59:
567:, Baptist and Methodist missionaries had evangelized among both enslaved and free African Americans in the South, as well as whites. Blacks were welcomed as members of the new churches and some leaders were licensed as preachers. But the white-dominated churches generally maintained control of their institutions and often relegated blacks to segregated galleries or separate services, scheduled at alternative times or in such locations as church basements. State law and city ordinance required lawful churches to be led by whites. African-American members, most of whom were enslaved, were allowed to hold separate services in those churches, usually in the basements.
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The city conducted additional trials over the following weeks, as the number of suspects increased while men were interrogated. They ultimately convicted and executed more than 30 men, and deported other suspected participants from the state, including Vesey's son. The original
Emanuel AME church
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State and city ordinances at the time limited worship services by black people to daylight hours, required that a majority of congregants in a given church be white, and prohibited black literacy. In 1818, Charleston officials arrested 140 black church members and sentenced eight church leaders to
895:
The Rev. Dr. Norvel Goff Sr. served as the interim pastor from June 17, 2015, until early 2016. On
January 23, 2016, The Rev. Dr. Betty Deas Clark was appointed pastor. She was the first woman to lead the congregation in its 200-year existence. Currently, The Rev. Eric C. Manning serves as Senior
714:
The current brick and stucco building was constructed in 1891 on
Calhoun Street. This and other post-Civil War black churches were built on the north side of Calhoun Street. Blacks were not welcome on the south side of what was known as Boundary Street when the church was built. The building was
1245:
An
Official Report of the Trials of Sundry Negroes Charged with an Attempt to Raise an Insurrection in the State of South-Carolina Preceded by an Introduction and Narrative and, in an Appendix, a Report of the Trials of Four White Persons on Indictments for Attempting to Excite the Slaves to
904:
Built in 1891, Emanuel AME Church has one of the few well-preserved historic church interiors in the area, with original features including the altar, communion rail, pews, and light fixtures. In
December 2014, the church publicized fundraising to build an elevator to make the building more
912:
In 2014 the building was determined to suffer from termite infestation, which had resulted in "severe structural deterioration." The church received a $ 12,330 federal historic preservation grant from the state of South
Carolina to complete a structural investigation in May 2014.
787:
As of 2008, the church had more than 1,600 members and assisted the
Charleston Interfaith Crisis Ministry and other charities. The church is involved in the local arts community, including hosting an art show in 2013 and concerts by the Charleston Symphony Orchestra Gospel Choir.
828:, senior pastor, and eight members of his congregation: Cynthia Hurd, Depayne Middleton-Doctor, Sharonda Coleman-Singleton, Susie Jackson, Myra Thompson, Tywanza Sanders, Ethel Lance, and Daniel Simmons. There was a tenth victim who was also shot but survived.
592:
on Reid and
Hanover streets. (Dates of founding have been given as 1816, when the national denomination was founded, 1817, when Morris Brown traveled to Philadelphia to meet with Allen and other founders, and was ordained as a deacon, or 1818.)
653:
Rev. Morris Brown was imprisoned for many months, though never convicted of any crime. Upon his release, he and several other prominent members fled to
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Others managed to reconstitute the congregation in a few years.
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and a national leader, spoke at
Emanuel AME Church. Among the attendees were many whites, including a member of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania and Robert Goodwyn Rhett, the mayor of Charleston; he was a lawyer and controlling owner of the
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768:, then widowed after King's assassination, led a march of some 1,500 demonstrators to the church in support of striking hospital workers in Charleston. At the church, they faced bayonet-wielding members of the
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By 1951, the church had 2,400 members and completed a $ 47,000 ($ 551,708 in 2023 dollars) renovation project. This earned an "outstanding improvement" award from the Charleston Chamber of Commerce.
