255:, a survivor of the executions. In the presence of Sadeghi, Mesdaghi telephoned Kaveh Moussavi, an Oxford-based human rights lawyer in the UK. Moussavi immediately mobilised a legal team with colleagues Rebecca Mooney and Matthew Jury. They interviewed several witnesses, and drafted documents setting out the factual and legal basis on which Nouri was suspected of committing grave crimes during the 1988 prison massacres in Iran. Moussavi, Mooney and Jury, with Swedish state attorney Göran Hjalmarsson, submitted the documents and evidence to Sweden's War Crimes Police on 4 November 2019, alerting them to Nouri's imminent arrival and urging the authorities to arrest, investigate and prosecute Nouri for crimes against international law. Nouri was arrested under the laws of
42:
130:, where according to different estimates between 2,800 to 30,000 Iranians were massacred. In early 2021 charges of murder and war crimes were filed against the former Iranian prosecutor, where Nouri was accused of "torture and inhuman treatment." The trial constituted the first time someone has been charged in relation to the 1988 massacre of political prisoners. Nouri was charged with more than 100 murders and "a serious crime against international law", and was expected to provide evidence implicating
90:
359:
Guard Corps had engaged in armed clashes against the MEK dressed in
Kurdish uniforms to show that the MEK were fighting against pro-Iranian Kurds together with Iraq. Lewis then said that reporters in attendance during these clashes did not document the presence of any Iraqi forces, and that by the end of the war the MEK had contacted the Red Cross with the aim of freeing 1,500 captured war prisoners back to Iran.
445:. According to Zand, Nouri participated in taking people to be executed. Zand also said that these were "only a small part of the clerical regime's crimes". According to accusers, Nouri's duties included ushering prisoners to panels and to their executions. His arrest is considered a "significant victory" for victims of
94:
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91:
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In
Swedish law, a person sentenced to life imprisonment may apply to have the sentence commuted to a fixed-term sentence after having served at least ten years of the sentence. If the sentence is commuted, the fixed-term sentence shall not be less than the maximum term of imprisonment that may be
358:
Lawyer
Kenneth Lewis said that the sentence of execution of political prisoners was issued to members and supporters of the MEK and suggested that Khomeini had likely issued the sentence as a result of MEK operations before Operation Forough Javidan. According to Lewis, the Islamic Revolutionary
267:
An investigation organised by the
Borumand Foundation conducted by the UK leading Counsel Geoffrey Roberston QC had earlier concluded that egregious violations of international human rights laws had been carried out by the regime in Iran in the aftermath of the Death Fatwa issued by Ayatollah
300:
Nouri was first detained in 2019. He was an assistant public prosecutor who reportedly took on an important role in the execution of
Iranian political prisoners in 1988. Nouri was accused of providing names to prosecutors, giving death sentences, and taking prisoners to execution chambers.
323:
Nouri's lawyer, Daniel Marcus, said he would counter all claims during the trial. The three-day trial had been expected to take place in April 2022. In 2018, the UN also stated that the 1988 massacre was a "crime against humanity". Swedish prosecutors asked for the maximum sentence, life
95:
379:
has been proven and his death sentence has gone through all judicial stages. The
Swedish government, on behalf of the Zionist regime and the United States, illegally detained our citizen Mr. Hamid Nouri in Sweden shortly after his arrest and trial, and took him hostage."
251:. Swedish police had been alerted to Nouri's imminent arrival after a tip-off from his former son-in-law, Hirossch Sadeghi. Sadeghi, after unsuccessfully trying to alert two journalists at the BBC Persian and VOA Farsi, found
409:
where dual or foreign nationals are "detained on trumped-up charges of espionage and then leveraged politically to release frozen funds, or to be exchanged for
Iranian citizens incarcerated in other countries."
268:
Khomeini ordering the killing of political prisoners who had remained "steadfast" in their views. In 2016, an investigation committee examining the 1988 massacre and individuals implicated was proposed by
663:
93:
1249:"3 och 4 §§ lag (2006:45) om omvandling av fängelse på livstid Svensk författningssamling 2006:45 t.o.m. SFS 2010:1435, [3 and 4 §§ the Act (2006:45) on the Commutation of Life Sentences]"
507:
434:
Testimonies were given by witnesses including members of the MEK. The trial received testimonies from victims telling of torture, mass hangings, and "brutal summary justice". Reza Falahi told
213:
is heard saying that the ministry of intelligence used the MeK's armed incursion in 1988 as a pretext to carry out the mass killings, which "had been under consideration for several years".
