217:
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240:(grain decortication item) before evolving into other devices. According to F. Lisheng and T. Qingjun, the hand-crank of the rotary quern was different from a crank, which was the combination of a hand-crank and a push-and-pull connecting rod by a hinge. Eventually crank-and-connecting rods were used in the inter-conversion or rotary and reciprocating motion for other applications such as flour-sifting, treadle spinning wheels, water-powered furnace bellows, and silk-reeling machines.
90:
82:
31:
711:, an unknown German engineer writing on the state of the military technology of his day: first, the connecting-rod, applied to cranks, reappeared, second, double compound cranks also began to be equipped with connecting-rods and third, the flywheel was employed for these cranks to get them over the 'dead-spot'.
854:
Sixth: When it is certain the carburetor has a supply of fuel, grasp the handle of starting crank, push in endwise to engage ratchet with crank shaft pin and turn over the motor by giving a quick upward pull. Never push down, because if for any reason the motor should kick back, it would endanger the
361:
The first rotary hand mills, or rotary querns, appeared in Spain (600 BC – 500 BC), before they spread to the East. The handle near the outer edge of the rotary part makes the crank, a human arm powering the rotation would be the connecting rod. According to F. Lisheng and T. Qingjun, the hand-crank
235:
fan dated no later than 200 AD, but since then a series of similar pottery models with crank operated winnowing fans were unearthed, with one of them dating back to the
Western Han dynasty (202 BC – 9 AD). The Chinese used the crank-and-connecting rod in ancient blasting apparatus, textile machinery
850:
Fifth: Set the carburetor control on the steering column to the point marked "START." Be sure there is gasoline in the carburetor. Test for this by pressing down on the small pin projecting from the front of the bowl until the carburetor floods. If it fails to flood it shows that the fuel is not
843:
Third: See that spark control lever, which is the short lever located on top of the steering wheel on the right side, is back as far as possible toward the driver and the long lever, on top of the steering column controlling the carburetor, is pushed forward about one inch from its retarded
1702:
Because of the findings at
Ephesus and Gerasa the invention of the crank and connecting rod system has had to be redated from the 13th to the 6th c; now the Hierapolis relief takes it back another three centuries, which confirms that water-powered stone saw mills were indeed in use when
1207:
Because of the findings at
Ephesus and Gerasa the invention of the crank and connecting rod system has had to be redated from the 13th to the 6th c; now the Hierapolis relief takes it back another three centuries, which confirms that water-powered stone saw mills were indeed in use when
687:
for water-raising with a crank handle, an innovation which subsequently replaced the ancient practice of working the pipe by treading. The earliest evidence for the fitting of a well-hoist with cranks is found in a miniature of c. 1425 in the German
714:
One of the drawings of the
Anonymous of the Hussite Wars shows a boat with a pair of paddle-wheels at each end turned by men operating compound cranks (see above). The concept was much improved by the Italian engineer and writer
68:
drill. In this case a person's arm or leg serves as the connecting rod, applying reciprocating force to the crank. There is usually a bar perpendicular to the other end of the arm, often with a freely rotatable handle or
632:, dating to around 1340, describes a grindstone which was rotated by two cranks, one at each end of its axle; the geared hand-mill, operated either with one or two cranks, appeared later in the 15th century;
582:−942) describes a fretted stringed instrument which was sounded by a resined wheel turned with a crank; the device later appears in two 12th century illuminated manuscripts. There are also two pictures of
50:
into reciprocating motion, or vice versa. The arm may be a bent portion of the shaft, or a separate arm or disk attached to it. Attached to the end of the crank by a pivot is a rod, usually called a
1507:
Voulgaris, Aristeidis; Mouratidis, Christophoros; Vossinakis, Andreas (2023-08-27). "The
Initial Calibration Date of the Antikythera Mechanism after the Saros spiral mechanical Apokatastasis".
683:
include cranked windlasses (instead of spoke-wheels) for spanning siege crossbows, cranked chain of buckets for water-lifting and cranks fitted to a wheel of bells. Kyeser also equipped the
503:, demonstrating a diversified use of water-power in many parts of the Roman Empire The three finds push back the date of the invention of the crank and connecting rod by a full millennium:
453:
An true iron crank about 40 cm (16 inches) long was excavated, along with a pair of shattered mill-stones of 50 to 65 cm (20 to 26 inches) diameter and diverse iron items, in
2352:
3573:
2904:
719:
in 1463, who devised a boat with five sets, where the parallel cranks are all joined to a single power source by one connecting-rod, an idea also taken up by his compatriot
595:
764:
Around 1480, the early medieval rotary grindstone was improved with a treadle and crank mechanism. Cranks mounted on push-carts first appear in a German engraving of 1589.
316:. These devices, however, made only partial rotations and could not transmit much power, although only a small modification would have been required to convert it to a
1297:
1131:. Science and civilisation in China / by Joseph Needham Vol. 4, Physics and physical technology (6. print ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 114.
767:
From the 16th century onwards, evidence of cranks and connecting rods integrated into machine design becomes abundant in the technological treatises of the period:
365:
The
Antikythera mechanism, dated to around 200 BC, used a crank as a part of its mechanism. The crank was used to manually setup the starting date for a prediction.
2163:
2083:
216:
2120:
Lucas, Adam Robert (2005), "Industrial
Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds. A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe",
2345:
3566:
2258:
Ritti, Tullia; Grewe, Klaus; Kessener, Paul (2007), "A Relief of a Water-powered Stone Saw Mill on a
Sarcophagus at Hierapolis and its Implications",
423:
which cut rectangular blocks by the way of some kind of connecting rods and, through mechanical necessity, cranks. The accompanying inscription is in
299:
which cut rectangular blocks by the way of some kind of connecting rods and, through mechanical necessity, cranks. The accompanying inscription is in
211:
2897:
1668:
840:
Second: The clutch pedal is unlatched and the clutch engaged. The brake pedal is pushed forward as far as possible setting brakes on the rear wheel.
