354:
133:
687:
58:
639:
504:
391:
responsibility for the upkeep of the pumps to the villages themselves. The complexity of the pumps is a fundamental problem for all programs of this kind, as well as the quality of the pumps given the heavy demands of a village. A 1994 study, also Bank funded, of the endurance of hand pumps in Africa showed that only 41 to 51 percent of hand pumps were still functioning. The Mali Rural Supply
Project did positively affect the longevity of hand pumps by doing the following: establishing local depots of spare parts, training individuals to maintain pumps, scheduling inspections from officials of the project, forming local committees and recruiting volunteers.
440:
520:
540:
655:
560:
222:
very simple pumps with plastic or rubber bulb with flap valve at each end are used for emptying fuel or water cans into tanks. Once the bulb is full, the fluid will flow without further effort from the higher to the lower container. Many hand pumps will allow the passage of fluid through them in the direction of flow and diaphragm pumps are particularly good at this. Thus where the levels are correct large volumes of liquid such as swimming pools can be emptied with very little effort and no expensive energy use.
671:
623:
607:
374:, is a term first used during the UNDP and World Bank Rural Water Supply Hand Pumps Project. This project lasted from 1981 to 1991, and studied the availability and maintenance of hand pump systems. 40 kinds of hand pumps were analyzed in laboratories, and the performance of 2700 hand pumps was analyzed in the field. The study established that centralized maintenance structure was a cause of many problems in hand pump programs, and that maintenance at the village level is best.
460:
213:
manual form it relies on an operator to pump a handle. The difference is however that after the water is sucked through the lower valve (as a result of raising the piston that is attached to the handle), its means of exit is via a pipe or nozzle in the side of the main cylinder. The water, once it has been drawn up above the lower valve and trapped there, is forced out the exit when the piston or plunger is pushed down again on the next stroke.
484:
575:
37:
117:
362:
personal use. "The human right to water is indispensable for leading a life in human dignity". With this in mind, manufacturers of water pumps, like those produced by GOAZ Development in
Malaysia, have a wide range of potential customers: governments, non- governmental organizations, women's groups, community groups and other organizations of various types interested to developing access to groundwater.
1238:
46:
1154:
29:
591:
200:
atmospheric pressure to an operating depth of less than 7 meters. The height to which a hand pump will lift is governed by the ability of the pump and the operator to lift the weight in the delivery pipe. Thus the same pump and operator will be able to achieve a greater lift with a smaller diameter pipe than they could with a larger diameter pipe.
418:
Whether or not a project to use hand pumps in a developing country is an affordable alternative certainly depends on who or what organization pays the bill. However, the example of a 1992 Ethiopia aid project illustrates what the cost would be for the locals who benefit from the project. This example
203:
In addition to their use in drawing water from shallow groundwater sources for water supplies, another version of the hand-powered suction pump, with low lift and high delivery, was developed in the later 19th century for use as a ship's bilge pump (for smaller coastal vessels) and as a building site
186:
protecting the water source from contaminated buckets. Pumps such as the
Afridev pump are designed to be cheap to build and install, and easy to maintain with simple parts. However, scarcity of spare parts for these type of pumps in some regions of Africa has diminished their utility for these areas.
409:
A June 2008 study, conducted by the World Bank, Review of
Effectiveness of Rural Water Supply Schemes in India, showed that approximately 45 percent of rural piped water projects focused on breakdown maintenance instead of scheduled maintenance. In addition, about 20% were reported to be in "serious
265:
Diaphragm pumps have the advantage that they pump relatively lightly due to the lack of pulling rods and are corrosion resistant. Their disadvantage is that they need a specific length of tubing and high quality rubber diaphragms, which are costly and are relatively inefficient due to the extra work
252:
Deep well hand pumps are used for high lifts of more than 15 m. The weight of the column of water is too great to be lifted directly and some form of mechanical advantage system such as a lever or flywheel is used. High lift pumps need to be stronger and sturdier to cope with the extra stresses. The
243:
Direct action hand pumps have a pumping rod that is moved up and down, directly by the user, discharging water. Direct action handpumps are easy to install and maintain but are limited to the maximum column of water a person can physically lift of up to 15 m. Examples of direct action pumps include
394:
Much attention has been given to the benefits of the use of hand pumps in developing nations, as opposed to more traditional methods. In communities reliant on groundwater, through a borehole or well, the utilization of a bucket and rope system has hygienic issues. The bucket and rope system is not
234:
A chain pump is a type of water pump that uses a chain to move water from one place to another. It works on the principle of a continuous loop of chain moving through a series of sprockets, with attached buckets that lift water as the chain passes over the top sprocket and discharge it as the chain
185:
Modern hand-operated community pumps are considered the most sustainable low-cost option for safe water supply in resource-poor settings, often in rural areas in developing countries. A hand pump opens access to deeper groundwater that is often not polluted and also improves the safety of a well by
40:
Animation of a suction hand pump. On the up stroke of the piston the foot valve opens and suction brings water into the pump head. On the following down stroke of the piston the valve on the piston opens up and allows water to flow above the piston. On the successive up stroke of the piston water
422:
165 Afridevs hand pumps were imported from India. Each cost approximately US$ 700, including clearing, transportation and installation. These pumps serve around 55 households each. At that time, the World Bank established that the average per capita income in
Ethiopia was $ 120. A hand pump, first
398:
However, villagers did not stop using traditional means of gathering water during this project. This was especially true when rain provided villagers with shallow water sources. These shallow wells were often easier to access than the wells with hand pumps. When faced with the option of using near
281:
consist of a single helix rotor inserted into a double helix stator. As the rotor is turned, the voids in the stator are screwed upwards along the axis of rotation. Progressive cavity pumps can have complicated gearing mechanisms and are difficult for local pump technicians to maintain and repair.
