1395:
2470:
2764:
1608:
2194:) were used when there were characters that were phonetically close to a native Vietnamese word's pronunciation would be used as a chữ Nôm character. Most chữ Hán characters that were used for Vietnamese words were often used for their Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations rather than their meaning which could be completely different from the actual word being used. These characters were called chữ giả tá (phonetic loan characters), due to them being borrowed phonetically. This was one reason why it was preferred to create a chữ Nôm character rather than using a chữ Hán character causing confusion between pronunciations.
1055:
1379:
1363:
1668:
1070:
1628:
8266:
1439:
1221:
44:
1205:
2695:
2677:
309:
1462:; 1965). Students could begin learning Chinese characters in secondary school. The department dealing with Literary Chinese and Chinese characters was called Ban Hán-tự D. Students could either chose to learn a second language such as English and French or choose to learn Literary Chinese. Exams for Literary Chinese mainly tested students on their ability to translate Literary Chinese to Vietnamese. These exams typically took around 2 hours.
2659:
1689:
8290:
8278:
1019:) where it initially described a calligraphic style of writing Chinese characters. Over time, however, the term evolved and broadened in scope, eventually coming to refer to the Chinese script in general. This meaning came from the viewpoint that the script belonged to followers of Confucianism. This is further shown with Neo-Confucianism becoming the state ideology of the
268:
4236:
In the past, like
Japanese and Korean people, Vietnamese people adopted and used official and variant characters imported from China, but they also created their own variant characters. By analysing the Chinese character variants in the book titled The Complete Secrets for Buddhist Monks in Practice
1216:
Today, Chinese characters can still be seen adorned in temples and old buildings. Chữ Hán is now relegated to obscurity and cultural aspects of
Vietnam. During Vietnamese festivals, calligraphists will write some couplets written in Chinese characters wishing prosperity and longevity. Calligraphists
1264:
In my childhood, under the guidance of my elders and conforming to the customs, I first studied the "Three
Character Classic" and various histories of the Three Emperors. Afterward, I delved into the classics and their commentaries, honing my skills in calligraphy and writing, aiming to conform to
3083:
Discussing the history of translation in
Vietnam without mentioning the history of the Vietnamese written languages would be a mistake because the systems of written language in Vietnam passed through three stages: Chữ Hán (Chinese characters), Nôm (ideograms specific to Vietnam) and Chữ quốc ngữ
1696:
Owing to historical contact with
Chinese characters before the adoption of Chinese characters and how they were adapted into Vietnamese, multiple readings can exist for a single character. While most characters usually have one or two pronunciations, some characters can have up to as many as four
1132:. It was during this era, that the Red River Delta was under direct Chinese rule for about a millennium. Around this time, Chinese characters became widespread in northern Vietnam. Government documents, literature, and religious texts such as Buddhist sutras were all written in Literary Chinese (
1481:
In
Vietnam, many provinces and cities have names that come from Sino-Vietnamese words and were written using Chinese characters. This was done because historically the government administration needed to have a way to write down these names, as some native names did not have characters. Even
1736:
would be used. But typically, knowing what readings was not a large problem due to context and compound words. Most Sino-Vietnamese words are restricted to being in compound words. Readings for chữ Hán, often classified into Sino-Vietnamese readings and Non-Sino-Vietnamese readings.
2969:
Hán tự is an uncommon term for
Chinese characters. In late 19th-early 20th century and modern-day Vietnamese, chữ Hán, along with chữ Nho and chữ Tàu, have been the dominant terms for "Chinese characters". Hán tự started being used due to its perceived archaism and its
3614:
For most CNs, the choice of the phonetic component is based completely on the Sino-Vietnamese (SV) readings (Cách đọc Hán Việt 漢越音) of the
Chinese characters, so the creation of CNs must have occurred later than the formation of SV readings (Nguyễn,
2489:
Some chữ Hán characters were simplified into variants of characters that were easier to write, but they are not the same simplified characters used by current-day
Chinese. According to Trịnh Khắc Mạnh, when he analysed the early 13th century book,
1260:
Tôi hồi tuổi nhỏ nghe các bậc quân tử đời trước theo lệ thường dạy mà dạy bảo, trước hết đọc Tam tự kinh và các sử đời Tam Hoàng, tiếp theo thì đọc kinh truyện, tập lối chữ nghĩa cử nghiệp thời thượng, sao cho hợp trường quy để được làm quan mà
1394:
1741:
migrated to
Vietnam. Most of these readings were food related as Cantonese Chinese had introduced their food into Vietnam. Borrowings from Old Chinese are also referred to as Early Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations according to Mark Alves.
2494:(Thích thị Bảo đỉnh hành trì bí chỉ toàn chương). He found that the number of character variants is double the number of variants borrowed from China. This means that Vietnamese variant characters may differ from Chinese variants and
1776:
was used for formal government documents. Around this, the Japanese and Koreans also borrowed large amount of characters into their languages and derived consistent pronunciations, these pronunciations are collectively known as the
1217:
that are skilled in calligraphy are called ông đồ. This is especially reflected in the poem, Ông đồ, by Vũ Đình Liên. The poem talks about the ông đồ during Tết and how the art of Vietnamese calligraphy is no longer appreciated.
4340:
For example, the character Phật/Fó 佛 'Buddha' is written 𠏹 (亻+西+國 = person from western country) or 𫢋 (亻+ 天 = heavenly person), not 𠑵 (西域哲人 = wise person from western region) and 仸 (亻+ 夭 = ogreish person) as it is in Chinese
1156:
and used its teachings to implement laws in the country. The spread of Confucianism meant the spread of Chinese characters, thus the name for Chinese characters in Vietnamese is called chữ Nho (literally: 'Confucian characters;
2948:
3794:Ở phần phân tích chữ Nôm, còn có trường hợp âm đọc bắt nguồn từ âm Hán Việt cổ hoặc âm Hán Việt Việt hóa, nhưng hiện nay chưa có đẩy đủ cứ liệu, cho nên, chúng tôi tạm xếp các trường hợp đó vào kiểu chữ Nôm đọc chệch âm.
1313:
rhyme. These books gave students a foundation to start learning more difficult texts that involved longer sentences and more difficult grammatical structures in Literary Chinese. Students would study texts such as
1193:. During this time, the French language was used for the administration. The French officials favoured Vietnamese being written in the Vietnamese alphabet. Chinese characters were still being taught in classes (in
1188:
It was until in the 20th century that Chinese characters alongside chữ Nôm began to fall into disuse. The French Indo-Chinese administration sought to westernise and modernise Vietnam by abolishing the
1419:) that took place from 1906 to 1919, there were three grades of education. Students would start learning Chinese characters beginning from the age of 6. The first grade level was called ấu học (
1144:
from China and onward, Literary Chinese still remained as the official language for writing whether if it was government documents or literature. Every succeeding dynasty modeled their
1309:. If students read the Chinese characters only, the words will be in an alternating rhyme of three and four, but if it was read with the chữ Nôm glosses, it would be in the Vietnamese
628:
1257:
Dư đồng niên, tiên quân tử tùng tục mệnh chi, tiên độc “Tam tự kinh” cập Tam Hoàng chư sử, thứ tắc độc kinh truyện, tập thì cử nghiệp văn tự, cầu hợp trường quy, thủ thanh tử nhi dĩ.
1772:
to derive consistent pronunciations for Chinese characters. After Vietnam had regained independence, its rulers sought to build the country on the Chinese model, during this time,
560:
834:
3414:
1185:) being written with Chinese characters. With every new dynasty with the exception of two dynasties, Literary Chinese and thus Chinese characters remained in common usage.
8310:
4413:
552:
8340:
2469:
1354:), it has four character phrases that were divided into three sections, one on Chinese history, then Vietnamese history, and lastly on words of advice on education.
3737:
If ⿱亇針 is a case of dấu cá, all the non-Sino-Vietnamese readings, namely găm, kim (and probably ghim) are possible, with no implications on Old Chinese preinitials.
2010:) are pronunciations that were not consistently derived from Middle Chinese. Typically these readings came from Old Chinese, Cantonese, and other Chinese dialects.
7055:
1190:
1145:
915:
616:
571:
1454:
until 1975. During those times, the textbooks that were used were mainly derived from colonial textbooks. There were two main textbooks, Hán-văn tân khóa bản (
1198:
795:
4488:
1346:; 'precepts of Minh Đạo'). These books taught the basic sentences necessary to read Literary Chinese and taught core Confucian values and concepts such as
1323:
3320:"The Vietnamese education system during the Nguyen Dynasty (1802-1945) - The decline and importance of feudal education for class and national interests"
4383:
The second variant, "𫢋", occurs 15 times; for example, in the following sentence: "化為𫢋(佛)𬽪(佛)給付" ("Become Buddha, Buddha will entrust immediately" ).
1648:
Practically all surnames in Vietnamese are Sino-Vietnamese words; they were once written in Chinese characters. Such as common surnames include Nguyễn (
7087:
914:
and continued to be used until the early 20th century (111 BC – 1919 AD) where usage of Literary Chinese was abolished alongside the
827:
1692:
A comparison between Sino-Vietnamese (left) vocabulary with Mandarin and Cantonese pronunciations below and native Vietnamese vocabulary (right).
281:
3066:
8157:
4406:
3903:
3689:
3664:
3639:
3076:
1141:
4355:"Chinese character variants in Vietnam: A case study of characters in The Complete Secrets for Buddhist Monks in Practice of Precious Rites"
4208:"Chinese character variants in Vietnam: A case study of characters in The Complete Secrets for Buddhist Monks in Practice of Precious Rites"
1315:
8335:
579:
2763:
1178:
6163:
4475:
820:
4237:
of Precious Rites, we have realised that the number of variants created in Vietnam is double the number of variants adopted from China.
3148:
văn ngôn d. Ngôn ngữ sách vở, dựa trên tiếng Hán cổ, thông dụng ở Trung Quốc trước cuộc vận động Ngũ Tứ (1919); đối lập với bạch thoại.
3767:
3504:
Alves, Mark (2017). "Identifying Early Sino-Vietnamese Vocabulary via Linguistic, Historical, Archaeological, and Ethnological Data".
7925:
7881:
1372:) is a book that was used to teach children the history of Vietnam. (All of the sentences in the book are in four-character phrases.)
7911:
7020:
4190:
4162:
4137:
4112:
4087:
4062:
4037:
4012:
3488:
3208:
3183:
3160:
1729:
6257:
3371:
Vietnam and the Chinese Model: A Comparative Study of Vietnamese and Chinese Government in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century
1607:
1054:
8143:
6860:
4399:
3422:
2346:
708:
668:
471:
6583:
5844:
254:
236:
3562:
It is also known that Sino-Vietnamese readings were derived from the phonological system of Middle Chinese (MC) (Mineya 1972).
