342:
283:
702:
overlock machines are commonly used for garment seams in knit or stretchy fabrics, for garment seams where the fabric is light enough that the seam does not need to be pressed open, and for protecting edges against raveling. Machines using two to four threads are most common, and frequently one machine can be configured for several varieties of overlock stitch. Overlock machines with five or more threads usually make both a chainstitch with one needle and one looper, and an overlock stitch with the remaining needles and loopers. This combination is known as a "safety stitch". A similar machine used for stretch fabrics is called a
354:
764:, the material being sewn must move so that each cycle of needle motion involves a different part of the material. This motion is known as feed, and sewing machines have almost as many ways of feeding material as they do of forming stitches. For general categories, there are: drop feed, needle feed, walking foot, puller, and manual. Often, multiple types of feed are used on the same machine. Besides these general categories, there are also uncommon feed mechanisms used in specific applications like edge joining fur, making seams on caps, and blind stitching.
802:, which grips the material being sewn (usually from behind the needles) and pulls it with a force and reliability usually not possible with other types of feed. Puller feeds are seldom built directly into the basic sewing machine. Their action must be synchronized with the needle and feed action built into the machine to avoid damaging the machine. Pullers are also limited to straight seams, or very nearly so. Despite their additional cost and limitations, pulling feeds are very useful when making large heavy items like tents and vehicle covers.
771:" is pushed up through slots in the machine surface, then dragged horizontally past the needle. The dogs are serrated to grip the material, and a "presser foot" is used to keep the material in contact with the dogs. At the end of their horizontal motion, the dogs are lowered again and returned to their original position while the needle makes its next pass through the material. While the needle is in the material, there is no feed action. Almost all household machines and the majority of industrial machines use drop feed.
161:
748:
316:
thread. The feed was unreliable, requiring the machine to be stopped frequently and reset up. Hunt eventually lost interest in his machine and sold individual machines without bothering to patent his invention, and only patenting it at a late date of 1854. In 1842, John
Greenough patented the first sewing machine in the United States. The British partners Newton and Archibold introduced the eye-pointed needle and the use of two pressing surfaces to keep the pieces of fabric in position, in 1841.
951:
clothing for the average person during periods when demand for fitted clothes was low, effectively increasing their earnings. When industrial sewing machines initially became popular many seamstresses, either working in factories or from home, lost their jobs as fewer workers could now produce the same output. In the long run these now unemployed skilled workers along with thousands of men and children would eventually be able to gain employment in jobs created as the clothing industry grew.
710:
looper above the material can form a top cover stitch simultaneously. The needle threads form parallel rows, while the looper threads cross back and forth all the needle rows. Coverstitch is so-called because the grid of crossing needle and looper threads covers raw seam edges, much as the overlock stitch does. It is widely used in garment construction, particularly for attaching trims and flat seaming where the raw edges can be finished in the same operation as forming the seam.
256:
845:
643:
899:
366:
2617:
75:
887:
911:
722:. As the cam rotates, a fingerlike follower that is connected to the needle bar rides along the cam and tracks its indentations. As the follower moves in and out, the needle bar is moved from side to side. Very old sewing machines lack this hardware and so cannot natively produce a zigzag stitch, but there are often shank-driven attachments available which enable them to do so.
581:
functions. These electronic components enabled new features such as automating thread cutters, needle positioning, and back-tacking, as well as digitized stitch patterns and stitch combinations. Because of the lifespan and increased complexity of the electronic parts, electronic sewing machines do not last as long as mechanical sewing machines, which can last over 100 years.
67:
955:
industries involved in the process benefited as well such as metal companies who provided parts for the machines, and shippers to move the increased amounts of goods. In addition to being important for clothing production, sewing machines also became important in the manufacturing of furniture with upholstery, curtains and towels, toys, books, and many other products.
595:
2604:
25:
619:
607:
295:
271:
736:
387:
England trying to attract interest in his machine, he returned to
America to find various people infringing his patent, among them Isaac Merritt Singer. He eventually won a case for patent infringement in 1854 and was awarded the right to claim royalties from the manufacturers using ideas covered by his patent, including Singer.
220:, began developing his first sewing machine in 1807 and presented his first working machine publicly in 1814. Having received financial support from his government, the Austrian tailor worked on the development of his machine until 1839, when he built a machine imitating the weaving process using the chain stitch.
954:
The sewing machine's effects on the clothing industry resulted in major changes for other industries as well. Cotton production needed to increase in order to match the demand of the new clothing factories. As a result, cotton became planted in new areas where it had not previously been farmed. Other
950:
Many of the women who had previously been busy at home could now seek employment in factories, increasing the income for their family. This allowed families to be able to afford more sets of clothing and items than they previously could. For seamstresses, home sewing machines allowed them to produce
580:
Sewing machines were strictly mechanical, using gears, shafts, levers, and so on, until the 1970s when electronic machines were introduced to the market. Electronic sewing machines incorporate components such as circuit boards, computer chips, and additional motors for independent control of machine
390:
Singer had seen a rotary sewing machine being repaired in a Boston shop. As an engineer, he thought it was clumsy and decided to design a better one. The machine he devised used a falling shuttle instead of a rotary one; the needle was mounted vertically and included a presser foot to hold the cloth
180:
and his device included many practical and functional features: an overhanging arm; a feed mechanism (adequate for short lengths of leather); a vertical needle bar; and a looper. Saint created the machine to reduce the amount of hand-stitching on garments, making sewing more reliable and functional.