4448:
2295:
726:
851:
being delivered to the carburetor properly and the motor cannot be expected to start. See instructions on page 56 for filling the vacuum tank.
707:
appear between 1420 and 1430 in various northern
European artwork. The rapid adoption of the compound crank can be traced in the works of the
657:
3472:
2338:
2001:
1491:
1389:
1136:
1069:
326:(1136–1206) described a crank and connecting rod system in a rotating machine in two of his water-raising machines. His twin-cylinder
3559:
1443:"«Moliendo en ibero, moliendo en griego»: aculturación y resistencia tecnológica en el Mediterráneo occidental durante la Edad del Hierro"
450:. The 82.5 cm (32 inches) long piece has fitted to one end a 15 cm (6 inches) long bronze handle, the other handle being lost.
362:
of the rotary quern was different from a crank, which was the combination of a hand-crank and a push-and-pull connecting rod by a hinge.
4023:
2890:
236:
and agricultural machinery no later than the
Western Han dynasty (202 BC – 9 AD). It was first used in the manually operated quern and
231:
It was thought that evidence of the earliest true crank handle was found in a Han era glazed-earthenware tomb model of an agricultural
3411:
2316:
Crank highlight: Hypervideo of construction and operation of a four cylinder internal combustion engine courtesy of Ford Motor Company
2171:
Mangartz, Fritz (2006), "Zur Rekonstruktion der wassergetriebenen byzantinischen Steinsägemaschine von Ephesos, Türkei. Vorbericht",
465:
mill is dated to the late 2nd century AD. However an often cited modern reconstruction of a bucket-chain pump driven by hand-cranked
4018:
2463:
2237:
2215:
2193:
2111:
2068:
2050:
1341:
1282:
430:
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757:'s stock as a means of exerting even more force while spanning the missile weapon (see right). In the textile industry, cranked
2013:
607:; however, the existence of such a device cannot be confirmed by the original illuminations and thus has to be discounted. The
799:
motors wound with cranks. Reciprocating piston engines use cranks to convert the linear piston motion into rotational motion.
4523:
4453:
4288:
4097:
3089:
746:, but the device is still mechanically misunderstood. A sound grasp of the crank motion involved demonstrates a little later
753:
The 15th century also saw the introduction of cranked rack-and-pinion devices, called cranequins, which were fitted to the
303:. The crank and connecting rod mechanisms of the other two archaeologically attested sawmills worked without a gear train.
3741:
3386:
1007:
427:. The crank and connecting rod mechanisms of the other two archaeologically attested sawmills worked without a gear train.
4127:
4117:
2970:
2556:
2483:
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252:(2686–2181 BCE) and even a hieroglyph for the tool. However the Ancient Egyptian drill didn't operate as a true crank.
4321:
4185:
4166:
4157:
4041:
3653:
3596:
2379:
2043:
The Technological Illustrations of the So-Called "Anonymous of the Hussite Wars". Codex Latinus Monacensis 197, Part 1
227:(1938). The upright handle of such rotary handmills, set at a distance from the centre of rotation, works as a crank.
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1274:
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708:
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and war carriages that were propelled by manually turned compound cranks and gear wheels (center of image). The
4261:
4193:
3517:
3358:
3067:
2633:
2473:
998:
356:
188:) to transform the back-and-forth motion of the pistons into rotary motion. The cranks are incorporated into a
780:
750:
who painted a piston-pump driven by a water-wheel and operated by two simple cranks and two connecting-rods.
731:
2323:- Movies and photos of hundreds of working mechanical-systems models at Cornell University. Also includes an
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4413:
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2186:
Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology: Part 2, Mechanical Engineering
1993:
916:
816:
604:
571:; the pen drawing of around 830 goes back to a late antique original. A musical tract ascribed to the abbot
507:
With the crank and connecting rod system, all elements for constructing a steam engine (invented in 1712) —
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The crank became common in Europe by the early 15th century, often seen in the works of those such as the
652:
46:
is imparted to or received from the shaft. When combined with a connecting rod, it can be used to convert
330:
incorporated a crankshaft. A crank is later also described in an early 15th century Arabic manuscript of
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4367:
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379:
Later evidence for the crank, combined with a connecting rod in a machine, appears in the Ancient Greek
255:
Later evidence for the crank, combined with a connecting rod in a machine, appears in the Ancient Greek
4427:
661:
15th century paddle-wheel boat whose paddles are turned by single-throw crankshafts (Anonymous of the
368:
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3726:
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2623:
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2399:
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1562:
926:
893: – Early configuration of the steam engine utilising a rocking beam to connect major components.
720:
612:
249:
181:
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2011:
Frankel, Rafael (2003), "The Olynthus Mill, Its Origin, and Diffusion: Typology and Distribution",
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331:
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307:
27:
Simple machine transferring motion to or from a rotating shaft at a distance from the centreline
1381:
1374:
791:
Cranks were formerly common on some machines in the early 20th century; for example almost all
742:, the earliest evidence of a compound crank and connecting-rod is found in the sketch books of
57:
The term often refers to a human-powered crank which is used to manually turn an axle, as in a
4218:
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1997:
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550:
306:
The crank appears in the mid-9th century in several of the hydraulic devices described by the
1331:
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877:
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628:
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352:
113:
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1550:
561:− the earliest representation of one − which is operated by a crank handle is shown in the
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3859:
3814:
3502:
3213:
3062:
3019:
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2528:
2431:
1988:
Curtis, Robert I. (2008). "Food Processing and Preparation". In Oleson, John Peter (ed.).