8150:
6716:
6355:
3319:
1073:
3443:
1737:
Non-Sino-Vietnamese readings are derived from Old Chinese and recent Chinese borrowings during the 17th–20th centuries when
1667:
1378:
1362:
1269:
Children around the age of 6–8 begin learning chữ Hán at schools. Students began by learning characters from books such as
8315:
6825:
6726:
6350:
5408:
3226:"The Construction of National Identity from the Perspective of the Change of Chinese Status in Vietnamese Language Policy"
2915:
2495:
1724:. The readings typically depend on the context and definition of the word. If talking about a store or goods, the reading
8330:
8136:
8115:
5403:
5178:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4470:
2433:) – Derivative cognates, characters that were derived from other characters with similar meaning, an example would that
2001:
1162:
478:
4789:
3098:"The Chinese script, Confucian script, and Nôm script: Some reflections on writing and politics in monarchical Vietnam"
1058:
8016:
7995:
6675:
6670:
6365:
6267:
4480:
2910:
1069:
893:
379:
117:
3864:
We then search for the stage where the Chữ Nôm reading and the SV reading of its phonetic component are the closest.
2987:) are the only two dynasties that used chữ Nôm officially unlike other dynasties that used Literary Chinese instead.
8256:
8083:
6680:
6247:
2942:
2925:
889:
808:
701:
495:
455:
417:
365:
308:
3989:
1627:
1442:
The cover page of Hán-văn Giáo-khoa thư, the textbook used in South Vietnam to teach Literary Chinese and chữ Hán.
1170:
6333:
6055:
5608:
5195:
4854:
4207:
2452:(Pháp, "France") is used for the name of France. Other European countries are also referred by a chữ giả tá like
1778:
1751:
1306:
483:
320:
1438:
1220:
7833:
7819:
7124:
5707:
5510:
3282:
285:
7438:
5623:
2600:
Some characters matching Simplified Chinese do exist, but these characters are rare in Vietnamese literature.
8325:
8122:
7150:
5763:
5643:
5126:
5030:
4507:
4465:
4422:
1594:
1401:
1294:
5212:
3345:
6840:
6277:
5779:
5769:
5702:
4645:
1204:
638:
623:
539:
250:
246:
232:
43:
2741:
8224:
8129:
7918:
7867:
7327:
7249:
7013:
6952:
6506:
6385:
6087:
5819:
5495:
4679:
4667:
4640:
4625:
611:
440:
402:
357:
2694:
1450:
in 1950 eliminated the use of chữ Hán and chữ Nôm. Chinese characters were still taught in schools in
1081:
7988:
7739:
7416:
6912:
6815:
6567:
6531:
5936:
5859:
5440:
5269:
5252:
4929:
4568:
1149:
5359:
5349:
4924:
4250:
3346:"Vietnamese phonology and Graphemic Borrowings from Chinese: The book of 3,000 characters Revisited"
1278:
6711:
6433:
5956:
5339:
5329:
4978:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4662:
2778:
1133:
1109:
1097:
925:
865:
859:
772:
767:
422:
210:
202:
121:
68:
4988:
4889:
3427:Đặc biệt đến năm 1950, khi có cải cách giáo dục thì chữ Hán ra rìa hoàn toàn (chúng tôi nhấn-VTK).
2880:
The way the marker is used is very similar to how Chinese and Japanese use their iteration marker
2676:
8320:
7974:
7951:
7585:
7474:
7464:
7356:
7299:
7285:
7242:
6947:
6830:
6665:
6557:
6516:
6470:
6465:
6360:
6342:
6010:
5941:
5906:
5854:
5687:
5667:
5660:
5655:
5413:
5344:
5066:
4444:
4374:
4354:
4331:
4311:
4292:
4227:
3728:
3260:
3154:
2920:
2736:
to indicate that the current chữ Hán character is to be repeated. This is used in words that use
2353:, Chinese: liùshū), meaning six types of Chinese characters. The characters are largely based on
1672:
885:
500:
374:
300:
206:
139:
7207:
3975:
3961:
3947:
3933:
3919:
3225:
8097:
8090:
8062:
7826:
7812:
7724:
7613:
7523:
7502:
7481:
7409:
7341:
7200:
7158:
7110:
6845:
6835:
6480:
6475:
6380:
6375:
6282:
6237:
6137:
6060:
6040:
6030:
6020:
6015:
5951:
5946:
5874:
5809:
5794:
5744:
5739:
5682:
5618:
5576:
5418:
5304:
5227:
4743:
4738:
4615:
4186:
4158:
4133:
4108:
4083:
4058:
4033:
4008:
3899:
3685:
3660:
3635:
3594:"Sino-Vietnamese initials reflected in the phonetic components of 15th-century Nôm characters"
3484:
3204:
3179:
3072:
2358:
1773:
432:
397:
392:
1490:) were written in Chinese characters. Often, villages only had one word names in Vietnamese.
8231:
8169:
8069:
8023:
8009:
7967:
7842:
7788:
7769:
7703:
7695:
7681:
7674:
7599:
7395:
7370:
7306:
7278:
7264:
7193:
7179:
7096:
7069:
7006:
6917:
6820:
6642:
6485:
6112:
6092:
6082:
6077:
5961:
5717:
5650:
5638:
5603:
5598:
5581:
5520:
5485:
5445:
5247:
5242:
5190:
5141:
5025:
4959:
4899:
4849:
4794:
4711:
4689:
4674:
4620:
4610:
4544:
4366:
4323:
4284:
4272:
4219:
3855:
3718:
3605:
3553:
3252:
3240:
1153:
6890:
1688:
1476:
1209:
734:
589:
8294:
8055:
7747:
7688:
7634:
7627:
7606:
7592:
7576:
7554:
7509:
7402:
7377:
7349:
7334:
7257:
7235:
7228:
7186:
7146:
7117:
6805:
6775:
6598:
6521:
6287:
6217:
6127:
6122:
6107:
6070:
6050:
5986:
5976:
5966:
5931:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5799:
5784:
5754:
5749:
5633:
5628:
5475:
5465:
5455:
5319:
5284:
5279:
5259:
5153:
5111:
5051:
4934:
4904:
4814:
4774:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4650:
4630:
4578:
4561:
4549:
2658:
1769:
1493:
Some Sino-Vietnamese names were translated from their original names, like Tam Điệp Quan (
1331:
907:
412:
330:
149:
6252:
5435:
3843:
3541:
1339:
1286:
6402:
3810:
3520:
2905:
1760:; literally "sound Sino-Vietnamese"), which are Vietnamese systematic pronunciations of
1310:
1166:
289:
275:
178:
62:
8282:
8192:
8076:
7960:
7940:
7849:
7717:
7648:
7547:
7495:
7488:
7320:
7313:
7292:
7271:
7172:
7165:
6927:
6855:
6850:
6701:
6685:
6660:
6603:
6593:
6588:
6428:
6302:
6262:
6232:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6142:
6117:
6065:
6005:
5971:
5921:
5869:
5834:
5789:
5759:
5712:
5672:
5571:
5525:
5480:
5398:
5334:
5289:
5274:
5237:
5217:
5185:
5173:
5121:
5116:
5106:
5096:
5091:
5008:
4993:
4983:
4949:
4939:
4884:
4869:
4834:
4684:
4588:
4536:
4426:
2767:
A stele dated from 1660, on it is a poem, Miễn tử tôn hành thiện thi (勉子孫行善詩). It uses
2733:
2354:
2026:
1761:
1553:
1305:), it was designed to allow students to make the transition from Vietnamese grammar to
1065:) is a 14th-century Vietnamese semi-fictional work written in chữ Hán by Trần Thế Pháp.
759:
521:
450:
427:
214:
154:
1270:
8304:
8199:
8048:
7981:
7904:
7874:
7732:
7710:
7641:
7537:
7516:
7363:
7221:
7139:
7132:
7103:
7062:
6977:
6967:
6962:
6937:
6932:
6865:
6749:
6443:
6102:
6045:
5697:
5470:
5354:
5309:
5264:
5232:
5081:
5018:
4998:
4971:
4944:
4874:
4859:
4844:
4799:
4556:
4378:
4335:
4296:
4231:
3732:
3401:"Giáo dục Hán văn bậc tiểu học tại Việt Nam thời xưa qua trường hợp sách Tam tự kinh"
3386:"Giáo dục Hán văn bậc tiểu học tại Việt Nam thời xưa qua trường hợp sách Tam tự kinh"
3302:"Giáo dục Hán văn bậc tiểu học tại Việt Nam thời xưa qua trường hợp sách Tam tự kinh"
3264:
2737:
1451:
1447:
1194:
1020:
218:
4169:
Hứa Thận định nghĩa "Lập nên một đầu loại, đồng ý cùng nhận, như chữ 考 khảo, 老 lão".
1408:). Shown is the original Chinese text above and below is the Vietnamese translation.
8270:
7655:
7620:
7561:
7048:
6810:
6706:
6619:
6511:
6412:
6222:
6035:
6000:
5981:
5916:
5911:
5804:
5692:
5566:
5490:
5430:
5299:
5294:
5205:
5200:
5136:
5076:
5056:
5013:
5003:
4954:
4839:
4819:
4809:
4657:
4635:
4593:
3005:
Native names do exist, but are rare. Some examples include Giỏi, Sen, Gái, Nễ, etc.
1765:
1347:
1197:) up to 1975, but failed to be a part of the new elementary curriculum complied by
1085:
979:
488:
5864:
2473:
This flag used by the Indochinese Communist Party, uses the simplified character,
1764:
characters. These readings were largely borrowed into Vietnamese during the late
8238:
8002:
7933:
7214:
6905:
6765:
6526:
6370:
6227:
6132:
5901:
5829:
5814:
5722:
5515:
5425:
5324:
5314:
5168:
5131:
5086:
5071:
5046:
4966:
4894:
4879:
4583:
2022:
1129:
959:
911:
876:
644:
387:
144:
81:
8289:
6895:
6870:
6438:
5881:
5371:
5366:
5222:
5163:
4804:
3723:
3706:
3120:
1738:
687:
512:
505:
4370:
4327:
4288:
4223:
3609:
3256:
3121:"Confucianism in Vietnam: A Hauntology-based Analysis of Political Discourse"
8206:
8185:
8178:
6972:
6957:
6794:
6541:
6490:
6457:
6292:
6183:
5732:
5460:
5376:
5101:
1301:). The primers were often glossed with chữ Nôm. As such with Nhất thiên tự (
1224:
A Vietnamese calligraphist practicing calligraphy written in chữ Hán during
660:
222:
6900:
4391:
3593:
3097:
2422:(vũ , "military"; "martial") which is made up of 戈 (qua, "dagger-axe") and
3461:
6942:
6922:
6885:
6880:
6760:
6721:
6562:
6321:
6206:
6097:
5839:
5727:
5677:
5548:
5061:
4864:
4824:
4605:
4598:
4449:
3844:"A Reconstruction of Ancient Vietnamese Initials Using Chữ Nôm Materials"
3542:"A Reconstruction of Ancient Vietnamese Initials Using Chữ Nôm Materials"
3528:
Về các âm Hán Việt, tức cách đọc bắt nguồn từ chữ Hán vào cuối đời Đường.