852:
There are mainly two types of sewing machines available: industrial and domestic. Industrial sewing machines are larger, faster, and more varied in their size, cost, appearance, and task. An industrial sewing machine can handle heavy-duty sewing jobs. Industrial machines, unlike domestic machines,
794:
along with it. It is most useful for sewing heavy materials where needle feed is mechanically inadequate, for spongy or cushioned materials where lifting the foot out of contact with the material helps in the feeding action, and for sewing many layers together where a drop feed will cause the lower
709:
Coverstitch is formed by two or more needles and one or two loopers. Like lockstitch and chainstitch, coverstitch can be formed anywhere on the material being sewn. One looper manipulates a thread below the material being sewn, forming a bottom cover stitch against the needle threads. An additional
192:
would have pierced the material, and a forked-point rod would have carried the thread through the hole, where it would have been hooked underneath and moved to the next stitching place, after which the cycle would be repeated, thereby locking the stitch in place. Saint's machine was designed to aid
927:
Before sewing machines were invented women spent much of their time maintaining their family's clothing. Middle-class housewives, even with the aid of a hired seamstress, would devote several days of each month to this task. It took an experienced seamstress at least 14 hours to make a dress shirt
778:
A needle feed, used only in industrial machines, moves the material while the needle is in the material. In fact, the needle may be the primary feeding force. Some implementations of needle feed rock the axis of needle motion back and forth, while other implementations keep the axis vertical while
693:
Lockstitch is the familiar stitch performed by most household sewing machines and most industrial "single needle" sewing machines, using two threads, one passed through a needle and one coming from a bobbin or shuttle. Each thread stays on its own side of the material while being sewn, interlacing
805:
A manual feed is used primarily in freehand embroidery, quilting, and shoe repair. With manual feed, the stitch length and direction is controlled entirely by the motion of the material being sewn. Frequently some form of hoop or stabilizing material is used with fabric to keep the material under
774:
Differential feed is a variation of drop feed with two independent sets of dogs, one before and one after the needle. By changing their relative motions, these sets of dogs can be used to stretch or compress the material in the vicinity of the needle. This is extremely useful when sewing stretchy
560:
sewing machine, which used Allen B. Wilson's idea for a vibrating shuttle and was a better lockstitcher than the oscillating shuttles of the time. Millions of the machines, perhaps the world's first really practical sewing machine for domestic use, were produced until finally superseded by rotary
438:
Company produced more machines in the 1850s and 1860s than any other manufacturer. Wilson also invented the four-motion feed mechanism that is still used on every sewing machine today. This had a forward, down, back and up motion, which drew the cloth through in an even and smooth motion. Charles
386:
Elias Howe, born in
Spencer, Massachusetts, created his sewing machine in 1845, using a similar method to Fisher's except that the fabric was held vertically. An important improvement on his machine was to have the needle running away from the point, starting from the eye. After a lengthy stay in
315:
in 1832. His machine used a needle with the eye and the point on the same end carrying the upper thread, and a falling shuttle carrying the lower thread. The curved needle moved through the fabric horizontally, leaving the loop as it withdrew. The shuttle passed through the loop, interlocking the
853:
perform a single dedicated task and are capable of continuous use for long periods; they have larger moving parts and larger motors rated for continuous operation. Parts for different industrial machines, such as motors, sewing feet, and bobbins may be interchangeable, but this is not always so.
701:
Overlock, also known as "serging" or "serger stitch", can be formed with two to four threads, one or two needles, and one or two loopers. Overlock sewing machines are usually equipped with knives that trim or create the edge immediately in front of the stitch formation. Household and industrial
505:
clothing and shoes. In the 1860s consumers began purchasing them, and the machines—ranging in price from £6 to £15 in
Britain depending on features—became very common in middle-class homes. Owners were much more likely to spend free time with their machines to make and mend clothing for their
475:
717:
is a variant geometry of the lockstitch. It is a back-and-forth stitch used where a straight stitch will not suffice, such as in preventing raveling of a fabric, in stitching stretchable fabrics, and in temporarily joining two work pieces edge-to-edge. When creating a zigzag stitch, the
779:
moving it forward and back. In both cases, there is no feed action while the needle is out of the material. Needle feed is often used in conjunction with a modified drop feed, and is very common on industrial two needle machines. Most household machines do not use needle feed.
465:
single-thread sewing machine on June 2, 1857. In partnership with James
Willcox, Gibbs became a principal partner in Willcox & Gibbs Sewing Machine Company. Willcox & Gibbs commercial sewing machines are still used in the 21st century, with spares parts available.
860:
motors mounted inside the machine. There are two different types of motor available for industrial machines: a servo motor (which uses less electricity and is silent when not in use), and the more traditional clutch motor (which is always spinning, even when not in use).
572:, Singer was offering hand, treadle and electric machines for sale. At first, the electric machines were standard machines with a motor strapped on the side, but as more homes gained power, they became more popular, and the motor was gradually introduced into the casing.
655:
Sewing machines can make a great variety of plain or patterned stitches. Ignoring strictly decorative aspects, over three dozen distinct stitch formations are formally recognized by the ISO 4915:1991 standard, involving one to seven separate threads to form the stitch.
205:. Although his machine was very advanced for the era, the concept would need steady improvement over the coming decades before it was practical enough to enter into wide use. In 1874, a sewing machine manufacturer, William Newton Wilson, found Saint's drawings in the
454:
was formed, consisting of Singer, Howe, Wheeler, Wilson, and Grover and Baker. These four companies pooled their patents, with the result that all other manufacturers had to obtain a license for $ 15 per machine. This lasted until 1877 when the last patent expired.
494:, Manchester in 1869. In 1893 a Jones advertising sheet claimed that this factory was the "Largest Factory in England Exclusively Making First Class Sewing Machines". The firm was renamed as the Jones Sewing Machine Co. Ltd and was later acquired by
328:, in 1845. However, due to the botched filing of Fisher's patent at the Patent Office, he did not receive due recognition for the modern sewing machine in the legal disputations of priority with Singer, and Singer reaped the benefits of the patent.
319:
The first machine to combine all the disparate elements of the previous half-century of innovation into the modern sewing machine was the device built by
English inventor John Fisher in 1844, a little earlier than the very similar machines built by
931:
Sewing machines reduced the time for making a dress shirt to an hour and 15 minutes; the time to make a dress to an hour; and the time for a pair of summer pants to 38 minutes. This reduced labor resulted in women having a diminished role in
835:
Tension in a sewing machine refers to the pull of the thread between the needle and the bobbin. Sewing machines have tension discs and a tension regulator. If the stitch is too saggy or too tight, the most likely cause is a tension problem.