1535:
636:
567:
493:
443:
435:
47:
43:
2286:
Schiöler, Thorkild (2009), "Die Kurbelwelle von Augst und die römische Steinsägemühle",
1566:
442:
A Roman iron crank of yet unknown purpose dating to the 2nd century AD was excavated in
4386:
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4207:
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3706:
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2100:
1355:
820:
623:
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300:
220:
185:
169:
107:
51:
699:
German crossbowman cocking his weapon with a cranked rack-and-pinion device (ca. 1493)
4517:
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3540:
3431:
3424:
3401:
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2406:
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2141:
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1609:
The new reading of the 3D reconstruction of the Antikythera machine (30-day calendar)
1031:
907:
674:
65:
2224:
Volpert, Hans-Peter (1997), "Eine römische Kurbelmühle aus Aschheim, Lkr. München",
1333:
The Book of Ingenious Devices (Kitáb al-Ḥiyal) by the Banú (sons of) Músà bin Shákir
4375:
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3879:
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3819:
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2384:
704:
662:
572:
462:
135:
118:
81:
1058:"Crank-Connecting Rod Mechanism: Its Application in Ancient China and Its Origins"
1481:
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3646:
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3535:
3419:
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2448:
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1645:
1327:
1269:
A. F. L. Beeston, M. J. L. Young, J. D. Latham, Robert Bertram Serjeant (1990),
902:
890:
679:
608:
590:
447:
396:
272:
224:
2061:
Propyläen Technikgeschichte. Landbau und Handwerk, 750 v. Chr. bis 1000 n. Chr.
615:(c. 1070−1125) described crank handles "used in the turning of casting cores".
492:; about the same time, these mill types seem also to be indicated by the Greek
4306:
4249:
3874:
3809:
3793:
3731:
3688:
3678:
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2719:
2458:
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600:
528:
470:
416:
408:
384:
317:
292:
284:
260:
189:
89:
34:
Hand crank for a winch on a sailboat - commonly referred to as a winch handle.
2882:
2208:
Greek and Roman Mechanical Water-Lifting Devices: The History of a Technology
1653:
1592:
1574:
1454:
1177:
819:
came into general use. The last car model which incorporated a crank was the
476:
In ancient literature, there is a reference to the workings of water-powered
4102:
4087:
3462:
3203:
3198:
2985:
2965:
2801:
2738:
2726:
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796:
747:
512:
420:
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323:
296:
288:
232:
146:
70:
2133:
248:
Ancient Egyptians had manual drills resembling a crank at the time of the
17:
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3353:
3084:
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2862:
2847:
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1704:
1209:
754:
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500:
489:
466:
454:
404:
280:
61:
2026:
1990:
The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World
3512:
3396:
1669:"An Ancient Greek Astronomical Calculation Machine Reveals New Secrets"
1583:
1185:
1153:
1023:
743:
670:
583:
485:
400:
388:
375:(3rd century AD), a machine that combine a crank with a connecting rod.
276:
264:
166:
58:
950: – Mechanical device that is used to adjust the tension of a rope
4107:
3844:
3323:
3302:
3079:
3029:
775:
of 1588 alone depicts eighteen examples, a number which rises in the
622:(c. 1280−1349), planning for a new crusade, made illustrations for a
524:
520:
477:
458:
392:
268:
1197:
1195:
1169:
1015:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1513:
586:
cranking her wheel of destiny from this and the following century.
3626:
1360:
The Crank-Connecting Rod System in a Continuously Rotating Machine
947:
730:
Water-raising pump powered by crank and connecting rod mechanism (
725:
694:
656:
545:
481:
429:
215:
88:
80:
29:
1483:
Science and Civilisation in China, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering
899: – Mechanism for converting reciprocating motion to rotation
42:
is an arm attached at a right angle to a rotating shaft by which
3551:
3477:
929: – Mechanism for conveting rotary motion into linear motion
873:
837:
First: Make sure the gear shifting lever is in neutral position.
758:
327:
122:
30:
3555:
2886:
2334:
1628:
Diolatzis, Ioannis S.; Pavlogeorgatos, Gerasimos (2018-03-01).
2924:
703:
The first depictions of the compound crank in the carpenter's
1083:
1081:
1062:
International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms
639:
were occasionally powered by cranks, although more often by
812:
1630:"Deepening to Antikythera mechanism via its interactivity"
1634:
Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
531:(in water mills and clocks) — were known in Roman times.
403:, Greek Ionia under Rome, (both 6th century AD). On the
279:, Greek Ionia under Rome, (both 6th century AD). On the
1447:
Vegueta: Anuario de la Facultad de Geografía e Historia
943:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
847:
Fourth: Turn ignition switch to point marked "B" or "M"
2327:
of classic texts on mechanical design and engineering.
1932:
1930:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1402:
1400:
1717:
1715:
2321:
Kinematic Models for Design Digital Library (KMODDL)
1064:. Springer Science and Business Media. p. 247.
912:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
4441:
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2298:(2002), "Machines, Power and the Ancient Economy",
2290:, vol. 40, no. 159/160, pp. 113–124
2099:
1814:
1785:
1696:
1425:
1373:
1241:
1226:
1201:
992:N. Sivin; Needham, Joseph (August 1968), "Review:
967:
783:to 45 different machines, one third of the total.
163:The crankset that drives a bicycle via the pedals.
473:has been dismissed as "archaeological fantasy".
1154:"The Egyptian Drill and the Origin of the Crank"
807:were usually started with hand cranks (known as
596:Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et Romaines
1700:
1205:
935: – Type of gear used in early beam engines
593:drills was depicted in the 1887 edition of the
505:
2059:Hägermann, Dieter; Schneider, Helmuth (1997),
1152:Hartenberg, Richard S.; Schmidt, John (1969).
1114:
1102:
3567:
2898:
2346:
1551:"The Final Date of the Antikythera Mechanism"
1310:
8:
1296:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1060:. In Hong-Sen Yan; Marco Ceccarelli (eds.).
761:for winding skeins of yarn were introduced.
1733:
1486:. Cambridge University Press. p. 186.
