3198:
588:
3180:
990:
1002:
40:
490:'s actions in East Pakistan that publication could have weakened the army's influence. The first report also made many insightful recommendations for reorganizing the military physicals, tradition, and their syllabus and training agenda as well as promoting the sense of democratization environment in the political system of the country.
401:
185:
in
December 1971. Constituted upon the request from the President, the Commission conducted evaluated and analytical studies to inquire into and find out "the circumstances in which the Commander, Eastern Command, surrendered and the members of the Armed Forces of Pakistan under his command laid down
561:
The final report, also called the supplementary report, was submitted on 23 October 1974, showed how political, administrative, military and moral failings were responsible for the surrender of
Pakistani forces in East Pakistan. It remained classified and its contents were guessed from the revealing
462:
who were at that time POWs in India. The
Commission stated: "our observations and conclusions regarding the surrender in East Pakistan and other allied matters should be regarded as provisional and subject to modification in the light of the evidence of the Commander, Eastern Command, and his senior
208:
The commission had consisted of both civilian and military officials that investigated the political and military failures based on the interviews and testimonies provided by the POWs, politicians, activists, military leaders, and journalists for two years. The commission submitted its final report
703:
was one reason for the corruption and ineffectiveness of senior officers. The report maintained that: "Even responsible service officers have asserted before us that because of corruption resulting from such involvement, the lust for wine and women and greed for lands and houses, a large number of
955:
were a political as well as a military debacle, and that calls for the military generals to be tried were not fair. Subsequently, Bangladesh requested a copy of the report. In
December 2000, 29 years after the inquiry was completed, the War Report was finally declassified in Pakistan by President
767:
should be publicly tried for being party to a criminal conspiracy to illegally usurp power from
Mohammad Ayub Khan in power if necessary by the use of force. Five additional Lieutenant-Generals and three Brigadier-Generals were recommended to be tried for willful neglect of duty. These were
691:
and soldiers on the pretence of quelling their rebellion, killing East
Pakistani civilian officers, businessmen and industrialists, raping a large number of East Pakistani women as a deliberate act of revenge, retaliation and torture, and deliberate killing of members of the
854:, he was concerned that it would demoralize the military and might trigger unrest therein. In 1976, Rahman asked Bhutto what was being done about the report. Bhutto replied that the report was missing; it was either lost, or stolen, and was nowhere to be found.
625:
and 200,000 women were raped. The commission put the casualty figure as low as 26,000 killed. The issue is controversial; an independent 2008 study estimated that around 269,000 people perished due to war in 1971 in what is now
Bangladesh.
719:. According to the report "Firm and proper action would not only satisfy the nation's demand for punishment where it is deserved but would also ensure against any recurrence of the kind of shameful conduct displayed during the 1971 war".
1717:
779:
aimed at the capture of the Indian position of
Ramgarh in the Rajasthan area (Western Front) was militarily unsound and haphazardly planned, and its execution resulted in severe loss of vehicles and equipment in the desert.
128:
Originally, there were 12 copies of the report. These were all destroyed; except the one that was handed over to
Government who disallowed its publication at the time. In 2000, parts of the commission report were leaked to
1287:
704:
senior army officers, particularly those occupying the highest positions, had lost not only their will to fight but also their professional competence." The report said
Pakistan's military ruler at the time, General
833:
In the end, the commission opined in the report that the nation would learn the necessary lessons from these tragic events and that effective and early action will be taken in the light of the conclusions reached.
140:
The full report was thought to be declassified by the government in 2000, along with other reports concerning the year 1971. However, it was reported that the supplementary report based on testimonies of
708:, who stepped down after Pakistan's defeat in December 1971, "permitted and even instigated" the surrender, and it recommended that he be publicly tried along with other senior military colleagues.
4917:
493:
The first report is never published and kept as highly classified documents because of its potentially adverse effects on the military's (at that time) low-institutional morale and fear of a
4874:
1707:
510:
109:
The commission's final report was very lengthy and provided an analysis based on extensive interviews and testimonies. Its primary conclusion was very critical of the role of Pakistan's
273:. In 1974, the Commission again resumed its work and interviewed 300 freed POWs and recorded 73 more bureaucrats' testimonies that served on government assignments in East Pakistan.
265:
The commission interviewed and stored testimonies in both first and supplementary reports. In 1972, it was reported that around 213 officials were interviewed and testified, including
4839:
4659:
4864:
4644:
3058:
546:
The commission also held that the families of West Pakistani service members in East Pakistan were subjected to inhumane treatment by Bengalis. Returning western Pakistanis and the
4912:
905:
and rumored to be the first report, in August 2000. However, it was revealed that this was the supplementary report that was presumably published. Soon after the revelation, the
4834:
1804:
4971:
4907:
3168:
865:
for the apprehension of the report who also commented that the original report is nowhere to be found, and nobody knows where the report actually went missing– either at the
528:
from 16 July 1974. After the investigation resumed in 1974 the commission interviewed with seventy–three more East Pakistani bureaucrats and high-ranked military personnel.
4932:
2471:
4922:
463:
officers as and when such evidence becomes available." Initially, the commission interviewed 213 people and made 12 copies of the report. One of the copies was given to
202:
182:
1521:
4927:
3803:
1883:
1765:
1510:
3808:
3201:
810:
The chairmanship was to be rotated between each inter-services, irrespective of the personal ranks in each service. The commission also stressed for the need of
517:
by then and others repatriated from East Pakistan to furnish such information as might be within their knowledge and relevant to the purposes of the commission.
4669:
4961:
4681:
3843:
4966:
4869:
3848:
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1029:
811:
772:, Mohammad Jamshed, M. Rahim Khan, Irshad Ahmad Khan, B.M. Mustafa and Brigadier-Generals G.M. Baquir Siddiqui, Mohammad Hayat and Mohammad Aslam Niazi.