806:
proper tension and aid in moving it around. Most household machines can be set for manual feed by disengaging the drop feed dogs. Most industrial machines can not be used for manual feed without actually removing the feed dogs.
947:. The movement to large-scale factories resulted in a great increase in productivity; fewer workers could produce the same amount of clothing, reducing clothing prices significantly. As supply increased, prices also dropped.
109:
work performed in clothing companies. Since the invention of the first sewing machine, generally considered to have been the work of
Englishman Thomas Saint in 1790, the sewing machine has greatly improved the efficiency and
157:, a German-born engineer working in England, was awarded the first British patent for a mechanical device to aid the art of sewing, in 1755. His invention consisted of a double pointed needle with an eye at one end.
125:
type at a time. In a modern sewing machine, the process of stitching has been automated, so that the fabric easily glides in and out of the machine. Early sewing machines were powered by either constantly turning a
391:
in place. It had a fixed arm to hold the needle and included a basic tension system. This machine combined elements of
Thimonnier, Hunt and Howe's machines. Singer was granted an American patent in 1851. The foot
689:
A better stitch was found in the lockstitch. The chain stitch is still used today in clothing manufacture, though due to its major drawbacks, it is generally paired with an overlock stitch along the same seam.
425:
in a short arc, which was an improvement over Singer and Howe's. However, John
Bradshaw had patented a similar device and threatened to sue, so Wilson decided to try a new method. He went into partnership with
928:
for a man; a woman's dress took 10 hours; and a pair of summer trousers took nearly three hours. Most people except the very well-off would have only two sets of clothing: a work outfit and a Sunday outfit.
867:
The servo motor uses less electricity than a clutch motor. It does not make any sound unless the operator hits the pedal on the machine, but it cannot withstand the same kind of use as a clutch motor.
767:
The drop feed mechanism is used by almost all household machines and involves a mechanism below the sewing surface of the machine. When the needle is withdrawn from the material being sewn, a set of "
235:
for his machine was issued on 17 July 1830, and in the same year, he and his partners opened the first machine-based clothing manufacturing company in the world to create army uniforms for the
216:
In 1804, a sewing machine was built by two
Englishmen, Thomas Stone and James Henderson, and a machine for embroidering was constructed by John Duncan in Scotland. An Austrian tailor,
478:
Thomas Saint's chain stitch used on the first ever complete sewing machine design for leather work. An awl preceded the eye pointed needle to make a hole in preparation for the thread
553:
went on to become one of the largest American manufacturers of overlock sewing machines and remains in the 21st century as the last American over-lock sewing machine manufacturer.
545:, then-president of what had started in the 1840s, as a machine shop to develop specialized machinery for the knitting operations. This crochet machine was the first production
490:, England until 1863. Their machines used designs from Howe and Wilson produced under licence. Thomas Chadwick later joined Bradbury & Co. William Jones opened a factory in
247:. The machine is made of wood and uses a barbed needle which passes downward through the cloth to grab the thread and pull it up to form a loop to be locked by the next loop.
856:
The motors on industrial machines, as with most of their components, lights, etc., are separate, usually mounted to the underside of the table. Domestic machines have their
341:
682:
The stitch is not self-locking, and if the thread breaks at any point or is not tied at both ends, the whole length of stitching comes out. It is also easily ripped out.
243:
was burned down, reportedly by workers fearful of losing their livelihood, following the issuing of the patent. A model of the machine is exhibited in London at the
227:, a French tailor, in 1829. His machine sewed straight seams using a chain stitch like Saint's model had, and in 1830, he signed a contract with Auguste Ferrand, a
1719:
Lampe, Ryan, and Petra Moser. "Patent Pools and Innovation in Substitute Technologies – Evidence from the 19th-Century Sewing Machine Industry."
943:
Industrial use of sewing machines further reduced the burden placed upon housewives, moving clothing production from housewives and seamstresses to large-scale
206:
561:
shuttle machines in the 20th century. Sewing machines continued being made to roughly the same design—with more lavish decoration—until well into the 1900s.
512:
2659:
46:
33:
282:
864:
A clutch motor is always running and making noises when it is connected to electricity. The constant operation ensures consistency and speed.
395:
used since the Middle Ages, used to convert reciprocating to rotary motion, was adapted to drive the sewing machine, leaving both hands free.
1477:
1388:
443:. Throughout the 1850s more and more companies were being formed, each trying to sue the others for patent infringement. This triggered a
631:
1634:
Coffin, Judith G. "Credit, consumption, and images of women's desires: Selling the sewing machine in late nineteenth-century France".
1354:
1338:
1191:
3157:
1837:
1011:
1501:
790:
with one that moves along with whatever other feed mechanisms the machine already has. As the walking foot moves, it shifts the
2181:
1536:
1568:
876:
1304:
2778:
2652:
2550:
2491:
974:
1791:
168:
In 1790, the English inventor Thomas Saint invented the first sewing machine design. His machine was meant to be used on
3127:
2585:
2540:
2456:
1801:
Servant in the house: A brief history of the sewing machine. From The Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1929
483:
1687:
Godley, Andrew. "Selling the Sewing Machine Around the World: Singer's International Marketing Strategies, 1850–1920",
827:
machines may be equipped with a needle guard. Needle guards are a safety measure that are used to help avoid injuries.
3152:
3132:
2922:
1663:
de la Cruz-Fernández, Paula A. "Multinationals and Gender: Singer Sewing Machine and Marketing in Mexico, 1890–1930."
1071:
154:
102:
1712:
Jack, Andrew B. "The channels of distribution for an innovation: The sewing-machine industry in America, 1860–1865".
1169:
Elias Howe Jr., Sewing Machine, United States Patent Office, US Patent 4,750, issued 10 September 1846, expired 1867.