320:, between July 30 and August 16, 1988. Nouri was also accused of "torture, execution, and secret burial of the victims and not letting their families know about their burial place."
239:
that "the biggest crime in the
Islamic Republic, for which the history will condemn us, has been committed at your hands, and they'll write your names as criminals in the history."
727:
339:
On 14 July 2022, Nouri was sentenced to life in prison and expulsion with a permanent bar from re-entering Sweden, and ordered to pay damages amounting to 1.2 million SEK.
855:
529:
308:
district court recited charges against Hamid Nouri, including murder and a serious crime against international law. He was allegedly assistant to the deputy prosecutor of
272:. This committee looked at Moghisei, Lashgari, and Nouri. These efforts seek a trial for all government officials involved in the 1988 massacre, including Supreme Leader
642:
1544:
781:
343:
imposed for the crime, which for murder and a serious a crime against international law is 18 years. If and when he is released, he will be expelled from the country.
1248:
176:
127:
1562:
1472:
901:
457:
In 2024, Iran and Sweden agreed to a prisoner exchange in which Hamid Noury was freed. He subsequently returned to Iran. Iran released
European Union diplomat
478:
446:
972:
949:
1159:
497:
402:
1426:
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615:
438:
that he had seen Nouri while he was at “the death corridor”, and “whenever they read some people’s names he followed them toward the death chamber.”
367:
The government in Iran "expressed outrage" over the trial, calling it "completely illegal" and "politically motivated". Iran’s
Intelligence Minister
1084:
601:
1274:
876:
756:
1119:
426:
for two weeks in order to facilitate testimonies from People's Mujahedin of Iran witnesses. The first trial session took place on 10 November.
1596:
1601:
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1317:
1229:
1371:
1335:
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1444:
346:
Nouri appealed the verdict, and the appeal court proceedings began on January 11, 2023. However, his request was rejected by the
1508:
1004:
847:
1526:
1408:
1586:
1389:
1138:
198:
795:
205:. In 2016, an audio recording was posted online of a high-level official meeting that took place in August 1988 between
141:
and expulsion with a permanent bar from re-entering Sweden, and ordered to pay damages amounting to 1,2 million SEK.
138:
695:
441:
Mohammad Zand, who was arrested in 1981 for supporting the MEK, was the first plaintiff and witness at the court in
1616:
1611:
248:
1353:
328:
202:
55:
41:
193:
and worked closely with Mohammad Moghiseh, the prison's associate prosecutor, and was also a member of the
700:
259:, in which a national court can prosecute anyone for atrocities, regardless of where they were committed.
256:
224:. The fatwa ordered the execution of all the Iranian prisoners that supported and were loyal to the MEK.
236:
228:
210:
206:
869:
821:
435:
347:
145:
757:"Sweden frees an Iranian man convicted over 1988 mass executions in exchange for 2 men held by Iran"
1300:"روزهای پایانی دادگاه حمید نوری؛ وکیل شاهدان: متهم رئیس دفتر مقیسه بود و نقشی موثر در اعدامها داشت"
502:
664:"En Suède, la justice confirme la condamnation à perpétuité de l'ex-procureur iranien Hamid Nouri"
732:
395:
372:
221:
181:
Hamid Nouri, born on 29 April 1961, was known as Hamid Abbasi among political inmates. He was an
643:"Iransk medborgare döms till livstids fängelse för avrättningar av politiska fångar i Iran 1988"
292:, former leaders of state, and human rights experts called for an international investigation.