435:
reviewed the First report submitted by Chief Justice Hamoodur Rahman. The Commission interviewed 213 persons of interest that included former president
1760:
699:
The report accused the army generals of what it called a "premature surrender" and said the military's continued involvement in running the government
3975:
3206:
3146:
3130:
756:
680:
472:
290:
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4612:
3889:
3161:
68:
2464:
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3041:
2612:
1770:
1590:
The Prospect of Nuclear Jihad in South Asia: Pakistan's Army, Extra-judicial Killings, and the Forceful Disappearance of Pashtuns and Balochs
1485:
1424:
1324:
1267:
1215:
1186:
1588:
3564:
3120:
1546:
1842:
162:
In 1971, East Pakistan seceded from Pakistan and declared independence as Bangladesh. The resulting civil war ended with the signing of a
3446:
2011:
1790:
637:, and military aspects of the events in 1971. The supplementary report discussed its findings in the light of political events in 1971,
459:
145:(POWs) was published, and the key portion of the report concerning the political and military issues remained classified and marked as "
4897:
4000:
3858:
3154:
1988:
1639:
4686:
4676:
4902:
4881:
4637:
4627:
4607:
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4005:
2457:
1898:
1837:
1666:
1598:
1390:
1358:
783:
In the supplementary report section in "Higher Direction of War act" of the HRC report, it strongly called for the establishment of
547:
163:
31:
1656:
4788:
4113:
4090:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3375:
3243:
3135:
1993:
700:
405:
193:
but gained notability as "Hamoodur Rehman Commission" across the country. The commission was led by its chairman, Chief Justice
4742:
4017:
3477:
3456:
3431:
818:
and makes more thoughtful recommendations about the defense of the country as a whole. The Commission called for restoring the
796:
784:
736:
634:
4654:
4194:
4025:
2733:
2404:
1518:
1475:
1452:
858:
800:
792:
642:
99:
1507:
807:. It was mandated to have a collective responsibility of national defence and mechanism of plans based on joint objectives.
4798:
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4737:
3472:
1014:
941:
870:
804:
732:
630:
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3990:
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3025:
2414:
1893:
118:
3985:
2864:
2685:
2567:
2537:
468:
114:
1236:
912:
No action was ever taken based on the report, the report was classified and its publication disallowed at the time.
4803:
4752:
4445:
4108:
3995:
3699:
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3284:
3110:
2602:
2196:
2085:
1870:
1847:
1813:
1732:
980:
595:
535:
between East and West Pakistan. The supplementary report is heavily based on testimonies provided by the returning
444:
122:
91:
87:
971:
urged the nation to read Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report to know who was responsible for East Pakistan debacle.
86:
Constituted to prepare strictly germane report on "full and complete account of the circumstances surrounding the
4808:
4520:
3625:
3390:
3184:
3100:
3010:
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2657:
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2160:
1019:
598:
368:
218:
178:
56:
4460:
4230:
4189:
3838:
3719:
3606:
3441:
3289:
2622:
2100:
1980:
1860:
964:
921:
827:
823:
769:
350:
1348:
1056:
4649:
4030:
3813:
3714:
3380:
3294:
2826:
2783:
2728:
2617:
2547:
2381:
2338:
2211:
815:
238:
1024:
4505:
4495:
4260:
3909:
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3863:
3365:
3000:
2854:
2743:
2542:
2145:
2135:
1939:
1244:
877:
847:
693:
669:
498:
249:
146:
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4829:
4757:
4480:
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4408:
4332:
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2120:
2105:
2037:
1852:
638:
464:
103:
76:
501:
and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto himself maintained that the first report was classified to "save its honour".
458:
The Commission considered this initial report as "tentative" as it had not been able to interview many
43:
Pakistan in Asia: Pakistan's historical map before or prior to 1971. 1. West Pakistan 2. East Pakistan
4470:
4403:
4317:
4270:
4055:
3853:
3601:
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3584:
3579:
3355:
2995:
2897:
2557:
2110:
1123:
688:
494:
134:
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which eventually led to recommendations of holding public trials for civilian bureaucrats and field
4813:
4551:
4510:
4455:
4383:
4378:
4337:
4307:
4255:
4250:
4240:
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3253:
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2773:
2758:
2677:
2662:
2607:
2572:
2480:
2434:
2419:
2277:
2191:
2150:
2095:
1947:
1832:
866:
843:
776:
455:(Chief of Navy), Bhutto, senior commanders, activists, journalists, and various political leaders.
432:
344:
284:
270:
174:
72:
4772:
4747:
4475:
4450:
4393:
4362:
4075:
4065:
3929:
3914:
3894:
3818:
3709:
3688:
3451:
3436:
3334:
3035:
2920:
2816:
2700:
2667:
2527:
2429:
2115:
2090:
2032:
1967:
1957:
1929:
1888:
1827:
1712:
1551:
1440:
862:
622:
540:
524:
on 3 June 1974 to consider various preliminary matters and then decided to resume proceedings at
509:
In 1974, the Commission reopened its enquiry offering an opportunity to the prisoners of war who
231:
3197:
550:
told the commission of awful tales of the atrocities committed at the hands of the Awami League
916:
died in 1980, but some of his key colleagues were living in retirement on pensions as of 2000.
4571:
4352:
4235:
4215:
4085:
4040:
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3823:
3795:
3616:
3324:
3309:
3304:
3248:
3020:
2930:
2902:
2887:
2859:
2836:
2798:
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2738:
2652:
2424:
1998:
1875:
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1635:
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1448:
1420:
1414:
1386:
1354:
1320:
1263:
1211:
1203:
1182:
1176:
994:
960:
110:
1314:
1257:
562:
of different military officers. The report was organized into Five Chapters and an annexure.
