:Jain Shrimala 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2565: 2562: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2541: 2536: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2500: 2496: 2495: 2488: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2439:(1298–1310), 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2388: 2385: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2366: 2359: 2357: 2356: 2351: 2350: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2254: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2203: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2176: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2156: 2151: 2148: 2142: 2137: 2134: 2127: 2122: 2119: 2112: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2035:Saleem Kidwai 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1977: 1969:Personal life 1968: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1918: 1917: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1896: 1891: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1825: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1807: 1805: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1791:standing army 1784: 1782: 1781:punishments. 1778: 1776: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1756: 1755:price control 1750: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1737: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1719: 1714: 1713: 1707: 1703: 1700: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1681: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1667: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1645: 1637: 1632: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1512: 1511:Catalan Atlas 1507: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1400:, whose king 1399: 1390: 1383: 1381: 1379: 1378:Malik Tughluq 1375: 1371: 1368:, decisively 1367: 1363: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1309: 1305: 1304: 1298: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1209:, whose king 1208: 1203: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1178: 1170: 1166: 1159: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1135: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1094:invaded Sindh 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1033: 1028: 1027: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 986:Punjab region 982: 980: 976: 968: 966: 964: 959: 957: 953: 949: 948:Malka-i-Jahan 944: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 909: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 882: 880: 876: 875: 870: 869: 864: 860: 856: 847: 840: 838: 835: 829: 827: 822: 817: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 786:raided Bhilsa 778: 776: 774: 773: 768: 760: 758: 756: 752: 747: 743: 734: 725: 723: 719: 715: 711: 705: 703: 699: 695: 686: 684: 682: 678: 674: 669: 667: 664:. Kafur also 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 562: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 525:(1297–1298), 524: 520: 516: 511: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 468: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 421: 417: 408: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 358: 354: 349: 345: 342: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 320: 317: 315: 311: 302: 299: 295: 291: 285: 282: 280: 277: 274: 271: 270: 268: 266: 262: 255: 251: 248: 244: 241: 237: 234: 231:(daughter of 230: 227: 226: 224: 220: 215: 211: 207: 203: 194: 190: 181: 177: 173: 166: 162: 157: 152:Amir-i-Tuzuk 150: 147:ʿAlāʾ ul-Mulk 146: 142: 138: 134: 127: 123: 120: 115: 108: 104: 101: 96: 93: 90: 86: 83: 80: 76: 72: 70: 66: 62: 58: 55: 50: 43: 38: 35: 32: 27: 22: 19: 6279:Amir Khusrow 6264:Alai Darwaza 6259:Rani Padmini 6192:Jaran-Manjur 6169:Dwarasamudra 5993: 5953: 5947:Amir Khusrau 5942: 5936: 5910: 5889: 5865: 5840: 5831: 5807: 5803: 5780:. Springer. 