764:, which they had been since the turn of the century when the white-dominated legislatures passed restrictive conditions raising barriers to voter registration in new constitutions and laws. In 1969
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donated ten dollars to the church to aid its rebuilding efforts. He wrote that he was "very glad to contribute something for so worthy a cause." A Democrat, Cleveland also donated 20 dollars to the
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31:
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The congregation rebuilt the church between 1865 and 1872 as a wooden structure, under the lead of the architect Robert Vesey, the son of abolitionist and church co-founder Denmark Vesey. After
834:, a 21-year-old white male, was arrested shortly afterwards and charged with nine counts of murder. The killings were investigated by state and federal law enforcement officials as a possible
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2000:
842:, Roof left a manifesto detailing his racist views on the lastrhodesian.com website before the shooting. The church, on its own website, refers to Roof as "the stranger".
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accessible. A pipe organ was installed in 1902. The church has a capacity of 2,500, making it among Charleston's largest black churches. It was listed on the
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In Charleston in the nineteenth century, the white-dominated churches had increasingly discriminated against blacks. A dispute arose after white leaders of
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of 1831, in 1834 the white-run city of Charleston outlawed all-black churches. The AME congregation met in secret until the end of the Civil War in 1865.
102:
2909:
1631:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
867:. In April 2017, Roof pleaded guilty to all nine state charges in order to avoid receiving a second death sentence, and as a result, he was sentenced to
2796:
1203:"The African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, South Carolina: From the "Invisible Institution" to the Indivisible Institution A Walking Tour"
761:
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mentions both the 1822 burning of the church and the 2015 shooting. The book of poetry and music begins and ends, respectively, with these events.
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was burned down that year by a crowd of angry whites. After the congregation met secretly for a period, it rebuilt the church after the Civil War.
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left this church in protest. Nearly 2,000 Black members from the city's three Methodist churches soon followed him to create a new church.
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in 1989. Although major repairs were made, the tin roof soon rusted and leaked. It was changed out for interlocking copper shingles.
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1972:
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as the pastor of the congregation that would become Emanuel ("God with us") AME and Morris Brown AME In 1872, after serving in the
2270:
1651:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
1475:
McCaffrey, Scott (August 27, 1995). "Charleston Churches Endure - They Have Kept the Faith Through Natural Disasters and 2 Wars".
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fundraising campaign in 2013, but failed to reach his goal. Various interviews were conducted and filmed for the documentary.
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were guest speakers, urging church members to register and vote. At the time, most African Americans in the South were still
1258:
824:
On June 17, 2015, nine people were shot and killed inside Mother Emanuel. The victims included South Carolina State Senator
810:, which was issued on January 1, 1863. Charleston's annual Emancipation Day Parade on January 1 ends at Emanuel AME Church.
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2119:
1717:
Golphin, Bruce (April 30, 1969). "Mrs. King to Lead Charleston March: Nixon Urged to Act In Charleston Strike".
1435:
Peabody, Alvin (March 23, 1994). "Filling The Void: Young Ministers Seek To Replace Former Powerful Clergymen".
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fines and lashes. City officials again raided Emanuel AME Church in 1820 and 1821 in a pattern of harassment.
604:, the newly established, first independent black denomination in the United States. It was founded in 1816 in
2146:"Dylann Roof's 9 life sentences on state murder charges 'surest' route to federal execution, prosecutor says"
2801:
2599:
2172:"Charleston's AME Church Holds First Service After Shooting; Rev. Norvel Goff Appointed New Interim Leader"
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1544:"Google street view photo of Calhoun Street in Charleston, showing the Emanuel AME Church, and Google map"
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689:
411:
1415:"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Old Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church"
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530:, AME was the first independent black denomination in the nation. Mother Emanuel has one of the oldest
875:. While he will receive automatic appeals of his death sentence, he may eventually be executed by the
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by lethal injection for those crimes. Roof was separately charged with nine counts of murder in the
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2005:
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The Rev. Richard Cain, pastor of the church and member of the U.S. House of Representatives during
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The congregation was made up of African Americans who were former members of Charleston's three
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1088:
Denmark Vesey: The Buried Story of America's Largest Slave Rebellion and the Man who Led It
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was noted as following in the tradition of earlier church leaders, such as the Reverend
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464:
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247:
1490:"Helping to Rebuild Churches: President Cleveland Sends Money to a Colored Pastor".