76:
to move fluids or air from one place to another. They are widely used in every country in the world for a variety of industrial, marine, irrigation and leisure activities. There are many different types of hand pump available, mainly operating on a piston, diaphragm or rotary vane principle with a
361:
In
November 2002, the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights asserted that access to clean, safe water goes beyond the classification of water as an economic commodity. The committee stressed the fundamental right of sufficient access to clean water for both domestic and
221:
A siphon (or syphon) at its simplest is a bent tube, with one end placed in the water to be moved, and the other end into the vessel to receive the water. The receiving vessel must be at a lower level than the supplying vessel. Water will always try to find its lowest level. Using this principle,
212:
Where it is necessary to raise water to a height above that to which a suction or lift pump will operate effectively (about 7 metres), or to raise the pressure so that it will exit a nozzle with a strong force, such as through a fire hose, a force pump may be used. As with a suction pump, in its
427:
and then refined at the
University of Malaya, has been designed with local access to parts in mind. Materials readily available, like a rope covered in chicken fat or leather belt, can be used to ensure maintenance. GOAZ Development sells these pumps from $ 160 to $ 300. Therefore, 11% of one's
377:
The VLOM concept was initially applied to hardware, with the following aims: the possibility of maintenance by village workers, having spare parts manufactured within the country to make sure spare parts are available, endurance in the field, and cost effectiveness. With time, more emphasis was
405:
Another issue that faced the project was the fact that the pumps could only provide a maximum of 20 liters of water per person day, which required an unrealistic staggering of water retrieval. In addition, many depots withdrew support after the donated inventory ran out, the contracts given to
390:
An example of a Bank funded project that highlights many issues of hand pumps is the 1992 Mali Rural Supply
Project. The project brought approximately 230 rural villages inclined towards periods of drought, and 228,000 people access to safe water. The project is notable in its attempt to bring
199:
Suction and lift are important considerations when pumping fluids. Suction is the vertical distance between the fluid to be pumped and the centre of the pump, while lift is the vertical distance between the pump and the delivery point. The depth from which a hand pump will suck is limited by
230:
A chain pump is made of an endless chain carrying a series of discs that descend into the water, and then ascend inside a tube, carrying with them a large quantity of water. They are a simply made, old hand-powered pumping technology In the 18th century they were used as ship's bilge pumps.
378:
placed on maintenance management. Thus, the "M" came to represent "management of maintenance". Therefore, greater community choice of service, who will service, and financial accountability by the community to the caretakers of the pump have gained more importance within the VLOM concept.
173:
Because water from pitcher pumps is drawn directly from the soil, it is more prone to contamination. If such water is not filtered and purified, consumption of it might lead to gastrointestinal or other water-borne diseases. A notorious case is the
686:
381:
The Swiss Centre
Resource Centre and Consultancies for Development, Skat, continues to work on design and support structure for hand pump development as the host of Secretariat of the Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN).
519:
256:
A deep well hand pump theoretically has no limit to which it can extract water. In practice, the depth is limited by the physical power a human being can exert in lifting the column of water, which is around 30 m
1213:
395:
compatible with the use of a cover slab, which can prevent pollution of groundwater. In addition, unwashed hands can contaminate the bucket and rope. Hand pumps avoid these issues and are therefore preferable.
