610:, to the north of Berlin. Glimpses afforded by sources suggest Sturm was not broken by the system. There is a reference to her as "the Austrian communist and jack-of-all-trades teach "students": how to put up fences, bang in nails, and break up locks", and later, slightly unexpectedly, of how she would "hold discussions on Leo Tolstoy’s War and Peace...in the back of block 13. ... Students find the book highly repellent since Hanna found the book in the latrine." At Ravensbrück she also continued to operate her "Sturm column" of hands-on fixers and menders. She came to be regarded by the camp authorities as a "reliable prisoner" and was employed in 1941 as a domestic servant by
642:"Weißt, was sie mir gesagt haben? Wenn es so schlecht war im KZ, wo du angeblich warst, dann wärst du nicht übergeblieben. Wieso bist du übergeblieben! Und dann hat mir einer gesagt, du kannst ja auch in Deutschland verheiratet gewesen sein. Sie haben nicht hören wollen. Dabei träum ich heute noch vom Lager. Ich verfluch das Lager. Fast jeden Tag bin ich dort. Überhaupt jetzt, dieser Tage geistert das Lager hinter mir her. Ich kann schlecht schlafen, und wenn ich fünf Minuten einschlaf‘, bin ich schon irgendwo im Lager."
606:. She fell ill but recovered, setting up a small team of "fixers" – the so-called "Sturm column", who made themselves useful by mending broken fixtures in the camp, thereby winning a level of respect from the para-military guards who would let the "Sturm column" into their own parts of the camp in order to effect repairs and, at the same time, steal food. Slightly less than a year later, in May 1939, the concentration camp at Lichtenburg was closed and the women inmates were transferred to
628:"Do you know what they said to me? If it was that bad in the concentration camp where reportedly you were, then you should not have stayed there. How come you stayed? And then one of them said I could have married in Germany. They did not want to hear. I still dream of the camp. I curse the camp. I'm back there almost every day. Actually right now this camp is haunting me. I sleep badly, and if I drop off for five minutes, I'm immediately somewhere back in the camp."
300:"In den Betrieben selbst, in der Arbeit mussten wir Wege und Mittel finden, wie wir die Antikriegsarbeit organisierten. Es sind kleine Gruppen gebildet worden oder es gab Einzelmenschen, die Verschiedenes gemacht haben. Zum Beispiel haben wir kleine Flugblätter und kleine Zettelchen gegen den Krieg in Kisten reingegeben, die für den Krieg gedacht waren. Oder wir haben verschiedene Kriegsmaterialien unschädlich gemacht.."
513:. She also had an office job with the international sailors' club which is how she met her first husband, a German sailor whom she married in 1932. Subsequently her husband was arrested, Theresia herself being arrested a year after that, probably in both cases because they refused to apply for Soviet citizenship. Theresia spent more than twenty years in internal exile in the
579:"Sie war ja ein Universaltalent. Was sie angegriffen hat, ist ihr gelungen, deswegen hat sie sich auch viel erlauben können, mehr als die anderen Häftlinge. So viele Ideen hat sie gehabt und so vieles konnte sie entwickeln. Deswegen hat man bei der Sturm-Kolonne viel lernen können. Sogar die SS ist gekommen und hat sich Rat von ihr geholt. Sie haben Respekt vor ihr gehabt."
31:
222:. After a year she gained a promotion which triggered jealousy on the part of other children working in the factory who filled her empty coffee flask with sugar syrop at the end of the day. The syrop was discovered in a check as she left work and she was dismissed for the presumed theft if it. When she was 14 she took a factory job with "Jute AG" in
285:"Inside the factories we had to find ways and means to organise anti-war work. Small groups were formed, while others did what they did as individuals. For example, we placed little leaflets or bits of paper with anti-war messages in the muunitions boxes destined for the frontline. Or we made various items of ordinance harmless."
