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779:) are named in his honor, and propagate at the Alfvén speed. Many of his theories about the solar system were verified as late as the 1980s through external measurements of cometary and planetary magnetospheres. However, Alfvén himself noted that astrophysical textbooks poorly represented known plasma phenomena:
555:
In order to understand the phenomena in a certain plasma region, it is necessary to map not only the magnetic but also the electric field and the electric currents. Space is filled with a network of currents which transfer energy and momentum over large or very large distances. The currents often
795:, and circuits is made. It is found that students using these textbooks remain essentially ignorant of even the existence of these concepts, despite the fact that some of them have been well known for half a century (e.g, double layers, Langmuir, 1929; pinch effect, Bennet, 1934).
423:. He was originally trained as an electrical power engineer and later moved to research and teaching in the fields of plasma physics and electrical engineering. Alfvén made many contributions to plasma physics, including theories describing the behavior of
875:. Letters of Alfvén, Treder, and Schröder were published on the occasion of Treder's 70th birthday. The relationships between Hans-Jürgen Treder, Hannes Alfvén and Wilfried Schröder were discussed in detail by Schröder in his publications.
587:
When I describe according to this formalism most referees do not understand what I say and turn down my papers. With the referee system which rules US science today, this means that my papers are rarely accepted by the leading US
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Alfvén was married for 67 years to his wife
Kerstin (1910–1992). They raised five children, one boy and four girls. Their son became a physician, while one daughter became a writer and another a lawyer in Sweden. The writer was
714:. At the end of the nineteenth century, Birkeland proposed (backed by extensive data) that electric currents flowing down along the Earth's magnetic fields into the atmosphere caused the aurora and polar magnetic disturbances.
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noting that "... he remained an embittered outsider, winning little respect from other scientists even after he received the Nobel Prize..." and was often forced to publish his papers in obscure journals. Alfvén recalled:
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Alfvén reported that of 17 of the most used textbooks on astrophysics, none mention the pinch effect, none mentioned critical ionization velocity, only two mentioned circuits, and three mentioned double layers.
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in
Stockholm. In 1945, he acquired the nonappointive position of Chair of Electronics. His title was changed to Chair of Plasma Physics in 1963. From 1954 to 1955, Alfvén was a Fulbright Scholar at the
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Alfven dismissed in his address religion as a "myth," and passionately criticized the big-bang theory for being dogmatic and violating basic standards of science, to be no less mythical than religion.
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and critical of religion. He spoke
Swedish, English, German, French, and Russian, and some Spanish and Chinese. He expressed great concern about the difficulties of permanent
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pervaded the universe, it could then carry electric currents capable of generating a galactic magnetic field. After winning the Nobel Prize for his works in
2065:– awarded for outstanding scientific contributions towards the understanding of plasma processes in the Solar System and other cosmical plasma environments
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with Per
Carlqvist (1980) (PDF) A direct transfer of energy from photospheric activity to the solar wind by means of electric currents is discussed.
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pinch to filamentary or surface currents. The latter are likely to give space, as also interstellar and intergalactic space, a cellular structure.
1058:, International Series of Monographs on Physics, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1950. (See also 2nd Ed. 1963, co-authored with Carl-Gunne Fälthammar.)
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871:." Alfvén was also interested in problems in cosmology and all aspects of auroral physics, and used Schröder's well known book on aurora,
1656:"Nuclear power is uniquely unforgiving: as Swedish Nobel physicist Hannes Alfvén said, "No acts of God can be permitted."" Amory Lovins,
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1474:. Galactic and intergalactic magnetic fields. Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 143–150.
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Peratt, A. L.; Peter, W.; Snell, C. M. (June 19–23, 1989). "3-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations of spiral galaxies".
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developed on the blackboard, rather than starting from known observable phenomena. He also considered the Big Bang to be a
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The Great
Computer: A Vision (1968) (a political-scientific satire under the pen name Olof Johannesson; publ. Gollancz,
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1218:(1983) (PDF) Progress in lab studies of plasmas and on their methods of transferring the results to cosmic conditions.