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681:
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643:
635:
582:
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243:
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1828:"Mother Emanuel AME pastor follows in footsteps of 19th-century minister-lawmaker"
1518:
925:, that describes the history of the AME church movement in South Carolina, held a
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2335:
1454:
1333:"Charleston church shooting: Multiple fatalities in South Carolina, source says"
926:
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17:
1973:"'This Was a Hate Crime': Nine People Killed at Historic South Carolina Church"
1125:, Charleston: Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church, 2016, archived from
835:
696:, continuing a tradition of religious leaders serving in political positions.
639:
600:
churches. Hampstead Church was considered part of the "Bethel circuit" of the
1786:
1734:"Charleston South Carolina Church Where 9 Were Killed Was Steeped in History"
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1159:
149:
136:
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1610:
David H. Jackson Jr., "Booker T. Washington in South Carolina, March 1909."
1044:
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267:
1758:
Behre, Robert (October 28, 1998). "A man at the peak of his performance".
799:
of the 19th century, in serving as both a religious and political leader.
1977:
2194:
2192:
2097:"Victim's dad warns Dylann Roof: 'Your creator ... he's coming for you'"
988:"Killings Add a Painful Chapter to Storied History of Charleston Church"
2700:
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2123:
884:
539:
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Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
2083:
1942:"Charleston's Emancipation Day Parade has a long and colorful history"
1506:
Upheaval in Charleston: Earthquake and Murder on the Eve of Jim Crow,
1282:"Nine shot, multiple fatalities reported in downtown church shooting"
872:
853:
578:
house over its black burial ground. Black congregants were outraged.
575:
372:
362:
345:
1022:
Black Heritage Sites: An African American Odyssey and Finder's Guide
2206:. December 17, 2014. Archived from the original on January 11, 2015
2001:"9 dead in shooting at historic Charleston African American church"
3076:
National Register of Historic Places in Charleston, South Carolina
2028:"Emanuel church in Charleston to re-open as FBI reviews manifesto"
719:; the work was begun in the spring of 1891 and completed in 1892.
668:
638:
plot. Vesey and five other organizers were rapidly convicted in a
618:
322:
2304:"AME Church seeks funds to document its 150-year history in S.C."
2054:"Dylann Roof, Charleston mass shooting suspect on line manifesto"
2636:
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2120:"Charleston church shooter pleads guilty to state murder counts"
1915:"Parade marks 151 years since Emancipation Proclamation signing"
619:
2427:
1859:"Watch Night marks 150th anniversary of Lincoln's proclamation"
1148:"The Long, Troubled History of Charleston's Emanuel AME Church"
692:(1868–72), Cain was elected as a Republican Congressman in the
2665:
2652:
2627:
2200:"Oldest AME Church in the South Starts Elevator Fund Campaign"
1568:
Samuel, Terence (October 27, 2003). "A New Political Gospel".
1336:
2361:
634:, one of the church's founders, was implicated in an alleged
1802:"African-American artists find a home at Emanuel AME Church"
1210:
Program in the Carolina Lowcountry and Atlantic World (CLAW)
981:
979:
32:
Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church (Mobile, Alabama)
3071:
Historic district contributing properties in South Carolina
772:; the church's pastor and 900 demonstrators were arrested.
208:
1592:. Charleston, South Carolina. December 1, 1891. p. 8
1014:
1012:
1010:
2331:"The AME Movement: African Methodism in South Carolina"
3046:
African Methodist Episcopal churches in South Carolina
3041:
African-American history in Charleston, South Carolina
1885:"Charleston Emancipation Proclamation Parade is today"
2377:
2144:
Knapp, Andrew; Darlington, Abigail (April 10, 2017).