5776: 5749: 5726: 5704: 5682: 5659: 5632: 5606: 5584: 5565: 5544: 5522: 5500: 5488:Bibliography 5474:. Retrieved 5470: 5460: 5448:. Retrieved 5437: 5425:. Retrieved 5421: 5411: 5399:. Retrieved 5395: 5385: 5373:. Retrieved 5369: 5359: 5347:. Retrieved 5343: 5333: 5313: 5306: 5286: 5279: 5259: 5252: 5239: 5235: 5206: 5202:Burjor Avari 5196: 5183: 5177: 5168: 5159: 5150: 5141: 5128: 5124: 5115: 5102: 5098: 5089: 5077: 5065: 5053: 5041: 5021: 5011: 4998: 4994: 4988: 4975: 4971: 4965: 4956: 4947: 4927: 4903: 4891: 4864: 4852: 4840: 4828: 4816: 4780: 4774: 4765: 4761: 4755: 4746: 4742: 4736: 4711: 4703: 4691: 4664: 4652: 4610: 4598: 4586: 4574: 4547: 4535: 4444: 4432: 4420: 4408: 4396: 4354: 4342: 4330: 4318: 4306: 4294: 4267: 4255: 4243: 4216: 4204: 4192: 4148: 4136: 4124: 4112: 4085: 4058: 4046: 4034: 4022: 4002: 3995: 3983: 3971: 3959: 3947: 3935: 3923: 3915: 3901: 3895: 3887: 3875: 3871: 3861: 3851: 3845: 3833: 3821: 3809: 3797: 3785: 3773: 3761: 3749: 3737: 3725: 3713: 3701: 3689: 3677: 3665: 3653: 3641: 3629: 3617: 3605: 3578: 3566: 3554: 3542: 3530: 3518: 3506: 3494: 3482: 3470: 3458: 3446: 3434: 3422: 3410: 3398: 3386: 3377: 3362: 3355: 3343: 3331: 3319: 3307: 3295: 3283: 3271: 3259: 3247: 3235: 3208: 3196: 3169: 3157: 3145: 3061: 3049: 3037: 3025: 3013: 3001: 2989: 2907: 2887: 2880: 2861: 2855: 2838: 2829: 2826:period drama 2806: 2799:Mukesh Rishi 2789: 2773: 2730: 2714: 2711:Al-Musta'sim 2706: 2700: 2695: 2679: 2677: 2637:Silver Tanka 2625:Billion Gani 2576: 2559: 2558: 2553: 2538: 2532: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2504: 2502:hereafter". 2492: 2489: 2478: 2476: 2457: 2422: 2414:Amir Khusrau 2409: 2394: 2392: 2382: 2370: 2353: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2332:Genghis Khan 2288: 2283: 2272: 2261:Sunni Muslim 2258: 2241: 2237:Alai Darwaza 2230: 2210:Alai Darwaza 2207: 2182:Qutb complex 2166:Qutb complex 2147:Alai Darwaza 2098:lime plaster 2076: 2060:masonry wall 2053: 2050:Architecture 2026: 2017: 1993: 1974: 1972: 1955:Qutb complex 1950: 1948: 1944:Mubarak Khan 1933: 1921: 1914: 1912: 1907: 1900: 1895:Qutb complex 1872: 1860:prostitution 1857: 1853: 1842: 1827: 1814:the horses. 1808: 1788: 1779: 1775:black market 1772: 1770:the Hindus. 1764:profiteering 1759:Amir Khusrau 1752: 1734: 1730: 1722: 1716: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1698: 1696: 1684: 1678: 1676: 1664: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1608: 1596: 1584: 1576: 1561: 1553:Dwarasamudra 1546: 1514: 1497: 1476: 1453: 1445:Prataparudra 1429: 1414: 1395: 1359: 1354: 1336: 1328:Mahalakadeva 1313: 1300: 1275: 1244: 1231:Chittor Fort 1204: 1180: 1143: 1132: 1111:, where the 1106: 1086:Amir Khusrow 1063: 1042: 1036: 1030: 1024: 1022: 1004:rebellions. 998:Mongol raids 983: 972: 960: 955: 947: 945: 940: 936: 910: 901: 883: 878: 872: 866: 854: 852: 834:Ganges river 830: 818: 809: 782: 770: 764: 739: 717: 710:Amir-i-Tuzuk 709: 706: 690: 670: 650:Prataparudra 634:Dwarasamudra 588:(1308), and 563: 537:(1303), and 523:Jaran-Manjur 512: 484:Amir-i-Tuzuk 483: 469: 437:Ali Gurshasp 436: 415: 414: 356:Battles/wars 197:(1316-01-04) 182:Ali Gurshasp 139:Malik Chajju 117:Governor of 98:Governor of 29: 18: 6338:1316 deaths 6110:Ranthambore 6075:Ballala III 6063:Ramachandra 6056:Tributaries 6037:Nusrat Khan 6032:Malik Kafur 5652:Irfan Habib 5476:18 February 5427:13 November 5401:13 November 5375:23 November 5349:13 November 5246:: 224, 225. 2786:Doordarshan 2749:in 1648 by 2684:Old Persian 2573:Banarasidas 2550:Shwetambara 2451:(1311) and 2449:Chidambaram 2118:Hauz-i-Khas 2056:Hauz-i-Khas 2031:Ruth Vanita 2019:Malik Kafur 1936:Shihabuddin 1904:Malik Kafur 1834:prohibition 1657:land grants 1557:short siege 1457:Kanhadadeva 1402:Ramachandra 1366:Malik Kafur 1220:prohibition 1211:Hammiradeva 1125:Malik Kafur 1092:fugitives) 921:Bulandshahr 913:Nusrat Khan 792:kingdom of 673:Shihabuddin 662:tributaries 658:Ballala III 642:Ramachandra 632:(1310) and 574:Ranthambore 559:Malik Kafur 547:Afghanistan 341:Sunni Islam 298:Regnal name 254:Ramachandra 136:Predecessor 78:Predecessor 6317:Categories 6071:(Kakatiya) 6047:Zafar Khan 6042:Ulugh Khan 5471:Newz Daddy 5450:24 January 5135:: 234–235. 