698:. As a result, a lockstitch can be formed anywhere on the material being sewn; it does not need to be near an edge.
3142:
3137:
2387:
1779:
451:
353:
176:
material. It is likely that Saint had a working model, but there is no surviving evidence of one. He was a skilled
38:
1205:
137:
Industrial sewing machines, by contrast to domestic machines, are larger, faster, and more varied in their size,
3147:
3122:
2645:
2626:
1739:
Wickramasinghe, Nira. "Following the Singer Sewing Machine: Fashioning a Market in a British Crown Colony," in
557:
482:
William Jones started making sewing machines in 1859 and in 1860 formed a partnership with Thomas Chadwick. As
458:
2500:
1770:
1612:
224:
820:
Sewing machines use special needles tailored to their needs and to the character of the material being sewn.
2942:
1940:
160:
1411:
1097:
685:
The direction of sewing cannot be changed much from one stitch to the next, or the stitching process fails.
3063:
3053:
2222:
550:
398:
When Howe learned of Singer's machine he took him to court, where Howe won and Singer was forced to pay a
312:
244:
210:
624:
Lockstitch utilising a rotating hook invented by Allen B Wilson. This is employed on many modern machines
3058:
2887:
2810:
2505:
1935:
815:
747:
122:
2530:
1800:
2520:
2217:
1830:
1694:
Godley, Andrew. "Singer in Britain: the diffusion of sewing machine technology and its impact on the
933:
775:
material, and overlock machines (heavily used for such materials) frequently have differential feed.
434:
instead of a shuttle. This was far quieter and smoother than other methods, with the result that the
422:
321:
3101:
2825:
2766:
1885:
507:
501:
Clothing manufacturers were the first sewing machine customers, and used them to produce the first
435:
402:
for all machines already produced. Singer then took out a license under Howe's patent and paid him
1121:
3016:
2957:
2840:
2608:
2570:
2510:
2476:
1744:
1639:
1041:
969:
917:
565:
495:
217:
474:
1675:
Gendered capitalism. Sewing machines and multinational business in Spain and Mexico (1850–1940)
347:
Elliptic sewing machine with elliptic hook and stationary bobbin, American Institute Fair, 1862
2974:
2917:
2729:
2712:
2575:
1994:
1969:
1695:
1483:
1473:
1394:
1384:
1358:
1334:
1187:
520:
and instructions. A sewing machine could produce a man's shirt in about one hour, compared to
487:
427:
121:
Home sewing machines are designed for one person to sew individual items while using a single
115:
1658:
Peacefully Working to Conquer the World: Singer Sewing Machines in Foreign Markets, 1854–1920
3001:
2835:
2815:
2790:
2682:
2555:
2448:
2212:
2126:
2100:
1333:. Contributions in Women's Studies. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 66–68.
844:
542:
255:
188:
method, in which the machine uses a single thread to make simple stitches in the fabric. A
3080:
3075:
2984:
2912:
2820:
2800:
2621:
2486:
2309:
2304:
2253:
2156:
2151:
1915:
1895:
1890:
1823:
1795:
1783:
1150:
719:
569:
418:
228:
2354:
74:
3096:
3048:
3038:
3011:
2989:
2845:
2805:
2795:
2773:
2702:
2668:
2401:
2324:
2227:
2082:
2029:
1974:
1959:
1905:
1900:
1865:
444:
1547:
1525:
1282:
Sewing Machines by K. R. Gilbert (1970) published for the London Science Museum pp. 12
1019:
612:
Formation of a lock-stitch using a boat shuttle as employed in early domestic machines
461:(1829–1902), a farmer from Raphine in Rockbridge County, Virginia, patented the first
209:, made adjustments to the looper, and built a working machine, currently owned by the
3116:
2937:
2860:
2850:
2734:
2719:
2374:
2369:
2349:
2344:
2268:
2232:
2146:
2105:
2064:
2054:
2044:
1880:
1875:
1860:
1765:
714:
695:
517:
502:
411:
407:
372:
189:
177:
98:
1761:
1729:
Thomson, Ross. "Learning by Selling and Invention: The Case of the Sewing Machine."
1422:
1137:
994:
642:
3006:
2952:
2932:
2756:
2746:
2739:
2697:
2525:
2359:
2339:
1989:
1979:
1964:
1576:
1292:
898:
787:
783:
491:
462:
414:
arrangement to allow people to purchase their machines through payments over time.
376:
365:
185:
111:
1805:
1247:
1184:
Made in America: an Informal History of the English Language in the United States
3070:
3033:
3023:
2964:
2865:
2751:
2692:
2471:
2461:
2416:
2334:
2166:
2141:
2121:
2077:
2019:
1984:
1308:
1179:
798:
Some factory machines and a few household machines are set up with an auxiliary
672:
660:
431:
236:
1598:
1075:
288:
Sewing Machine from the Everyday Collection of the Museu da Capitania de Ilhéus
2947:
2902:
2892:
2875:
2870:
2785:
2761:
2724:
2515:
2411:
2319:
2299:
2294:
2207:
2176:
2087:
2014:
2004:
1949:
1810:
886:
741:
Vintage Davis vertical feed (walking foot) sewing machine produced around 1890
664:
440:
325:
308:
261:
1748:
1487:
1450:
1398:
2897:
2855:
2687:
2616:
2580:
2466:
2426:
2116:
2049:
2024:
1999:
1436:. Pleasantville, New York: The Reader's Digest Association, Inc., pp. 32–36.
1230:
910:
791:
768:
678:
Chain stitch was used by early sewing machines and has two major drawbacks:
66:
24:
2603:
1788:
1467:
1244:"A Stitch in Time: The Rise and Fall of the Sewing Machine Patent Thicket"
594:
231:, who made the requisite drawings and submitted a patent application. The
201:, but it was also capable of working with canvas, and was used for sewing
2996:
2907:
2830:
2329:
2171:
2161:
2072:
2039:
2009:
1954:
1925:
1680:
Godley, Andrew. "The Global Diffusion of the Sewing Machine, 1850–1914".