1314:"US: at least 9 killed in Charleston church massacre"
1184:
923:
The AME Movement: African Methodism in South Carolina
838:, and it was found that they were. According to the
563:
In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century
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2714:
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2329:Kelly Tyler, Ph.D., Rev. Mark (November 17, 2013).
1773:Fox, William Price; McLaughlin, J. Michael (2008).
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2762:Charleston Area Regional Transportation Authority
2987:St. Matthew's German Evangelical Lutheran Church
27:Historic church in South Carolina, United States
1999:Bever, Lindsey; Costa, Robert (June 17, 2015).
806:; they celebrated the 150th anniversary of the
2271:"FY 2014 Federal Historic Preservation Grants"
1242:Kennedy, Lionel Henry; Parker, Thomas (1822).
791:In 2010, senior pastor and state senator Rev.
612:and delegates from some other black churches.
3066:Gothic Revival architecture in South Carolina
2439:
1504:Susan Millar Williams and Stephen G. Hoffus,
8:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1358:"Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church"
703:demolished that building in 1886, President
542:churches were founded in South Carolina and
845:In December 2016, Roof was convicted of 33
2962:Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church
2779:
2446:
2432:
2424:
2302:Berry Hawes, Jennifer (October 13, 2013).
1800:Pandolfi, Elizabeth (September 25, 2013).
1775:"South Carolina: A Guide to Unique Places"
505:Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church
391:Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church
109:
79:
41:
1390:. 7th District AME Office. Archived from
715:designed by leading Charleston architect
588:They founded a church known first as the
399:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
2594:The Charleston Regional Business Journal
1249:. Charleston : Printed by J.R. Schenck.
1117:"'Mother Emanuel' A.M.E. Church History"
802:On December 31, 2012, the church held a
758:Southern Christian Leadership Conference
408:U.S. National Historic Landmark District
2384:
1667:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"
1508:University of Georgia Press, 2011: 158.
1388:7th District AME Church, South Carolina
949:
39:Church in South Carolina, United States
3056:Churches in Charleston, South Carolina
2217:
1612:The South Carolina Historical Magazine
1181:"Row over Statue to Bermudian's Slave"
958:"Old and Historic Charleston (Extend)"
626:memorial in Hampton Park in Charleston
3036:1891 establishments in South Carolina
2853:American College of the Building Arts
1665:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
1146:Egerton, Douglas R. (June 18, 2015).
1091:, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, p.
856:charges. On January 10, 2017, he was
7:
2977:St. John's Reformed Episcopal Church
2863:Medical University of South Carolina
1413:Nicklass, Karen (October 19, 2013).
1362:Reconstruction: The Second Civil War
1141:
1139:
1137:
907:National Register of Historic Places
748:At a 1962 church meeting, Reverends
515:, founded in 1817. It is the oldest
2952:Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist
2248:United States National Park Service
1883:Kropf, Schuyler (January 1, 2013).
1857:McLeod, Harriet (January 1, 2013).
1779:South Carolina: Off the Beaten Path
1687:"Historic Landmark in Charleston".
986:Weisman, Jonathan (June 18, 2015).
775:The church building was damaged in
2957:Cathedral of St. Luke and St. Paul
2118:McLeod, Harriet (April 10, 2017).
1971:Johnson, M. Alex (June 17, 2015).
1826:Parker, Adam (November 28, 2010).
1732:Keneally, Meghan (June 18, 2015).
1702:"King vote team hits Charleston".
921:A producer of a documentary film,
602:African Methodist Episcopal Church
351:African Methodist Episcopal Church
190:African Methodist Episcopal Church
52:African Methodist Episcopal Church
25:
642:, and executed on July 2 after a
3010:
3009:
2982:St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church
2411:
2399:
2387:
2269:South Carolina SHPO (May 2014).
2170:Kumar, Anugrah (June 22, 2015).