226:, another small town in the area. With three other similarly aged children she worked on an industrial washing machine used in the processing of the materials. However, following a strike over "wages fraud" she was back on the streets. A few years later, in 1907, she accompanied her elder brother Julius to
474:: in that year's works council elections at the factory where they worked 12 out of 15 of the workers elected to the works council were communists, a result to which Hanna Sturm's "politicisation" of her comrades may well have contributed. Soon after that mother and daughter were expelled from Germany.
857:
Hanna Sturm, „…im ‚Nitroglyzerin auf die
Schienen legen‘ waren die Polen die Stärksten…“, Interview mit Hanna Sturm über Sabotage in Rüstungsbetrieben im 1. Weltkrieg, in: Hannes Hofbauer/Andrea Komlosy (compiler-editors), Das andere Österreich. Vom Aufbegehren der kleinen Leute. Geschichten aus vier
540:
the previous year, rapidly transformed the country into a post-democratic dictatorship. Sources are for the most part silent about political activities undertaken by Hanna Sturm during the rest of the 1930s. It is recorded that she was detained by the authorities on four occasions between 1933 and
434:
who "recognised her immediately". Back home there had been two big strikes by the women workers in pursuit of wage demands in 1925, after which, on getting home from Moscow, Sturm was unable to find work. In the immediate term she started organising unemployed workers in the area, becoming chair
319:
with sand rather than explosives. Eventually her case came to trial and was dismissed for lack of evidence. She found another job. Sturm had been sending most of her money to her mother, Anna, who was looking after her two daughters. The father of the girls never came back from the war. She was
270:
around the city centre. Police applied "rigour" to their handling of the demonstrating worker. Because she was distributing leaflets, Sturm received a powerful blow to her face, leaving her eyes bloodshot. Participation in the demonstration also led to the loss of her job with "Jute AG", and a
406:
factory, soon becoming a member of the work's council. Sturm remained politically engaged in the post war years. She took particular trouble in respect of
Catholic Croatian female co-workers whom the employers repeatedly used as "strike breakers". As one source expresses it, Hanna Sturm
357:
on 21 March 1919. Characteristically, her support was practical. She worked as a courier, delivering to pre-assigned locations significant consignments of cash that had been collected for the
Hungarian Red Army. On one occasion she was spotted by the police, arrested and taken to
673:
But she did not give up. She testified several times at trials of former
Ravensbrück camp guards. In Neufeld, her home town, she built a house with her own hands. She had prepared her autobiography by 1958, but it would take another 24 years before she found a publisher for it.
213:
minority. She attended school for only two winters, between
October and March, and then, there being no universal schooling provision operating in Hungary, started work in the fields when she was eight, later taking work in domestic service. When she was ten her father paid one
657:
and the immediate priority was simple survival. She returned to
Burgenland. There was no victims' welfare for concentration camp survivors till 1948, and in the early postwar years she suffered material hardship, while as a member of an inconvenient ethnic minority, the
254:
to the north of the main part of the city. (The factory was a sister plant to the one from which she had been dismissed in
Neufeld.) At Floridsdorf she came into contact, for the first time, with the rapidly evolving labour movement. On 15 March 1908 Hanna Sturm joined the
560:"She really was a universal talent. She succeeded with every job she tackled, which is why she was permitted far more leeway than other prisoners. She was so full of ideas and creative improvisations. So we were all able to learn a lot in the Sturm column. Even the
366:
she was recognised by the frontier guards and re-arrested. She was "imprisoned" in the second class waiting room at the station. She managed to climb out of a window without being spotted and ran across the fields to
324:
of 1918, called to press for improved conditions for the women workers and an end to the war. This led to her further arrest, but this time she was released very soon due to the sparseness of the evidence against her.
179:
on 30 April 1945 having survived. Many did not. She wrote an autobiographical record of her experiences in 1958 but was unable to find a publisher: in 1982, two years before she died, the work was however published.