668:
546:
399:
127:
1776:
1608:
1606:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
718:
back-and-forth motion of the sewing machine's needle is controlled by a
3043:
2969:
2882:
2707:
2421:
2364:
2263:
2258:
2136:
2131:
2034:
1870:
1724:
1668:
944:
937:
618:
538:
392:
240:
169:
131:
87:
1734:
1643:
1331:
Victorian London's Middle-Class Housewife: What She Did All Day (#179)
2927:
2565:
2535:
2431:
2406:
2289:
2237:
2202:
2197:
1910:
1846:
964:
824:
761:
232:
198:
194:
173:
106:
94:
1243:
630:
606:
294:
270:
223:
The first practical and widely used sewing machine was invented by
2637:
2560:
1920:
843:
735:
473:
159:
73:
65:
1042:"The Servant in the House: A Brief History of the Sewing Machine"
848:
Industrial sewing machine (left), domestic sewing machine (right)
164:
The first sewing machine, invented by Thomas Saint, London, 1790.
2979:
2545:
2273:
1128:. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Accessed 31 December 2011.
276:
An 1880 hand-cranked machine from the Wheeler and Wilson Company
202:
138:
134:
mechanism. Electrically-powered machines were later introduced.
2641:
1819:
403:
2314:
857:
91:
18:
1777:
Old Sewing Machines and How They Work – with animations
1383:. Missouri City, Texas: Blodget Publishing. pp. 14–15.
1260:
1472:. R. Surjit. Boca Raton: Woodhead Publishing. p. 79.
1815:
1707:
Fabricating Consumers: The Sewing Machine in Modern Japan
410:
with a lawyer named Edward Clark. They created the first
193:
in the manufacturing of various leather goods, including
1741:
Metallic Modern: Everyday Machines in Colonial Sri Lanka
694:
with the other thread at each needle hole by means of a
795:
layers to shift out of position with the upper layers.
1381:
The sewing machine master guide: from basic to expert
1502:"How to Achieve Ideal Sewing Machine Thread Tension"
3089:
2675:
2485:
2447:
2440:
2383:
2282:
2246:
2190:
2096:
2063:
1934:
1853:
1629:
A Capitalist Romance: Singer and the Sewing Machine
1537:
Beginner's guide to sewing with industrial machines
1206:"The short history of early pedal powered machines"
78:
Animation of a modern sewing machine as it stitches
659:Plain stitches fall into four general categories:
1651:The Sewing Machine: Its Invention and Development
760:Besides the basic motion of needles, loopers and
1569:"Sewing Machines: History of the Sewing Machine"
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1526:Different Type of Sewing Machines and their Uses
1293:http://www.sewalot.com/jones_sewing_machines.htm
940:as well as the ability to seek more employment.
1273:Veteran Sewing Machines by E Brian Jewel pp. 99
564:The first electric machines were developed by
2653:
1831:
8:
1789:An Online Museum of Antique Sewing Machines.
1771:Sewing Machines, Historical Trade Literature
1613:The Sewing Machine and Its Impact on America
636:Formation of the double locking chain stitch
439:Miller patented the first machine to stitch
1599:19th Century Fashion and the Sewing Machine
101:. Sewing machines were invented during the
2660:
2646:
2638:
2444:
1838:
1824:
1816:
1444:
1442:
753:Presser foot raised with feed dogs visible
568:and introduced in 1889. By the end of the
1743:. (Berghahn Books, 2014) pp. 16–40.
1434:Reader's Digest Complete Guide to Sewing
406:1.15 per machine before entering into a
300:Jones Family CS machine from around 1935
49:of all important aspects of the article.
986:
936:, and allowed more hours for their own
486:, they manufactured sewing machines at
264:'s lockstitch machine, invented in 1845
1653:(Smithsonian Institution Press, 1976)
45:Please consider expanding the lead to
1138:A Brief History of the Sewing Machine
996:A brief history of the sewing machine
920:sewing machines at a clothing factory
541:machine was invented and patented by
7:
1773:. Smithsonian Institution Libraries.
506:families than to visit friends, and
1698:in the United Kingdom, 1860–1905".
1452:Domestic Sewing Machine Attachments
576:Introduction of electronic machines
1811:History of Brother sewing machines
1098:"Who Invented the Sewing Machine?"
1096:Owuor, Sophy (November 21, 2019).
70:Diagram of a modern sewing machine
14:
1806:History of Singer sewing machines
1355:"Invention of the Sewing Machine"
447:known as the Sewing Machine War.
105:to decrease the amount of manual
2615:
2602:
1714:Explorations in Economic History
1469:Apparel machinery and equipments
1204:Kris De Decker (25 March 2011).
1040:Lewton, Frederick Lewis (1930).
909:
897:
885:
746:
734:
641:
629:
617:
605:
593:
364:
352:
340:
293:
281:
269:
254:
23:
1733:47#2 (1987), pp. 433–445.
1667:89#3 (2015), pp. 531–549.
1046:The Smithsonian Report for 1929
311:sewing machine was invented by
130:handle or with a foot-operated
37:may be too short to adequately
1329:Draznin, Yaffa Claire (2001).
1246:; summarized and discussed at
877:Category:Sewing machine brands
324:in 1851, and the lesser known
47:provide an accessible overview
1:
1723:44#4 2013, pp. 757–778.
1673:de la Cruz-Fernández, Paula.
975:List of sewing machine brands
510:and household guides such as
16:Machine used to stitch fabric
1731:Journal of Economic History,
1691:(2006) 7#2 pp. 266–314.
1682:Research in Economic History
648:A Zoje industrial overlocker
556:In 1885 Singer patented the
430:to produce a machine with a
184:His sewing machine used the
97:and materials together with
2923:Instant hot water dispenser
1573:Museum of American Heritage
1466:Rathinamoorthy, R. (2015).