269:
Rubber diaphragms will eventually leak and need to be replaced. Because this is usually complicated and costly, diaphragm pumps operating in poor rural areas are often abandoned once the diaphragm wears out.
654:
503:
1231:
459:
439:
204:
contractor's pump. It was known as a deluge pump. One manufacturer who illustrated this product from the late 1880s onwards into the early 20th century was Goulds
Manufacturing Co.
638:
559:
1210:
539:
428:
annual income would go towards accessing clean water. This is over twice as much as the 5% that the World Bank stated should be the maximum amount paid by a family.
483:
1140:
353:
132:
57:
1108:
371:
814:
606:
1263:
97:
781:
175:
903:
622:
574:
670:
155:
One sort of pump once common worldwide was a hand-powered water pump, or 'pitcher pump'. It was commonly installed over community
1082:
1300:
1065:
804:
1051:
402:
In addition, animal contamination and the mixing of groundwater and surface water were factors in sub- par sanitation.
182:
suspected contaminated water and had the handle of the public pump he suspected removed; the outbreak then subsided.
77:
check valve on the entry and exit ports to the chamber operating in opposing directions. Most hand pumps are either
253:
installation, maintenance and repair of deep well hand pumps is more complicated than with other hand pumps.
278:
697:
424:
1115:
1305:
590:
179:
140:
1310:
530:
93:
73:
990:
969:
1038:
1032:
948:
1267:
1134:
899:
810:
719:
677:
510:
1013:
923:
661:
144:
1217:
984:
963:
858:
1295:
1017:
729:
942:
36:
1289:
1086:
830:
734:
693:
546:
494:
166:. Though such community pumps are no longer common, people still used the expression
872:
116:
927:
749:
744:
701:
566:
406:
consultants eventually closed, and maintenance was not kept up to a high standard.
82:
470:
61:
Hand-powered force pump, with an air chamber to smooth out variations in flow rate
898:(1st ed.). College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. p. 74.
78:
45:
20:
852:
399:
surface water or traveling to the hand pumps, many villagers chose the former.
19:
This article is about water and air pumps. For the beer dispensing device, see
754:
156:
148:
136:
105:
739:
724:
170:
to describe a place or forum where matters of local interest are discussed.
466:
178:. At the time it was not known how cholera was transmitted, but physician
28:
474:
450:
101:
1004:
Oertling, Thomas J. (1982). "The chain pump: an 18th century example".
645:
597:
550:
125:
50:
529:
surviving modern encroachment in 2010 on the middle of Main Street at
613:
581:
121:
1185:
1066:"Implementation • Handpump Technology – Rural Water Supply Network"
1052:"Implementation • Handpump Technology – Rural Water Supply Network"
465:
Hand-operated, reciprocating, positive displacement, water pump in
293:
The range of lift of different types of hand pumps is given below:
705:
629:
446:
352:
285:
A rope and washer pump is a type of progressive cavity hand pump.
115:
56:
44:
35:
27:
86:
69:
922:. Seneca, NY: The Goulds Manufacturing Co. 1900. p. 146.
1083:"The PVC Handpump: International Development Research Centre"
896:
Ships' bilge pumps: a history of their development, 1500-1900
989:(4th ed.). London: Crosby, Lockwood & Son. p.
968:(4th ed.). London: Crosby, Lockwood & Son. p.
419:
relates to isolated, rural communities in the rural South.
806:
A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times
565:
Hand pump in use during reconstruction of Germany after
660:
Old hand water pump (c. 1924) at the Colored School in
1174:
139:
is under way by pump-enabled extraction directly from
162:
In parts of Britain and Ireland, it was often called
414:Hand pump affordability in rural developing areas
1258:
1256:
1211:Sustaining Rural Water Systems:The Case of Mali
357:A village pump can provide safe drinking water.
1209:World Bank, Operations Evaluation Department:
920:Catalogue 'A' of Pumps and Hydraulic Machinery
776:
774:
772:
770:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1006:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
410:or somewhat serious neglect of maintenance".
8:
445:A hand pump in village Bado, near Shikarpur
32:Cross section and details of a pitcher pump
1077:
1075:
1220:, Autumn 1997, Retrieved on 25 April 2011
509:The sole water supply of this section of
159:in the days before piped water supplies.
947:. Toronto: Copp, Clark Co. Ltd. p.
664:, US; typical of the period and the area
295:
131:
766:
435:
372:Village Level Operation and Maintenance
366:Village level operation and maintenance
1139:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1132:
1037:(4th ed.). Lahore: Sami. p.