1940:Munday, Dave (January 1, 2015).
1384:"Mother Emanuel, Charleston, SC"
680:After the war ended, AME Bishop
108:
101:
78:
71:
57:
2060:. June 20, 2015. Archived from
1586:"Perhaps the Best in the South"
1058:Yee, Shirley (April 26, 2008).
526:; founded the previous year in
343:
265:
219:
2992:St. Michael's Episcopal Church
2082:Mother Emanuel A.M.E. Church,
711:, a "haven for white widows."
459:
1:
2997:St. Philip's Episcopal Church
1704:The Afro-American (Baltimore)
1689:The Afro-American (Baltimore)
770:South Carolina National Guard
694:U.S. House of Representatives
574:authorized construction of a
122:Show map of the United States
2826:Charleston Collegiate School
1659:American Antiquarian Society
1639:American Antiquarian Society
1571:U.S. News & World Report
1085:Robertson, David M. (1999),
1027:American Library Association
964:. Department of the Interior
659:Nat Turner's slave rebellion
447:Charleston Historic District
30:For the Alabama church, see
1614:113.3 (July 2012): 192-220.
1331:Payne, Ed (June 18, 2015).
1060:"Brown, Morris (1770–1849)"
871:without the possibility of
3097:
3061:Churches completed in 1891
3051:Charleston church shooting
2456:Charleston, South Carolina
2086:, accessed 1 February 2023
937:Tyehimba Jess's 2015 book
820:Charleston church shooting
817:
606:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
548:American Revolutionary War
528:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
513:Charleston, South Carolina
487:October 15, 1966
427:Charleston, South Carolina
170:Charleston, South Carolina
92:Show map of South Carolina
29:
3005:
2767:Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge
2224:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1548:geographic.org/streetview
1019:Curtis, Nancy C. (1996).
808:Emancipation Proclamation
498:
458:NRHP reference
418:
405:
396:
389:
385:
381:
131:
65:
56:
49:
2972:Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim
2858:Charleston School of Law
2527:South Carolina Stingrays
2204:The Charleston Chronicle
1441:. Washington, D.C.: 36.
1364:. PBS. December 19, 2013
2922:Edmondston–Alston House
2600:The Catholic Miscellany
2240:"Emanuel A.M.E. Church"
2099:. CNN. January 11, 2017
1781:. Globe Pequot: 23–24.
1280:Staff (June 18, 2015).
891:After the 2015 shooting
684:installed the Reverend
2557:Charleston Outlaws RFC
1201:Hardy, Rachel (2011).
877:federal justice system
750:Martin Luther King Jr.
677:
627:
581:In 1818 church leader
559:History and foundation
484:Designated NHLDCP
377:Rev. Eric S.C. Manning
367:Samuel Lawerence Green
2843:College of Charleston
2588:Charleston City Paper
2373:National Park Service
1806:Charleston City Paper
1477:Myrtle Beach Sun News
1214:College of Charleston
962:National Park Service
690:South Carolina Senate
672:
622:
412:Contributing Property
150:32.78722°N 79.93306°W
2900:2015 church shooting
2581:The Post and Courier
2547:Charleston RiverDogs
2308:The Post and Courier
1946:The Post and Courier
1889:The Post and Courier
1832:The Post and Courier
1760:The Post and Courier
1519:"Emanuel AME Church"
1492:Atlanta Constitution
1287:The Post and Courier
1261:on February 12, 2017
729:Booker T. Washington
2064:on January 27, 2016
2006:The Washington Post
1719:The Washington Post
1494:. October 27, 1886.