775:
406:
309:
194:
190:
870:"Blood-soaked secrets: Why Iran's 1998 Prison Massacres are ongoing crimes against humanity"
1354:"'A Dirty Game': Iran Accused Of Holding Swedish Citizens 'Hostage' Over War-Crimes Trial"
231:, emerged in 2016 where Montazeri is heard telling Hossein Ali Nayeri, Morteza Eshraghi,
1449:
458:
376:
368:
164:
160:
103:
81:
1029:
1580:
728:"La svolta della Svezia, che condanna l'iraniano Hamid Nouri per esecuzioni di massa"
277:
269:
252:
232:
156:
149:
131:
1490:
796:"Hamid Noury, a perpetrator of the 1988 massacre, tried for crimes against humanity"
1427:"Hamid Nouri: Prison massacre accused to give evidence at landmark trial in Sweden"
1212:"Hamid Nouri: Prison massacre accused to give evidence at landmark trial in Sweden"
616:"Hamid Nouri: Prison massacre accused to give evidence at landmark trial in Sweden"
281:
273:
530:"Sweden's landmark war crimes trial of Hamid Nouri wraps up ahead of jury verdict"
1139:"War Crimes Trial of Former Iranian Official Begins in Sweden | Iran - Digis Mak"
1098:
986:
696:"Iran und Schweden: Hamid Noury wegen Verbrechen gegen Menschlichkeit verurteilt"
550:
209:
and the officials responsible for the mass killings in Tehran. In the recording,
902:"Iran: Top government officials distorted the truth about 1988 prison massacres"
479:"Hamid Nouri: Iranian accused in mass purge of dissidents is arrested in Sweden"
390:
350:
in December of the same year, and his life sentence was subsequently confirmed.
152:
was also involved in the case as a member of the "Death Commissions in Tehran".
851:
1409:"Iran Says It Will Execute an Iranian-Swedish Scientist Accused of Espionage"
305:
107:
1563:"Two Swedish citizens released by Iran reunited with families in Stockholm"
419:
17:
1005:"Iran Marks Anniversary of 1988 Prison Massacre With Impunity and Silence"
185:
jail guard recruited by the Iranian Judiciary. He assisted prosecutors in
126:, took place in 2022. Nouri was found guilty of being a key figure in the
1085:"Sweden Jails Iranian Prosecutor Implicated In Mass Execution In Prisons"
668:
602:"Sweden Jails Iranian Prosecutor Implicated In Mass Execution In Prisons"
576:
394:
said that the recent arrests of Swedes in Iran and the death sentence of
289:
1299:
923:
423:
1390:"Iran says it's reviewing request to delay Swedish doctor's execution"
1372:"Sweden says one of its nationals detained by Iran amid strained ties"
1473:"Iranian accused of war crimes to testify over 1988 prison massacres"
969:
Human Rights and Agents of Change in Iran: Towards a Theory of Change
442:
317:
123:
1056:"The world should be watching Hamid Nouri's trial in Sweden | View"
987:"Hamid Nouri: How Sweden arrested a suspected Iranian war criminal"
551:"Hamid Nouri: How Sweden arrested a suspected Iranian war criminal"
313:
217:
201:(MEK), a group that advocated overthrowing the leadership of the
1545:"Hamid Noury's Return to Iran Marks the End of A Failed Project"
1318:"Iran summons Swedish envoy over 'illegal' trial of ex-official"
1230:"Iran summons Swedish envoy over 'illegal' trial of ex-official"
1030:"Iran's Ebrahim Raisi: The hardline cleric who became president"
197:
Death Commission in 1988. The 1988 killings targeted members of
186:
182:
119:
1527:"To War Criminals Who Believe They Have Impunity, Think Again"
1336:"Intelligence minister: Two French citizens were not tourists"
1187:"War crimes trial of former Iranian official begins in Sweden"
1120:"Prison guards 'celebrated hangings at Iran jail with sweets'"
1491:"Iranian ex-official to testify in Sweden war crimes trial"
822:"Trial Of Iranian Charged With War Crimes Begins In Sweden"
285:
1445:"War Crimes Trial of Iranian Ex-Official Moves to Albania"
148:
officially upheld Nouri's life sentence in December 2023;
1099:"Sweden tries Hamid Nouri over 1988 Iran prison massacre"
227:
An audio file by former Deputy Supreme Leader, Ayatollah
1160:"Iranian ex-official denies roles in war crimes in 1988"
848:"New audio file sheds light on 1980s executions in Iran"
1114:
1112:
247:
On 9 November 2019, Swedish police arrested Nouri at
1275:"Krigsbrottslingen lockades till Sverige och dömdes"
1079:
1077:
498:"Khomeini fatwa 'led to killing of 30,000 in Iran'"
398:were a "warning" in retaliation for Nouri's trial.
77:
69:
61:
51:
34:
1294:
1292:
1509:"Iranian ex-official's trial resumes in Albania"
632:, 189 (Stockholms tingsrätt 2022-07-14).