4767:
4500:
4485:
4322:
4169:
4080:
4045:
3944:
3904:
3884:
3833:
3753:
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3611:
3015:
2925:
2892:
2874:
2844:
2753:
2718:
2647:
2639:
2325:
2297:
2236:
2206:
2140:
2125:
2042:
1924:
1919:
1693:
963:
blamed the 1971 Bangladesh war debacle on the country's politicians. Former Pakistan PM and
952:
948:
933:
894:
883:
788:
531:
The Commission examined nearly 300 witnesses in total, hundreds of classified documents and
476:
448:
362:
314:
242:
170:
142:
95:
4622:
4617:
4245:
4159:
4050:
3939:
3919:
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2912:
2882:
2808:
2778:
2695:
2386:
2358:
2287:
2246:
2226:
2221:
2216:
1962:
1952:
1934:
1903:
1775:
1525:
1514:
1240:
1006:
937:
929:
842:
The supplementary report was submitted by Chief Justice Hamoodur Rahman to Prime Minister
653:
536:
467:
Bhutto and the rest were either destroyed or were stolen. The first report recognized the
452:
332:
320:
224:
194:
80:
17:
1471:
727:
Many insightful recommendations were made by the commission as it recommends to hold the
30:
This article is about the commission chaired by the Hamoodur Rahman. For other uses, see
587:
113:
interference, the misconduct of politicians as well as the intelligence failures of the
4515:
4357:
4327:
4312:
4220:
4184:
4174:
4060:
4035:
3960:
3899:
3650:
3329:
3258:
3105:
2945:
2849:
2821:
2768:
2763:
2748:
2723:
2710:
2511:
2409:
2376:
2366:
2343:
2272:
2201:
2155:
925:
851:
480:
420:
374:
356:
198:
4955:
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3680:
3657:
3400:
3314:
3030:
2597:
2371:
2348:
2080:
2075:
2006:
763:, Lieutenant-General SSGM Prizada and Major-General Khudadad Khan, and Major-General
752:
748:
740:
676:
657:
487:
413:
64:
1153:
4566:
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4265:
4164:
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2965:
2396:
2292:
2231:
1865:
1630:
Pakistan, as released by the Government of (2007). "§XII:Higher Direction of War".
1569:
909:
willfully suppressed its own publications as if the surrender was its own scandal.
728:
555:
409:
380:
4525:
4490:
4398:
4347:
4342:
3749:
3745:
3360:
2975:
2552:
2333:
2165:
2130:
1708:"Former Pakistan Army chief Javed Bajwa blames politicians for 1971 war debacle"
1688:
901:
819:
764:
712:
684:
338:
302:
130:
572:
Chapter Three – Professional Responsibilities of Certain Senior Army Commanders
4546:
4413:
4388:
4302:
4297:
3556:
3268:
3179:
3005:
2506:
2501:
2241:
2186:
2181:
2070:
968:
917:
913:
887:
716:
705:
614:
532:
525:
514:
440:
436:
326:
308:
278:
266:
1782:
679:
of carrying out the senseless and wanton arson, killings in the countryside,
4556:
3263:
2302:
1972:
760:
665:
551:
417:
296:
186:
their arms and a ceasefire was ordered along the borders of West Pakistan".
1416:
The Colonel Who Would Not Repent: The Bangladesh War and Its Unquiet Legacy
39:
1233:
3667:
3395:
1259:
How Pakistan Negotiates with the United States: Riding the Roller Coaster
744:
646:
618:
60:
661:
2449:
882:
revealing that the report was suppressed and was held secretly at the
521:
857:
Upon hearing the fate of the report, Chief Justice Rahman asked the
675:
Both the first and the supplementary report's findings accused the
543:
responsible for the atrocities committed in East Pakistan in 1971.
400:
27:
Pakistani judicial inquiry after the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War
606:
592:
586:
486:
It has been theorized that the first report is so critical of the
399:
254:
Lieutenant-General (retired) Altaf Qadir was its military adviser.
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
4705:
4596:
4134:
3518:
3220:
3150:
2453:
1786:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1582:
1580:
1578:
205:
of the Supreme Court, and military officials as its advisers.
672:, committed severe excesses on the local Bengali population.
652:
The Commission found that when the tales of slaughtering of
1547:
Local Elections in Pakistan Are First Vote Since 1999 Coup
1316:
Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
876:
In the 1990s, the curiosity over the report grew with the
1466:
1464:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
944:
in the light of the Hamoodur Rahman Commission in 1972.
1210:(4th ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 244.
1632:
Hamoodur Rahman Commission : supplementary report
978:
569:
Chapter Two – Alleged atrocities by the Pakistan Army
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
826:
and establishing the writ of government through the
795:. Per the act, the JCSC composed of a chairman, the
629:
Volume I of the supplementary report dealt with the
4890:
4852:
4822:
4781:
4730:
4723:
4534:
4433:
4426:
4371:
4290:
4283:
4203:
4152:
4145:
4101:
4016:
3953:
3877:
3774:
3728:
3666:
3555:
3548:
3465:
3424:
3348:
3277:
3231:
3093:
3072:
3051:
2958:
2911:
2873:
2835:
2807:
2709:
2676:
2638:
2631:
2590:
2520:
2494:
2487:
2395:
2357:
2324:
2315:
2260:
2174:
2063:
2056:
2022:
1912:
1820:
1477:
Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia
1256:Schaffer, Howard B.; Schaffer, Teresita C. (2011).
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
959:Former Pakistan Chief of Army Staff (COAS) General
71:. The commission was set up on 26 December 1971 by
711:The report accused General Yahya Khan, of being a
1771:PAKISTAN: Ali Bhutto Begins to Pick Up the Pieces
390:Note that the list of interviewees is incomplete.
4687:2015 Expulsion of Pakistani diplomats from Dhaka
106:forces under his command laid down their arms."
3809:Military plans of the Bangladesh Liberation War
731:for the President General Yahya Khan, also the
664:violently, and in the process of restoring the
1733:"PTI demands release of report on '71 debacle"
1634:. Rockville, MD: Arc Manor. pp. 105–108.
951:reportedly commented in October 2000 that the
775:According to the Commission General Mustafa's
3162:
2465:
1798:
1283:
1281:
1279:
893:Contents of the report were published by the
94:", including the "circumstances in which the
8:
3844:Pakistan Army order of battle, December 1971
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
850:the report because, according to journalist
1262:. US Institute of Peace Press. p. 63.
