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difficult for the weaker player to learn these fundamental points is moot. The nature of these "tutorial" steps may certainly be misunderstood and contested by
Western players new to the game. Handicaps are also unpopular with Chinese players, who have more of a tradition of equality at the board rather than deference to a teacher.
433:
The rank difference within a given amateur ranking system is one guide to how many handicap stones should be given to make the game a more equal contest. As a general rule, each rank represents the value of one stone. (In terms of points, one stone is considered to be 13-16 points, but this figure is
860:
While Black often assumes that consolidating territory from the opening stages should be enough to win, that is not the case when the handicap stones are placed on the star points, where they are more effective in obtaining influence than territory. If Black does not understand and utilize the value
493:
One theoretical approach is according to the distribution of the number of moves made in a game on a board of a given size relative to the number made on a 19×19 board. Using estimates that a 19×19 game will last about 250-300 moves, a 13×13 game about 95-120 moves, and a 9×9 game about 40-50 moves,
772:. It is a custom that Black plays first; White moves second. Playing first is regarded as a significant advantage in modern go, and to make the game fair to both players, this advantage must be compensated. It is regarded that playing first is equal to half a move or more ahead throughout the game.
468:
Nowadays professional ranks are awarded by professional Go players' organizations; they are, unlike amateur ranks, not reliable as a measure of current playing strength, but rather an indication of achievements. Before the late 20th century, they were used as strength measurement, with a difference
841:
The pedagogic value of fixed handicaps is an old debate for
Western players. The "theory" of handicap go shares with much of the rest of the Japanese pedagogic go literature a less explicit approach, based on perception as much as analysis. Whether fixed handicap placement makes it easier or more
489:
The per-rank handicap is therefore reduced, by a scaling factor. Various estimates have been given for the factor that applies to 13×13, in the range 2.5 up to 4; and on grounds both theoretical and experimental (small-board tournament play). The evidence is that 2.5 is more realistic than 4, for
745:
With free placement, weaker players may not place their stones in respect to their comparable handicap to their opponent, thus eliminating the point of the handicap. The standard fixed handicap points allow for a good standard that allows novices to have the handicap they need since they are not
497:
Each full stone of handicap on a 13×13 board is in any case probably equivalent to about 2.5 to 3 ranks, and each full stone on a 9×9 board is equivalent to about 6 ranks. For example, if the appropriate handicap is 9 (i.e., 8.5) stones on a 19×19 board, the handicap between those two players is
810:
As no one can be absolutely sure what the fair number of compensation points is, some advocate another system which is often used in some amateur matches and tournaments. There are no fixed compensation points. The decision is left to both players. They arrive at a value through negotiation and
785:
Compensation points are sometimes preferred to stones because the players would like to play or practice as if it is an even game. They would like to have the feel of an "even game". White (the stronger player) must play better to overcome these disadvantages (points gained by playing first +
445:
player four handicap stones to allow for an interesting game with roughly equal challenge for both players. If traditional fixed placement of the handicap stones is used, nine stones is normally the maximum handicap. Larger handicaps are certainly possible; but with such a great difference in
481:
are often used for novice players (double-digit kyu players) just learning to play Go, or for quick games. As the fewer moves made when playing on smaller boards gives White fewer chances to overcome the advantage conferred by the handicap, smaller handicaps are used on smaller
910:
Historically, in China, Black and White were constrained to play on diagonally-opposite star points for their first two moves in even games. In Japan, from some point in the sixteenth century perhaps, the board was empty in even games. The consequence was a deeper study of the
494:
a quadratic formula for the ratio of the mean number of plays may apply. Arguing that White catches up by means of Black's 'small errors', so that White's deficit drifts at a constant rate, it makes sense to take the ratio of game lengths as scaling factor.
837:
Handicap go is the traditional form of teaching given to go players. Fixed handicap placements are in effect a form of graded tutorials: if you cannot beat your teacher with a nine-stone handicap, some fundamental points are still to be learned.
656:
Recently, some have advocated free placement of handicap stones. Free placement means one can place handicap stones anywhere on the board without restriction. Here is the list of countries and servers that use free placement of handicap stones:
647:
As the stones are always at the same (4,4) points in the corners, Black always plays more (4,4) openings, and doesn't gain experience playing the (3,4) openings, or others such as (3,3), (5,4), (5,3), etc., except on two and three stones.