3327:
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation
1675:, can still be seen adorned with Chinese characters. The characters read
787:
782:
748:
741:
445:
242:
198:
3818:
Giả tá : mượn âm của một chữ Hán đọc trại đi thành âm Nôm. Thí dụ:
1435:) at this time referred to students studying in the national academies.
1415:
During the period of reformed imperial examinations (khoa cử cải lương;
1225:
7029:
6536:
6407:
6297:
6272:
6158:
5995:
5849:
5824:
5593:
5500:
5148:
4762:
4573:
3014:
This is not including Nôm readings such as hàng, hành, hăng, and ngành.
2752:(du) is repeated twice in the third line of the poem. It is written as
1105:
3859:
3557:
17:
8030:
5774:
5586:
5505:
5450:
5158:
4829:
1573:
1093:
677:
3896:
The Chinese Writing System in Asia: An Interdisciplinary Perspective
3400:
3385:
3301:
2145:
1697:
pronunciations and more. An example of this would be the character
1404:, this version specifically is called Tam tự kinh lục bát diễn âm (
1104:), parts of modern-day Northern Vietnam were incorporated into the
1088:, a leading Chinese nationalist revolutionary scholar then in Japan
6397:
6392:
6242:
6025:
5926:
5613:
4524:
4312:"Research of square scripts in Vietnam: An overview and prospects"
4273:"Research of square scripts in Vietnam: An overview and prospects"
3755:
Ví như chữ 畫 âm Hán Việt là "hoạ", âm Việt hoá phi Hán Việt là vẽ,
3241:"Research of square scripts in Vietnam: An overview and prospects"
2936:
2930:
2762:
2468:
1687:
1666:
1634:
1614:
1525:
1437:
1219:
1203:
1068:
1053:
340:
335:
194:
190:
3707:"Chinese loans in Old Vietnamese with a sesquisyllabic phonology"
3373:(1st ed.). Harvard University Asia Center. pp. 192–193.
1756:
Sino-Vietnamese readings are usually referred to as âm Hán Việt (
1161:). Scholars were focused on reading Chinese classics such as the
6875:
6770:
3444:"Chương trình giáo dục và sách giáo khoa thời Việt Nam Cộng Hòa"
727:
7002:
6792:
6747:
6640:
6319:
6204:
5546:
4760:
4522:
4505:
4395:
1000:
was first mentioned in Phạm Đình Hổ's essay, Vũ trung tùy bút (
4185:(in Vietnamese) (10th ed.). NXB Đà Nẵng. pp. 21–22.
4082:(in Vietnamese) (10th ed.). NXB Đà Nẵng. pp. 18–19.
4032:(in Vietnamese) (10th ed.). NXB Đà Nẵng. pp. 32–58.
4007:(in Vietnamese) (10th ed.). NXB Đà Nẵng. pp. 18–24.
3201:
Sinography: The Borrowing and Adaptation of the Chinese Script
3176:
Sinography: The Borrowing and Adaptation of the Chinese Script
2782:"Endlessly distant is that azure sky; who created its cause"
1388:), used to teach children chữ Hán and its equivalent chữ Nôm.
3065:
Evans, Jonathan; Fernandez, Fruela, eds. (April 26, 2018).
2787:
4157:(in Vietnamese) (10th ed.). NXB Đà Nẵng. p. 21.
4132:(in Vietnamese) (10th ed.). NXB Đà Nẵng. p. 20.
4107:(in Vietnamese) (10th ed.). NXB Đà Nẵng. p. 22.
4057:(in Vietnamese) (10th ed.). NXB Đà Nẵng. p. 19.
3084:(modern Vietnamese, written using adapted Latinate script.
2403:(đồng, "copper"; "currency") which is made up of semantic
1208:
A Vietnamese edict (1765) written in chữ Hán. It uses the
3146:(in Vietnamese). Đà Nẵng Publishing House. p. 1101.
3125:
Journal of Daesoon Thought and the Religions of East Asia
4251:"Request to dis-unify U+722B", in UTC Document Register"
3096:
Nguyễn, Tuấn Cường; Bùi, Anh Chưởng (October 11, 2020).
2477:(top right), instead of the traditional character đảng (
936:
The main Vietnamese term used for Chinese characters is
1330:; 'elementary learning of the five-character verses'),
1080:), is a Vietnamese book written in chữ Hán, written by
3481:
The Ethnic Chinese and Economic Development in Vietnam
2638:
phật (⿰亻天) which is a common variant of the character
2202:
Chinese character and Standard Chinese pronunciations
1249:
8254:
1265:
the rules of society and attain a respectable status.
2996:
Based on the book, Hán-văn tân giáo-khoa thư (1929).
241:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
8216:
8167:
8107:
8040:
7950:
7896:
7859:
7799:
7780:
7761:
7666:
7572:
7533:
7460:
7387:
7086:
7079:
7040:
6694:
6653:
6612:
6576:
6550:
6499:
6456:
6421:
6341:
6332:
6151:
5559:
5391:
5039:
4782:
4773:
4458:
4437:
184:
172:
132:
127:
113:
105:
88:
76:
32:
4249:Chan, Eiso; Lee, Collins; Ngô, Thanh Nhàn (2020).
3792:(in Vietnamese). NXB Khoa học Xã Hội. p. 64.
3068:The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Politics
2642:meaning 'Buddha'. It is composed of the radicals,
906:). They were officially used in Vietnam after the
2399:) – Phono-semantic compound, an example would be
2347:traditional classification for Chinese characters
1497:) being the Sino-Vietnamese name for Đèo Ba Dội.
3040:The Nôm reading of the character is là 'to be'.
2866:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2817:
1427:) (ages under 27), and then finally, trung học (
1251:余童年，先君子從俗命之，先讀《三字經》及三皇諸史，次則讀經傳，習時舉業文字，求合場規，取青紫而已
1119:
1113:
1037:
1027:
995:
983:
969:
963:
953:
947:
937:
919:
897:
848:
255:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
60:
54:
48:
3283:"Đến với bài thơ hay "Ông đồ" của Vũ Đình Liên"
2650:thiên, all together to mean 'heavenly person'.
2510:in Chinese, but it is different in Vietnamese,
2006:Non-Sino-Vietnamese readings (âm phi Hán Việt;
1247:
1165:. While literature in Vietnamese (written with
96:3rd century BC – 20th century AD
2002:Non-Sinoxenic pronunciations § Vietnamese
7014:
4407:
2418:) – Compound ideographs, an example would be
2328:to ridicule; to deride; to scorn; to jeer at
828:
27:Chinese characters used in Vietnamese writing
8:
3753:(in Vietnamese). NXB Giáo Dục. p. 197.
2634:Another prominent example is the character,
2481:). The photo says Đảng Cộng sản Đông Dương (
2014:Examples of multiple-borrowed Chinese words
1338:; 'precious lessons of enlightenment'), and
992:) which was borrowed directly from Chinese.
3811:"Thử tìm hiểu luật biến âm qua hai bản Nôm"
3682:Colonialism and language policy in Viet Nam
3521:"Thử tìm hiểu luật biến âm qua hai bản Nôm"
2933:– Japanese equivalent of Chinese characters
2133:kính 'glass for windows, etc.; eyeglasses'
1084:while he was in Japan. It was published by
1004:
864:
7384:
7083:
7021:
7007:
6999:
6789:
6744:
6650:
6637:
6338:
6329:
6316:
6201:
5556:
5543:
4779:
4770:
4757:
4519:
4515:
4502:
4434:
4414:
4400:
4392:
2952:- Literary Chinese - Vietnamese dictionary
835:
821:
296:
42:
3722:
2939:– Korean equivalent of Chinese characters
2888:as an iteration marker, so, for example,
1384:The first page of Tam thiên tự toản yếu (
109:Top-to-bottom, columns from right to left
8311:Writing systems using Chinese characters
3483:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
3448:Hội Ái Hữu Petrus Trương Vĩnh Ký Úc Châu
3044:is a very common character in Nôm texts.
2774:
2196:
2012:
1783:
1499:
1237:In the preface of Khải đồng thuyết ước (
8341:Writing systems without word boundaries
8261:
3057:
2962:
2537:Another example would be the character
2448:) – Phonetic loan, an example would be
1293:; 'five thousand characters'), and the
1169:) was the minority. Literature such as
299:
286:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
3152:
3119:Trịnh, Ngọc Linh (30 September 2023).
1322:; 'inquiring in elementary studies'),
924:to be no longer used in favour of the
29:
8158:American Printing House for the Blind
7934:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
7586:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
4310:Nguyễn, Tuấn Cường (7 October 2019).
4271:Nguyễn, Tuấn Cường (7 October 2019).
3804:
3802:
3625:
3623:
3437:
3435:
3364:
3362:
3313:
3311:
3276:
3274:
3239:Nguyễn, Tuấn Cường (7 October 2019).
2949:Tự Đức thánh chế tự học giải nghĩa ca
1785:Examples of Sino-Vietnamese readings
858:
7:
4353:Trịnh, Khắc Mạnh (11 October 2020).
4206:Trịnh, Khắc Mạnh (11 October 2020).
2576:in Chinese, but was simplified from
1768:(618-907). Vietnamese scholars used
1728:would be used, but if talking about
1026:Classical Chinese is referred to as
580:Standard Form of National Characters
245:. For the distinction between ,
3976:"彌勒真經演音 • Di Lặc chân kinh diễn âm"
3962:"集案翁潘佩珠 • Tập án ông Phan Bội Châu"
3948:"彌勒真經演音 • Di Lặc chân kinh diễn âm"
3934:"彌勒真經演音 • Di Lặc chân kinh diễn âm"
3920:"彌勒真經演音 • Di Lặc chân kinh diễn âm"
3369:Woodside, Alexander Barton (1971).
3281:Nguyễn, Thị Ngà (28 January 2022).
2545:in Chinese and was simplified from
2384:) – Pictogram, an example would be
2345:Chữ Hán can be classified into the
1458:; 1973) and Hán-văn giáo-khoa thư (
1241:; 1853) written by Phạm Phục Trai (
4359:Journal of Chinese Writing Systems
4316:Journal of Chinese Writing Systems
4277:Journal of Chinese Writing Systems
4212:Journal of Chinese Writing Systems
3598:Journal of Chinese Writing Systems
3592:Shimizu, Masaaki (4 August 2020).