1376:Islam and Science, Medicine, and Technology
4223:
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3631:
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2226:Bericht der Bayerischen Bodendenkmalpflege
2162:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2102:Islamic Technology. An Illustrated History
2082:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1271:The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature
2045:, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag,
1582:
1512:
212:Science and technology of the Han dynasty
2971:Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)
1721:
1256:
367:
4449:Glossary of steam locomotive components
1826:
1745:
1606:Tyaglova-Fayer, Svetlana (2023-11-14),
1087:
960:
773:The Diverse and Artifactitious Machines
2155:
2075:
1773:
1761:
1531:
1520:
1380:, The Rosen Publishing Group, p.
1336:, Springer Publishing, pp. 23–4,
1289:
1252:
1250:
1237:
1235:
1222:
1220:
387:from the 3rd century AD and two stone
263:from the 3rd century AD and two stone
2251:Medieval Technology and Social Change
1972:
1960:
1936:
1921:
1909:
1893:
1881:
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1802:
1757:
1467:
1436:
1434:
1406:
1056:Lisheng, Feng; Qingjun, Tong (2009).
1043:
979:
7:
1948:
1897:
1869:
1838:
1555:Journal for the History of Astronomy
1372:Sally Ganchy, Sarah Gancher (2009),
1098:
1096:
872:which also serves the purpose of an
93:Animation of a multi-cylinder engine
1441:Alonso i Martínez, Natalia (2015).
523:(in metal force pumps), non-return
4301:National Museum of Scotland engine
2173:Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt
25:
994:Science and Civilisation in China
941: – Ellipse-drawing mechanism
832:how to hand crank the automobile:
795:before the 1930s were powered by
690:Hausbuch of the Mendel Foundation
4483:List of steam technology patents
2253:, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press
1786:Ritti, Grewe & Kessener 2007
1697:Ritti, Grewe & Kessener 2007
1426:Ritti, Grewe & Kessener 2007
1242:Ritti, Grewe & Kessener 2007
1227:Ritti, Grewe & Kessener 2007
1202:Ritti, Grewe & Kessener 2007
968:Ritti, Grewe & Kessener 2007
85:Hand crank on a pencil sharpener
3073:Overhead valve (pushrod) layout
2210:, University of Toronto Press,
2014:American Journal of Archaeology
677:. Devices depicted in Kyeser's
488:, by the late 4th century poet
4468:Murdoch's model steam carriage
4454:History of steam road vehicles
2188:, Cambridge University Press,
2106:, Cambridge University Press,
1815:Hägermann & Schneider 1997
1480:Needham, Joseph (1965-01-02).
515:(generating steam power), the
128:Starting Handle for older cars
125:for cables, wires, ropes, etc.
1:
4395:Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine
2304:, vol. 92, pp. 1–32
1736:, pp. 51–52, 56, fig. 42
1549:Carman, Christián C. (2017).
1008:Association for Asian Studies
709:Anonymous of the Hussite Wars
576:
438:, dated to the 2nd century AD
4118:Return connecting rod engine
2301:The Journal of Roman Studies
2260:Journal of Roman Archaeology
2150:Führer durch Augusta Raurica
2148:Laur-Belart, Rudolf (1988),
589:The use of crank handles in
145:The crank set that drives a
131:Manually operated car window
4042:Condensing steam locomotive
1667:Freeth, Tony (2022-01-01).
1646:10.1016/j.daach.2017.11.005
801:Internal combustion engines
97:Familiar examples include:
4540:
4349:"Coalbrookdale Locomotive"
2914:Internal combustion engine
1275:Cambridge University Press
1115:Lisheng & Qingjun 2009
1103:Lisheng & Qingjun 2009
922:Slider and crank mechanism
650:
539:
407:of the Hierapolis mill, a
350:
283:of the Hierapolis mill, a
209:
4355:"Pen-y-Darren" locomotive
4024:Single- and double-acting
3531:
3382:Diesel particulate filter
3334:Idle air control actuator
3275:Engine control unit (ECU)
2920:
2272:10.1017/S1047759400005341
1311:al-Hassan & Hill 1992
830:owner's manual describes
777:Theatrum Machinarum Novum
313:Book of Ingenious Devices
4194:Newcomen Memorial Engine
3447:Viscous fan (fan clutch)
3359:Throttle position sensor
3068:Overhead camshaft layout
2184:Needham, Joseph (1986),
2063:(2nd ed.), Berlin,
1884:, pp. 105, 111, 168
1575:10.1177/0021828617721553
1127:Needham, Joseph (2007).
999:Journal of Asian Studies
910: – English inventor
434:Roman crank handle from
415:is shown powering via a
357:List of Roman watermills
291:is shown powering via a
4498:Timeline of steam power
4493:Stationary steam engine
4376:Woolf's compound engine
4283:Soho Manufactory engine
4138:Steeple compound engine
3805:straight line mechanism
2986:Core plug (freeze plug)
1994:Oxford University Press
917:Piston motion equations
880:with inside cylinders.
605:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
4503:Water-returning engine
4477:Lean's Engine Reporter
4250:Chacewater Mine engine
4123:Six-column beam engine
2494:Single-acting cylinder
2427:Double-acting cylinder
2288:Helvetia Archaeologica
2134:10.1353/tech.2005.0026
2122:Technology and Culture
2041:Hall, Bert S. (1979),
1709:
1530:Cite journal requires
1328:Hill, Donald Routledge
1214:
1158:Technology and Culture
1129:Mechanical engineering
803:of early 20th century
735:
700:
666:
653:Renaissance technology
618:The Italian physician
554:
533:
439:
376:
228:
94:
86:
35:
4524:Linkages (mechanical)
4343:London Steam Carriage
2362:Engine configurations
2152:(5th ed.), Augst
1788:, p. 156, fn. 74
939:Trammel of Archimedes
781:Georg Andreas Böckler
732:Georg Andreas Böckler
729:
698:
660:
549:
461:. The crank-operated
433:
371:
219:
182:reciprocating engines
92:
84:
33:
4289:Bradley Works engine
4113:Reciprocating engine
3936:Babcock & Wilcox
3779:Centrifugal governor
3227:Compression ignition
2464:Oscillating cylinder
996:by Joseph Needham",
927:Slider-crank linkage
721:Francesco di Giorgio
613:Theophilus Presbyter
599:and ascribed to the
149:through its handles.