1009:CJFE | Canadian Journalists for Free Expression
755:Gambrel, Jon, Associated Press (15 June 2024).
134:, president of Iran, at the time of the trial.
177:1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners
159:on 15 June 2024 and Nouri was exchanged for a
128:1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners
8:
950:"Butchers of Tehran must be held to account"
924:"Butchers of Tehran must be held to account"
780:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
875:. Amnesty International. 4 December 2018.
403:Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran
331:and lasted for 92 days, ending May 2022.
31:
88:
470:
354:Statements from civil plaintiffs lawyer
27:Swedish trial for murder and war crimes
773:
658:
656:
654:
652:
577:"Hamid Nouri Trial Opens in Stockholm"
882:from the original on 15 December 2018
721:
719:
689:
687:
7:
1185:Stockholm, AFP in (10 August 2021).
726:Noury, Riccardo (19 December 2023).
545:
543:
327:The trial started in August 2021 in
216:The 1988 executions resulted from a
496:Lamb, Christina (4 February 2001).
167:and another man named Saeed Azizi.
25:
858:from the original on 2 July 2021.
461:and Saeed Azizi in the exchange.
401:Human right groups said that the
1277:. Dagens Nyheter. 8 January 2023
846:Karami, Arash (10 August 2016).
694:Rühle, Alex (19 December 2023).
510:from the original on 1 July 2017
40:
1407:Fassihi, Farnaz (10 May 2022).
447:human rights violations in Iran
414:Temporary relocation to Albania
155:Iran and Sweden carried out a
102:Demonstration in front of the
1:
672:(in French). 19 December 2023
284:. On 3 May 2021, 152 former
122:official detained in 2019 in
1247:The Riksdag Administration.
826:RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty
1633:
1592:Trials of political people
280:, and Supreme Court Chief
199:People's Mujahedin of Iran
174:
144:Following an appeal, the
39:
1597:Albania–Sweden relations
1164:South China Morning Post
967:Barlow, Rebecca (2018).
329:Stockholm District Court
203:Islamic Republic of Iran
56:Stockholm District Court
46:Nouri at trial in Sweden
418:The trial relocated to
137:Nouri was sentenced to
1602:Albania–Iran relations
388:The Swedish newspaper
384:International response
375:'s "espionage for the
257:universal jurisdiction
111:
1607:Iran–Sweden relations
237:Mostafa Pourmohammadi
229:Hussein-Ali Montazeri
211:Hossein Ali Montazeri
207:Hossein Ali Montazeri
175:Further information:
101:
1587:Human rights in Iran
971:. Springer. p.
800:NCRI Women Committee
348:Svea Court of Appeal
146:Svea Court of Appeal
116:trial of Hamid Nouri
35:Trial of Hamid Nouri
1515:. 11 November 2021.
1497:. 11 November 2021.
1479:. 11 November 2021.
1433:. 23 November 2021.
1218:. 23 November 2021.
1137:Lanington, George.
1126:. 16 November 2021.
993:. 4 September 2021.
701:Süddeutsche Zeitung
622:. 23 November 2021.
503:The Daily Telegraph
1453:. 11 November 2021
1413:The New York Times
904:. 12 December 2018
557:. 4 September 2021
396:Ahmad Reza Djalali
373:Ahmad Reza Djalali
363:Response by Tehran
222:Ayatollah Khomeini
112:
1617:Trials in Albania
1477:The National News
1124:The National News
1105:. 10 August 2021.
1062:. 5 November 2021
930:. 10 October 2021
534:The National News
453:Prisoner Exchange
407:hostage diplomacy
405:has a pattern of
310:Gohardasht Prison
288:officials, Nobel
195:Gohardasht Prison
191:Gohardasht Prison
99:
87:
86:
16:(Redirected from
1624:
1612:Trials in Sweden
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1166:. 10 August 2021
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802:. 19 August 2021
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110:August 11, 2021.
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1569:. 16 June 2024.
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1036:. 5 August 2021
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956:. 27 July 2021.
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645:. 14 July 2022.
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581:IranWire | خانه
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304:Prosecutors in
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1533:. 21 May 2022.
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459:Johan Floderus
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377:Zionist regime
369:Esmaeil Khatib
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324:imprisonment.
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165:Johan Floderus
161:European Union
139:life in prison
104:district court
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82:Life in prison
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