7:
941:Merchant, F.W.; Chant, C.A. (1911).
857:. London: Macmillan and Co. p.
349:Hand pumps and access to clean water
244:the canzee pump and the EMAS pump.
1018:10.1111/j.1095-9270.1982.tb00066.x
809:. London: Routledge. p. 143.
176:1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak
14:
1241:from the original on 15 July 2012
831:"Online Dictionary – Parish Pump"
685:
669:
653:
637:
621:
605:
589:
573:
558:
538:
518:
502:
482:
458:
438:
266:needed to deform the diaphragm.
92:Hand pumps are commonly used in
944:The Ontario High School Physics
803:Hill, Donald Routledge (1996).
423:produced by researchers at the
1266:. Handpump.org. Archived from
386:Hand pump development projects
120:First European depiction of a
96:for both community supply and
16:Type of manually operated pump
1:
851:Greenhill, Alfred G. (1894).
580:Hand-operated, water pump in
489:A child drawing water from a
143:, seen in the background, in
894:Oertling, Thomas J. (1996).
545:The covered Village Pump in
41:is pushed out of the outlet.
1034:Remove Air From Water pumps
696:handpump in Bohardih, near
195:Suction and lift hand pumps
72:; they use human power and
1327:
854:A Treatise on Hydrostatics
18:
1085:. Idrc.ca. Archived from
1155:"Powered by Google Docs"
331:Intermediate lift pumps
279:Progressive cavity pumps
100:and can be installed on
983:Bale, M. Powis (1901).
962:Bale, M. Powis (1901).
928:2027/nyp.33433066398425
873:"Water lifting devices"
1301:Appropriate technology
1186:rural-water-supply.net
425:University of Waterloo
358:
152:
129:
68:are manually operated
62:
54:
42:
33:
1232:"World Bank Document"
497:, Oklahoma, USA 1939.
356:
342:0–45 meters, or more
135:
119:
87:positive displacement
60:
48:
39:
31:
1270:on 10 September 2010
1216:19 July 2011 at the
596:A rural handpump in
531:La Russell, Missouri
477:(walking beam pump).
323:Direct action pumps
235:reaches the bottom.
98:self-supply of water
94:developing countries
74:mechanical advantage
49:A rural handpump in
612:A city handpump in
1230:World Bank Group.
1089:on 1 February 2011
359:
274:Progressive cavity
153:
130:
63:
55:
43:
34:
986:Pumps and Pumping
965:Pumps and Pumping
816:978-0-415-15291-4
678:Ebenezer, Georgia
525:A 1904 community
511:Wilder, Tennessee
346:
345:
1318:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1260:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1236:
1227:
1221:
1207:
1188:
1183:
1177:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1138:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1120:
1114:. Archived from
1113:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1079:
1070:
1069:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1001:
995:
994:
980:
974:
973:
959:
953:
952:
938:
932:
931:
916:
910:
909:
891:
885:
884:
882:
880:
869:
863:
862:
848:
842:
841:
839:
837:
827:
821:
820:
800:
794:
793:
791:
789:
778:
689:
673:
662:Alapaha, Georgia
657:
641:
625:
609:
593:
577:
562:
542:
522:
506:
486:
462:
442:
339:High lift pumps
296:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1273:
1271:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1244:
1242:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1218:Wayback Machine
1208:
1191:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1131:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1109:"Archived copy"
1107:
1106:
1102:
1092:
1090:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1003:
1002:
998:
982:
981:
977:
961:
960:
956:
940:
939:
935:
918:
917:
913:
906:
893:
892:
888:
878:
876:
871:
870:
866:
850:
849:
845:
835:
833:
829:
828:
824:
817:
802:
801:
797:
787:
785:
780:
779:
768:
763:
716:
709:
690:
681:
674:
665:
658:
649:
642:
633:
626:
617:
614:Bruges, Belgium
610:
601:
594:
585:
578:
569:
563:
554:
543:
534:
523:
514:
507:
498:
487:
478:
463:
454:
443:
434:
416:
388:
368:
351:
315:Low lift pumps
291:
276:
263:
250:
241:
228:
219:
210:
197:
192:
164:the parish pump
114:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1324:
1322:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1281:
1252:
1222:
1189:
1178:
1167:
1146:
1121:on 3 June 2016
1100:
1071:
1057:
1043:
1023:
1012:(2): 113–124.