3830:Sun and planet gear
3377:Catalytic converter
2557:Two-and four-stroke
2459:Intake over exhaust
2092:al-Hassan, Ahmad Y.
2027:10.3764/aja.107.1.1
1829:, pp. 112–113.
1748:, pp. 195, 199
1673:Scientific American
1567:2017JHA....48..312C
1117:, pp. 236–249.
1105:, pp. 248–249.
1090:, pp. 118–119.
933:Sun and planet gear
542:Medieval technology
158:Foot-powered cranks
101:Hand-powered cranks
4330:Richard Trevithick
3928:Water-tube boilers
3742:Gresley conjugated
3503:Knocking / pinging
3095:Combustion chamber
2204:Oleson, John Peter
1760:, pp. 105f.;
1707:wrote his Mosella.
1470:, p. 5, fn. 9
1428:, p. 158, 159
1244:, pp. 149–153
1229:, pp. 139–141
1212:wrote his Mosella.
982:, p. 5, fn. 9
736:
701:
673:military engineer
667:
555:
527:(in water pumps),
440:
381:Hierapolis sawmill
377:
373:Hierapolis sawmill
332:Hero of Alexandria
310:brothers in their
257:Hierapolis sawmill
229:
95:
87:
36:
4511:
4510:
4437:
4436:
4316:
4315:
4000:
3999:
3900:Fire-tube boilers
3755:
3754:
3549:
3548:
3518:Stratified charge
3285:Electrical system
3267:Engine management
3100:Compression ratio
3040:Starter ring gear
2939:rotating assembly
2880:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2576:Inline / straight
2474:Overhead camshaft
2003:978-0-19-518731-1
1493:978-0-521-05803-2
1391:978-1-4358-5066-8
1313:, pp. 45, 61
1138:978-0-521-05803-2
1071:978-1-4020-9484-2
878:steam locomotives
817:electric starters
740:Renaissance Italy
685:Archimedes screws
620:Guido da Vigevano
184:use cranks (with
16:(Redirected from
4531:
4461:fardier à vapeur
4295:Whitbread Engine
4256:Smethwick Engine
4224:
4163:
3982:Feedwater heater
3850:
3632:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3553:
3392:Exhaust manifold
3257:Spark plug wires
3143:Boost controller
3130:Forced induction
2907:
2900:
2893:
2884:
2572:
2567:Cylinder layouts
2355:
2348:
2341:
2332:
2305:
2291:
2282:
2254:
2242:
2220:
2198:
2180:
2167:
2161:
2153:
2144:
2116:
2105:
2087:
2081:
2073:
2055:
2037:
2007:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1817:, pp. 425f.
1812:
1806:
1800:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1764:, pp. 230f.
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1734:Laur-Belart 1988
1731:
1725:
1724:, pp. 113f.
1719:
1710:
1694:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1586:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1518:
1516:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1438:
1429:
1423:
1410:
1404:
1395:
1394:
1379:
1369:
1363:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1295:
1287:
1266:
1260:
1259:, pp. 579f.
1254:
1245:
1239:
1230:
1224:
1215:
1199:
1190:
1189:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1091:
1085:
1076:
1075:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1034:
989:
983:
977:
971:
965:
944:
913:
876:. It is used on
809:starting handles
769:Agostino Ramelli
717:Roberto Valturio
629:Luttrell Psalter
581:
578:
497:Gregory of Nyssa
353:Roman technology
134:The carpenter's
114:pencil sharpener
21:
4539:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4433:
4408:
4381:
4362:
4312:
4269:
4213:
4201:Fairbottom Bobs
4186:Newcomen engine
4180:
4152:
4098:Expansion valve
4071:
4057:Watt's separate
4028:
3996:
3970:
3922:
3894:
3839:
3815:Parallel motion
3751:
3702:Stephenson link
3683:
3621:
3590:Operating cycle
3585:
3580:
3550:
3545:
3527:
3523:Top dead centre
3491:
3451:
3406:
3363:
3312:
3286:
3279:
3268:
3261:
3208:
3162:
3124:
3080:Tappet / lifter
3063:Flathead layout
3053:
3044:
2938:
2929:
2916:
2911:
2881:
2872:
2831:
2778:
2686:
2638:
2561:
2523:
2368:
2359:
2312:
2294:
2285:
2257:
2247:White, Lynn Jr.
2245:
2240:
2223:
2218:
2202:
2196:
2183:
2170:
2154:
2147:
2119:
2114:
2096:Hill, Donald R.
2090:
2074:
2071:
2058:
2053:
2040:
2010:
2004:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1951:, pp. 74f.