656:reached to Pakistani soldiers stationed in
189:Initially, the commission was known as the
177:announced to form the Commission under the
121:(FIA), which permitted the infiltration of
4972:Aftermath of the Bangladesh Liberation War
4727:
4720:
4702:
4593:
4430:
4287:
4149:
4142:
4131:
3849:Mitro Bahini Order of Battle December 1971
3552:
3545:
3515:
3228:
3217:
3169:
3155:
3147:
2635:
2491:
2472:
2458:
2450:
2321:
2060:
1805:
1791:
1783:
1447:. Yale University Press. p. 171Fixe.
1030:International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)
751:. The Commission found suitable for field
681:killing of intellectuals and professionals
166:after the military intervention of India.
4865:Movement demanding trial of war criminals
3976:Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War
3473:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's speech of 7 March
3131:Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War
3059:Movement demanding trial of war criminals
2420:Engine Room Artificer Mohammad Ruhul Amin
4670:Deaths along the Bangladesh–India border
3804:Sectors in the Bangladesh Liberation War
3498:Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence
613:The commission challenged the claims by
125:all along the borders of East Pakistan.
38:
4763:Bangladesh Police Liberation War Museum
4613:International recognition of Bangladesh
3890:Battle of Rangamati-Mahalchari waterway
1565:
1563:
1561:
1041:
985:
520:Commission held an informal meeting at
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1419:. Yale University Press. p. 306.
1229:
1227:
1149:
1147:
1145:
591:In 1971, Pakistan fought the war with
261:Interviewees and testimonies (1972–74)
3971:1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals
3222:Origins of the Bangladeshi Revolution
2613:East Pakistan Central Peace Committee
1899:Surrender of Pakistan Eastern Command
1720:from the original on 6 December 2022.
1658:Beyond Crisis: Re-evaluating Pakistan
1319:. Duke University Press. p. 63.
1154:Pakistan declassifies 1971 war report
63:'s political–military involvement in
7:
3565:Provisional Government of Bangladesh
1587:Jalalzai, Musa Khan (October 2015).
1124:"Hamoodur Rahman Commission reports"
4962:Pakistani commissions and inquiries
4645:1971 Prisoners of War Investigation
1383:Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook
1057:"Hamoodur Rehman Commission Report"
3859:East Pakistan Air Operations, 1971
3202:Ministry of Liberation War Affairs
1181:. Lancer Publishers. p. 288.
25:
4967:Government of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
4882:War Crimes Fact Finding Committee
4628:Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh
4608:Pakistani Instrument of Surrender
1766:Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report
1761:Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report
1508:Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report
1234:Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report
1208:Historical Dictionary of Pakistan
940:were the only trials held by the
59:inquiry commission that assessed
32:Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report
4789:Bengali Genocide Remembrance Day
4114:Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971
3416:Constitution of Pakistan of 1962
3406:Constitution of Pakistan of 1956
3376:All Pakistan Awami Muslim League
3244:Muslim nationalism in South Asia
3196:
3178:
1689:Gen Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan – 4
1381:Mohiuddin, Yasmeen Niaz (2007).
1000:
988:
539:and their families but held the
79:and chaired under Chief Justice
4743:Martyred Intellectuals Memorial
3457:1970 Pakistani general election
3432:Swadhin Bangla Biplobi Parishad
1731:Shehzad, Rizwan (1 June 2024).
1178:Psychological Warfare and India
785:Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee
737:chief martial law administrator
483:for the senior staff officers.
4026:1971 Dhaka University massacre
3829:Mutiny on PNS Mangro in Toulon
3447:1969 uprising in East Pakistan
1570:Bangladesh requests war report
578:Chapter Five – Recommendations
566:Chapter One – The Moral Aspect
1:
4870:International Crimes Tribunal
4799:Armed Forces Day (Bangladesh)
4794:Independence Day (Bangladesh)
4753:Liberation War Memorial Trust
4677:Bangladesh–Pakistan relations
3085:International Crimes Tribunal
1015:Bangladesh-Pakistan relations
768:Lieutenant-Generals included
3991:Shadhin Bangla Football Team
3300:Indian independence movement
3026:Santosh Chandra Bhattacharya
2425:Lance Naik Munshi Abdur Rouf
1353:. Harvard University Press.
1204:"Hamoodur Rahman Commission"
1202:Burki, Shahid Javed (2015).
1175:Bhatt, Dr Arunkumar (2015).
928:all died in 2004. Trials of
248:Two additional members from
119:Federal Investigation Agency
4682:2013 Pakistan Embassy siege
4665:2001 Indo-Bangla skirmishes
3986:Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra
2568:Salahuddin Quader Chowdhury
2538:Ali Ahsan Mohammad Mojaheed
846:on 23 October 1974. Bhutto
814:of the country against the
617:authorities that 3,000,000
412:and military activities in
115:Inter-Services Intelligence
4988:
4823:Decorations and depictions
4804:Martyred Intellectuals Day
4738:National Martyrs' Memorial
4655:Bangladesh–India relations
4633:Hamoodur Rahman Commission
4109:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
3996:The Concert for Bangladesh
3425:Bengali self-determination
3411:1958 Pakistani coup d'Ă©tat
3340:Partition of Bengal (1947)
3285:Partition of Bengal (1905)
3080:Hamoodur Rahman Commission
2430:Captain Mohiuddin Jahangir
1871:Research and Analysis Wing
1814:Indo-Pakistani war of 1971
1445:Pakistan: Eye of the Storm
643:surrender in East Pakistan
575:Chapter Four – Conclusions
49:Hamoodur Rahman Commission
29:
18:Hamoodur Rahman commission
4809:Victory day of Bangladesh
4719:
4701:
4603:
4592:
4141:
4130:
3622:Special Guerrilla Forces
3544:
3514:
3391:Bengali language movement
3227:
3216:
3191:
3185:Bangladesh Liberation War
3101:Bangladesh Liberation War
3011:Mufazzal Haider Chaudhury
2971:Anudvaipayan Bhattacharya
2023:Pakistani peace proposals
1480:. Routledge. p. 76.
1385:. ABC-CLIO. p. 179.