746:
experienced and may not be able to take advantage of the free placement of handicap stones. Therefore, free placement handicap may be best suited for more experienced players or those who want more flexibility and variety in play.
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reduced to 4 (because 3.5 × 2.5 = 8.75) stones on a 13x13 board and 2 (1.5 × 6 = 9) stones on a 9×9 board. A 5 (i.e., 4.5) stone handicap on a 9×9 board is accordingly equivalent to a handicap of 27 or 28 stones on a 19×19 board.
457:(1-7d) ranks. The advantage of moving first is equivalent to only half a stone of handicap, as the opponent then has the initiative. Because White gets the next move after Black places the handicap stones, a nominal handicap of
969:. In it more explicit reference is made, than is typical, to the need to fight hard rather than play slackly, in order to use the handicap stones properly. This lesson on influence is at the heart of the traditional system.
798:. However, there are still no absolute standards on the number of compensation points due to the difficulty of determining a fair value. 6.5 points are used in Japan and Korea. 7.5 points are used in China and USA (see
901:
Psychologically speaking, Black (the pupil) probably sees blunders as more important in a loss; but White (the teacher) is more aware of getting into the game by means of Black's inefficiencies.
936:
Handicap placement convention and effect actually depends on different rule sets, such as
Japanese or Chinese rules, and not on different countries. Not all countries have their own rule sets
736:
Many more variations with fewer repetitions mean the game is more refreshing, challenging, and interesting to the strong player. They may be more willing to play and teach the weaker player.
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Although free placement is less common because many players are attached to tradition, especially in East Asian countries, it offers advantages which are not available with fixed placement.
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the game is without komi; one player makes the first move of Black (not too weak and not too strong) and the other one then chooses to play Black or White. This is an application of the
399:
853:, in particular); and examples of pro-pro games to follow. With the traditional handicap placements, the only consistent strategy Black can follow depends on the use of
425:. In contrast to an even game, in which Black plays first, White plays the first move in a game with handicap (after Black's handicap stones have been placed).
782:, where the weaker player takes black, and is given both the first move and compensation points too. This is more advantageous than the above situation.
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These figures are not a consensus, but have wide support. They can be used to give rankings, by converting 13×13 handicaps back to rank difference.
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57:
of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be
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The mandatory handicap points stress influence rather than taking territory directly; some weaker players have a more territorial style.
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526:– in each corner on the (4,4) point, in the middle of each side on the fourth line, (4,10); and the very center of the board, (10,10).
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the players do an "auction" by saying: "I am willing to play Black against XXX komi" and the player who wins the auction plays Black.
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clock games. The corresponding factor for a 9×9 board is not easy to understand, and the change for each stone added is very large.
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of star-point handicap stones for attack, White will gradually build a more advantageous position, and steadily close the gap.
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Black adds the star point to his lower right (In
Classical Chinese rules the third handicap stone is place on tengen)
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When ranks are equal, Black gets advantages by playing first. The advantage of that first move is compensated by
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When the difference in strength is one rank, no handicap stone is given. Instead the stronger player takes White
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one player chooses how big komi will be given to White and the other player then chooses to play Black or White.
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They can think for themselves and learn about different opening strategies through actual game experience.
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strength, Black may be simply bewildered, and not understand how many of White's moves relate to his own.
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not constant over levels: the more skillful a player, the greater the usefulness of each stone.)
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period of the 1930s. In contemporary go, the 4-4 point openings are fundamental.
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is given to offset the strength difference between players of different ranks.
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There are some book treatments of low-handicap go by strong professionals (
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that in the
Chinese system were used only in three-stone handicaps. Those
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Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing
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Black plays the star points to his upper right and lower left
449:
The above rank relationship reliably applies for single-digit
26:
550:
Black plays his first stone as he wishes, and gives no komi
530:
handicaps are always placed on the star points, as follows:
811:
bidding. This is called auction compensation point system.
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compensation points. The compensation points are called
945:
Some servers offer a choice between different rule sets
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stones is therefore in reality half a stone less than
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Black takes all three star points at left and right
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469:in skill of less than a third of a stone per rank.