1947:
1943:
1935:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1896:, p. 167;
1892:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1713:
1699:, p. 161:
1695:
1686:
1677:
1675:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1614:
1612:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1529:
1519:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1440:
1439:
1432:
1424:
1413:
1405:
1398:
1392:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1288:
1285:
1277:, p. 266,
1268:
1267:
1263:
1255:
1248:
1240:
1233:
1225:
1218:
1204:, p. 161:
1200:
1193:
1170:10.2307/3101475
1151:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1094:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1016:10.2307/2051584
991:
990:
986:
978:
974:
966:
962:
958:
953:
942:
911:
886:
862:
789:
655:
649:
579:
568:Utrecht Psalter
553:'s war carriage
544:
538:
494:Christian saint
444:Augusta Raurica
436:Augusta Raurica
359:
349:
344:
246:
214:
208:
203:
198:
186:connecting rods
178:
160:
155:
103:
79:
48:circular motion
44:circular motion
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4537:
4535:
4527:
4526:
4516:
4515:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4465:
4451:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4425:
4418:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4398:
4391:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4372:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4352:
4346:
4340:
4326:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4304:
4298:
4292:
4286:
4279:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4259:
4253:
4247:
4239:
4236:Kinneil Engine
4232:
4230:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4208:Elsecar Engine
4205:
4197:
4190:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4171:
4169:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4128:Steeple engine
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4038:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4010:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3987:Feedwater pump
3984:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3932:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3904:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3856:
3854:
3853:Simple boilers
3847:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3835:Watt's linkage
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3784:Connecting rod
3781:
3776:
3771:
3765:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3693:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3638:
3636:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3556:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3416:
3414:
3412:Cooling system
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3371:
3369:Exhaust system
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3339:Inlet manifold
3336:
3331:
3326:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3218:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3194:Fuel injection
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3134:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2961:Connecting rod
2958:
2953:
2948:
2942:
2940:
2931:
2930:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2887:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2696:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2533:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2479:Overhead valve
2476:
2471:
2469:Opposed-piston
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2366:piston engines
2360:
2358:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2325:e-book library
2318:
2311:
2310:External links
2308:
2307:
2306:
2296:Wilson, Andrew
2292:
2283:
2255:
2243:
2238:
2221:
2216:
2200:
2194:
2181:
2168:
2145:
2117:
2112:
2088:
2069:
2056:
2051:
2038:
2008:
2002:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1965:
1953:
1941:
1926:
1914:
1902:
1886:
1874:
1862:
1843:
1831:
1819:
1807:
1790:
1778:
1766:
1750:
1738:
1726:
1711:
1684:
1659:
1620:
1598:
1561:(3): 312–323.
1541:
1532:|journal=
1499:
1492:
1472:
1460:
1430:
1411:
1396:
1390:
1364:
1356:Ahmad Y Hassan
1348:
1342:
1315:
1303:
1283:
1261:
1246:
1231:
1216:
1191:
1164:(2): 155–165.
1144:
1137:
1119:
1107:
1092:
1077:
1070:
1048:
1036:
984:
972:
959:
957:
954:
952:
951:
945:
936:
930:
924:
919:
914:
905:
900:
894:
887:
885:
882:
861:
858:
857:
856:
852:
848:
845:
841:
838:
788:
785:
648:
645:
601:Spanish Muslim
537:
534:
480:saws close to
348:
345:
343:
340:
245:
242:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
177:
174:
173:
172:
170:sewing machine
164:
159:
156:
154:
153:
150:
143:
140:compound crank
132:
129:
126:
116:
110:
108:Spinning wheel
104:
102:
99:
78:
75:
52:connecting rod
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4536:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4474:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4404:
4403:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4336:Puffing Devil
4333:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4322:High-pressure
4319:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4296:
4293:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4275:Rotative beam
4272:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4257:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4176:
4175:Savery Engine
4173:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4148:Working fluid
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3825:Rotative beam
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3802:hypocycloidal
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3583:Steam engines
3577:
3572:
3570:
3565:
3563:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3425:Water cooling
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3402:Oxygen sensor
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3317:Intake system
3315:
3309:
3308:Starter motor
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3247:Ignition coil
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3179:Petrol engine
3177:
3175:
3174:Diesel engine
3172:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3138:Blowoff valve
3136:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3055:Cylinder head
3051:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2946:Balance shaft
2944:
2943:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2903:
2901:
2896:
2894:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2529:Stroke cycles
2526:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2351:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2239:3-7749-2903-3
2235:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2219:
2217:90-277-1693-5
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2195:0-521-05803-1