1438:Washington Informer
717:John Henry Devereux
665:After the Civil War
598:Methodist Episcopal
532:black congregations
437:John Henry Devereux
273:John Henry Devereux
155:32.78722; -79.93306
146: /
2890:American Civil War
2821:Porter-Gaud School
2724:Court House Square
2537:Charleston Battery
2369:Emanuel AME Church
2176:The Christian Post
2150:Post & Courier
2058:Articlesurfing.org
1952:on January 5, 2015
993:The New York Times
933:In popular culture
858:sentenced to death
804:watchnight service
766:Coretta Scott King
733:Tuskegee Institute
678:
628:
116:Emanuel AME Church
86:Emanuel AME Church
45:Emanuel AME Church
3023:
3022:
2871:
2870:
2828:(in Johns Island)
2816:Bishop England HS
2757:Executive Airport
2734:Washington Square
2510:Cainhoy Peninsula
1921:. January 2, 2014
1706:. April 21, 1962.
1691:. March 10, 1951.
1189:, January 3, 2011
1036:978-0-838-90643-9
869:life imprisonment
826:Clementa Pinckney
793:Clementa Pinckney
511:, is a church in
502:
501:
471:Significant dates
259:Functional status
209:motheremanuel.com
16:(Redirected from
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3013:
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2472:John Tecklenburg
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2416:
2415:
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2364:
2362:Official website
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2320:
2319:
2317:
2315:
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2293:
2292:
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2283:on June 23, 2015
2282:
2276:. Archived from
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2018:
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2015:
2013:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1948:. Archived from
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1895:on June 18, 2015
1891:. Archived from
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1838:on June 18, 2015
1834:. Archived from
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1662:
1656:
1642:
1636:
1621:
1615:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1590:News and Courier
1582:
1576:
1575:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1515:
1509:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1472:
1459:
1458:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1394:on June 18, 2015
1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1320:. June 16, 2015.
1310:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1294:on July 28, 2016
1290:. Archived from
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1257:. Archived from
1239:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1223:on June 18, 2015
1222:
1216:. Archived from
1207:
1198:
1192:
1190:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1152:The New Republic
1143:
1132:
1130:
1129:on June 20, 2012
1122:Official website
1113:
1107:
1105:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1016:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1000:
983:
974:
973:
971:
969:
954:
739:News and Courier
709:Confederate Home
705:Grover Cleveland
590:Hampstead Church
572:Bethel Methodist
565:Great Awakenings
494:
492:
479:October 25, 2018
461:
373:Senior pastor(s)
303:
301:
211:
161:
160:
158:
157:
156:
151:
147:
144:
143:
142:
139:
123:
112:
111:
105:
93:
82:
81:
75:
61:
50:"Mother Emanuel"
42:
21:
18:Hampstead Church
3096:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3001:
2967:Huguenot Church
2940:
2904:
2895:1886 earthquake
2867:
2831:
2771:
2738:
2710:
2612:
2605:
2566:
2513:
2476:
2458:
2452:
2422:
2412:
2410:
2400:
2398:
2386:
2378:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2313:
2311:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2253:
2251:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2216:
2209:
2207:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2152:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2128:
2126:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2037:
2035:
2034:. June 20, 2015
2026:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2009:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1981:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1922:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1867:
1865:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1839:
1825:
1824:
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1810:
1808:
1799:
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1794:
1772:
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1757:
1756:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1671:
1669:
1664:
1654:
1646:McCusker, J. J.
1644:
1634:
1626:McCusker, J. J.
1624:
1622:
1618:
1609:
1605:
1595:
1593:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1552:
1550:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1527:
1525:
1517:
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1512:
1503:
1499:
1489:
1488:
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1474:
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1462:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1382:
1381:
1377:
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1356:
1355:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1164:
1162:
1145:
1144:
1135:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1066:. BlackPast.org
1057:
1056:
1052:
1037:
1029:. p. 195.
1018:
1017:
1008:
998:
996:
985:
984:
977:
967:
965:
956:
955:
951:
947:
935:
919:
902:
893:
887:death chamber.