3245:Journal of Chinese Writing Systems
3102:Journal of Chinese Writing Systems
2369:) – Ideogram, an example would be
1423:) (ages 6–12), next was tiểu học (
1199:Ministry of Education and Training
25:
3318:Phạm, Văn Thịnh (February 2024).
2603:There are other variants such as
910:region was incorporated into the
8288:
8276:
8264:
3711:Journal of Language Relationship
3442:Trần, Văn Chánh (24 July 2019).
2693:
2675:
2657:
2288:shattered; fragmented; shredded
1626:
1606:
1393:
1377:
1361:
1285:; 'three thousand characters'),
1014:Essays in the Middle of the Rain
669:Literary and colloquial readings
307:
266:
3506:Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics
3462:"Tra từ: c=行 – Từ điển Hán Nôm"
3421:. 11 April 2009. Archived from
3023:Also known as chữ hài thanh (𡨸
2892:(hitobito) would be written as
2485:; Indochinese Communist Party).
2205:Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations
1633:The native Vietnamese name for
1509:Sino-Vietnamese name (tên Chữ)
237:International Phonetic Alphabet
4487:Languages by writing system /
3880:. Viện Việt học. pp. XV.
3634:. Cambridge University Press.
3578:. Viện Việt học. pp. XV.
2768:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2729:
2725:
2705:
2701:
2686:
2682:
2668:
2664:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2624:
2620:
2608:
2604:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2558:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2527:
2519:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2491:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2350:
2319:
2299:
2279:
2259:
2239:
2219:
2191:
2170:
2156:
2138:
2124:
2110:
2087:
2064:
2041:
2007:
1971:
1948:
1925:
1902:
1879:
1856:
1833:
1810:
1757:
1704:which could have the readings
1698:
1676:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1638:
1618:
1588:
1580:
1568:
1560:
1548:
1540:
1530:
1520:
1494:
1487:
1483:
1482:well-known places like Hanoi (
1459:
1455:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1405:
1385:
1369:
1351:
1343:
1335:
1327:
1319:
1302:
1298:
1290:
1282:
1277:; 'one thousand characters'),
1274:
1242:
1238:
1182:
1174:
1158:
1137:
1125:
1101:
1077:
1074:History of the Loss of Vietnam
1062:
1043:
1033:
1001:
989:
975:
943:
903:
855:
572:Nan Min Recommended Characters
1:
7926:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
7882:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
3353:The Mon-Khmer Studies Journal
3159:: CS1 maint: date and year (
2916:History of writing in Vietnam
2541:một which is simplified into
2437:(lão, "old") is a cognate of
2254:to give, to let, to put; for
2228:some; a few; a little; a bit
1613:The Sino-Vietnamese name for
1152:. Scholars drew lessons from
8137:National Braille Association
8116:Braille Institute of America
7834:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
3816:(in Vietnamese). p. 4.
3751:Khái luận văn tự học chữ Nôm
3526:(in Vietnamese). p. 3.
2518:𪜀). Other variants include
1996:Non-Sino-Vietnamese readings
1431:) (ages under 30). Đại học (
1191:Confucian court examinations
1163:Four Books and Five Classics
916:Confucian court examinations
230: This article contains
8336:Logographic writing systems
8017:Refreshable braille display
7996:Optical braille recognition
7593:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
7125:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
6268:New Epoch Notation Painting
3749:Nguyễn, Quang Hồng (2008).
3399:Nguyễn, Tuấn Cường (2015).
3384:Nguyễn, Tuấn Cường (2015).
3300:Nguyễn, Tuấn Cường (2015).
2983:) and the Tây Sơn dynasty (
2911:Literary Chinese in Vietnam
2740:. For example, in the poem
2407:(kim, "metal) and phonetic
1637:written in chữ Nôm, Kẻ Chợ
1617:written in chữ Hán, Hà Nội
564:(Hong Kong, 2007)
8357:
8084:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
3894:Li, Yu (4 November 2019).
3705:Xun, Gong (4 March 2020).
3612:– via SageJournals.
3415:"Ai "bức tử" chữ Hán-Nôm?"
3071:. Routledge. p. 511.
2943:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary
2926:East Asian cultural sphere
2349:, this is called lục thư (
1999:
1749:
1515:Vietnamese name (tên Nôm)
1474:
1250:
890:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary
809:Transliteration of Chinese
366:Neolithic symbols in China
7820:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
6998:
6801:
6788:
6756:
6743:
6649:
6636:
6334:Chinese family of scripts
6328:
6315:
6213:
6200:
5555:
5542:
5404:Boyd's syllabic shorthand
4769:
4756:
4531:
4518:
4514:
4501:
4489:by first written accounts
4433:
3878:Tự điển chữ Nôm trích dẫn
3876:Nguyễn, Hữu Vinh (2009).
3842:Shimizu, Masaaki (2015).
3827:
3823:
3819:
3724:10.31826/jlr-2019-171-209
3576:Tự điển chữ Nôm trích dẫn
3574:Nguyễn, Hữu Vinh (2009).
3540:Shimizu, Masaaki (2015).
3041:
3028:
3024:
2984:
2980:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2709:
2628:
2616:
2612:
2589:
2562:
2554:
2531:
2523:
2515:
2426:(chỉ, “foot”; "to walk").
1770:Chinese rime dictionaries
1752:Sino-Xenic pronunciations
1307:Classical Chinese grammar
1120:
1114:
920:
898:
849:
321:Chinese family of scripts
228:
61:
55:
49:
41:
7807:Chinese semi-syllabaries
7070:Unicode braille patterns
7056:International uniformity
5511:Thomas Natural Shorthand
4371:10.1177/2513850220937817
4328:10.1177/2513850219861167
4289:10.1177/2513850219861167
4224:10.1177/2513850220937817
3680:DeFrancis, John (1977).
3610:10.1177/2513850220936774
3257:10.1177/2513850219861167
2572:lạm was simplified into
2208:Sino-Vietnamese meaning
1746:Sino-Vietnamese readings
1679:(Vietnamese: Ước Lễ Môn)
1446:The education reform by
952:meaning 'character' and
888:that were used to write
561:Commonly-Used Characters
553:Commonly Used Characters
8144:Blindness organizations
8123:Braille Without Borders
7912:Canadian currency marks
7534:Egyptian lineage family
6717:Southwest Paleohispanic
3809:Trần, Uyên Thi (2005).
3657:Loanwords in Vietnamese
3519:Trần, Uyên Thi (2005).
2700:In Vietnamese writing,
2308:net for catching birds
2268:to divide; to separate
2179:hạ '(literary) summer'
1684:Readings for characters
1402:Three Character Classic
1295:Three Character Classic
958:'Han (referring to the
860:[t͡ɕɨ˦ˀ˥haːn˧˦]
534:Collation and standards
233:phonetic transcriptions
7461:Russian lineage family
6861:Great Lakes Algonquian
5770:Greco-Iberian alphabet
5703:Gabelsberger shorthand
4646:Inscriptional Parthian
3990:"TRUYỆN KIỀU BẢN 1870"
3848:NINJAL Research Papers
3630:Norman, Jerry (1988).
3546:NINJAL Research Papers
3425:on 14 September 2016.
3203:. BRILL. p. 126.
3178:. BRILL. p. 125.
2772:
2506:la is simplified into
2486:
2373:(thượng, “above”) and
2190:Nôm readings (âm Nôm;
2033:Early Sino-Vietnamese
1693:
1680:
1443:
1368:Thiên Nam tứ tự kinh (
1267:
1245:), it has the passage,
1229:
1213:
1201:after the Vietnam War.
1092:After the conquest of
1089:
1066:
1038:
1028:
996:
984:
970:
964:
962:)'. Other synonyms of
954:
948:
938:
796:Slavonic transcription
639:Japanese script reform
624:Traditional characters
274:This article contains
8225:Accessible publishing
8151:Schools for the blind
8130:Japan Braille Library
7919:Computer Braille Code
7573:Indian lineage family
6953:Old Persian cuneiform
5820:Carolingian minuscule
4626:Ancient North Arabian
4181:Nguyễn, Khuê (2020).
4153:Nguyễn, Khuê (2020).
4128:Nguyễn, Khuê (2020).
4103:Nguyễn, Khuê (2020).
4078:Nguyễn, Khuê (2020).
4053:Nguyễn, Khuê (2020).
4028:Nguyễn, Khuê (2020).
4003:Nguyễn, Khuê (2020).
3788:Lê, Văn Quán (1989).
3659:. De Gruyter Mouton.
2771:as an iteration mark.
2766:
2596:(⿴𰀪⺀) in Vietnamese.
2496:simplified characters
2472:
2456:(Đức, "Germany") and
2165:xa 'rare form of xe'
2162:xe 'wheeled vehicle'
1691:
1670:
1441:
1350:. In Sơ học vấn tân (
1223:
1207:
1100:: Nam Việt; chữ Hán:
1072:
1057:
612:Simplified characters
8316:Culture of East Asia
7989:Mountbatten Brailler
7344:(largely reassigned)
7127:(largely reassigned)
6676:Southeastern Iberian
6671:Northeastern Iberian
4569:Egyptian hieroglyphs
3655:Alves, Mark (2009).
3479:Trần, Khánh (1993).
3199:Handel, Zev (2019).
3174:Handel, Zev (2019).
2732:is often used as an
2248:cinnabar; vermilion
1671:The village gate of
1136:: Hán văn; chữ Hán:
8331:Vietnamese language
7941:Nemeth braille code
7727:(reassigned vowels)
7252:(extended to 8-dot)
6826:Canadian Aboriginal
6712:Khitan small script
6434:Khitan large script
5624:Coorgi–Cox alphabet
3992:. 1870. p. 11.
3768:"Chữ Nôm Structure"
3228:. pp. 175–176.
3142:Hoàng, Phê (2003).
2779:Vietnamese alphabet
2742:Chinh phụ ngâm khúc
2557:𠬠), then finally,
2341:Types of characters
2211:Nôm pronunciations
2198:
2159:*kʰlja > t͡ɕʰia
2015:
1790:Chinese characters
1786:
1506:Chinese characters
1502:
1324:Ấu học ngũ ngôn thi
1059:Lĩnh Nam chích quái
926:Vietnamese alphabet
583:(Taiwan, 1982)
575:(Taiwan, 2009)
203:traditional Chinese
99:Limited present use
69:Vietnamese alphabet
7975:Braille translator
7952:Braille technology
7928:(science; GS8/GS6)
7897:Symbols in braille
7827:Taiwanese Mandarin
7342:Taiwanese Mandarin
6948:Nwagu Aneke script
6500:Other logosyllabic
6422:Chinese-influenced
6361:Oracle bone script
6343:Chinese characters
6278:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
5668:Eclectic shorthand
5656:Duployan shorthand
5609:Caucasian Albanian
5409:Canadian syllabics
4445:History of writing
3978:. 1944. p. 7.