1020:Bangladesh Liberation War
687:, killing of officers of
369:Patrick Desmond Callaghan
219:Supreme Court of Pakistan
4231:Muhammad Hamidullah Khan
4190:Muhammad Hamidullah Khan
3900:Battle of Dhalai Outpost
3786:Pakistan Eastern Command
3478:Non-cooperation movement
3442:Agartala Conspiracy Case
3290:Eastern Bengal and Assam
2435:Lance Naik Noor Mohammad
2339:Fl. Off. N. J. S. Sekhon
1861:1971 Bangladesh genocide
1413:Tripathi, Salil (2016).
1288:Behind Pakistan's Defeat
1239:12 November 2009 at the
431:In July 1972, President
351:Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi
201:jurist), aided with the
100:Eastern Military Command
4731:Monuments and memorials
4650:Bangladeshi nationalism
4384:Dr. Abdul Motaleb Malik
4031:Shankharibazar massacre
3814:Eastern Command (India)
3705:Central Peace Committee
3295:All-India Muslim League
2548:Fazlul Quader Chowdhury
2382:J/Swr. Muhammad Hussain
2372:Plt. Off. Rashid Minhas
1524:12 October 2014 at the
1313:Saikia, Yasmin (2011).
755:for Lieutenant-General
635:international relations
621:had been killed by the
169:Upon consolidating the
158:Formation of commission
4840:Awards and decorations
4261:Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad
3869:Operation Cactus-Lilly
3864:Operation Chengiz Khan
3366:Pakistan Muslim League
3121:Persecution of Biharis
3111:Concert for Bangladesh
3001:Jyotirmoy Guhathakurta
2543:Delwar Hossain Sayeedi
2405:Flt. Lt. Matiur Rahman
2344:2nd Lt. Arun Khetarpal
2048:War Enquiry Commission
1655:Khan, Naveeda (2012).
1572:, BBC News, 2000-08-30
1513:16 August 2016 at the
1350:The Army and Democracy
1245:Pakistan Peoples Party
1156:, BBC News, 2000-12-31
942:Judge Advocate General
787:(JCSC) mechanism with
610:
451:(Chief of Air Force),
428:
250:Baluchistan High Court
191:War Enquiry Commission
53:War Enquiry Commission
44:
4860:2013 Shahbag protests
4830:Muktijuddho e-Archive
4758:Liberation War Museum
4481:Minoo Merwan Engineer
4466:Gopal Gurunath Bewoor
4211:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
3791:Operation Searchlight
3676:Pakistan Armed Forces
3493:Operation Searchlight
3488:Admiral Ahsan Mission
3371:Objectives Resolution
3320:Muslim National Guard
3126:Persecution of Hindus
3116:Operation Searchlight
3064:2013 Shahbag protests
2578:Chowdhury Mueen-Uddin
2563:Muhammad Kamaruzzaman
2410:Sepahi Hamidur Rahman
2387:L/Nk. Muhammad Mahfuz
2283:A. H. M. Qamaruzzaman
2268:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
2121:Minoo Merwan Engineer
2106:Gopal Gurunath Bewoor
1593:. Algora Publishing.
759:, Lieutenant-General
590:
403:
153:Historical background
77:President of Pakistan
42:
4471:Sourendra Nath Kohli
4404:Motiur Rahman Nizami
4271:Abu Sayeed Chowdhury
4056:Jathibhanga massacre
3910:Battle of Ajmiriganj
3854:Sinking of PNS Ghazi
3763:(Indo-Bangali group)
3602:Bangladesh Air Force
3356:Dominion of Pakistan
2996:Jogesh Chandra Ghosh
2558:Motiur Rahman Nizami
2415:Sepahi Mostafa Kamal
2111:Sourendra Nath Kohli
1716:. 30 November 2022.
797:Chief of Naval Staff
683:and burying them in
631:political background
505:Supplementary report
425:Witness to Surrender
51:(otherwise known as
4835:Artistic depictions
4814:Vijay Diwas (India)
4660:Indira-Mujib Treaty
4552:Gopal Swarup Pathak
4511:Inderjit Singh Gill
4456:Jagjit Singh Aurora
4379:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
4256:Muhammad Mansur Ali
4251:Chitta Ranjan Dutta
4241:Dhirendranath Datta
4071:Madhyapara massacre
3966:Bangladesh genocide
3925:Battle of Longewala
3741:Indian Armed Forces
3736:Parliament of India
3254:Bengali nationalism
3239:Bengali Renaissance
2986:Govinda Chandra Dev
2981:Dhirendranath Datta
2678:Chittagong Division
2573:Ashrafuz Zaman Khan
2481:Bangladesh genocide
2377:Maj. Shabbir Sharif
2367:Maj. Muhammad Akram
2278:Muhammad Mansur Ali
2192:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
2151:Inderjit Singh Gill
2096:Jagjit Singh Aurora
2038:Ahsan–Yaqub Mission
1948:Battle of Longewala
1838:Indo-Pakistani wars
1833:History of Pakistan
1737:The Express Tribune
1441:Jones, Owen Bennett
1347:Shah, Aqil (2014).