822:
816:
797:Richard H. Cain
785:
762:disenfranchised
754:Wyatt T. Walker
731:, president of
727:In March 1909,
725:
686:Richard H. Cain
667:
657:In reaction to
561:
556:
507:, colloquially
490:
488:
414:
410:
401:
392:
299:
297:
246:
207:
154:
152:
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145:
140:
137:
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127:
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121:
120:
119:
118:
117:
113:
96:
95:
94:
91:
90:
89:
88:
87:
83:
51:
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3094:
3092:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3028:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3006:
3003:
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2999:
2994:
2989:
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2979:
2974:
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2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2802:West Ashley HS
2799:
2788:
2786:
2777:
2773:
2772:
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2754:
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2523:
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2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2428:
2421:
2420:
2408:
2406:South Carolina
2396:
2376:
2375:
2366:
2355:
2354:External links
2352:
2350:
2349:
2321:
2294:
2261:
2231:
2188:
2162:
2136:
2110:
2088:
2075:
2045:
2019:
1991:
1963:
1932:
1906:
1875:
1849:
1818:
1792:
1765:
1750:
1724:
1709:
1694:
1679:
1663:1800–present:
1616:
1603:
1577:
1560:
1535:
1510:
1497:
1482:
1460:
1427:
1405:
1375:
1349:
1323:
1305:
1272:
1234:
1193:
1172:
1133:
1108:
1101:
1077:
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1035:
1006:
975:
948:
946:
943:
934:
931:
918:
915:
901:
898:
892:
889:
862:South Carolina
818:Main article:
815:
812:
784:
781:
777:Hurricane Hugo
724:
721:
675:Reconstruction
666:
663:
630:In June 1822,
560:
557:
555:
552:
519:church in the
509:Mother Emanuel
500:
499:
496:
495:
485:
481:
480:
477:
473:
472:
468:
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455:
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332:Administration
329:
328:
325:
318:
317:
314:
310:
309:
308:Specifications
305:
304:
294:
292:Groundbreaking
288:
287:
285:Gothic Revival
282:
276:
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270:
264:
263:
260:
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255:
251:
250:
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232:
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26:
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10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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3016:
3008:
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2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2797:St. John's HS
2795:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2752:Int'l Airport
2750:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2729:Marion Square
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2689:
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2535:
2532:
2528:
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2522:
2520:
2516:
2509:
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2503:
2501:
2500:Daniel Island
2498:
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2473:
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2419:
2418:United States
2409:
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2374:
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2363:
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2357:
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2322:
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2245:
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2235:
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2227:
2221:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2177:
2173:
2166:
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2151:
2147:
2140:
2137:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2111:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1995:
1992:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1933:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1876:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1850:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1819:
1807:
1803:
1796:
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1471:
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1456:
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1439:
1431:
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1416:
1409:
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1363:
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1338:
1334:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1315:
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1256:
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1238:
1235:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1104:
1102:9780307483737
1098:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1081:
1078:
1065:
1064:BlackPast.org
1061:
1054:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1007:
995:
994:
989:
982:
980:
976:
963:
959:
953:
950:
944:
942:
940:
932:
930:
928:
924:
916:
914:
910:
908:
899:
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890:
888:
886:
882:
878:
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870:
866:
863:
859:
855:
851:
848:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
827:
821:
814:2015 shooting
813:
811:
809:
805:
800:
798:
794:
789:
782:
780:
778:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
746:
743:
741:
740:
734:
730:
722:
720:
718:
712:
710:
706:
702:
701:an earthquake
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
676:
671:
664:
662:
660:
655:
651:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
632:Denmark Vesey
625:
624:Denmark Vesey
621:
617:
613:
611:
610:Richard Allen
607:
603:
599:
594:
591:
586:
584:
579:
577:
573:
568:
566:
558:
553:
551:
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545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
524:United States
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
497:
486:
482:
478:
476:Added to NRHP
474:
469:
466:
463:
456:
452:
448:
445:
441:
438:
435:
431:
428:
425:
421:
417:
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395:
388:
384:
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366:
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306:
295:
293:
289:
286:
283:
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277:
274:
271:
269:
261:
257:
252:
249:
248:Denmark Vesey
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
226:
223:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
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191:
188:
186:
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179:United States
178:
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168:
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159:
130:
104:
74:
64:
60:
55:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
2961:
2697:
2684:
2671:
2658:
2645:
2633:
2620:
2598:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2519:Sports teams
2505:Johns Island
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254:Architecture
244:Morris Brown
185:Denomination
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2936:Rainbow Row
2918:The Battery
2848:The Citadel
2811:Ashley Hall
2705:MyNetworkTV
2495:West Ashley
2336:Kickstarter
1643:1700–1799:
1623:1634–1699:
1553:January 17,
1025:. Chicago:
927:Kickstarter
917:Documentary
881:Terre Haute
832:Dylann Roof
742:newspaper.