2191:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2151:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2113:0-521-42239-6
2109:
2104:
2103:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2072:
2070:3-549-05632-X
2066:
2062:
2057:
2054:
2052:3-920153-93-6
2048:
2044:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1975:, p. 172
1974:
1969:
1966:
1963:, p. 167
1962:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1942:
1939:, p. 113
1938:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1924:, p. 114
1923:
1918:
1915:
1912:, p. 112
1911:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1863:
1860:, p. 111
1859:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1808:
1805:, p. 110
1804:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1722:Schiöler 2009
1718:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1621:
1611:
1610:
1602:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1542:
1537:
1524:
1515:
1510:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1449:(15): 23–36.
1448:
1444:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1409:, p. 170
1408:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1343:90-277-0833-9
1339:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1286:
1284:0-521-32763-6
1280:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1257:Mangartz 2006
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1145:
1140:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1049:
1046:, p. 104
1045:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
1000:
995:
988:
985:
981:
976:
973:
970:, p. 159
969:
964:
961:
955:
949:
946:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
909:
908:James Pickard
906:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
888:
883:
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
859:
853:
849:
846:
842:
839:
836:
835:
834:
833:
829:
824:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
786:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
765:
762:
760:
756:
751:
749:
745:
741:
733:
728:
724:
722:
718:
712:
710:
706:
697:
693:
691:
686:
682:
681:
676:
675:Konrad Kyeser
672:
664:
659:
654:
646:
644:
642:
638:
633:
631:
630:
625:
621:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
597:
592:
587:
585:
574:
570:
569:
564:
560:
552:
548:
543:
535:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
504:
502:
498:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
451:
449:
445:
437:
432:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
374:
370:
366:
363:
358:
354:
346:
341:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
319:
315:
314:
309:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
253:
251:
243:
241:
239:
234:
226:
222:
218:
213:
205:
200:
195:
193:
191:
187:
183:
175:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
157:
151:
148:
144:
141:
137:
133:
130:
127:
124:
120:
117:
115:
111:
109:
106:
105:
100:
98:
91:
83:
76:
74:
72:
67:
66:brace and bit
63:
60:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
32:
19:
4488:Modern steam
4475:
4460:
4422:Porter-Allen
4401:
4335:
4262:
4242:
4199:
4133:Safety valve
4062:"Pickle-pot"
3956:Thimble tube
3788:
3432:Electric fan
3232:Coil-on-plug
3158:Turbocharger
3153:Supercharger
3025:Main bearing
3015:Firing order
3005:Displacement
2951:Block heater
2935:Engine block
2923:Part of the
2922:
2858:Split-single
2644:Flat / boxer
2504:Swing-piston
2299:
2287:
2263:
2259:
2250:
2229:
2225:
2207:
2185:
2179:(1): 573–590
2176:
2172:
2149:
2125:
2121:
2101:
2060:
2042:
2018:
2012:
1989:
1982:Bibliography
1968:
1956:
1944:
1917:
1905:
1900:, p. 52
1889:
1877:
1872:, p. 48
1865:
1841:, p. 80
1834:
1827:Needham 1986
1822:
1810:
1781:
1776:, p. 16
1769:
1753:
1746:Volpert 1997
1741:
1729:
1701:
1676:. Retrieved
1672:
1662:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1613:, retrieved
1608:
1601:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1523:cite journal
1502:
1482:
1475:
1463:
1446:
1375:
1367:
1351:
1332:
1318:
1306:
1270:
1264:
1206:
1161:
1157:
1147:
1128:
1122:
1110:
1088:Needham 1986
1061:
1051:
1039:
1010:: 859–864 ,
1003:
997:
993:
987:
975:
963:
865:
863:
831:
825:
808:
790:
787:20th century
776:
772:
766:
763:
752:
737:
713:
702:
689:
678:
668:
663:Hussite Wars
634:
627:
617:
594:
588:
573:Odo of Cluny
566:
556:
506:
475:
452:
441:
378:
364:
360:
335:
322:
311:
305:
254:
247:
237:
230:
223:operating a
179:
152:Hand winches
139:
119:Fishing reel
96:
56:
39:
37:
4219:Watt engine
4019:Oscillating
3975:Boiler feed
3820:Plate chain
3799:Tusi couple
3712:Walschaerts
3597:Atmospheric
3456:Lubrication
3420:Air cooling
3237:Distributor
3189:Fuel filter
3167:Fuel system
3148:Intercooler
3115:Timing belt
3105:Head gasket
3035:Piston ring
2547:Five-stroke
2542:Four-stroke
2499:Split cycle
2437:Free-piston
2380:Atmospheric
2266:: 138–163,
2232:: 193–199,
2128:(1): 1–30,
2021:(1): 1–21,
1774:Wilson 2002
1762:Oleson 1984
1584:11336/72114
903:Human power
891:Beam engine
821:Citroën 2CV
805:automobiles
793:phonographs
680:Bellifortis
647:Renaissance
624:paddle boat
609:Benedictine
591:trepanation
565:manuscript
563:Carolingian
536:Middle Ages
457:, close to
448:Switzerland
397:Roman Syria
273:Roman Syria
250:Old Kingdom
244:Middle East
180:Almost all
112:Mechanical
4428:Ljungström
4414:High-speed
4307:Lap Engine
4263:Resolution
4167:Precursors
4052:Kirchweger
4014:Locomotive
3961:Three-drum
3941:Field-tube
3908:Locomotive
3890:Lancashire
3810:Link chain
3794:Crankshaft
3761:Mechanisms
3689:Valve gear
3508:Power band
3468:Oil filter
3442:Thermostat
3387:EGT sensor
3349:MAF sensor
3344:MAP sensor
3329:Air filter
3293:Alternator
3252:Spark plug
3184:Carburetor
3110:Rocker arm
3050:Valvetrain
2981:Crankshaft
2925:Automobile
2552:Six-stroke
2537:Two-stroke
2454:Heron head
2412:Cam engine
1992:. Oxford:
1973:White 1962
1961:White 1962
1937:White 1962
1922:White 1962
1910:White 1962
1894:White 1962
1882:White 1962
1858:White 1962
1803:White 1962
1758:White 1962
1678:2024-08-25
1615:2024-08-25
1514:2203.15045
1468:Lucas 2005
1407:White 1962
1044:White 1962
980:Lucas 2005
956:References
897:Crankshaft
870:crankshaft
866:crank axle
860:Crank axle
823:1948-1990
815:), before
651:See also:
641:windlasses
580: 878
559:grindstone
540:See also:
471:Nemi ships
421:frame saws
417:gear train
409:waterwheel
385:Roman Asia
351:See also:
318:crankshaft
297:frame saws
293:gear train
285:waterwheel
261:Roman Asia
210:See also:
190:crankshaft
121:and other
73:attached.
54:(conrod).
18:Hand crank
4459:Cugnot's
4402:Salamanca
4103:Hydrolock
4088:Crosshead
4034:Condenser
3870:Egg-ended
3242:Glow plug
3204:Fuel tank
3199:Fuel pump
2966:Crankcase
2280:161937987
2142:109564224
2035:192167193
1949:Hall 1979
1898:Hall 1979
1870:Hall 1979
1839:Hall 1979
1654:2212-0548
1640:: 10–26.
1593:0021-8286
1455:1133-598X
1324:Banū Mūsā
1178:0040-165X
1032:163331341
855:operator.
844:position.