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Fälthammer, C. G. (1997). "Plasma physics from laboratory to cosmos-the life and achievements of Hannes Alfven".
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1752:. Bremen: Rönnebeck; Arbeitskreis Geschichte der Geophysik in der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Gesellschaft.
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Schröder, Wilfried . 2000. The Aurora in time. (Das Phänomen des
Polarlichts). Darmstadt: Reproduction.
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A study of how a number of the most used textbooks in astrophysics treat important concepts such as
483:, Sweden. In 1940, he became professor of electromagnetic theory and electrical measurements at the
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His theoretical work on field-aligned electric currents in the aurora (based on earlier work by
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From Newton to
Einstein: A festschrift in honour of the 70th birthday of Hans-Jürgen Treder
1075:
Atom, Man, and the
Universe: A Long Chain of Complications, W.H. Freeman and Company, 1969.
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Living on the Third Planet, authored with
Kerstin Alfvén, W.H. Freeman and Company, 1972.
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in 1934. His thesis was titled "Investigations of High-frequency
Electromagnetic Waves."
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Matter and Spirit in the Universe: Scientific and Religious Preludes to Modern Cosmology
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Theoretical physics and geophysics: Recollections of Hans-Jürgen Treder (1928–2006)
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On the Importance of Electric Fields in the Magnetosphere and Interplanetary Space
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1574:, Volume 76, No 3, May–June 1988, pp. 249–251. Quoted in Joseph Paul Martino,
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was that astrophysicists tried to extrapolate the origin of the universe from
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was a strong critic of Alfvén. Many physicists regarded Alfvén as espousing
480:
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27:
Swedish electrical engineer, plasma physicist and Nobel laureate (1908-1995)
1833:
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1705:
Abbotts, John (October 1979). "Radioactive waste: A technical solution?".
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1092:, Astrophysics and Space Science Library, Vol. 82 (1981) Springer Verlag.
1029:
Alfvén was one of the few scientists who was a foreign member of both the
2652:
2022:
1763:
The earth and the universe: A festschrift in honour of Hans-Jürgen Treder
899:
898:
for outstanding contributions in plasma physics, is named after him. The
860:
824:
804:
190:
1409:
Hannes Alfvén, 1937 "Cosmic Radiation as an Intra-galactic Phenomenon",
710:
Alfvén's views followed those of the founder of magnetospheric physics,
143:
1635:
468:
1879:
516:
In 1991, Alfvén retired as professor of electrical engineering at the
1448:
737:
496:, he moved to the United States. Alfvén worked in the departments of
1174:
Double radio sources and the new approach to cosmical plasma physics
717:
Areas of technology benefiting from Alfvén's contributions include:
964:
687:
646:
2033:
Plasma Physics, Space Research and the Origin of the Solar System
1222:
Solar system history as recorded in the Saturnian ring structure
1192:
Electromagnetic Effects and the Structure of the Saturnian Rings
815:
devised to explain creation. Alfvén and colleagues proposed the
4213:
3882:
3628:
2117:
1204:
The Voyager 1/Saturn encounter and the cosmogonic shadow effect
4593:
Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
1425:"Cosmology in the Plasma Universe: An Introductory Exposition"
1210:
Origin, evolution and present structure of the asteroid region
29:
1150:
Currents in the Solar Atmosphere and a Theory of Solar Flares
1344:. New Providence, N.J.: Marquis Who's Who. 1996. p. 4.
660:
Applications of Alfvén's research in space science include:
1494:
Geomagnetism," Vol. 1 and 2, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1940.
564:) was confirmed in 1967, these currents now being known as
2077:(1945–1991) in the Mandeville Special Collections Library.