1455:(3rd ed.). p. 40.
537:In 1877, the world's first
155:Charles Fredrick Wiesenthal
103:first Industrial Revolution
3176:
1379:Blodget, Clifford (2013).
1012:"Sewing Machine Beginning"
874:
840:Industrial versus domestic
813:
452:Sewing Machine Combination
2598:
1636:French Historical Studies
1449:Watkins, Richard (2020).
421:developed a shuttle that
141:, appearance, and tasks.
1762:How Sewing Machines Work
1721:RAND Journal of Economic
1689:Enterprise & Society
1250:, The Volokh Conspiracy.
1072:"Sewing Machine History"
786:replaces the stationary
558:Singer Vibrating Shuttle
459:James Edward Allen Gibbs
211:Science Museum in London
3158:19th-century inventions
2943:Laundry-folding machine
1665:Business History Review
1548:Type of Sewing Machines
1424:The Home Sewing Machine
1412:Summary of stitch types
1248:Sewing Machine Blogging
1126:Encyclopædia Britannica
892:Vintage sewing patterns
2531:Frister & Rossmann
2223:Hook-and-loop fastener
1656:Davies, Robert Bruce.
849:
600:The basic chain stitch
551:Merrow Machine Company
479:
359:Singer treadle machine
332:Industrial competition
165:
79:
71:
2811:Electric water boiler
2501:Barthélemy Thimonnier
847:
816:Sewing machine needle
477:
225:Barthélemy Thimonnier
163:
77:
69:
2611:at Wikimedia Commons
1631:(Lippincott, 1977).
1186:, Black Swan, 1998,
934:household management
904:Seamstresses in 1904
549:sewing machine. The
484:Chadwick & Jones
436:Wheeler & Wilson
322:Isaac Merritt Singer
3128:American inventions
3102:Appliance recycling
2826:Electric toothbrush
2622:Clothing portal
1886:Fabric tube turning
1702:27.1 (1996): 59–76.
1660:(Arno Press, 1976).
1151:"Case Against Howe"
498:of Japan, in 1968.
379:3600 sewing machine
307:The first American
3153:1830 introductions
3133:English inventions
2958:Robotic lawn mower
2841:Evaporative cooler
1794:2017-12-11 at the
1782:2017-12-11 at the
1684:20#1 (2001): 1–46.
1677:(Routledge, 2021)
1231:U.S. patent 10,609
1149:Forsdyke, Graham.
970:Embroidery machine
850:
496:Brother Industries
480:
218:Josef Madersperger
166:
80:
72:
3143:Textile machinery
3138:French inventions
3110:
3109:
2730:Coffee percolator
2713:Immersion blender
2635:
2634:
2627:Glossary of terms
2607:Media related to
2594:
2593:
2576:Tape edge machine
1995:Embroidery stitch
1696:clothing industry
1638:(1994): 749–783.
1479:978-93-80308-15-9
1390:978-0-9900227-2-5
1210:LOW-TECH MAGAZINE
566:Singer Sewing Co.
508:women's magazines
488:Ashton-under-Lyne
428:Nathaniel Wheeler
408:joint partnership
116:clothing industry
64:
63:
3165:
2918:Induction cooker
2888:Garbage disposer
2836:Espresso machine
2791:Electric blanket
2662:
2655:
2648:
2639:
2620:
2619:
2606:
2581:Viking/Husqvarna
2445:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1817:
1716:9.3 (1957): 113+
1705:Godley, Andrew.
1615:
1610:
1601:
1596:
1581:
1580:
1575:. Archived from
1565:
1550:
1545:
1539:
1534:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1446:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1357:. Archived from
1351:
1345:
1344:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1307:. Archived from
1305:"Brother UK Ltd"
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1251:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1201:
1195:
1176:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1146:
1140:
1135:
1129:
1122:"Sewing machine"
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1074:. Archived from
1068:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1018:. Archived from
1008:
1002:
1000:
991:
913:
901:
889:
750:
738:
645:
633:
621:
609:
597:
543:Joseph M. Merrow
533:
532:
528:
525:
470:Market expansion
368:
356:
344:
297:
285:
273:
258:
207:UK Patent Office
59:
56:
50:
27:
19:
3175:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3148:Home appliances
3123:Sewing machines
3113:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3085:
3081:Washing machine
3076:Water dispenser
3002:Pressure cooker
2985:Convection oven
2913:Ice cream maker
2821:Electric shaver
2816:Electric heater
2801:Electric kettle
2683:Air conditioner
2671:
2669:Home appliances
2666:
2636:
2631:
2614:
2590:
2489:
2481:
2436:
2395:
2379:
2310:Pattern notcher
2305:Needle threader
2278:
2242:
2186:
2110:
2092:
2059:
1938:
1930:
1916:Heirloom sewing
1891:Floating canvas
1849:
1844:
1796:Wayback Machine
1784:Wayback Machine
1758:
1700:Textile History
1627:Brandon, Ruth.
1624:
1622:Further reading
1619:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1584:
1567:
1566:
1553:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1520:
1511:
1509:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1480:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1448:
1447:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1406:
1391:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1364:
1362:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1314:
1312:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1214:
1212:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1155:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1132:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1081:
1079:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1055:
1053:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1025:
1023:
1010:
1009:
1005:
993:
992:
988:
983:
961:
925:
924:
923:
922:
921:
914:
906:
905:
902:
894:
893:
890:
879:
873:
842:
833:
818:
812:
758:
757:
756:
755:
754:
751:
743:
742:
739:
728:
726:Feed mechanisms
653:
652:
651:
650:
649:
646:
638:
637:
634:
626:
625:
622:
614:
613:
610:
602:
601:
598:
587:
578:
570:First World War
534:hours by hand.