3964:. 1920. p. 4.
3950:. 1944. p. 5.
3936:. 1944. p. 6.
3922:. 1944. p. 8.
3344:Nguyễn, Đình Hòa.
3224:Li, Hanke (2022).
3144:Từ điển tiếng Việt
2921:Chinese characters
2773:
2623:nghĩa (variant of
2487:
2441:(khảo, "elderly").
2388:(nhật, "sun") and
2197:
2127:*kraŋs > kˠiæŋ
2013:
1784:
1694:
1681:
1500:
1444:
1230:
1214:
1090:
1067:
892:in Vietnamese and
886:Chinese characters
595:(Japan, 2010)
301:Chinese characters
207:simplified Chinese
140:Oracle bone script
8252:
8251:
8248:
8247:
8170:tactile alphabets
8098:William Bell Wait
8091:Sabriye Tenberken
7892:
7891:
7757:
7756:
7742:(Japanese vowels)
7540:-mediated scripts
7467:-mediated scripts
6994:
6993:
6990:
6989:
6986:
6985:
6846:Ditema tsa Dinoko
6784:
6783:
6739:
6738:
6735:
6734:
6632:
6631:
6628:
6627:
6452:
6451:
6311:
6310:
6196:
6195:
6192:
6191:
5538:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5387:
5386:
4752:
4751:
4739:Teeline Shorthand
4497:
4496:
3905:978-1-00-069906-7
3860:10.15084/00000465
3774:(in Vietnamese).
3691:978-90-279-7643-7
3666:978-3-11-021843-5
3641:978-0-521-29653-3
3558:10.15084/00000465
3078:978-1-138-65756-4
2878:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2748:), the character
2359:Kangxi Dictionary
2338:
2337:
2183:
2182:
1993:
1992:
1796:Standard Chinese
1600:
1599:
1340:Minh Đạo gia huấn
1332:Minh tâm bảo giám
1179:Truyền kỳ mạn lục
982:characters') and
946:). It is made of
845:
844:
709:Zetian characters
541:Kangxi Dictionary
282:rendering support
262:
261:
16:(Redirected from
8348:
8293:
8292:
8281:
8280:
8279:
8269:
8268:
8267:
8260:
8241:
8234:
8232:Braille literacy
8227:
8209:
8202:
8195:
8188:
8181:
8160:
8153:
8146:
8139:
8132:
8125:
8118:
8100:
8093:
8086:
8079:
8072:
8065:
8058:
8051:
8033:
8026:
8024:Slate and stylus
8019:
8012:
8010:Perkins Brailler
8005:
7998:
7991:
7984:
7977:
7970:
7968:Braille embosser
7963:
7943:
7936:
7929:
7921:
7914:
7907:
7885:
7877:
7870:
7852:
7845:
7836:
7829:
7822:
7815:
7808:
7792:
7789:American Braille
7773:
7770:Algerian Braille
7750:
7743:
7735:
7728:
7720:
7713:
7706:
7699:
7691:
7684:
7677:
7659:
7651:
7644:
7637:
7630:
7623:
7616:
7609:
7602:
7595:
7588:
7565:
7557:
7550:
7526:
7519:
7512:
7505:
7498:
7491:
7484:
7477:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7412:
7405:
7398:
7385:
7380:
7373:
7366:
7359:
7352:
7345:
7337:
7330:
7323:
7316:
7309:
7302:
7295:
7288:
7281:
7274:
7267:
7260:
7253:
7245:
7238:
7231:
7224:
7217:
7210:
7203:
7196:
7189:
7182:
7175:
7168:
7161:
7154:
7142:
7135:
7128:
7120:
7113:
7106:
7099:
7084:
7072:
7065:
7058:
7051:
7034:
7023:
7016:
7009:
7000:
6790:
6745:
6651:
6643:Semi-syllabaries
6638:
6339:
6330:
6317:
6202:
5557:
5544:
5446:Japanese Braille
5031:Zanabazar square
4900:Nepalese scripts
4790:Bengali–Assamese
4780:
4771:
4758:
4675:Pitman shorthand
4520:
4516:
4503:
4435:
4416:
4409:
4402:
4393:
4386:
4385:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4255:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3826:đình > dừng,
3825:
3821:
3815:
3806:
3797:
3796:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3726:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3627:
3618:
3617:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3439:
3430:
3429:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3366:
3357:
3356:
3350:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3324:
3315:
3306:
3305:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3289:(in Vietnamese).
3278:
3269:
3268:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3158:
3150:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3062:
3045:
3043:
3038:
3032:
3030:
3027:); tượng thanh (
3026:
3021:
3015:
3012:
3006:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2979:The Hồ dynasty (
2977:
2971:
2967:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2884:. Japanese uses
2883:
2870:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2788:
2775:
2770:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2731:
2727:
2711:
2707:
2704:is written with
2703:
2697:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2607:học (variant of
2606:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2493:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2429:Chữ chuyển chú (
2425:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2395:Chữ hình thanh (
2391:
2387:
2383:
2380:Chữ tượng hình (
2376:
2372:
2368:
2352:
2321:
2301:
2281:
2261:
2241:
2221:
2199:
2193:
2173:*ɡraːʔ > ɦˠa
2172:
2158:
2140:
2126:
2113:*kams > kɨɐm
2112:
2089:
2066:
2059:'flavor, taste'
2043:
2036:Sino-Vietnamese
2016:
2009:
1973:
1950:
1927:
1904:
1881:
1858:
1835:
1812:
1793:Sino-Vietnamese
1787:
1781:pronunciations.
1774:Literary Chinese
1759:
1700:
1678:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1640:
1630:
1620:
1610:
1590:
1582:
1570:
1562:
1550:
1542:
1532:
1522:
1503:
1496:
1489:
1485:
1461:
1457:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1407:
1397:
1387:
1381:
1371:
1365:
1353:
1345:
1337:
1329:
1321:
1304:
1300:
1292:
1284:
1276:
1253:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1184:
1176:
1160:
1154:Neo-Confucianism
1139:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1106:Jiāozhǐ province
1103:
1079:
1064:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1031:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
999:
991:
987:
977:
973:
967:
957:
951:
945:
941:
923:
922:
905:
901:
900:
894:Literary Chinese
883:
880:
874:
871:
868:
862:
857:
852:
851:
837:
830:
823:
556:(PRC, 2013)
522:Digital encoding
441:Modern typefaces
324:
311:
297:
288: instead of
270:
269:
258:
252:
248:
118:Literary Chinese
66:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
30:
21:
8356:
8355:
8351:
8350:
8349:
8347:
8346:
8345:
8301:
8300:
8299:
8287:
8277:
8275:
8265:
8263:
8255:
8253:
8244:
8237:
8230:
8223:
8212:
8205:
8198:
8191:
8184:
8177:
8163:
8156:
8149:
8142:
8135:
8128:
8121:
8114:
8103:
8096:
8089:
8082:
8075:
8068:
8061:
8056:Charles Barbier
8054:
8047:
8036:
8029:
8022:
8015:
8008:
8001:
7994:
7987:
7980:
7973:
7966:
7959:
7946:
7939:
7932:
7924:
7917:
7910:
7903:
7888:
7880:
7873:
7866:
7855:
7848:
7841:
7832:
7825:
7818:
7811:
7806:
7795:
7787:
7781:Frequency-based
7776:
7768:
7753:
7746:
7738:
7731:
7723:
7716:
7709:
7702:
7694:
7687:
7680:
7673:
7662:
7654:
7647:
7640:
7633:
7626:
7619:
7612:
7605:
7598:
7591:
7584:
7577:Bharati Braille
7574:
7568:
7560:
7553:
7546:
7535:
7529:
7522:
7515:
7508:
7501:
7494:
7487:
7480:
7473:
7462:
7456:
7449:
7444:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7415:
7408:
7401:
7394:
7383:
7376:
7369:
7362:
7355:
7348:
7340:
7333:
7326:
7319:
7312:
7305:
7298:
7291:
7284:
7277:
7270:
7263:
7256:
7248:
7241:
7234:
7227:
7220:
7213:
7206:
7199:
7192:
7185:
7178:
7171:
7164:
7157:
7151:Unified English
7145:
7138:
7131:
7123:
7116:
7109:
7102:
7095:
7080:Braille scripts
7075:
7068:
7061:
7054:
7047:
7036:
7032:
7027:
6982:
6797:
6780:
6776:Stokoe notation
6752:
6731:
6690:
6645:
6624:
6608:
6572:
6551:Logoconsonantal
6546:
6495:
6448:
6417:
6324:
6307:
6288:Siglas poveiras
6209:
6188:
6147:
6051:Younger Futhark
5755:Gregg shorthand
5551:
5530:
5383:
5035:
4765:
4748:
4527:
4510:
4493:
4466:Writing systems
4454:
4429:
4427:writing systems
4420:
4390:
4389:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4270:
4269:
4265:
4253:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4193:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4165:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4140:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4115:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4090:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4065:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4040:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4015:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3906:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3830:lãng > rạng.