1796:"Hannes Alfven, 86, Founder Of Field in Physics, Is Dead"
1777:"Hannes Alfven, 86, Founder Of Field in Physics, Is Dead"
1393:"Hannes Alfven, 86, Founder Of Field in Physics, Is Dead"
1318:"Hannes Alfven, 86, Founder Of Field in Physics, Is Dead"
492:. In 1967, after leaving Sweden and spending time in the
419:(MHD). He described the class of MHD waves now known as
1508:
Research Fraud in the Behavioral and Biomedical Sciences
1234:
Cosmogony as an extrapolation of magnetospheric research
4583:
Academic staff of the KTH Royal Institute of Technology
844:
and is well known for her work in Sweden. The composer
475:
and the Nobel Institute for Physics (later renamed the
4618:
Foreign fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
4533:
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
1815:"Hannes Olof Gosta Alfven. 30 May 1908 – 2 April 1995"
952:
Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1980
531:
Alfvén spent his later adult life alternating between
1614:
Alfvén, Hannes (1984). "Cosmology—Myth or Science?".
1604:(ISSN 0093-3813), vol. PS-14, Dec. 1986, pp. 779–793.
4603:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1820:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
592:
Alfvén played a central role in the development of:
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2155:
1761:Schröder, Wilfried, and Hans Jürgen Treder. 1993.
1748:Schröder, Wilfried, and Hans Jürgen Treder. 1998.
1570:Hannes Alfvén, "Memoirs of a Dissident Scientist",
1102:Schröder, Wilfried, and Hans Jürgen Treder. 2007.
369:
353:
317:
303:
249:
208:
198:
179:
153:
134:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4613:Foreign members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
1200:with Whipple, E. C. and Jr.; McIlwain (1981) (PDF)
1061:Worlds-Antiworlds: Antimatter in Cosmology (1966).
653:. This was the paper rejected by the U.S. journal
987:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
655:Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity
1948:LIST OF NOBEL LAUREATES WHO ARE ICSD/IAS MEMBERS
1144:On the Filamentary Structure of the Solar Corona
1009:Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
4608:Foreign members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
2031:including the Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1970
1658:Inside NOVA – Nuclear After Japan: Amory Lovins
1198:A three-ring circuit model of the magnetosphere
1901:European Physical Society Honors Hannes Alfvén
1180:Interstellar clouds and the formation of stars
1013:Member of the International Academy of Science
4638:Members of the American Philosophical Society
4225:
3894:
3640:
2129:
981:Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences
8:
4628:University of Maryland, College Park faculty
916:Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
403:; 30 May 1908 – 2 April 1995) was a Swedish
4623:University of California, San Diego faculty
4232:
4218:
4210:
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2114:
2108:Hannes Alfvén Birth Centennial 30 May 2008
2026:
1598:Double layers and circuits in astrophysics
1342:Who Was Who in America, 1993–1996, vol. 11
1004:Member of the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences
142:
131:
1937:Background Notes on Presidents of Pugwash
1832:
1472:Proceedings of the 140th Symposium of IAU
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1577:Science Funding: Politics and Porkbarrel
1170:(1976) with Gustaf Arrhenius (NASA book)
1918:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1913:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A"
1308:
1138:On the Origin of Cosmic Magnetic Fields
869:high-level radioactive waste management
637:In 1939, Alfvén proposed the theory of
4598:Recipients of the Lomonosov Gold Medal
1119:On the cosmogony of the solar system I
683:(protective plasma covering the Earth)
535:and Sweden. He died at the age of 86.
1765:. Bremen-Rönnebeck: Science Editions.
1616:Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy
999:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
863:. On his religious views, Alfven was
803:Alfvén believed the problem with the
443:, and the dynamics of plasmas in the
398:
7:
4528:Foreign members of the Royal Society
1813:Pease, R. S.; Lindqvist, S. (1998).
1536:Stuewer, RH (2006). "Book Reviews".
490:University of Maryland, College Park
340:University of Maryland, College Park
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1859:IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science
1602:IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science
1429:IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science
1045:For full list of publications see.
518:University of California, San Diego
502:University of California, San Diego
335:University of California, San Diego
2058:Papers of Hannes Olof Gosta Alfvén
2048:Hannes Alfvén Biographical Memoirs
1511:. John Wiley & Sons. pp.
25:
2068:Timeline of Nobel Prize Winners:
1794:Sullivan, Walter (5 April 1995).
1775:Sullivan, Walter (5 April 1995).
1707:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1391:Sullivan, Walter (5 April 1995).
1316:Walter Sullivan (April 5, 1995).
975:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
700:Dynamics of plasmas in the galaxy
506:University of Southern California
455:Alfvén received his PhD from the
411:physicist and winner of the 1970
345:University of Southern California
4548:20th-century Swedish astronomers
3963:
1681:. OECD Publishing. p. 252.
878:Alfvén died on 2 April, 1995 at
764:from astronomical sources (1950)
34:
4568:Swedish science fiction writers
4563:20th-century Swedish physicists
1186:Energy source of the solar wind
1182:with Per Carlqvist (1978) (PDF)
1018:Indian National Science Academy
997:Foreign Honorary Member of the
753:Contributions to astrophysics:
543:In 1937, Alfvén argued that if
45:needs additional citations for
2052:American Philosophical Society
1727:10.1080/00963402.1979.11458649
1580:1992, Transaction Publishers,
1268:Magnetohydrodynamic turbulence
1022:American Philosophical Society
757:Galactic magnetic field (1937)
641:and auroras and the theory of
1:
2042:Royal Institute of Technology
1505:Miller, DJ; Hersen M (1992).
1168:Evolution of the Solar System
1132:Interplanetary Magnetic Field
526:Royal Institute of Technology
485:Royal Institute of Technology
330:Royal Institute of Technology
4643:Recipients of Franklin Medal
4573:Swedish electrical engineers
2086:"Alfvén, Hannes (1908–1995)"
1228:Cosmology – Myth or science?
1106:. Potsdam: Science Editions.
873:Das Phänomen des Polarlichts
221:Critical ionization velocity
1492:S. Chapman and J. Bartels,
1411:Ark. f. mat., astr. o. fys.
1338:"Alfvén, Hannes Olof Gosta"
848:was Hannes Alfvén's uncle.
624:investigation (such as the
4659:
4538:Nobel laureates in Physics
1258:Heliospheric current sheet
961:American Geophysical Union
894:, awarded annually by the
4633:Swedish plasma physicists
4578:Uppsala University alumni
3961:
3806:
1997:Full list of publications
1558:10.1007/s00016-005-0251-5
1216:On hierarchical cosmology
993:European Physical Society
896:European Physical Society
479:Institute of Physics) in
429:Van Allen radiation belts
385:
296:
141:
2082:Weisstein, Eric Wolfgang
2070:Hannes Olof Gosta Alfvén
1056:Cosmical Electrodynamics
945:USSR Academy of Sciences
905:is named in his honour.
665:Van Allen radiation belt
392:Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén
158:Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén
18:Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén
4588:Swedish Nobel laureates
4451:Walter Thompson Welford
2038:Hannes Alfvén biography
2011:Hannes Alfvén biography
1037:Academies of Sciences.
963:(1988) for his work on
924:(1970) for his work on
467:In 1934, Alfvén taught
4518:People from Norrköping
4119:Physiology or Medicine
3943:Hans von Euler-Chelpin
3812:Nobel Prize recipients
3758:Physiology or Medicine
3698:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
2149:Nobel Prize in Physics
1834:10.1098/rsbm.1998.0001
1538:Physics in Perspective
1020:Elected member of the
922:Nobel Prize in Physics
797:
760:Identified nonthermal
672:Earth's magnetic field
612:Magnetospheric physics
602:Charged particle beams
590:
558:
551:, he emphasized that:
498:electrical engineering
437:Earth's magnetic field
413:Nobel Prize in Physics
308:Electrical engineering
263:Nobel Prize in Physics
4308:F. Gerard Friedlander
4045:Klas Pontus Arnoldson
3989:Verner von Heidenstam
2044:in Stockholm, Sweden)
1263:Magnetic reconnection
1041:Selected bibliography
809:mathematical theories
781:
775:hydromagnetic plasma
762:synchrotron radiation
722:Particle accelerators
607:Interplanetary medium
585:
553:
473:University of Uppsala
457:University of Uppsala
377:Carl-Gunne Fälthammar
325:University of Uppsala
203:University of Uppsala
4513:Critics of religions
3674:Luis Federico Leloir
2075:Hannes Alfvén Papers
2050:(Proceedings of the
1960:"APS Member History"
1253:Astrophysical plasma
1162:Jet Streams in Space
985:Life fellows of the
941:Lomonosov Gold Medal
926:magnetohydrodynamics
728:thermonuclear fusion
617:Magnetohydrodynamics
549:magnetohydrodynamics
417:magnetohydrodynamics
269:Lomonosov Gold Medal
216:Magnetohydrodynamics
54:improve this article
4523:Fellows of the IEEE
4446:Lawrence Weiskrantz
4162:Bengt I. Samuelsson
3995:Erik Axel Karlfeldt
2063:Hannes Alfvén Medal
1872:1997ITPS...25..409F
1719:1979BuAtS..35h..12A
1628:1984JApA....5...79A
1550:2006PhP.....8..104S
1480:1990IAUS..140..143P
1441:1990ITPS...18....5P
1278:Marklund convection
1007:Contributor to the
967:and plasmas in the
957:William Bowie Medal
892:Hannes Alfvén Prize
857:oriental philosophy
851:Alfvén studied the
829:steady state theory
823:theory to both the
577:unorthodox opinions
405:electrical engineer
287:William Bowie Medal
4543:Religious skeptics
4482:Philip W. Anderson
4269:Zbigniew Basinski
2025:on Nobelprize.org
2016:2021-11-04 at the
1636:10.1007/BF02714974
1572:American Scientist
1423:Hannes, A (1990).
1323:The New York Times
935:Franklin Institute
886:Awards and honours
853:history of science
819:as an alternative
817:Alfvén–Klein model
712:Kristian Birkeland
705:Physical cosmology
571:British scientist
566:Birkeland currents
562:Kristian Birkeland
439:, the terrestrial
364:Carl Wilhelm Oseen
275:Dirac Medal (UNSW)
236:Alfvén–Klein model
4558:Swedish pacifists
4553:Fluid dynamicists
4490:
4489:
4424:Louis Siminovitch
4207:
4206:
4184:Economic Sciences
4128:Allvar Gullstrand
4067:
4026:Tomas Tranströmer
3999:
3876:
3875:
3789:Economic Sciences
3622:
3621:
1978:www.nasonline.org
1880:10.1109/27.597253
1688:978-1-86094-469-7
1522:978-0-471-52068-9
1351:978-0-8379-0225-8
1283:Plasma parameters
1273:Magnetosonic wave
789:critical velocity
733:Hypersonic flight
693:Formation of the
670:Reduction of the
520:and professor of
400:[alˈveːn]
389:
388:
370:Doctoral students
298:Scientific career
257:Björkénska priset
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
4650:
4441:Grenville Turner
4389:Montague Pennell
4352:Anthony Laughton
4234:
4227:
4220:
4211:
4065:
4063:Dag Hammarskjöld
4057:Nathan Söderblom
4051:Hjalmar Branting
3997:
3967:
3966:
3937:Theodor Svedberg
3931:Svante Arrhenius
3903:
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1596:Hannes Alfvén, "
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1379:
1377:
1372:on 27 April 2015
1368:. Archived from
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1327:
1313:
1288:Plasma stability
1248:Alfvén resonator
431:, the effect of
415:for his work on
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241:Alfvén's theorem
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4341:William Jarrett
4263:Muhammad Akhtar
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4016:Eyvind Johnson
4012:
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2023:Hannes Alfvén
2021:
2019:
2015:
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1099:
1098:90-277-1151-8
1095:
1091:
1090:Cosmic Plasma
1088:
1085:
1084:0-7167-0340-8
1081:
1077:
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1071:
1070:0-575-00059-7
1067:
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835:Personal life
834:
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831:cosmologies.