859:Chief of Army Staff
844:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
812:stronger deterrence
801:Chief of Army Staff
645:and the aspects in
433:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
345:Syed Mohammad Ahsan
285:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
271:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
175:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
164:Pakistani surrender
73:Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
4933:Military personnel
4918:Causes and prelude
4773:Shabash Bangladesh
4748:Swadhinata Stambha
4476:Nilakanta Krishnan
4394:Shah Azizur Rahman
4076:Bakhrabad massacre
4066:Chuknagar massacre
3930:Battle of Basantar
3915:Battle of Garibpur
3895:Battle of Goalhati
3819:Meghna Heli Bridge
3466:Declaration of war
3452:1970 Bhola cyclone
3437:Six point movement
3335:Partition of India
3036:Shahidullah Kaiser
3021:Ranada Prasad Saha
2865:Jogisho and Palsha
2686:Comilla Cantonment
2528:Abdul Quader Molla
2349:Maj. Hoshiar Singh
2116:Nilakanta Krishnan
1968:Battle of Basantar
1958:Meghna Heli Bridge
1930:Battle of Garibpur
1884:Indo-Soviet Treaty
1828:Partition of India
1713:The Economic Times
1552:The New York Times
1025:Cold War (1962–79)
879:News International
816:foreign intrusions
805:Chief of Air Staff
733:Commander-in-Chief
689:East Pakistan Army
654:Western Pakistanis
623:Pakistani military
611:
429:
241:(chief justice of
213:Commission members
104:Eastern contingent
102:, surrendered the
45:
4949:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4848:
4847:
4697:
4696:
4588:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4572:Dilip Mahalanabis
4422:
4421:
4279:
4278:
4236:Serajul Alam Khan
4216:Syed Nazrul Islam
4126:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4102:Related conflicts
4086:Sohagpur massacre
4041:Sutrapur massacre
4018:List of massacres
3981:Refugees in India
3935:Battle of Kushtia
3839:Operation Trident
3824:Operation Jackpot
3796:Operation Barisal
3770:
3769:
3617:Bangladesh Police
3607:Bangladesh Rifles
3510:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3325:Direct Action Day
3310:Lahore Resolution
3305:Pakistan Movement
3278:Pakistan Movement
3249:Two-nation theory
3144:
3143:
2954:
2953:
2837:Rajshahi Division
2799:Terosree massacre
2586:
2585:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2334:L/Nk. Albert Ekka
2311:
2310:
2252:Patrick Callaghan
1487:978-0-415-56566-0
1426:978-0-300-21818-3
1326:978-0-8223-5038-5
1269:978-1-60127-075-7
1217:978-1-4422-4148-0
1188:978-81-7062-133-1
1128:Story of Pakistan
961:Qamar Javed Bajwa
953:incidents in 1971
871:National Archives
822:according to the
447:(Chief of Army),
16:(Redirected from
4979:
4768:Aparajeyo Bangla
4728:
4721:
4703:
4594:
4501:Khem Karan Singh
4486:Hari Chand Dewan
4431:
4323:Mohammad Shariff
4288:
4226:AHM Qamaruzzaman
4170:Khaled Mosharraf
4150:
4143:
4132:
4081:Burunga massacre
4046:Jinjira massacre
3945:Battle of Atgram
3905:Battle of Dhalai
3885:Battle of Daruin
3834:Operation Python
3612:Bangladesh Ansar
3553:
3546:
3516:
3483:Rodionov message
3229:
3218:
3200:
3183:
3182:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3148:
3016:Munier Choudhury
2875:Rangpur Division
2734:Dhaka University
2658:Gabha Narerkathi
2640:Barisal Division
2636:
2492:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2451:
2326:Param Vir Chakra
2322:
2298:Khaled Mosharraf
2197:Abdul Hamid Khan
2141:Khem Karan Singh
2126:Hari Chand Dewan
2061:
2043:Rodionov message
1994:Naval Operations
1925:Battle of Atgram
1920:Battle of Dhalai
1843:War of 1947–1948
1807:
1800:
1793:
1784:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1704:
1698:
1686:
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1677:
1675:
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1609:
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1584:
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1410:
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1371:
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1367:
1344:
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1310:
1295:
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1253:
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1231:
1222:
1221:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1172:
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1135:
1120:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1061:
1053:
1005:
1004:
1003:
993:
992:
991:
984:
949:Pervez Musharraf
934:Abdul Rahim Khan
757:Abdul Hamid Khan
639:military aspects
599:different fronts
533:military signals
477:Dhaka University
449:Abdul Rahim Khan
445:Abdul Hamid Khan
392:
363:Mohammad Shariff
315:Abdul Rahim Khan
291:Abdul Hamid Khan
243:Sindh High Court
143:prisoners of war
21:
4987:
4986:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4937:
4886:
4844:
4818:
4777:
4715:
4693:
4623:Delhi Agreement
4618:Simla Agreement
4599:
4576:
4530:
4418:
4367:
4275:
4246:Kazi Nuruzzaman
4199:
4160:M. A. G. Osmani
4137:
4118:
4097:
4051:Akhira massacre
4012:
3949:
3940:Battle of Boyra
3920:Battle of Hilli
3873:
3779:
3777:
3766:
3724:
3700:Jamaat-e-Islami
3662:
3619:
3597:Bangladesh Navy
3575:Bangladesh Army
3540:
3502:
3461:
3420:
3344:
3273:
3223:
3212:
3211:
3187:
3177:
3175:
3145:
3140:
3136:Remembrance Day
3089:
3068:
3047:
2959:Notable victims
2950:
2913:Sylhet Division
2907:
2869:
2831:
2809:Khulna Division
2803:
2705:
2672:
2627:
2603:Jamaat-e-Islami
2582:
2533:Abul Kalam Azad
2516:
2483:
2478:
2448:
2439:
2391:
2359:Nishan-E-Haider
2353:
2317:
2307:
2288:M. A. G. Osmani
2256:
2247:Muzaffar Hassan
2227:Abdul Ali Malik
2217:Leslie Mungavin
2207:Mohammad Sharif
2170:
2052:
2018:
2007:US Taskforce 74
1963:Tangail Airdrop
1953:Battle of Hilli
1935:Boyra incidence
1908:
1904:Simla Agreement
1816:
1811:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1741:
1739:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1687:
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1669:
1654:
1653:
1649:
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1629:
1628:
1615:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1586:
1585:
1576:
1568:
1559:
1545:
1532:
1526:Wayback Machine
1515:Wayback Machine
1506:
1502:
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1470:
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1241:Wayback Machine
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1038:
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1001:
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989:
987:
979:
977:
938:Muzaffar Hassan
840:
725:
723:Recommendations
585:
507:
471:and systematic
453:Muzaffar Hassan
398:
388:
386:
333:Muzaffar Hassan
321:Leslie Mungavin
263:
237:Senior Justice
234:(vice-chairman)
230:Senior Justice
225:Hamoodur Rahman
215:
203:senior justices
195:Hamoodur Rahman
183:senior justices
160:
155:
81:Hamoodur Rahman
35:
28:
23:
22:
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4898:Liberation War
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4710:
4709:Related topics
4706:
4699:
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4684:
4674:
4673:
4672:
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4529:
4528:
4523:
4521:E. C. Kuruvila
4518:
4516:J. F. R. Jacob
4513:
4508:
4503:
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4493:
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4358:Siddique Salik
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4338:Khadim Hussain
4335:
4330:
4328:Rao Farman Ali
4325:
4320:
4318:Yaqub Ali Khan
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4294:
4292:
4285:
4281:
4280:
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4221:Tajuddin Ahmad
4218:
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4201:
4200:
4198:
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4187:
4185:A. K. Khandker
4182:
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4175:K M Shafiullah
4172:
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4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4061:Demra massacre
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4036:Ramna massacre
4033:
4028:
4022:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3993:
3988:
3983:
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3968:
3963:
3961:Blood Telegram
3957:
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3655:
3654:
3653:
3651:Hemayet Bahini
3648:
3643:
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3628:
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3614:
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3604:
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3259:Bengal studies
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3106:Blood Telegram
3103:
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3094:Related events
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2212:M. A. K. Lodhi
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2202:A. A. K. Niazi
2199:
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2161:E. C. Kuruvila
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1989:Air Operations
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1755:External links
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1749:
1723:
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1681:
1667:
1647:
1641:978-1604500202
1640:
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1599:
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1528:, paragraph 33
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1130:. January 2000
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926:Rao Farman Ali
884:Joint Staff HQ
852:Salil Tripathi
839:
836:
777:offensive plan
753:Courts-martial
724:
721:
694:Hindu minority
584:
581:
580:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
511:had been freed
506:
503:
481:courts-martial
421:Siddique Salik
416:, provided by
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375:Siddique Salik
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223:Chief Justice
214:
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133:and Pakistani
117:(ISI) and the
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4782:Anniversaries
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4557:Rameshwar Kao
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4542:Indira Gandhi
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4461:K. P. Candeth
4459:
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4441:Sam Manekshaw
4439:
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4427:Indian allies
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3878:Major battles
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3776:Campaigns and
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3729:Indian allies
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3401:East Pakistan
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3349:East Pakistan
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3333:
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3315:United Bengal
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3031:Selina Parvin
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2855:Karai Kadipur
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2744:Ishangopalpur
2742:
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2598:Pakistan Army
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2237:A. Rahim Khan
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2104:
2102:
2101:K. P. Candeth
2099:
2097:
2094:
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2081:Sam Manekshaw
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2076:Indira Gandhi
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1668:9781136517594
1664:
1661:. Routledge.
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1472:D'Costa, Bina
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1392:9781851098019
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1360:9780674419773
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873:of Pakistan.
872:
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831:
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821:
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789:headquartered
786:
781:
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773:
771:
766:
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754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
722:
720:
718:
714:
709:
707:
702:
697:
695:
690:
686:
682:
678:
677:Pakistan Army
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
627:
624:
620:
616:
609:also visible.
608:
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582:
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563:
559:
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534:
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527:
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518:
516:
513:by India and
512:
504:
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500:
496:
491:
489:
488:Pakistan Army
484:
482:
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474:
470:
466:
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438:
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426:
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414:East Pakistan
411:
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239:Tufail Rahman
236:
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196:
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179:Supreme Court
176:
172:
167:
165:
157:
152:
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148:
144:
138:
136:
132:
126:
124:
123:Indian agents
120:
116:
112:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
65:East-Pakistan
62:
58:
54:
50:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4632:
4567:Jagjivan Ram
4562:Swaran Singh
4506:Sartaj Singh
4353:Inamul Haque
4266:M. A. Hannan
4165:Ziaur Rahman
4091:
3954:Other events
3761:Mitro Bahini
3646:Afsar Bahini
3641:Baten Bahini
3636:Kader Bahini
3631:Mujib Bahini
3570:Mukti Bahini
3386:United Front
3381:Awami League
3079:
3040:
2991:Harinath Dey
2966:Altaf Mahmud
2691:Muzaffarabad
2488:Perpetrators
2397:Bir Sreshtho
2293:Ziaur Rahman
2232:Rashid Ahmed
2146:Sartaj Singh
2047:
2012:
2000:
1982:
1974:
1942:Chengiz Khan
1941:
1894:Mitro Bahini
1877:
1866:Mukti Bahini
1854:
1779:, 1972-01-03
1774:
1740:. Retrieved
1736:
1726:
1711:
1702:
1697:, 2000-09-17
1692:
1684:
1672:. Retrieved
1657:
1650:
1631:
1604:. Retrieved
1589:
1555:, 2001-01-01
1550:
1503:
1491:. Retrieved
1476:
1444:
1435:
1415:
1382:
1376:
1364:. Retrieved
1349:
1315:
1294:, 2000-08-21
1291:
1258:
1251:
1207:
1197:
1177:
1132:. Retrieved
1127:
1067:. Retrieved
1063:
958:
956:Musharraf.