652:
ended, on 30 April 1945 Hanna Sturm emerged badly traumatised from the concentration camp. It would be more than another ten years before her surviving daughter and four grand children would be released from the
466:. Still unable to find work in her home region, where her political activities seem to have become common knowledge among factory owners, in 1929 Hanna Sturm moved with her adolsescent daughter Theresia to
833:
Das
Entstehen des Vereinswesens im österreichisch-ungarischen Grenzraum am Beispiel Neufeld an der Leitha im gesellschaftspolitischen und wirtschaftlichen Spannungsfeld um 1900 (Diplomarbeit )
570:
Hermine Jursa, a member of the "Sturm column" which undertook a plethora of repair work in the concentration camp under the direction of fellow inmate, the committed communist Hanna Sturm
398:
was removed from
Hungary and transferred to Austria, both countries being by this point internationally recognised as separate independent states. Sturm could finally return home to
1124:
320:
still separated from her daughters in 1919 when the younger of them, Relli, died in a Vienna hospital. Sturm was deeply affected but carried on. She took part in preparations for the
541:
1937 for terms of between four and twenty-four days. At some stage she was excluded from the
Austrian Communist Party, though it is not clear whether this was before or after the
307:
The birth of her daughter, Theresia, on 7 October 1912 exposed Sturm to the discrimination and additional practical difficulties commonly visited on an unmarried mother. During the
209:. She was the second of her parents' four children, and the only daughter among them. Her father worked as a carpenter. The family were members of what has come to be known as the
1139:
263:. On 8 March 1910 she joined a trades union: she remained a lifelong member. Encouraged and supported by her Social Democratic landlords, she learned to read and write.
1134:
1109:
1129:
422:
conference. She was able to meet high-profile political activists from various countries: comrades with whom she shared a table at the conference included
590:
into Nazi Germany in March 1938 and the repression of known anti-Nazis became more systematic. That same month Sturm was arrested again, this time by the
918:
481:
a further period of unemployment followed. In 1930 the labour exchange sent Hanna und Theresia Sturm, together with a group of unemployed miners, to
386:, who had led the short-lived soviet. She hid him in her apartment for three days without recognising him, but as he left he disclosed his identity.
315:, to the south of Vienna. In August 1916 she was arrested for alleged sabotage and spent a time in investigative custody. She was accused of filling
96:
382:
at the beginning of August 1919 and Sturm turned to organising illegal border crossing for the leaders as they fled. One of those she helped was
430:
with whom, as she later reported, she was able to discuss in German a range of topics that went beyond politics. There was also a reunion with
281:
As Hanna Sturm recalled many decades later in an interview, working in the munitions factory provided practical opportunities to oppose the war:
1072:
458:
In 1925 (or, possibly 1927 – sources differ), in the context of continuing differences with the party leadership, Sturm was excluded from the
1056:
879:
696:
Hanna Sturm: Die Lebensgeschichte einer Arbeiterin; Vom Burgenland nach Ravensbrück. Verlag für Gesellschaftskritik, 2nd edition, Vienna 1982
1119:
546:
349:, Sturm now found herself classified as an alien in Vienna: she had to return to the region of her birth. She was a supporter of the
134:
443:, although personally, with only very limited financial support, she was under pressure. She also found herself in conflict with the
459:
444:
256:
126:
989:
607:
176:
205:. Burgenland became part of Austria in 1921, but when Hanna Sturm and her siblings were born it was in the Hungarian half of the
919:"Hanna Sturm: Geboren am 28. Februar 1891 in Klingenbach/Klimpuh, Österreich: Gestorben am 9. März 1984 in Zagreb, Jugoslawien"
595:
470:
in Germany where the two of them found work in a textiles factory. The period was one of growing political polarisation in
92:
42:
485:. Half a year later they were both employed, not in Moscow but as instructors at the "Rabotnica" textiles factory in
156:
379:
521:. She nevertheless survived, and in 1957 was able to move with her Yugoslav born husband and her four children to
1114:
795:
542:
498:
463:
130:
1020:
732:"Johanna Sturm, Geboren am 28. Februar 1891 in Klingenbach (Burgenland), Verfolgungsgrund: Politischer Widerstand"
407:
succeeded in bringing the women workers involved round to solidarity based on a class-conscious way of thinking.