830:
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793:pinch effects
790:
786:
785:double layers
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686:Formation of
685:
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681:Magnetosphere
679:
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651:magnetosphere
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580:R. H. Stuewer
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441:magnetosphere
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136:Hannes Alfvén
133:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
4476:
4436:Walter Spear
4428:
4416:
4399:
4395:George Radda
4387:
4373:Tony Linnane
4350:
4335:Kenneth Jack
4333:
4306:
4297:Phil Elliott
4274:
4267:
4199:Bertil Ohlin
4174:Svante Pääbo
4109:Kai Siegbahn
4102:
4091:Gustaf Dalén
3842:
3778:Bernard Katz
3740:
3052:von Klitzing
3044:Van der Meer
2840:
2100:
2091:ScienceWorld
2089:
2032:
1992:
1981:. Retrieved
1977:
1968:
1954:
1943:
1932:
1920:. Retrieved
1907:
1896:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1824:
1818:
1808:
1799:
1789:
1780:
1770:
1762:
1757:
1749:
1744:
1735:
1713:(8): 12–18.
1710:
1706:
1700:
1692:
1678:
1669:
1661:
1652:
1622:(1): 79–98.
1619:
1615:
1609:
1601:
1592:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1488:
1471:
1465:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1413:25B, no. 29.
1410:
1405:
1396:
1386:
1374:. Retrieved
1370:the original
1360:
1341:
1332:
1321:
1311:
1236:(1984) (PDF)
1230:(1984) (PDF)
1224:(1983) (PDF)
1212:(1983) (PDF)
1206:(1981) (PDF)
1194:(1981) (PDF)
1176:(1978) (PDF)
1103:
1044:
1028:
969:Solar System
889:
877:
872:
850:
842:Inger Alfvén
838:
821:cosmological
802:
798:
782:
777:oscillations
769:Alfvén waves
767:
752:
716:
709:
695:Solar System
659:
654:
636:
591:
586:
570:
559:
554:
542:
530:
515:
500:at both the
494:Soviet Union
471:at both the
466:
454:
421:Alfvén waves
391:
390:
318:Institutions
297:
226:Double layer
185:(1995-04-02)
183:2 April 1995
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
4508:1995 deaths
4503:1908 births
4346:Niels Jerne
4276:Dick Bishop
4072:Alva Myrdal
4010:Nelly Sachs
3676:(Argentina)
3657:Nobel Prize
3096:Steinberger
3012:K. Siegbahn
3004:Bloembergen
2725:Chamberlain
2458:Schrödinger
2368:M. Siegbahn
2297:W. H. Bragg
2293:W. L. Bragg
1675:Helge Kragh
1435:(1): 5–10.
950:Elected a
903:1778 Alfvén
865:irreligious
846:Hugo Alfvén
746:braking of
726:Controlled
512:Later years
463:Early years
231:Alfvén wave
168:30 May 1908
4497:Categories
3974:Literature
3747:Louis Néel
3685:Literature
3613:L'Huillier
3577:Hasselmann
3533:Strickland
3501:Kosterlitz
3425:Perlmutter
3164:Brockhouse
2869:Schrieffer
2741:Hofstadter
2693:C. N. Yang
2450:Heisenberg
2427:De Broglie
2103:(1996) 259
1983:2022-08-30
1304:References
1293:Solar wind
991:Member of
979:Member of
973:Member of
740:propulsion
626:solar wind
533:California
172:Norrköping
164:1908-05-30
80:newspapers
4358:Dick Laws
4287:Paul Cohn
3922:Chemistry
3914:laureates
3666:Chemistry
3659:laureates
3597:Zeilinger
3417:Novoselov
3385:Kobayashi
3309:Abrikosov
3156:J. Taylor
3136:de Gennes
3128:R. Taylor
3020:K. Wilson
2968:R. Wilson
2952:Van Vleck
2923:1976–2000
2913:Rainwater
2909:Mottelson
2885:Josephson
2833:Gell-Mann
2797:Schwinger
2785:Prokhorov
2745:Mössbauer
2705:Cherenkov
2697:T. D. Lee
2621:Cockcroft
2612:1951–1975
2411:C. Wilson
2390:1926–1950
2336:Guillaume
2225:Michelson
2185:Becquerel
2156:1901–1925
2145:Laureates
1888:123514422
1644:122751100
1600:" (1986)
1457:0093-3813
1366:"History"
1298:Spheromak
1121:(1942) |
882:aged 86.
880:Djursholm
773:frequency
588:journals.