3813:
3808:
3807:
3800:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3776:âm phi Hán Việt
3766:
3765:
3761:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3692:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3667:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3642:
3629:
3628:
3621:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3523:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3491:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3466:Từ điển Hán Nôm
3460:
3459:
3455:
3441:
3440:
3433:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3368:
3367:
3360:
3348:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3322:
3317:
3316:
3309:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3280:
3279:
3272:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3151:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3079:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3039:
3035:
3022:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2902:
2781:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2698:
2690:
2689:
2685:, a variant of
2680:
2672:
2671:
2667:, a variant of
2662:
2498:, for example:
2467:
2343:
2188:
2141:*rlaː > ɖˠa
2130:gương 'mirror'
2004:
1998:
1754:
1748:
1686:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1631:
1623:
1622:
1611:
1479:
1473:
1468:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1398:
1390:
1389:
1382:
1374:
1373:
1366:
1235:
1171:Nam quốc sơn hà
1052:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
934:
908:Red River Delta
881:
875:
872:
869:
841:
801:
800:
792:
779:
756:
722:
721:Derived systems
714:
713:
704:
694:
693:
683:
673:
664:
653:
652:
635:
607:
599:
598:
586:
567:
548:
535:
527:
526:
474:
470:Properties and
463:
462:
437:
409:
384:
371:
360:
331:Written Chinese
327:
318:
295:
294:
293:
280:Without proper
271:
267:
229:
187:
175:
168:
150:Clerical script
135:
128:Related scripts
91:
84:
72:
37:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8354:
8352:
8344:
8343:
8338:
8333:
8328:
8326:Southeast Asia
8323:
8318:
8313:
8303:
8302:
8298:
8297:
8285:
8273:
8250:
8249:
8246:
8245:
8243:
8242:
8235:
8228:
8220:
8218:
8217:Related topics
8214:
8213:
8211:
8210:
8203:
8196:
8193:New York Point
8189:
8182:
8174:
8172:
8165:
8164:
8162:
8161:
8154:
8147:
8140:
8133:
8126:
8119:
8111:
8109:
8105:
8104:
8102:
8101:
8094:
8087:
8080:
8077:Harris Mowbray
8073:
8066:
8059:
8052:
8044:
8042:
8038:
8037:
8035:
8034:
8027:
8020:
8013:
8006:
7999:
7992:
7985:
7978:
7971:
7964:
7961:Braille e-book
7956:
7954:
7948:
7947:
7945:
7944:
7937:
7930:
7922:
7915:
7908:
7900:
7898:
7894:
7893:
7890:
7889:
7887:
7886:
7878:
7871:
7863:
7861:
7857:
7856:
7854:
7853:
7846:
7839:
7838:
7837:
7830:
7823:
7816:
7803:
7801:
7797:
7796:
7794:
7793:
7784:
7782:
7778:
7777:
7775:
7774:
7765:
7763:
7759:
7758:
7755:
7754:
7752:
7751:
7744:
7736:
7729:
7721:
7714:
7707:
7700:
7692:
7685:
7678:
7670:
7668:
7664:
7663:
7661:
7660:
7652:
7645:
7638:
7631:
7624:
7617:
7610:
7603:
7596:
7589:
7581:
7579:
7570:
7569:
7567:
7566:
7558:
7551:
7543:
7541:
7531:
7530:
7528:
7527:
7520:
7513:
7506:
7499:
7492:
7485:
7478:
7470:
7468:
7458:
7457:
7455:
7454:
7453:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7413:
7406:
7399:
7391:
7389:
7382:
7381:
7374:
7367:
7360:
7353:
7346:
7338:
7331:
7324:
7317:
7310:
7303:
7296:
7289:
7282:
7275:
7268:
7261:
7254:
7246:
7239:
7232:
7225:
7218:
7211:
7204:
7197:
7190:
7183:
7176:
7169:
7162:
7155:
7143:
7136:
7129:
7121:
7114:
7107:
7100:
7092:
7090:
7088:French-ordered
7081:
7077:
7076:
7074:
7073:
7066:
7059:
7052:
7044:
7042:
7038:
7037:
7028:
7026:
7025:
7018:
7011:
7003:
6996:
6995:
6992:
6991:
6988:
6987:
6984:
6983:
6981:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6928:Linear Elamite
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6909:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6802:
6799:
6798:
6793:
6786:
6785:
6782:
6781:
6779:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6757:
6754:
6753:
6750:Sign languages
6748:
6741:
6740:
6737:
6736:
6733:
6732:
6730:
6729:
6727:Quốc Âm Tân Tự
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6702:Espanca script
6698:
6696:
6692:
6691:
6689:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6661:Linear Elamite
6657:
6655:
6647:
6646:
6641:
6634:
6633:
6630:
6629:
6626:
6625:
6623:
6622:
6616:
6614:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6580:
6578:
6574:
6573:
6571:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6554:
6552:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6544:
6542:Yi (Classical)
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6503:
6501:
6497:
6496:
6494:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6462:
6460:
6454:
6453:
6450:
6449:
6447:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6425:
6423:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6389:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6368:
6366:Bronze scripts
6363:
6358:
6353:
6347:
6345:
6336:
6326:
6325:
6320:
6313:
6312:
6309:
6308:
6306:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6214:
6211:
6210:
6205:
6198:
6197:
6194:
6193:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6186:
6181:
6179:Flag semaphore
6176:
6174:New York Point
6171:
6169:Telegraph code
6166:
6164:Maritime flags
6161:
6155:
6153:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6118:Visible Speech
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6088:Sorang Sompeng
6085:
6080:
6075:
6074:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5992:
5991:
5990:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5972:Galik alphabet
5969:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5878:
5877:
5872:
5870:Tironian notes
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5736:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5715:
5713:Garay alphabet
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5664:
5663:
5653:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5641:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5590:
5589:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5563:
5561:
5553:
5552:
5547:
5540:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5496:Sorang Sompeng
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5422:
5421:
5419:Déné syllabics
5416:
5406:
5401:
5395:
5393:
5389:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5374:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5256:
5255:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5203:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5182:
5181:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5043:
5041:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5016:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4964:
4963:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4786:
4784:
4777:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4714:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4702:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4680:Proto-Sinaitic
4677:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4660:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4541:
4540:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4462:
4460:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4441:
4439:
4431:
4430:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4396:
4388:
4387:
4345:
4302:
4263:
4241:
4198:
4191:
4183:Tự học Hán văn
4173:
4163:
4155:Tự học Hán văn
4145:
4138:
4130:Tự học Hán văn
4120:
4113:
4105:Tự học Hán văn
4095:
4088:
4080:Tự học Hán văn
4070:
4063:
4055:Tự học Hán văn
4045:
4038:
4030:Tự học Hán văn
4020:
4013:
4005:Tự học Hán văn
3995:
3981:
3967:
3953:
3939:
3925:
3911:
3904:
3886:
3868:
3834:
3822:lao > sao,
3798:
3790:Tự học chữ Nôm
3780:
3772:Nôm Foundation
3759:
3741:
3697:
3690:
3672:
3665:
3647:
3640:
3619:
3604:(3): 183–195.
3584:
3566:
3532:
3511:
3496:
3489:
3471:
3453:
3431:
3406:
3391:
3376:
3358:
3336:
3307:
3292:
3270:
3231:
3216:
3209:
3191:
3184:
3166:
3134:
3111:
3088:
3077:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3033:
3016:
3007:
2998:
2989:
2972:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2945:
2940:
2934:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2901:
2898:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2784:
2783:
2734:iteration mark
2724:The character
2721:
2718:
2699:
2692:
2691:
2681:
2674:
2673:
2663:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2598:
2597:
2566:
2535:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2442:
2427:
2412:
2393:
2392:(mộc, "tree").
2378:
2377:(hạ, “below”).
2342:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2144:chè 'tea or a
2142:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2107:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2084:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2061:
2060:
2054:
2053:'smell, odor'
2048:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2031:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1802:Sino-Japanese
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1762:Middle Chinese
1747:
1744:
1739:Chinese people
1732:, the reading
1685:
1682:
1632:
1625:
1624:
1612:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1591:
1586:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1400:A page of the
1399:
1392:
1391:
1383:
1376:
1375:
1367:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1316:Sơ học vấn tân
1234:
1231:
1148:after China's
1146:imperial exams
1051:
1048:
933:
930:
843:
842:
840:
839:
832:
825:
817:
814:
813:
812:
811:
803:
802:
799:
798:
791:
790:
785:
778:
777:
776:
775:
770:
762:
760:Jurchen script
755:
754:
753:
752:
745:
738:
723:
720:
719:
716:
715:
712:
711:
705:
700:
699:
696:
695:
692:
691:
682:
681:
672:
671:
665:
659:
658:
655:
654:
651:
650:
649:
648:
634:
633:
632:
631:
621:
620:
619:
608:
605:
604:
601:
600:
597:
596:
585:
584:
576:
566:
565:
557:
547:
546:
536:
533:
532:
529:
528:
525:
524:
519:
518:
517:
510:
498:
493:
492:
491:
481:
475:
472:classification
469:
468:
465:
464:
461:
460:
459:
458:
453:
448:
436:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
408:
407:
406:
405:
400:
395:
383:
382:
377:
370:
369:
361:
355:
354:
351:
350:
349:
348:
343:
338:
333:
326:
325:
313:
312:
304:
303:
284:, you may see
272:
265:
264:
263:
260:
259:
253:⟩, see
226:
225:
215:Jurchen script
188:
186:Sister systems
185:
182:
181:
176:
173:
170:
169:
167:
166:
165:
164:
163:
162:
161:
160:
155:Regular script
138:
136:
134:Parent systems
133:
130:
129:
125:
124:
115:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
101:
100:
97:
92:
89:
86:
85:
80:
78:
74:
73:
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8353:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8308:
8306:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8284:
8274:
8272:
8262:
8258:
8240:
8236:
8233:
8229:
8226:
8222:
8221:
8219:
8215:
8208:
8204:
8201:
8200:Night writing
8197:
8194:
8190:
8187:
8183:
8180:
8176:
8175:
8173:
8171:
8166:
8159:
8155:
8152:
8148:
8145:
8141:
8138:
8134:
8131:
8127:
8124:
8120:
8117:
8113:
8112:
8110:
8108:Organisations
8106:
8099:
8095:
8092:
8088:
8085:
8081:
8078:
8074:
8071:
8070:Valentin Haüy
8067:
8064:
8060:
8057:
8053:
8050:
8049:Louis Braille
8046:
8045:
8043:
8039:
8032:
8028:
8025:
8021:
8018:
8014:
8011:
8007:
8004:
8000:
7997:
7993:
7990:
7986:
7983:
7982:Braille watch
7979:
7976:
7972:
7969:
7965:
7962:
7958:
7957:
7955:
7953:
7949:
7942:
7938:
7935:
7931:
7927:
7923:
7920:
7916:
7913:
7909:
7906:
7905:Braille music
7902:
7901:
7899:
7895:
7883:
7879:
7876:
7872:
7869:
7868:Luxembourgish
7865:
7864:
7862:
7858:
7851:
7847:
7844:
7840:
7835:
7831:
7828:
7824:
7821:
7817:
7814:
7810:
7809:
7805:
7804:
7802:
7798:
7790:
7786:
7785:
7783:
7779:
7771:
7767:
7766:
7764:
7760:
7749:
7745:
7741:
7737:
7734:
7730:
7726:
7722:
7719:
7715:
7712:
7708:
7705:
7701:
7697:
7693:
7690:
7686:
7683:
7679:
7676:
7672:
7671:
7669:
7667:Other scripts
7665:
7657:
7653:
7650:
7646:
7643:
7639:
7636:
7632:
7629:
7625:
7622:
7618:
7615:
7611:
7608:
7604:
7601:
7597:
7594:
7590:
7587:
7583:
7582:
7580:
7578:
7571:
7563:
7559:
7556:
7552:
7549:
7545:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7532:
7525:
7521:
7518:
7514:
7511:
7507:
7504:
7500:
7497:
7493:
7490:
7486:
7483:
7479:
7476:
7472:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7459:
7448:
7443:
7440:
7439:Northern Sámi
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7420:
7418:
7414:
7411:
7407:
7404:
7400:
7397:
7393:
7392:
7390:
7388:Nordic family
7386:
7379:
7375:
7372:
7368:
7365:
7361:
7358:
7354:
7351:
7347:
7343:
7339:
7336:
7332:
7329:
7328:South African
7325:
7322:
7318:
7315:
7311:
7308:
7304:
7301:
7297:
7294:
7290:
7287:
7283:
7280:
7276:
7273:
7269:
7266:
7262:
7259:
7255:
7251:
7250:Luxembourgish
7247:
7244:
7240:
7237:
7233:
7230:
7226:
7223:
7219:
7216:
7212:
7209:
7205:
7202:
7198:
7195:
7191:
7188:
7184:
7181:
7177:
7174:
7170:
7167:
7163:
7160:
7156:
7152:
7148:
7144:
7141:
7137:
7134:
7130:
7126:
7122:
7119:
7115:
7112:
7108:
7105:
7101:
7098:
7094:
7093:
7091:
7089:
7085:
7082:
7078:
7071:
7067:
7064:
7063:ASCII braille
7060:
7057:
7053:
7050:
7046:
7045:
7043:
7039:
7031:
7024:
7019:
7017:
7012:
7010:
7005:
7004:
7001:
6997:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6878:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6803:
6800:
6796:
6791:
6787:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6758:
6755:
6751:
6746:
6742:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6699:
6697:
6693:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6658:
6656:
6652:
6648:
6644:
6639:
6635:
6621:
6618:
6617:
6615:
6611:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6594:Attic (Greek)
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6581:
6579:
6575:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6555:
6553:
6549:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6532:Proto-Elamite
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6504:
6502:
6498:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6459:
6455:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6420:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6373:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6348:
6346:
6344:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6318:
6314:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6215:
6212:
6208:
6203:
6199:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6150:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6046:Elder Futhark
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6028:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5964:
5963:
5960:
5959:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5937:Old Hungarian
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5765:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5588:
5585:
5584:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5545:
5541:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5471:Masaram Gondi
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5441:Gunjala Gondi
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5365:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5254:
5253:Old Sundanese
5251:
5250:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5196:Old Maldivian
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5180:
5179:Bilang-bilang
5177:
5176:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5038:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4999:Sylheti Nagri
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4968:
4965:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4800:Brahmi script
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4759:
4755:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4695:South Arabian
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4641:Inscriptional
4639:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4526:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4504:
4500:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4457:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4417:
4412:
4410:
4405:
4403:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4349:
4346:
4342:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4306:
4303:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4267:
4264:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4242:
4238:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4202:
4199:
4194:
4192:9786048450243
4188:
4184:
4177:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4164:9786048450243
4160:
4156:
4149:
4146:
4141:
4139:9786048450243
4135:
4131:
4124:
4121:
4116:
4114:9786048450243
4110:
4106:
4099:
4096:
4091:
4089:9786048450243
4085:
4081:
4074:
4071:
4066:
4064:9786048450243
4060:
4056:
4049:
4046:
4041:
4039:9786048450243
4035:
4031:
4024:
4021:
4016:
4014:9786048450243
4010:
4006:
3999:
3996:
3991:
3985:
3982:
3977:
3971:
3968:
3963:
3957:
3954:
3949:
3943:
3940:
3935:
3929:
3926:
3921:
3915:
3912:
3907:
3901:
3898:. Routledge.