5017:Mary Boyce 4790:0618386114 4768:: 355–392. 4727:1438108257 2848:References 2759:Syed Alaol 2505:Under the 2371:Historian 2281:into two. 2226:Qutb Minar 2222:Alai Minar 2202:Alai Minar 2012:Deval Devi 1875:charlatans 1810:system of 1449:Koh-i-Noor 1410:Devaladevi 1362:Ravi River 1341:along the 1263:Ratnasimha 1175:See also: 1102:Zafar Khan 1014:Zafar Khan 1010:Ulugh Khan 990:Ravi river 925:Zafar Khan 698:Jalaluddin 687:Early life 652:, and the 618:Yajvapalas 555:Ulugh Khan 551:Zafar Khan 472:Jalaluddin 275:Shadi Khan 272:Khizr Khan 233:Jalaluddin 69:Coronation 6077:(Hoysala) 5832:Frontline 5772:S. Kidwai 5768:R. Vanita 5760:634843951 5692:685167335 5532:607636383 5370:The Hindu 4554:, ArchNet 2831:Padmaavat 2737:Sufi poet 2564:Pattavali 2546:Digambara 2494:muqaddams 2460:zamindars 2373:K. S. Lal 2216:built by 2079:Siri Fort 1885:Last days 1879:sorcerers 1535:Ilkhanate 1463:ruler of 1461:Chahamana 1376:governor 1310:from 1825 1287:Siri Fort 1237:, in the 1235:Rajasthan 1193:ruled by 1068:led by a 718:Akhur-beg 702:Almas Beg 598:Paramaras 570:Jaisalmer 517:from the 170:1290–1291 144:Successor 131:1266–1316 88:Successor 6302:Category 6198:Sivistan 6163:Warangal 6157:Devagiri 6151:Devagiri 6065:(Yadava) 6012:Alp Khan 5887:(2007). 5863:(2004). 5834:: 70–77. 5774:(2000). 5724:(2003). 5714:32230117 5702:(1981). 5680:(1950). 5654:(1982). 5630:(2004). 5616:31870180 5575:12737199 5542:(2015). 5520:(1966). 5510:31870180 5019:(2001). 2840:Kasoombo 2772:'s film 2742:in 1540. 2732:Padmavat 2455:(1311). 2447:(1301), 2443:(1299), 2435:(1295), 2433:Devagiri 2431:(1292), 2418:Khambhat 2403:holy war 2361:— 2301:Rashidun 2299:'s four 2297:Muhammad 2186:Mehrauli 2064:desilted 2040:bisexual 2008:Firishta 1981:Alp Khan 1959:Mehrauli 1864:adultery 1849:gambling 1845:cannabis 1812:branding 1795:Firishta 1690:— 1587:Devagiri 1502:Devagiri 1437:Warangal 1435:capital 1433:Kakatiya 1374:Dipalpur 1351:Firishta 1324:Paramara 1251:Warangal 1249:capital 1247:Kakatiya 1098:Sivistan 1090:Neguderi 931:(modern 906:catapult 902:manjaniq 888:and the 806:Devagiri 790:Paramara 755:Firishta 751:Alp Khan 646:Kakatiya 630:Warangal 628:(1308), 626:Devagiri 622:Vindhyas 602:Vaghelas 584:(1305), 580:(1303), 576:(1301), 572:(1299), 533:(1299), 529:(1298), 527:Sivistan 453:revenues 435:), born 337:Religion 240:Alp Khan 6116:Chittor 6104:Gujarat 5594:4413150 3878:: 148. 2843:(2024). 2834:(2018). 2782:Om Puri 2778:(1963). 2755:Arakani 2751:Bengali 2703:Khalifa 2554:Acharya 2540:Acharya 2484:Mustafa 2468:saffron 2453:Madurai 2441:Somnath 2437:Vijapur 2407:masnavi 2304:caliphs 2265:Ismaili 2090:masonry 2000:Vaghela 1951:madrasa 1897:, Delhi 1731:chara'i 1727:grazing 1644:court. 1568:Madurai 1549:Ballala 1479:Hoysala 1406:Baglana 1271:Padmini 1255:Chittor 1183:Gujarat 1121:Somnath 1113:Vaghela 1072:of the 1066:Mongols 1002:Khokhar 975:Mamluks 954:. When 933:Aligarh 826:Gwalior 800:in the 654:Hoysala 614:Guhilas 578:Chittor 566:Gujarat 480:Mamluks 461:society 447:in the 420:Persian 216:, Delhi 6224:(1306) 6218:(1305) 6216:Amroha 6212:(1303) 6206:(1299) 6200:(1298) 6194:(1298) 6177:(1311) 6171:(1311) 6159:(1308) 6153:(1296) 6136:(1311) 6134:Jalore 6130:(1308) 6128:Siwana 6124:(1305) 6118:(1303) 6112:(1301) 6100:(1296) 6098:Multan 6094:(1293) 6092:Bhilsa 5918: 5897: 5873: 5849: 5784: 5758: 5734: 5712: 5690: 5666: 5640: 5614: 5592: 5573: 5552: 5530: 5508: 5321: 5294: 5267: 5214: 5109:: 234. 5029: 5005:: 184. 4935: 4787: 4724: 4010: 3908: 3370: 2895: 2868: 2692:Arabic 2472:tilaks 2429:Bhilsa 2399:Wassaf 2395:zimmis 2355:muftis 2316:Nusrat 2087:ashlar 2083:rubble 1998:, the 1979:, and 1804:Deccan 1725:) and 1699:kharaj 1680:kharaj 1671:Hanafi 1666:kharaj 1653:iqta's 1515:Diogil 1498:Diogil 1487:Deccan 1483:Pandya 1465:Jalore 1459:, the 1421:Marwar 1417:Siwana 1330:. 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