375:
350:
803:
Aus anlass des 25. todestages von Hanna sturm berichtet ihre enkelin über ihre Jugend und ihr politisches Wirken
670:, struggled to emerge from its painful recent history The concentration camp existence lived on in her dreams.
805:. Mitteilungsblatt: Der Österreichischen Lagergemeinschaft Ravensbrück & FreundInnen, Wien. pp. 24–25
611:
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667:
419:
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206:
338:
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to a notary to confirm that she was twelve: that enabled her to get work at the sugar factory in nearby
223:
614:, the concentration camp doctor. She would later recall how she had been present while Sonntag beat
451:, went on record with the punning observation "Wir lassen uns die Sturm nicht über den Kopf wachsen" (
1104:
1099:
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510:
489:, training apprentices and other young recruits over three shifts how to work the spinning machines.
312:
889:
316:
172:
266:
Vienna faced a general strike in 1911. Hanna Sturm took part in a large demonstration along the
1052:
1046:
875:
871:
Hanna Sturm: "Sie sind kein Verbrecher, sonst würden Sie die Tanne nicht so schön aufstellen!"
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210:
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901:
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74:
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334:
239:
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155:(28 February 1891 – 9 March 1984) was a labour rights and peace activist who became a
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561:
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518:
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Back to Austria: but Hanna's daughter Theresia stayed in the Soviet Union till 1957
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359:
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on the Hungarian side of the impromptu frontier. Identified in her papers as a
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362:. After three days she managed to escape, but at the new frontier-crossing at
354:
247:
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66:
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448:
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342:
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family who gave her her first job in the city. The father of the family was a
202:
198:
70:
1048:
If This Is A Woman: Inside Ravensbruck: Hitler's Concentration Camp for Women
587:
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164:
30:
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467:
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88:
928:. Kommunistische Partei Österreich, Wien. p. 38. Archived from
501:
recalled Hanna Sturm to Austria. Theresia stayed behind, studying
514:
403:
48:(from an official "Amtsbescheinigung" / identity document, 1951)
246:
man: he was able to get her a job at the "Jute AG" factory in
826:"4.3 Die soziale Frage .... 4.3.1. Die Kroatische Minderheit"
618:, too drunk to notice or to care that Sturm was standing by.
462:. This development she took as an opportunity to join the
970:. Österreichisches Zentrum für russische Sprache und Kultur
677:
In 1984 Hanna Sturm died at her daughter's family home in
16:
Austrian labor rights, peace, and Nazi resistance activist
1075:. Dokumentationsarchivs des österreichischen Widerstandes
545:
was banned. She remained, in any case, a member of the
292:
Hanna Sturm quoted by Hannes Hofbauer and Andrea Komlosy
996:. Institut für Konfliktforschung, Wien. Archived from
1025:
University of Ravensbruck (a photographic prose poem)
402:
without difficulties. She found work in the town's
453:
loosely "We should not let this storm overwhelm us."
858:
Jahrhunderten, Wien 1987, pp. 142–150, here p. 144.
662:, she remained something of an outsider as the new
140:
122:
114:
103:
81:
55:
21:
564:came to her for advice. She had their respect."
238:In Vienna, through her brother, she got to know a
171:in 1938. She spent the next few years in German
532:took power in Austria in 1934 and, encouraged by
626:
557:
311:she was sent to work in a munitions factory at
279:
1125:Social Democratic Party of Austria politicians
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8:
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794:Svjetlana Hromin-Heidler (December 2009).
29:
18:
1051:. Little, Brown Book Group. p. 109.
868:Heinz Blaumeiser; Eva Blimlinger (1993).