3897:
3890:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3872:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3812:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3784:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3701:
3698:
3693:
3687:
3683:
3676:
3673:
3668:
3662:
3658:
3651:
3648:
3643:
3637:
3633:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3570:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3536:
3533:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3512:
3507:
3500:
3497:
3492:
3490:9789813016675
3486:
3482:
3475:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3454:
3449:
3445:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3403:. p. 30.
3402:
3395:
3392:
3388:. p. 31.
3387:
3380:
3377:
3372:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3337:
3333:(1): 626–634.
3332:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3304:. p. 15.
3303:
3296:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3235:
3232:
3227:
3220:
3217:
3212:
3210:9789004386327
3206:
3202:
3195:
3192:
3187:
3185:9789004386327
3181:
3177:
3170:
3167:
3162:
3156:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3115:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3061:
3058:
3051:
3037:
3034:
3020:
3017:
3011:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2976:
2973:
2966:
2963:
2956:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2897:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2765:
2761:
2756:to represent
2743:
2739:
2738:reduplication
2735:
2719:
2696:
2678:
2660:
2651:
2632:
2601:
2567:
2536:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2471:
2464:
2460:(Ý, "Italy").
2443:
2428:
2413:
2394:
2379:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2348:
2340:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2185:
2178:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2119:kiếm 'sword'
2118:
2116:gươm 'sword'
2115:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2011:
2003:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1905:'place name'
1901:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1813:'to prepare'
1809:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1782:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1753:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1690:
1683:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1636:
1629:
1616:
1609:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1585:Tản Viên Sơn
1584:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1567:
1564:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1547:
1544:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1498:
1491:
1478:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1453:
1452:South Vietnam
1449:
1448:North Vietnam
1440:
1436:
1403:
1396:
1380:
1364:
1355:
1349:
1341:
1333:
1325:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1296:
1288:
1280:
1272:
1271:Nhất thiên tự
1266:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1246:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1195:South Vietnam
1192:
1186:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1082:Phan Bội Châu
1075:
1071:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1047:
1040:
1030:
1024:
1022:
998:
993:
986:
981:
978:, literally '
972:
966:
961:
956:
950:
940:
931:
929:
927:
917:
913:
909:
895:
891:
887:
878:
867:
861:
853:
838:
833:
831:
826:
824:
819:
818:
816:
815:
810:
807:
806:
805:
804:
797:
794:
793:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
774:
771:
769:
766:
765:
763:
761:
758:
757:
751:
750:
746:
744:
743:
739:
737:
736:
732:
731:
730:
729:
725:
724:
718:
717:
710:
707:
706:
703:
698:
697:
690:
689:
685:
684:
680:
679:
675:
674:
670:
667:
666:
662:
657:
656:
647:
646:
642:
641:
640:
637:
636:
630:
627:
626:
625:
622:
618:
615:
614:
613:
610:
609:
603:
602:
594:
592:
588:
587:
582:
581:
577:
574:
573:
569:
568:
563:
562:
558:
555:
554:
550:
549:
544:
542:
538:
537:
531:
530:
523:
520:
516:
515:
511:
509:
508:
504:
503:
502:
499:
497:
494:
490:
487:
486:
485:
482:
480:
477:
476:
473:
467:
466:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
443:
442:
439:
438:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
410:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
390:
389:
386:
385:
381:
378:
376:
373:
372:
368:
367:
363:
362:
359:
358:script styles
356:Evolution of
353:
352:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
328:
323:
322:
317:
316:
315:
314:
310:
306:
305:
302:
298:
291:
287:
283:
279:
277:
256:
244:
240:
238:
234:
227:
224:
220:
219:Tangut script
216:
212:
211:Khitan script
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
189:
183:
180:
177:
174:Child systems
171:
158:
157:
156:
153:
152:
151:
148:
147:
146:
143:
142:
141:
137:
131:
126:
123:
119:
116:
112:
108:
104:
98:
95:
94:
93:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:on the right.
70:
64:
45:
40:
31:
19:
7740:Thai and Lao
7417:Scandinavian
7049:1829 braille
7041:Braille cell
6841:Cypro-Minoan
6707:Pahawh Hmong
6620:Sitelen Pona
6584:Hindu-Arabic
5917:Mundari Bani
5491:Pahawh Hmong
5300:Tamil-Brahmi
5206:Eveyla Akuru
5201:Dhives Akuru
4668:Paleo-Hebrew
4535:
4471:undeciphered
4382:
4362:
4358:
4348:
4339:
4319:
4315:
4305:
4280:
4276:
4266:
4257:
4244:
4235:
4215:
4211:
4201:
4182:
4176:
4168:
4154:
4148:
4129:
4123:
4104:
4098:
4079:
4073:
4054:
4048:
4029:
4023:
4004:
3998:
3984:
3970:
3956:
3942:
3928:
3914:
3895:
3889:
3881:
3877:
3871:
3863:
3851:
3847:
3837:
3817:
3793:
3789:
3783:
3775:
3771:
3762:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3736:
3714:
3710:
3700:
3681:
3675:
3656:
3650:
3631:
3613:
3601:
3597:
3587:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3561:
3549:
3545:
3535:
3527:
3514:
3505:
3499:
3480:
3474:
3465:
3456:
3447:
3426:
3423:the original
3418:
3409:
3394:
3379:
3370:
3352:
3339:
3330:
3326:
3295:
3287:Báo Hưng Yên
3286:
3248:
3244:
3234:
3219:
3200:
3194:
3175:
3169:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3105:
3101:
3091:
3082:
3067:
3060:
3036:
3019:
3010:
3001:
2992:
2975:
2965:
2947:
2896:(hitobito).
2879:
2723:
2633:
2602:
2599:
2488:
2444:Chữ giả tá (
2365:Chữ chỉ sự (
2355:214 radicals
2344:
2214:Nôm meaning
2189:
2186:Nôm readings
2176:hè 'summer'
2146:dessert soup
2105:'rule, law'
2102:
2099:'rule, law'
2096:
2091:
2079:
2073:
2068:
2056:
2050:
2045:
2044:*mjəts >
2020:
2005:
1836:'telephone'
1805:Sino-Korean
1766:Tang dynasty
1755:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1647:
1501:Place names
1492:
1480:
1445:
1414:
1348:filial piety
1287:Ngũ thiên tự
1279:Tam thiên tự
1268:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1248:
1236:
1215:
1187:
1142:independence
1091:
1086:Liang Qichao
1025:
994:
935:
847:
846:
747:
740:
733:
726:
686:
676:
663:and readings
643:
617:second round
590:
578:
570:
559:
551:
540:
513:
506:
423:Semi-cursive
364:
345:
319:
273:
249:and ⟨
231:
8239:RoboBraille
8063:Róża Czacka
8003:Perforation
7800:Independent
7698:(Bhutanese)
7433:Greenlandic
7104:Azerbaijani
6906:Jindai moji
6795:Syllabaries
6766:SignWriting
6666:Celtiberian
6568:Hieroglyphs
6371:Seal script
6356:Traditional
6228:Blissymbols
6133:Warang Citi
6108:Tolong Siki
6061:Marcomannic
6041:Dalecarlian
6031:Anglo-Saxon
6011:Pau Cin Hau
5902:Medefaidrin
5855:Merovingian
5815:Blackletter
5723:Asomtavruli
5516:Warang Citi
5325:Ulu scripts
5270:New Tai Lue
5213:Mon–Burmese
5067:Bhattiprolu
4895:Nandinagari
4722:ʾEsṭrangēlā
4481:constructed
3882:Mượn âm Nôm
3717:(1–2): 66.