481:Stockholm
451:Education
445:Milky Way
110:June 2021
4247:elected
3909:Swedish
3774:(Sweden)
3749:(France)
3743:(Sweden)
3605:Agostini
3493:Thouless
3485:McDonald
3473:Nakamura
3441:Wineland
3373:Grünberg
3329:Politzer
3313:Ginzburg
3301:Giacconi
3281:Ketterle
3236:'t Hooft
3220:Laughlin
3212:Phillips
3192:Osheroff
3120:Friedman
3092:Schwartz
3088:Lederman
3008:Schawlow
2984:Weinberg
2793:Tomonaga
2685:Brattain
2677:Shockley
2586:Blackett
2578:Appleton
2570:Bridgman
2517:Lawrence
2497:Davisson
2477:Chadwick
2360:Millikan
2344:Einstein
2233:Lippmann
2201:Rayleigh
2193:M. Curie
2189:P. Curie
2014:Archived
1922:14 April
1843:70640855
1827:: 3–19.
1677:(2004).
1242:See also
1127:Part III
1112:Articles
900:asteroid
861:religion
825:Big Bang
805:Big Bang
539:Research
504:and the
447:galaxy.
396:Swedish:
281:ForMemRS
193:, Sweden
191:Danderyd
174:, Sweden
4470:Foreign
4256:Fellows
4249:in 1980
4243:of the
4241:Fellows
4082:Physics
3733:Physics
3593:Clauser
3557:Penrose
3541:Peebles
3497:Haldane
3465:Akasaki
3453:Englert
3445:Haroche
3429:Schmidt
3389:Maskawa
3341:Glauber
3333:Wilczek
3317:Leggett
3297:Koshiba
3277:Cornell
3268:present
3252:Kroemer
3248:Alferov
3240:Veltman
3224:Störmer
3144:Charpak
3124:Kendall
3108:Dehmelt
3076:Bednorz
2976:Glashow
2964:Penzias
2960:Kapitsa
2932:Richter
2905:A. Bohr
2881:Giaever
2861:Bardeen
2825:Alvarez
2809:Kastler
2801:Feynman
2681:Bardeen
2645:Zernike
2637:Purcell
2407:Compton
2352:N. Bohr
2241:Marconi
2173:Lorentz
2165:Röntgen
2147:of the
2084:(ed.).
1868:Bibcode
1715:Bibcode
1662:pbs.org
1624:Bibcode
1546:Bibcode
1476:Bibcode
1437:Bibcode
1123:Part II
1024:(1971)
959:of the
943:of the
933:of the
744:Reentry
674:during
645:in the
524:at the
469:physics
435:on the
425:aurorae
94:scholar
4197:1977:
4191:1974:
4172:2022:
4166:2000:
4156:1982:
4150:1981:
4144:1970:
4138:1967:
4132:1955:
4126:1911:
4107:1981:
4101:1970:
4095:1924:
4089:1912:
4070:1982:
4061:1961:
4055:1930:
4049:1921:
4043:1908:
4024:2011:
4014:1974:
4008:1966:
4002:1951:
3993:1931:
3987:1916:
3981:1909:
3953:2015:
3947:1948:
3941:1929:
3935:1926:
3929:1903:
3609:Krausz
3603:2023:
3589:Aspect
3587:2022:
3581:Manabe
3573:Parisi
3571:2021:
3561:Genzel
3555:2020:
3549:Queloz
3539:2019:
3529:Mourou
3525:Ashkin
3523:2018:
3517:Thorne
3513:Barish
3507:2017:
3491:2016:
3481:Kajita
3479:2015:
3463:2014:
3451:2013:
3439:2012:
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3357:Mather
3355:2006:
3349:Hänsch
3339:2005:
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3275:2001:
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3188:D. Lee
3186:1996:
3180:Reines
3174:1995:
3162:1994:
3150:1993:
3142:1992:
3134:1991:
3118:1990:
3104:Ramsey
3102:1989:
3086:1988:
3080:Müller
3074:1987:
3068:Rohrer
3064:Binnig
3058:1986:
3050:1985:
3040:Rubbia
3038:1984:
3032:Fowler
3026:1983:
3018:1982:
3002:1981:
2992:Cronin