546:before the
199:1600 (2008)
153: /
3030:Categories
2931:Public art
2926:Pink House
2611:Television
2572:Newspapers
1919:ABC News 4
945:References
850:hate crime
836:hate crime
640:show trial
491:1966-10-15
451:ID66000964
321:Number of
239:Founder(s)
196:Membership
141:79°55′59″W
138:32°47′14″N
2910:Landmarks
2776:Education
2744:Transport
2561:USA Rugby
2482:Districts
2220:cite news
2155:April 10,
2129:April 10,
2103:April 14,
2084:Our Story
1787:1545-5130
1455:367988324
1447:0741-9414
1255:765819289
1160:0028-6583
909:in 2018.
536:Baltimore
534:south of
465:100003056
433:Architect
363:Bishop(s)
3015:Category
2945:Religion
2885:Timeline
2836:Tertiary
2613:stations
2490:Downtown
2454:City of
2342:June 18,
2314:June 18,
2287:June 18,
2210:June 17,
2181:June 24,
2068:June 21,
2038:June 21,
2032:CBC News
2012:June 18,
1984:June 18,
1978:NBC News
1956:June 18,
1925:June 18,
1899:June 18,
1868:June 18,
1842:June 18,
1811:June 18,
1743:June 18,
1738:ABC News
1648:(1992).
1628:(1997).
1596:July 10,
1528:June 18,
1451:ProQuest
1420:June 18,
1398:June 17,
1368:June 17,
1342:June 18,
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1298:June 18,
1265:June 22,
1227:June 18,
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1070:June 17,
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999:June 18,
968:June 18,
900:Building
896:Pastor.
521:Southern
423:Location
337:District
313:Capacity
166:Location
2877:History
2716:Squares
2701:WMMP-TV
2688:WTAT-TV
2675:WLCN-CD
2662:WITV-TV
2649:WCSC-TV
2624:WCBD-TV
2507:(parts)
2380:Portals
2371:at the
2244:nps.gov
2124:Reuters
1863:Reuters
1523:nps.gov
1186:Bernews
885:Indiana
879:in the
847:federal
756:of the
554:History
544:Georgia
540:Baptist
538:(black
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443:Part of
340:Seventh
298: (
231:Founded
216:History
204:Website
176:Country
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873:parole
854:murder
576:hearse
357:Clergy
346:Parish
323:spires
262:Active
225:Church
221:Status
2464:Mayor
2281:(PDF)
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280:Style
242:Rev.
2792:CCSD
2784:K–12
2637:WCIV
2531:ECHL
2344:2015
2316:2015
2289:2015
2256:2019
2226:link
2212:2015
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1986:2015
1958:2015
1927:2015
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1844:2015
1813:2015
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1745:2015
1674:2024
1598:2015
1555:2016
1530:2015
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1422:2015
1400:2015
1370:2015
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1300:2015
1267:2015
1251:OCLC
1229:2015
1167:2015
1156:ISSN
1097:ISBN
1072:2015
1041:OCLC
1031:ISBN
1001:2015
970:2015
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852:and
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316:2500
300:1891
296:1891
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