2414:Chữ hội ý (
2357:set by the
2334:hello, bye
2090:*pjap >
2067:*bjəʔ >
1954:Trung Quốc
1928:'language'
1839:điện thoại
1486:) and Huế (
1130:Han dynasty
960:Han dynasty
932:Terminology
912:Han dynasty
501:Orthography
375:Oracle bone
145:Seal script
90:Time period
82:Logographic
77:Script type
59:written in
8305:Categories
7791:(obsolete)
7772:(obsolete)
7564:(Pakistan)
7475:Belarusian
7357:Vietnamese
7300:Portuguese
7286:Philippine
7243:Lithuanian
6896:Hentaigana
6891:Man'yōgana
6351:Simplified
6238:Ersu Shaba
6152:Non-linear
5957:Old Uyghur
5947:Old Permic
5942:Old Italic
5875:Visigothic
5810:Beneventan
5745:Glagolitic
5708:Gadabuursi
5372:Kolezhuthu
5367:Vatteluttu
5305:Tanchangya
5228:Saurashtra
4805:Devanagari
4663:Phoenician
4616:Manichaean
4365:(3): 222.
4322:(3): 195.
4218:(3): 224.
3684:. Mouton.
3580:Mượn âm HV
3052:References
2970:formality.
2760:(du du).
2728:(chuỷ) or
2708:on top. (⿰
2646:nhân and
2492:釋氏寶鼎行持秘旨全章
2314:to be, is
2245:chu, châu
2234:I, me, we
2151:trà 'tea'
2000:See also:
1882:' people'
1799:Cantonese
1779:Sino-Xenic
1750:See also:
1475:See also:
1181:(chữ Hán:
1173:(chữ Hán:
1134:Vietnamese
1110:Vietnamese
1098:Vietnamese
1021:Lê dynasty
884:) are the
879:characters
735:man'yōgana
661:Homographs
514:xin zixing
507:jiu zixing
479:Components
433:Flat brush
122:Vietnamese
8321:East Asia
8207:Vibratese
8186:Moon type
8179:Decapoint
7860:Eight-dot
7813:Cantonese
7762:Reordered
7725:Inuktitut
7614:Malayalam
7524:Ukrainian
7503:Mongolian
7482:Bulgarian
7445:Norwegian
7410:Icelandic
7201:Hungarian
7159:Esperanto
7111:Cantonese
6695:Redundant
6507:Anatolian
6458:Cuneiform
6386:bird-worm
6322:Logograms
6293:Testerian
6207:Ideograms
6184:Moon type
6071:Staveless
5962:Mongolian
5907:Molodtsov
5865:Sütterlin
5733:Mkhedruli
5599:Bassa Vah
5549:Alphabets
5521:Mwangwego
5486:Mwangwego
5461:Kharosthi
5414:Blackfoot
5377:Malayanma
5248:Sundanese
5243:Sukhothai
5191:Malayalam
5142:Khom Thai
5102:Goykanadi
5026:Tocharian
4979:ʼPhags-pa
4850:Khudabadi
4795:Bhaiksuki
4690:Samaritan
4621:Nabataean
4476:inventors
4379:222315572
4341:variants.
4336:211673682
4297:211673682
4232:222315572
3733:212689052
3265:211673682
3155:cite book
3108:(3): 149.
2568:The word
2502:The word
1977:Nhật Bản
1960:Zunggwok
1957:Zhōngguó
1931:ngôn ngữ
1920:jimyeong
1908:địa danh
1885:nhân dân
1816:chuẩn bị
1652:), Trần (
1565:Gia Định
1233:Education
1128:) of the
980:Confucian
968:includes
403:Bird-worm
223:Yi script
114:Languages
106:Direction
8295:Language
7843:Japanese
7704:Georgian
7696:Dzongkha
7682:Armenian
7600:Gujarati
7465:Cyrillic
7396:Estonian
7371:Yugoslav
7307:Romanian
7279:Nigerian
7194:Hawaiian
7180:Ghanaian
7097:Albanian
6958:Sumerian
6923:Linear B
6886:Katakana
6881:Hiragana
6831:Cherokee
6761:ASLwrite
6722:Bopomofo
6577:Numerals
6563:Hieratic
6522:Isthmian
6491:Sumerian
6471:Assyrian
6466:Akkadian
6123:Vithkuqi
6098:Tifinagh
6066:Medieval
6021:Pisidian
6016:Phrygian
5987:Vagindra
5932:Ol Chiki
5840:Interlac
5795:Kayah Li
5785:Jenticha
5740:Veso Bey
5728:Nuskhuri
5718:Georgian
5688:Formosan
5683:Etruscan
5678:Enochian
5634:Cyrillic
5619:Coelbren
5577:Armenian
5476:Meroitic
5466:Mandombe
5456:Jenticha
5320:Tigalari
5285:Tai Viet
5280:Tai Tham
5260:Tagbanwa
5112:Javanese
5062:Baybayin
5052:Balinese
5040:Southern
4935:Pracalit
4930:Pachumol
4905:Bhujimol
4865:Mahajani
4825:Gurmukhi
4815:Gujarati
4783:Northern
4763:Abugidas
4744:Ugaritic
4732:Maḏnḥāyā
4606:Tifinagh
4599:Solitreo
4537:Numerals
4450:Grapheme
4438:Overview
4283:(3): 6.
3251:(3): 5.
2900:See also
2465:Variants
2274:to know
2082:'woman'
2019:Chinese
1974:'Japan'
1966:Jungguk
1963:Chūgoku
1951:'China'
1914:deimeng
1868:sei, si
1851:jeonhwa
1842:diànhuà
1822:zeonbei
1819:zhǔnbèi
1664:), etc.
1554:Sông Cái
1545:Hồng Hà
1512:Chữ Nôm
1477:Địa danh
1210:Lệnh thư
1140:). From
1115:Giao Chỉ
1039:văn ngôn
918:causing
788:Bopomofo
749:katakana
742:hiragana
702:Variants
645:kyūjitai
496:Radicals
446:Fangsong
413:Clerical
247:/ /
243:Help:IPA
199:Bopomofo
8283:Vietnam
8257:Portals
7748:Tibetan
7689:Burmese
7675:Amharic
7658:(India)
7635:Sinhala
7628:Punjabi
7607:Kannada
7555:Persian
7510:Russian
7450:Swedish
7428:Finnish
7403:Faroese
7378:Zambian
7350:Turkish
7335:Spanish
7258:Maltese
7236:Latvian
7229:Italian
7208:Iñupiaq
7187:Guarani
7147:English
7118:Catalan
7035:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
7030:Braille
6913:Kikakui
6851:Eskayan
6836:Cypriot
6686:Dunging
6558:Demotic
6537:Tenevil
6481:Hittite
6476:Elamite
6429:Jurchen
6408:Sawndip
6403:Chữ Nôm
6303:Zapotec
6298:Yerkish
6273:Nsibidi
6258:Miꞌkmaw
6248:Isotype
6218:Adinkra
6159:Braille
6143:Zaghawa
6113:Vellara
6093:Sunuwar
6083:Sidetic
6078:Shavian
6006:Osmanya
5996:Ol Onal
5850:Kurrent
5835:Insular
5825:Fraktur
5800:Klingon
5790:Kaddare
5764:Archaic
5673:Elbasan
5661:Chinook
5651:Deseret
5639:Bosnian
5594:Avoiuli
5582:Avestan
5572:Ariyaka
5501:Tengwar
5399:Bharati
5360:Serawai
5350:Pasemah
5335:Lampung
5290:Lai Tay
5275:Tai Noi
5238:Sinhala
5218:Pallava
5186:Makasar
5174:Lontara
5149:Kulitan
5122:Kannada
5117:Kadamba
5107:Hanunoo
5097:Grantha
5092:Fakkham
5009:Tibetan
4994:Soyombo
4989:Siddhaṃ
4984:Sharada
4960:Litumol
4950:Tirhuta
4940:Ranjana
4925:Kvemmol
4885:Multani
4870:Marchen
4835:Kalinga
4775:Brahmic
4712:Sogdian
4651:Psalter
4631:Pahlavi
4611:Mandaic
4589:Cursive
4574:Elymaic
4545:Aramaic
4258:Unicode
3854:: 137.
3632:Chinese
3552:: 135.
2906:Chữ Nôm
2800:thương
2720:Symbols
2592:𫜵) to
2411:(đồng).
2322:'cháo'
2225:ta, tá
2076:'wife'
1983:Jatbun
1937:jinjyu
1917:chimei
1911:dìmíng
1894:jinmin
1891:janman
1888:rénmín
1862:tứ, tư
1859:'four'
1845:dinwaa
1660:), Lý (
1656:), Lê (
1574:Sài Gòn
1535:Kẻ Chợ
1406:三字經六八演音
1311:lục bát
1212:script.
1167:chữ Nôm
1121:chữ Hán
1050:History
1029:Hán văn
1008:
997:Chữ Nho
971:chữ Nho
965:chữ Hán
939:chữ Hán
921:chữ Hán
899:Hán văn
870:
850:Chữ Hán
764:Khitan
606:Reforms
484:Strokes
428:Regular
418:Cursive
346:Chữ Hán
290:chữ Nôm
276:chữ Nôm
235:in the
179:Chữ Nôm
159:Chữ Hán
67:, with
63:chữ Nôm
56:chữ Nho
50:Chữ Hán
36:Chữ Nho
33:Chữ Hán
8168:Other
8041:People
8031:Braigo
7850:Korean
7718:Hebrew
7649:Telugu
7548:Arabic
7538:Arabic
7496:Kyrgyz
7489:Kazakh
7423:Danish
7321:Slovak
7314:Samoan
7293:Polish
7272:Navajo
7173:German
7166:French
7033:
6978:Yugtun
6968:Woleai
6918:Kpelle
6901:Sōgana
6821:Byblos
6599:Muisca
6517:Cretan
6486:Luwian
6444:Tangut
6263:Mixtec
6233:Dongba
6138:Yezidi
6128:Wancho
6103:Todhri
6056:Gothic
6036:Cipher
5977:Manchu
5967:Evenki
5952:Orkhon
5897:Manchu
5892:Lydian
5887:Lycian
5830:Gaelic
5780:Hanifi
5775:Hangul
5750:Gothic
5698:Fraser
5693:Fox II
5629:Coptic
5604:Carian
5587:Pazend
5560:Linear
5506:Thaana
5451:Sarati
5392:Others
5355:Rejang
5340:Lembak
5330:Incung
5310:Telugu
5265:Tai Le
5159:Langdi
5082:Chakma
4972:Karani
4945:Tamyig
4920:Kummol
4915:Himmol
4910:Golmol
4890:Nagari
4875:Meitei
4860:Lepcha
4845:Khojki
4830:Kaithi
4717:Syriac
4705:Musnad
4584:Ashuri
4579:Hebrew
4562:Elifba
4557:Arabic
4550:Hatran
4525:Abjads
4377:
4334:
4295:
4230:
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1940:gengo
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