946:
922:A.A.K. Niazi
911:
906:
900:
895:
892:
878:
875:
856:
841:
832:
828:Constitution
824:Constitution
809:
782:
774:
749:western side
729:public trial
726:
710:
698:
674:
651:
628:
612:
560:
556:Mukti Bahini
545:
530:
519:
508:
492:
485:
457:
430:
424:
396:First report
389:
387:
381:Mansurul Haq
264:
207:
190:
188:
173:, President
168:
161:
139:
127:
108:
85:
69:1947 to 1971
52:
48:
46:
36:
4526:S. H. Sarma
4496:T. N. Raina
4491:Sagat Singh
4446:S. M. Nanda
4399:Ghulam Azam
4348:Ahmad Zamir
4343:Mitty Masud
3626:Gono Bahini
3361:East Bengal
2976:Anwar Pasha
2898:Jathibhanga
2553:Ghulam Azam
2166:S. H. Sarma
2136:T. N. Raina
2131:Sagat Singh
2086:S. M. Nanda
1855:Searchlight
1848:War of 1965
1292:India Today
907:India Today
902:India Today
820:rule of law
770:A.A.K. Nazi
765:A. O. Mitha
685:mass graves
615:Bangladeshi
339:Mitty Masud
232:Anwarul Haq
4956:Categories
4891:Categories
4712:Categories
4638:War Report
4547:V. V. Giri
4414:Tridev Roy
4409:J.A. Rahim
4389:Nurul Amin
4333:A.O. Mitha
4313:A.K. Niazi
4308:S.M. Ahsan
4303:Tikka Khan
4298:Yahya Khan
4146:Bangladesh
3800:Cable 1971
3557:Bangladesh
3549:Combatants
3522:Combatants
3269:Joy Bangla
3232:Philosophy
3006:Laxman Das
2941:Makalkandi
2936:Krishnapur
2789:Sree Angan
2774:Satanikhil
2759:Madhyapara
2663:Ketnar Bil
2507:Tikka Khan
2502:Yahya Khan
2495:Organizers
2261:Bangladesh
2242:Tikka Khan
2222:Gul Hassan
2187:Nurul Amin
2182:Yahya Khan
2071:V. V. Giri
2033:Six-points
2029:Cable 1971
1981:Operation
1940:Operation
1876:Operation
1853:Operation
1454:0300101473
1064:Dunya News
1036:References
995:Bangladesh
969:Imran Khan
947:President
930:Gul Hassan
918:Tikka Khan
914:Yahya Khan
888:Rawalpindi
863:Zia-ul-Haq
848:classified
803:, and the
706:Yahya Khan
701:after 1958
670:government
526:Abbottabad
515:Bangladesh
499:government
469:atrocities
460:key people
441:Nurul Amin
437:Yahya Khan
410:insurgents
327:Tikka Khan
309:Nurul Amin
303:A.O. Mitha
279:Yahya Khan
267:Yahya Khan
227:(chairman)
147:Top secret
135:newspapers
88:atrocities
4908:Aftermath
4598:Aftermath
4451:P. C. Lal
4363:K.M. Arif
3754:Air Force
3689:Air Force
3537:Massacres
3525:Campaigns
3264:Bangamata
2921:Adityapur
2817:Chuknagar
2701:Bakhrabad
2668:Suryamani
2632:Massacres
2521:Executors
2303:Abu Taher
2091:P. C. Lal
1999:INS
1674:26 August
1606:26 August
1519:chapter 2
1493:26 August
1366:25 August
1069:22 August
838:Aftermath
761:Gul Hasan
717:alcoholic
713:womanizer
666:authority
552:militants
465:President
297:Gul Hasan
209:in 1974.
96:Commander
75:the then
55:), was a
4903:Genocide
4875:timeline
4535:Civilian
4434:Military
4372:Civilian
4291:Military
4284:Pakistan
4204:Civilian
4153:Military
3778:theaters
3720:Al-Shams
3710:Razakars
3668:Pakistan
3528:Theaters
3396:One Unit
3207:Timeline
3052:Protests
2931:Galimpur
2903:Kaliganj
2888:Dhapdhup
2860:Gopalpur
2794:Sutrapur
2739:Hasamdia
2653:Bhimnali
2623:Al Shams
2608:Razakars
2175:Pakistan
1913:Conflict
1889:Razakars
1718:Archived
1522:Archived
1511:Archived
1474:(2011).
1443:(2002).
1237:Archived
1007:Pakistan
975:See also
967:founder
899:and the
867:Army GHQ
861:General
745:Pakistan
739:of both
735:and the
647:morality
619:Bengalis
583:Findings
541:military
495:backlash
473:massacre
111:military
92:1971 war
61:Pakistan
57:judicial
4928:Peoples
4923:Battles
4136:Leaders
3715:Al-Badr
3693:Marines
3590:Z Force
3585:S Force
3580:K Force
3531:Battles
2926:Burunga
2893:Golahat
2845:Bagbati
2754:Jinjira
2719:Bakchar
2648:Barguna
2618:Al Badr
2316:Highest
2057:Leaders
1983:Trident
1878:Jackpot
1821:History
1134:14 June
981:Portals
869:or the
715:and an
668:of the
662:reacted
660:, they
548:Biharis
475:at the
408:map of
199:Bengali
98:of the
4853:Trials
3534:Events
3073:Trials
2883:Akhira
2779:Sendia
2696:Pomara
2318:awards
2001:Khukri
1742:2 June
1665:
1638:
1597:
1484:
1451:
1423:
1389:
1357:
1323:
1266:
1214:
1185:
936:, and
924:, and
799:, the
596:at two
554:– the
522:Lahore
497:. The
383:(1974)
377:(1974)
371:(1974)
365:(1974)
359:(1974)
353:(1975)
347:(1972)
341:(1972)
335:(1972)
329:(1972)
323:(1972)
317:(1972)
311:(1972)
305:(1972)
299:(1972)
293:(1972)
287:(1972)
281:(1972)
131:Indian
4913:Films
4001:Album
2946:Naria
2850:Demra
2822:Dakra
2769:Ramna
2764:Nikli
2749:Jandi
2724:Baria
2064:India
1975:Ghazi
1060:(PDF)
607:Burma
603:China
593:India
171:power
67:from
4092:more
4006:Film
3750:Navy
3746:Army
3685:Navy
3681:Army
3042:more
2013:more
1973:PNS
1776:Time
1744:2024
1694:Dawn
1676:2016
1663:ISBN
1636:ISBN
1608:2016
1595:ISBN
1495:2016
1482:ISBN
1449:ISBN
1421:ISBN
1387:ISBN
1368:2016
1355:ISBN
1321:ISBN
1264:ISBN
1212:ISBN
1183:ISBN
1136:2013
1071:2016
896:Dawn
743:and
741:East
658:East
605:and
537:POWs
418:Brig
404:The
269:and
90:and
47:The
965:PTI
886:in
793:MoD
791:in
747:in
423:in
406:M.I
197:(a
181:'s
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20:)
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