530:
526:
523:
521:
472:
419:Allen B. Wilson
384:
383:
382:
381:
380:
369:
361:
360:
357:
349:
348:
345:
334:
305:
304:
303:
302:
301:
298:
290:
289:
286:
278:
277:
274:
266:
265:
259:
239:. However, the
229:mining engineer
152:
147:
60:
54:
51:
44:
32:This article's
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3115:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3097:Appliance plug
3093:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3049:Vacuum cleaner
3046:
3041:
3039:Television set
3036:
3031:
3029:Sewing machine
3026:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3012:Crisper drawer
3004:
2999:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2990:Microwave oven
2987:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2848:
2846:Food processor
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2806:Electric knife
2803:
2798:
2796:Electric drill
2793:
2788:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2774:Domestic robot
2771:
2770:
2769:
2767:drying cabinet
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2705:
2703:Barbecue grill
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2642:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2612:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2453:
2451:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2402:Cloth merchant
2398:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2325:Pinking shears
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2264:Textile/fabric
2261:
2256:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2137:Grommet/eyelet
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2083:Seam allowance
2080:
2075:
2069:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1944:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1906:Gore (fabrics)
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1786:
1774:
1768:
1757:
1756:External links
1754:
1753:
1752:
1737:
1727:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1632:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1602:
1582:
1579:on 2008-01-09.
1551:
1540:
1529:
1518:
1493:
1478:
1458:
1438:
1426:
1415:
1404:
1389:
1371:
1346:
1339:
1321:
1296:
1284:
1275:
1266:
1261:"Seworbit.com"
1252:
1242:Adam Mossoff,
1235:
1222:
1196:
1171:
1162:
1141:
1130:
1114:
1088:
1063:
1032:
1003:
985:
984:
982:
979:
978:
977:
972:
967:
960:
957:
916:Workers using
915:
908:
907:
903:
896:
895:
891:
884:
883:
882:
881:
880:
872:
869:
841:
838:
832:
829:
814:Main article:
811:
808:
752:
745:
744:
740:
733:
732:
731:
730:
729:
727:
724:
687:
686:
683:
647:
640:
639:
635:
628:
627:
623:
616:
615:
611:
604:
603:
599:
592:
591:
590:
589:
588:
586:
583:
577:
574:
518:dress patterns
471:
468:
445:patent thicket
370:
363:
362:
358:
351:
350:
346:
339:
338:
337:
336:
335:
333:
330:
299:
292:
291:
287:
280:
279:
275:
268:
267:
260:
253:
252:
251:
250:
249:
245:Science Museum
151:
148:
146:
143:
84:sewing machine
62:
61:
41:the key points
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3171:
3170:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2938:Kitchen stove
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2735:Clothes dryer
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2720:Bread machine
2718:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2658:
2656:
2651:
2649:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2441:Manufacturers
2439:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2376:
2375:Tracing wheel
2373:
2371:
2370:Tracing paper
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2350:Stitching awl
2348:
2346:
2345:Sewing needle
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2147:Passementerie
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1881:Embellishment
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1766:HowStuffWorks
1763:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1749:j.ctt9qd0gq.6
1746:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1649:Cooper, G.R.
1648:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1408:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1372:
1361:on 2010-11-24
1360:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1342:
1340:0-313-31399-7
1336:
1332:
1325:
1322:
1311:on 2012-04-19
1310:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1192:0-552-99805-2
1189:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1152:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1115:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1089:
1078:on 2012-10-14
1077:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1033:
1022:on 2014-12-20
1021:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1004:
998:
997:
990:
987:
980:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
962:
958:
956:
952:
948:
946:
941:
939:
935:
929:
919:
912:
900:
888:
878:
871:Social impact
870:
868:
865:
862:
859:
854:
846:
839:
837:
830:
828:
826:
821:
817:
809:
807:
803:
801:
796:
793:
789:
785:
780:
776:
772:
770:
765:
763:
749:
737:
725:
723:
721:
716:
715:zigzag stitch
711:
707:
705:
699:
697:
696:bobbin driver
691:
684:
681:
680:
679:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
657:
644:
632:
620:
608:
596:
584:
582:
575:
573:
571:
567:
562:
559:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
535:
519:
515:
514:
509:
504:
503:ready-to-wear
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
476:
469:
467:
464:
460:
456:
453:
450:In 1856, the
448:
446:
442:
437:
433:
429:
424:
420:
415:
413:
412:hire-purchase
409:
405:
401:
396:
394:
388:
378:
374:
373:bobbin driver
367:
355:
343:
331:
329:
327:
323:
317:
314:
310:
296:
284:
272:
263:
257:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
221:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
191:
190:stitching awl
187:
182:
179:
178:cabinet maker
175:
171:
162:
158:
156:
149:
144:
142:
140:
135:
133:
129:
124:
119:
117:
113:
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:
89:
85:
76:
68:
58:
55:November 2023
48:
42:
40:
35:
30:
26:
21:
20:
3028:
3007:Refrigerator
2953:Riding mower
2933:Kitchen hood
2757:Dehumidifier
2747:Clothes iron
2698:Air purifier
2360:Tape measure
2355:Tailor's ham
2340:Sewing gauge
2218:Hook-and-eye
1990:Cross-stitch
1980:Chain stitch
1975:Catch stitch
1965:Blind stitch
1740:
1730:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1635:
1628:
1577:the original
1572:
1543:
1532:
1521:
1510:. Retrieved
1508:. 2015-10-13
1505:
1496:
1468:
1461:
1451:
1433:
1429:
1418:
1407:
1380:
1374:
1363:. Retrieved
1359:the original
1349:
1330:
1324:
1313:. Retrieved
1309:the original
1299:
1291:Sewalot at:
1287:
1278:
1269:
1255:
1238:
1225:
1213:. Retrieved
1209:
1199:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1154:. Retrieved
1144:
1133:
1125:
1117:
1105:. Retrieved
1101:
1091:
1080:. Retrieved
1076:the original
1066:
1054:. Retrieved
1049:
1045:
1035:
1024:. Retrieved
1020:the original
1015:
1006:
995:
989:
953:
949:
942:
930:
926:
866:
863:
855:
851:
834:
822:
819:
804:
799:
797:
788:presser foot
784:walking foot
781:
777:
773:
766:
759:
712:
708:
703:
700:
692:
688:
677:
658:
654:
579:
563:
555:
536:
513:Mrs Beeton's
511:
500:
492:Guide Bridge
481:
463:chain stitch
457:
449:
423:reciprocated
416:
397:
389:
385:
318:
306:
222:
215:
186:chain stitch
183:
167:
153:
136:
120:
112:productivity
83:
81:
52:
36:
34:lead section
3071:Waffle iron
3034:Slow cooker
3024:Rice cooker
2965:Leaf blower
2752:Coffeemaker
2693:Air ioniser
2417:Haberdasher
2335:Seam ripper
2167:Self-fabric
2142:Interfacing
2122:Collar stay
2078:Felled seam
2020:Pick stitch
1985:Coverstitch
1180:Bill Bryson
800:puller feed
704:mock safety
673:coverstitch
661:chainstitch
441:buttonholes
432:rotary hook
417:Meanwhile,
313:Walter Hunt
237:French Army
3117:Categories
2948:Lawn mower
2903:Humidifier
2893:Hair dryer
2871:Fan heater
2786:Deep fryer
2779:comparison
2762:Dishwasher
2725:Bug zapper
2516:Elias Howe
2477:Simplicity
2412:Dressmaker
2320:Pincushion
2300:Needlecase
2295:Dress form
2254:Grain/bias
2208:Buttonhole
2177:Twill tape
2088:Style line
2015:Pad stitch
2005:Lockstitch
1970:Buttonhole
1950:Backstitch
1854:Techniques
1512:2019-12-10
1365:2010-09-12
1315:2013-01-26
1215:16 January
1156:2013-12-17
1102:WorldAtlas
1082:2013-12-17
1056:14 January
1026:2012-12-17
981:References
875:See also:
665:lockstitch
326:Elias Howe
309:lockstitch
262:Elias Howe
203:ship sails
2898:Hair iron
2861:bladeless
2688:Air fryer
2467:Clothkits
2457:Butterick
2427:Silkwoman
2392:Suppliers
2247:Materials
2117:Bias tape
2050:Topstitch
2025:Rantering
2000:Hemstitch
1488:927290694
1399:882118537
1194:, p. 110.
1107:March 27,
1052:: 559–583
945:factories
792:workpiece
769:feed dogs
377:Husqvarna
150:Invention
39:summarize
3090:See also
2997:Pie iron
2908:Icemaker
2831:Epilator
2556:New Home
2487:Machines
2472:McCall's
2449:Patterns
2330:Scissors
2191:Closures
2172:Soutache
2162:Rickrack
2073:Neckline
2040:Stoating
2010:Overlock
1955:Bar tack
1936:Stitches
1926:Shirring
1792:Archived
1780:Archived
999:, ISMACS
959:See also
669:overlock
585:Stitches
547:overlock
516:offered
400:lump sum
128:flywheel
90:used to
3064:robotic
3054:central
3044:Toaster
2970:Lighter
2883:Freezer
2866:ceiling
2708:Blender
2511:Brother
2506:Bernina
2365:Thimble
2259:Selvage
2182:Wrights
2132:Galloon
2127:Elastic
2101:Notions
2035:Sashiko
2030:Running
1960:Blanket
1871:Darning
1861:Basting
1709:(2012)
1506:Threads
938:leisure
918:Brother
831:Tension
823:Modern
810:Needles
762:bobbins
539:crochet
529:⁄
393:treadle
241:factory
199:bridles
195:saddles
170:leather
145:History
132:treadle
114:of the
88:machine
3059:manual
2928:Juicer
2876:window
2609:Sewing
2571:Singer
2566:Sewmor
2551:Merrow
2536:Janome
2526:Feiyue
2432:Tailor
2422:Mercer
2407:Draper
2388:Trades
2290:Bobbin
2269:Thread
2238:Zipper
2203:Button
2198:Buckle
2157:Ruffle
2152:Piping
2055:Zigzag
1911:Gusset
1896:Gather
1847:Sewing
1747:
1735:online
1725:online
1669:online
1644:286691
1642:
1486:
1476:
1397:
1387:
1337:
1190:
1016:Sewing
965:Sewing
825:sewing
671:, and
233:patent
174:canvas
123:stitch
107:sewing
99:thread
95:fabric
3017:smart
2975:Mixer
2856:attic
2740:combo
2676:Types
2586:White
2561:Pfaff
2541:Jones
2462:Burda
2283:Tools
2228:Shank
2065:Seams
1921:Pleat
1901:Godet
1745:JSTOR
1640:JSTOR
1178:e.g.
375:of a
86:is a
2980:Oven
2546:Juki
2521:Elna
2492:list
2274:Yarn
2233:Snap
2213:Frog
2106:Trim
2045:Tack
1941:list
1876:Ease
1484:OCLC
1474:ISBN
1395:OCLC
1385:ISBN
1335:ISBN
1217:2020
1188:ISBN
1109:2021
1058:2022
1050:3056
404:US$
371:The
197:and
172:and
139:cost
2851:Fan
2315:Pin
1866:Cut
1764:at
858:OEM
720:cam
92:sew
3119::
1605:^
1585:^
1571:.
1554:^
1504:.
1482:.
1441:^
1393:.
1208:.
1182::
1124:.
1100:.
1048:.
1044:.
1014:.
782:A
713:A
706:.
675:.
667:,
663:,
522:14
213:.
118:.
82:A
2661:e
2654:t
2647:v
2494:)
2490:(
1943:)
1939:(
1839:e
1832:t
1825:v
1751:.
1646:.
1515:.
1490:.
1401:.
1368:.
1343:.
1318:.
1263:.
1219:.
1159:.
1111:.
1085:.
1060:.
1029:.
1001:.
531:2
527:1
524:+
57:)
53:(
43:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