341:separated from Austria, with present-day
1140:Ravensbrück concentration camp survivors
1135:Lichtenburg concentration camp survivors
1110:People from Eisenstadt-Umgebung District
447:party leadership. The party chairman,
259:"Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs"
968:Österreichische Stalin-Opfer (bis 1945)
964:"Sturm Therese / Штурм Тереза Карловна"
926:Für eine neue Kultur des Zusammenlebens
689:
594:. By June 1938 she had been taken to
394:In August the region comprising modern
1130:Communist Party of Austria politicians
897:
887:
738:. Institut für Konfliktforschung, Wien
250:, a growing industrial quarter across
874:. Böhlau Verlag Wien. pp. 156–.
7:
994:ÖsterreicherInnen im KZ Ravensbrück
736:ÖsterreicherInnen im KZ Ravensbrück
107:trades union and political activist
14:
824:Anna Reininger (December 2009).
271:further period of unemployment.
118:surviving Ravensbrück internment
43:Burgenländisches Landesarchiv /
525:, where they built a new life.
435:of the Unemployed Committee in
1045:Sarah Helm (15 January 2015).
608:Ravensbrück concentration camp
596:Lichtenburg concentration camp
380:foreign military interventions
371:which was "still in Austria".
337:in October/November 1918 left
1:
418:delegate to an international
268:"Ringstraße" (Ring Boulevard)
990:"Johanna Sturm .... Haftweg"
598:in central Germany, between
1120:Austrian resistance members
668:foreign military occupation
230:in search of factory work.
1156:
193:Johanna Sturm was born at
189:Provenance and early years
562:para-military camp guards
410:In 1924 she travelled to
378:collapsed in the face of
257:Social Democratic Party (
234:Labour activism in Vienna
28:
464:Austrian Communist Party
45:Burgenland State Archive
460:Social Democratic Party
207:Austro-Hungarian empire
645:
583:
547:Soviet Communist Party
519:Komi People's Republic
390:Years between two wars
333:The rapid collapse of
304:
837:University of Vienna
511:Leningrad University
197:, a small town near
503:Applied Economics (
211:Burgenland Croatian
175:, but emerged from
173:concentration camps
157:resistance activist
1000:on 30 January 2018
530:Fascist government
329:The 133 day soviet
313:Blumau (Felixdorf)
275:Motherhood and war
1115:Burgenland Croats
1058:978-0-7481-1243-2
1021:"... Hanna Sturm"
1019:Christal Cooper.
881:978-3-205-05555-6
660:Burgenland Croats
505:"Volkswirtschaft"
439:, the capital of
317:explosives shells
150:
149:
146:Relli (1915–1919)
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1085:
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1073:"Sturm, Therese"
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839:. pp. 78–83
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376:Hungarian Soviet
351:Hungarian Soviet
347:Burgenland Croat
322:"January strike"
177:Ravensbrück camp
144:Theresia (1912–)
63:28 February 1891
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935:on 25 June 2021
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497:In Autumn 1932
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309:First World War
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123:Political party
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666:, still under
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115:Known for
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796:"Hanna Sturm"
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153:Hanna Sturm
135:КПСС (CPSU)
67:Klingenbach
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1094:Categories
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843:28 January
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685:References
479:Burgenland
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441:Burgenland
437:Eisenstadt
428:young wife
396:Burgenland
343:Burgenland
335:the empire
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199:Eisenstadt
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900:ignored (
890:cite book
517:area the
499:the party
487:Leningrad
420:Comintern
369:Ebenfurth
252:the river
616:his wife
477:Back in
432:Béla Kun
426:and his
416:Austrian
384:Béla Kun
355:Béla Kun
141:Children
664:Austria
648:As the
600:Leipzig
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538:Germany
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414:as an
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261:/ SPÖ)
228:Vienna
216:florin
165:merged
159:after
89:Zagreb
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543:party
515:Ukhta
244:union
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167:into
1081:2018
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902:help
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602:and
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