996:
975:
954:
933:
911:
904:
886:
864:
843:
822:
815:
795:
765:
764:
762:
759:
758:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
730:Drinking water
727:
722:
715:
712:
711:
710:
691:
684:
682:
675:
668:
666:
659:
652:
650:
643:
636:
634:
627:
620:
618:
611:
604:
602:
595:
588:
586:
579:
572:
570:
564:
557:
555:
544:
537:
535:
524:
517:
515:
508:
501:
499:
488:
481:
479:
464:
457:
455:
444:
437:
433:
430:
415:
412:
387:
384:
370:VLOM, meaning
367:
364:
350:
347:
344:
343:
340:
336:
335:
332:
328:
327:
324:
320:
319:
316:
312:
311:
308:
307:Suction pumps
304:
303:
300:
290:
287:
275:
272:
262:
259:
249:
246:
240:
237:
227:
224:
218:
215:
209:
206:
196:
193:
191:
188:
113:
110:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1323:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1171:
1168:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1136:
1117:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1031:Sami (1901).
1027:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1000:
997:
992:
988:
987:
979:
976:
971:
967:
966:
958:
955:
950:
946:
945:
937:
934:
929:
925:
921:
915:
912:
907:
905:9780890967225
901:
897:
890:
887:
874:
868:
865:
860:
856:
855:
847:
844:
832:
826:
823:
818:
812:
808:
807:
799:
796:
783:
777:
775:
773:
771:
767:
760:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
735:India Mark II
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
717:
713:
707:
703:
699:
695:
694:India Mark II
688:
683:
679:
676:Hand pump at
672:
667:
663:
656:
651:
647:
644:Hand pump in
640:
635:
631:
628:Hand pump in
624:
619:
615:
608:
603:
599:
592:
587:
583:
576:
571:
568:
561:
556:
552:
548:
547:Thorpe Abbots
541:
536:
532:
528:
521:
516:
512:
505:
500:
496:
495:Oklahoma City
492:
485:
480:
476:
472:
468:
461:
456:
452:
448:
441:
436:
431:
429:
426:
420:
413:
411:
407:
403:
400:
396:
392:
385:
383:
379:
375:
373:
365:
363:
355:
348:
341:
338:
337:
333:
330:
329:
325:
322:
321:
317:
314:
313:
309:
306:
305:
301:
298:
297:
294:
289:Range of lift
288:
286:
283:
280:
273:
271:
267:
260:
258:
254:
247:
245:
239:Direct action
238:
236:
232:
225:
223:
216:
214:
207:
205:
201:
194:
189:
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83:plunger pumps
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1306:Water supply
1272:. Retrieved
1268:the original
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750:Water supply
745:Treadle pump
702:Chhattisgarh
567:World War II
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334:0–25 meters
326:0–15 meters
318:0–15 meters
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104:or hand-dug
91:
79:piston pumps
65:
64:
25:
1311:Human power
1264:"Handpumps"
879:31 December
836:22 November
782:"Handpumps"
513:, USA 1942.
310:0–7 meters
168:parish pump
157:water wells
21:Beer engine
1290:Categories
1274:1 November
1245:1 November
1160:1 November
1125:10 January
1093:1 November
788:1 November
784:. WaterAid
761:References
755:Water well
248:Deep wells
226:Chain pump
208:Force Pump
149:Bangladesh
137:Irrigation
85:, and are
66:Hand pumps
875:. Fao.org
740:Rope pump
725:Bush pump
648:, Germany
632:, Finland
584:, Germany
553:, England
527:hand pump
491:hand pump
471:Ťahanovce
261:Diaphragm
180:John Snow
141:the Gumti
128:, c.1450.
124:pump, by
102:boreholes
1239:Archived
1214:Archived
1135:cite web
720:Ram Pump
714:See also
698:Bilaspur
475:Slovakia
451:Pakistan
1175:skat.ch
646:Leipzig
598:Liberia
551:Norfolk
432:Gallery
145:Comilla
126:Taccola
112:History
51:Belgium
902:
813:
582:Berlin
533:, USA.
467:Košice
302:Range
217:Siphon
122:piston
1296:Pumps
1235:(PDF)
1119:(PDF)
1112:(PDF)
706:India
680:, USA
630:Raahe
447:Sindh
299:Type
190:Types
106:wells
70:pumps
1276:2010
1247:2010
1162:2010
1141:link
1127:2017
1095:2010
900:ISBN
881:2013
838:2010
811:ISBN
790:2010
1014:doi
949:127
924:hdl
859:363
692:An
81:or
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