417:In the game of Go, a handicap is given by means of
802:rules). The 0.5 points is used to prevent a draw.
724:in actual competition against stronger opponents.
891:page at Sensei's Library for a fuller discussion
775:Another common type of compensation used is the
627:Black takes all star points except the center
141:Within most systems and at most levels in the
991:
921:dominated opening theory in Japan, until the
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8:
522:There are 9 star points marked on a 19 x 19
518:The traditional placement of handicap stones
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814:Examples of auction komi systems include:
666:Japan, Korea, United States (by default),
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129:Learn how and when to remove this message
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583:Black takes all four corner star points
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790:Fixed compensation point (komi) system
720:They can learn a much larger range of
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2090:Taiwan Chi Yuan Culture Foundation
25:
806:Auction compensation point system
638:Black takes all nine star points
616:Black adds the center star point
594:Black adds the center star point
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2043:All Japan Student Go Federation
486:(most commonly 13×13 and 9×9).
42:may not meet Knowledge (XXG)'s
2120:Games played with Go equipment
1:
44:general notability guideline
2085:Singapore Weiqi Association
2030:International Go Federation
955:Comparison of some Go rules
2211:
1797:Long Ode to Watching Weiqi
753:
51:reliable secondary sources
40:The topic of this article
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2008:Chinese Weiqi Association
1990:Australian Go Association
965:See for example the book
871:Professional Go handicaps
346:Computers and mathematics
298:Players and organizations
2075:Mind Sports Organisation
2013:Hong Kong Go Association
1724:Lee's broken ladder game
1602:Nihon Ki-in Hall of Fame
967:Kage's Secret Chronicles
374:AlphaGo versus Lee Sedol
2063:Korea Baduk Association
2025:French Federation of Go
1985:American Go Association
1940:Monte Carlo tree search
1714:The Game of the Century
242:(corner-based openings)
2080:New Zealand Go Society
2020:European Go Federation
1995:British Go Association
1755:The Girl Who Played Go
1609:Professional handicaps
786:compensation points).
707:They can choose their
519:
234:(whole-board openings)
1694:AlphaGo vs. Lee Sedol
517:
473:Small board handicaps
2035:Irish Go Association
1837:The Surrounding Game
1390:Strategy and tactics
877:Notes and references
211:Strategy and tactics
78:"Handicapping in Go"
1935:Future of Go Summit
1863:Computer Go UEC Cup
1704:Blood-vomiting game
1684:AlphaGo vs. Fan Hui
796:compensation points
779:compensation points
750:Compensation points
453:(1-9k) and amateur
423:compensation points
369:Internet Go servers
262:History and culture
155:Part of a series on
2125:Go and mathematics
2106:Benson's algorithm
2068:Myongji University
1709:Ear-reddening game
1689:AlphaGo vs. Ke Jie
1544:Dunhuang Go Manual
709:opening strategies
641:A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I
520:
505:Handicap placement
441:player gives a 7
413:Forms of handicaps
354:Go and mathematics
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1945:Smart Game Format
1676:Games and matches
1630:Ranks and ratings
833:Handicap strategy
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437:For example, a 3
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323:Ranks and ratings
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16:(Redirected from
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1824:Sensei's Library
1811:The Master of Go
1719:Kamakura jubango
1699:Atomic bomb game
1592:European players
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851:Kajiwara Takeo
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754:Main article:
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2111:Game record (
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1769:The Go Player
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1762:The Go Master
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1733:Art and media
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741:Disadvantages
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290:List of games
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206:List of terms
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80: –
79:
75:
74:Find sources:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
45:
38:
29:
28:
19:
18:Handicap (Go)
2135:
2112:
2048:Kansai Ki-in
2003:China Qiyuan
1883:AlphaGo Zero
1843:
1836:
1829:
1817:
1810:
1802:
1796:
1789:
1783:Hikaru no Go
1782:
1775:
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1378:
1366:
1361:Shoulder hit
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1299:
1292:
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1273:
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1193:
1186:
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844:
840:
836:
813:
809:
793:
784:
776:
774:
761:
759:
744:
729:
727:
722:corner plays
700:
698:
690:
668:
655:
646:
608:A,B,C,D,F,G
527:
521:
500:
496:
492:
488:
476:
467:
462:
458:
454:
450:
448:
442:
438:
436:
432:
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418:
416:
338:Competitions
255:(Go puzzles)
250:
237:
229:
194:professional
140:
125:
116:
106:
99:
92:
85:
73:
2195:Rules of Go
2053:Nihon Ki-in
1893:Crazy Stone
1666:Tournaments
1618:Competition
1550:Emperor Yao
1280:Monkey jump
1250:Korigatachi
1146:Divine move
762:but without
364:Go software
359:Computer Go
55:independent
2142:Capture go
1923:Leela Zero
1898:Darkforest
1804:The MANIAC
1421:Shinfuseki
924:shinfuseki
695:Advantages
597:A,B,C,D,E
542:Locations
539:Placement
143:game of Go
89:newspapers
63:redirected
1888:AlphaZero
1855:Computers
1570:9 Pin Zhi
1560:Four arts
1475:Mirror Go
1415:Kobayashi
1373:Thickness
1088:Clamshell
1047:Equipment
1025:Handicaps
855:influence
756:Komidashi
484:Go boards
275:Equipment
189:Handicaps
53:that are
2189:Category
2174:Category
2130:Variants
1960:Pandanet
1903:Fine Art
1776:Go World
1581:Oshirogo
1485:Proverbs
1017:Overview
865:See also
823:pie rule
777:reverse
770:Japanese
586:A,B,C,D
311:European
280:Variants
224:strategy
201:Proverbs
147:handicap
1950:Servers
1873:AlphaGo
1868:Engines
1830:Shibumi
1741:AlphaGo
1655:Jubango
1587:Players
1565:Hoensha
1528:History
1517:Tsumego
1501:Ponnuki
1427:Shusaku
1410:Chinese
1314:Myoushu
1293:Myoushu
1268:Liberty
1229:Kikashi
1151:Double
1068:Katsura
681:China,
536:Stones
306:Players
270:History
252:Tsumego
216:Opening
103:scholar
67:deleted
2059:Korea
2039:Japan
1999:China
1913:KataGo
1908:GNU Go
1510:Tenuki
1465:Ladder
1449:Taisha
1442:Nadare
1435:Jōseki
1404:Fuseki
1367:Tesuji
1336:Sabaki
1325:Pincer
1300:Nakade
1263:Ladder
1257:Kosumi
1208:Kakari
1201:Joseki
1187:Hayago
1173:tenuki
1083:Stones
919:joseki
914:joseki
479:boards
477:Small
419:stones
316:Female
239:Jōseki
231:Fuseki
220:theory
105:
98:
91:
84:
76:
59:merged
2136:Batoo
2099:Other
1965:Tygem
1918:Leela
1818:Ranka
1490:Shape
1460:fight
1356:Shape
1350:Sente
1330:Probe
1307:Nerai
1215:Keima
1169:sente
1128:Atari
1112:Terms
1099:Yunzi
1093:Slate
1061:Goban
1055:Bowls
1037:Rules
553:None
524:board
184:Rules
110:JSTOR
96:books
65:, or
2147:Sygo
2113:kifu
1379:Yose
1343:Seki
1320:Peep
1286:Moyo
1274:Miai
1243:Komi
1222:Kiai
1194:Jigo
1180:Hane
1171:and
1165:Gote
1159:Eyes
1153:hane
1140:Dame
1075:Kaya
1031:Komi
889:See
849:and
766:Komi
728:For
699:For
564:A,B
421:and
145:, a
82:news
1928:Zen
1641:Kyū
1635:Dan
1121:Aji
800:AGA
768:in
683:Ing
670:IGS
455:dan
451:kyu
443:kyu
439:kyu
2191::
1458:Ko
1236:Ko
1167:,
1008:Go
732::
703::
635:9
624:8
613:7
602:6
591:5
580:4
569:3
558:2
547:1
465:.
222:;
161:Go
61:,
2115:)
999:e
992:t
985:v
825:.
463:n
459:n
401:e
394:t
387:v
226:)
218:(
132:)
126:(
121:)
117:(
107:·
100:·
93:·
86:·
69:.
47:.
20:)
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