826:The 1918
797:clockwork
748:Pisanello
635:Medieval
557:A rotary
513:aeolipile
469:from the
467:flywheels
413:mill race
411:fed by a
347:Antiquity
336:Mechanics
324:Al-Jazari
308:Banū Mūsā
289:mill race
287:fed by a
233:winnowing
147:handcycle
4518:Category
4442:See also
4368:Compound
4243:Old Bess
4083:Blowback
4006:Cylinder
3992:Injector
3951:Stirling
3946:Sentinel
3860:Haystack
3774:Cataract
3747:Southern
3737:Caprotti
3612:Compound
3541:Category
3486:Dry sump
3482:Wet sump
3473:Oil pump
3437:Radiator
3354:Throttle
3214:Ignition
3085:Camshaft
3010:Flywheel
2991:Cylinder
2976:Crankpin
2484:Pentroof
2432:Flathead
2422:Compound
2400:Rotative
2249:(1962),
2206:(1984),
2158:citation
2098:(1992),
2078:citation
1705:Ausonius
1330:(1979),
1292:citation
1210:Ausonius
884:See also
755:crossbow
603:surgeon
551:Vigevano
517:cylinder
501:Anatolia
490:Ausonius
455:Aschheim
405:pediment
389:sawmills
281:pediment
265:sawmills
77:Examples
62:crankset
4158:History
4067:Surface
3885:Cornish
3845:Boilers
3727:Corliss
3664:Corliss
3647:D slide
3617:Uniflow
3607:Cornish
3513:Redline
3397:Muffler
3298:Battery
3222:Magneto
2692:V / Vee
2509:Uniflow
2442:Stelzer
2417:Camless
2395:Cornish
1563:Bibcode
1186:3101475
1024:2051584
811:in the
744:Taccola
734:, 1661)
584:Fortuna
529:gearing
486:Germany
401:Ephesus
277:Ephesus
221:Tibetan
196:History
176:Engines
167:Treadle
59:bicycle
4470:(1784)
4464:(1769)
4430:(1908)
4424:(1862)
4405:(1812)
4397:(1805)
4387:Murray
4378:(1803)
4357:(1804)
4351:(1803)
4345:(1803)
4339:(1801)
4309:(1788)
4303:(1786)
4297:(1785)
4291:(1783)
4285:(1782)
4266:(1781)
4258:(1779)
4252:(1778)
4246:(1777)
4238:(1768)
4210:(1795)
4204:(1760)
4196:(1725)
4177:(1698)
4143:Stroke
4108:Piston
4093:Cutoff
3966:Yarrow
3918:Launch
3913:Scotch
3674:Sleeve
3669:Poppet
3654:Piston
3635:Valves
3627:Valves
3536:Portal
3324:Airbox
3303:Dynamo
3030:Piston
3020:Stroke
2999:layout
2927:series
2853:Radial
2843:Deltic
2489:Rotary
2407:Bourke
2278:
2236:
2214:
2192:
2140:
2110:
2067:
2049:
2033:
2000:
1652:
1591:
1490:
1453:
1388:
1340:
1281:
1184:
1176:
1135:
1068:
1030:
1022:
671:German
637:cranes
525:valves
521:piston
484:, now
478:marble
459:Munich
399:, and
393:Gerasa
342:Europe
275:, and
269:Gerasa
4076:Other
3880:Flued
3865:Wagon
3789:Crank
3732:Lentz
3722:Baker
3717:Allan
3642:Slide
3496:Other
3120:Valve
3090:Chest
2836:Other
2519:Wedge
2385:Axial
2276:S2CID
2138:S2CID
2031:S2CID
1509:arXiv
1182:JSTOR
1028:S2CID
1020:JSTOR
1006:(4),
948:Winch
868:is a
759:reels
705:brace
611:monk
499:from
482:Trier
463:Roman
425:Greek
301:Greek
225:quern
206:China
138:is a
136:brace
123:reels
71:pedal
64:or a
40:crank
4228:Beam
3769:Beam
3679:Bash
3659:Drop
3602:Watt
3478:Sump
2995:bank
2956:Bore
2514:Watt
2449:Hemi
2390:Beam
2373:Type
2364:for
2234:ISBN
2212:ISBN
2190:ISBN
2164:link
2108:ISBN
2084:link
2065:ISBN
2047:ISBN
1998:ISBN
1650:ISSN
1589:ISSN
1536:help
1488:ISBN
1451:ISSN
1386:ISBN
1338:ISBN
1298:link
1279:ISBN
1174:ISSN
1133:ISBN
1066:ISBN
874:axle
519:and
509:Hero
419:two
355:and
328:pump
295:two
238:long
201:Asia
4047:Jet
3875:Box
3707:Joy
3697:Gab
3463:Oil
3052:and
2937:and
2827:W30
2822:W24
2817:W18
2812:W16
2807:W12
2774:V24
2769:V20
2764:V18
2759:V16
2754:V14
2749:V12
2744:V10
2732:VR6
2720:VR5
2682:F16
2677:F12
2672:F10
2634:I14
2629:I12
2268:doi
2130:doi
2023:doi
2019:107
1642:doi
1579:hdl
1571:doi
1166:doi
1012:doi
828:Reo
779:by
771:'s
738:In
511:'s
391:at
383:in
334:'s
267:at
259:in
4520::
3484:,
2997:,
2802:W8
2797:W6
2792:W3
2739:V8
2727:V6
2715:V5
2710:V4
2705:V3
2700:V2
2667:F8
2662:F6
2657:F4
2652:F2
2624:I9
2619:I8
2614:I7
2609:I6
2604:I5
2599:I4
2594:I3
2589:I2
2584:I1
2274:,
2264:20
2262:,
2230:38
2228:,
2177:36
2175:,
2160:}}
2156:{{
2136:,
2126:46
2124:,
2094:;
2080:}}
2076:{{
2029:,
2017:,
1996:.
1929:^
1846:^
1793:^
1714:^
1687:^
1671:.
1648:.
1636:.
1632:.
1587:.
1577:.
1569:.
1559:48
1557:.
1553:.
1527::
1525:}}
1521:{{
1445:.
1433:^
1414:^
1399:^
1384:,
1382:41
1358:.
1326:;
1294:}}
1290:{{
1273:,
1249:^
1234:^
1219:^
1194:^
1180:.
1172:.
1162:10
1160:.
1156:.
1095:^
1080:^
1026:,
1018:,
1004:27
1002:,
864:A
813:UK
723:.
692:.
643:.
577:c.
446:,
395:,
338:.
320:.
271:,
192:.
38:A
3575:e
3568:t
3561:v
3488:)
3480:(
3001:)
2993:(
2906:e
2899:t
2892:v
2868:X
2863:U
2848:H
2784:W
2354:e
2347:t
2340:v
2270::
2199:.
2166:)
2132::
2086:)
2025::
2006:.
1681:.
1656:.
1644::
1638:8
1595:.
1581::
1573::
1565::
1538:)
1534:(
1517:.
1511::
1496:.
1457:.
1362:.
1300:)
1188:.
1168::
1141:.
1074:.
1014::
665:)
575:(
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20:)
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