2990:1980:
2974:1979:
2958:1978:
2942:1977:
2930:1976:
2903:1975:
2897:Hewish
2891:1974:
2875:1973:
2865:Cooper
2859:1972:
2851:1971:
2841:Alfvén
2839:1970:
2831:1969:
2823:1968:
2815:1967:
2807:1966:
2791:1965:
2777:Townes
2775:1964:
2769:Jensen
2761:Wigner
2759:1963:
2753:Landau
2751:1962:
2739:1961:
2733:Glaser
2731:1960:
2719:1959:
2703:1958:
2691:1957:
2675:1956:
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2651:1954:
2643:1953:
2631:1952:
2625:Walton
2619:1951:
2602:Powell
2600:1950:
2594:Yukawa
2592:1949:
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2576:1947:
2568:1946:
2560:1945:
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2515:1939:
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2483:1936:
2475:1935:
2456:1933:
2448:1932:
2433:1930:
2425:1929:
2417:1928:
2405:1927:
2399:Perrin
2397:1926:
2376:Franck
2374:1925:
2366:1924:
2358:1923:
2350:1922:
2342:1921:
2334:1920:
2326:1919:
2320:Planck
2318:1918:
2312:Barkla
2310:1917:
2291:1915:
2283:1914:
2275:1913:
2267:1912:
2259:1911:
2251:1910:
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2223:1907:
2215:1906:
2209:Lenard
2207:1905:
2199:1904:
2183:1903:
2177:Zeeman
2171:1902:
2163:1901:
2110:(2008)
1886:
1841:
1685:
1642:
1584:
1519:
1455:
1376:25 May
1348:
1164:(1970)
1158:(1967)
1152:(1967)
1146:(1963)
1140:(1961)
1134:(1958)
1096:
1082:
1068:
1035:Soviet
1001:(1962)
965:comets
947:(1971)
937:(1971)
918:(1967)
909:Awards
859:, and
738:Rocket
667:theory
545:plasma
427:, the
409:plasma
304:Fields
289:(1988)
283:(1980)
277:(1979)
271:(1971)
265:(1970)
259:(1946)
250:Awards
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
4036:Peace
3911:Nobel
3843:1970
3709:Peace
3655:1970
3545:Mayor
3509:Weiss
3469:Amano
3457:Higgs
3433:Riess
3405:Smith
3401:Boyle
3381:Nambu
3361:Smoot
3325:Gross
3293:Davis
3266:2001–
3256:Kilby
3168:Shull
3152:Hulse
3060:Ruska
2996:Fitch
2980:Salam
2877:Esaki
2853:Gabor
2817:Bethe
2781:Basov
2721:Segrè
2709:Frank
2669:Kusch
2657:Bothe
2633:Bloch
2562:Pauli
2546:Stern
2509:Fermi
2462:Dirac
2435:Raman
2380:Hertz
2328:Stark
2269:Dalén
2245:Braun
1916:(PDF)
1884:S2CID
1839:S2CID
1640:S2CID
1049:Books
771:(low
690:tails
688:comet
647:Earth
101:JSTOR
87:books
3868:1975
3863:1974
3858:1973
3853:1972
3848:1971
3838:1969
3833:1968
3828:1967
3823:1966
3818:1965
3713:1970
3689:1970
3565:Ghez
3413:Geim
3369:Fert
3345:Hall
3228:Tsui
3176:Perl
3112:Paul
2948:Mott
2936:Ting
2893:Ryle
2845:Néel
2713:Tamm
2665:Lamb
2653:Born
2554:Rabi
2538:1942
2531:1941
2524:1940
2485:Hess
2469:1934
2442:1931
2304:1916
2285:Laue
2261:Wien
1924:2011
1683:ISBN
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1453:ISSN
1378:2012
1346:ISBN
1094:ISBN
1080:ISBN
1066:ISBN
1033:and
890:The
827:and
813:myth
310:and
180:Died
154:Born
73:news
3397:Kao
3204:Chu
1876:doi
1829:doi
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