459:
228:
root of the different meaning “to deceive, to turn pagan, to lead into paganism”. The Syriac word refers to pagans and deceivers. The Arabic is defined as "true believer, orthodox; one who scorns the false creeds surrounding him/her and profess the true religion" by The Arabic-English
304:
as "one who is utterly upright in all of his or her affairs, as exemplified by the model of
Abraham"; and that prior to the arrival of Islam "the term was used to designate pious people who accepted monotheism but did not join the Jewish or Christian communities."
281:
states "its exact sense is obscure" but the Quran "uses it in contexts suggestive of a pristine monotheism, which it tends to contrast with (latter-day) Judaism and
Christianity". In the Quran
295:". The unique association of ḥanīf with Abraham underscores his foundational role in the development of monotheistic faith and his exemplary status in the Islamic tradition.
1131:
402:
1050:
534:
is used "twelve times in the Quran", but
Abraham/Ibrahim is "the only person to have been explicitly identified with the term." He is mentioned "in reference to"
1060:
972:
657:
1279:
1140:
405:. No archaeological evidence has been found to support the idea that Abraham was a real person, and most scholars do not consider the
241:
1260:
1236:
1212:
1188:
498:
707:
554:
248:
it has been translated as "upright person" and outside the Quran as "to incline towards a right state or tendency". According to
170:
33:
1052:
What Did the
Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?: What Archeology Can Tell Us About the Reality of Ancient Israel
956:
480:
272:
116:
162:
21:
This article is about the
Islamic term for pre-Islamic Abrahamic monotheists. For the Islamic school of jurisprudence, see
511:
According to the
Encyclopædia Britannica, "some of Muḥammad's relatives, contemporaries, and early supporters were called
132:
820:
361:
268:
120:
469:
410:
348:(meaning "surrendered to God"), may have only arisen as an identifying descriptor for the religion in the late
278:
1246:
618:
673:
522:
476:
136:
26:
143:—and instead adhered to a unique monotheistic faith that exemplified the unaltered beliefs and morals of
1222:
628:
237:
712:
679:
580:
265:
112:
717:
604:
432:
371:
349:
249:
108:
1256:
1232:
1208:
1184:
1056:
952:
844:
570:
518:
436:
152:
151:: ten times in the singular form and twice in the plural form. According to Muslim tradition,
980:
868:
722:
632:
622:
575:
420:
166:
144:
406:
225:
60:
1198:
691:
65:
733:
565:
178:
174:
445:) whether this was true of Arabs throughout the peninsula it is impossible to say."
1273:
1250:
1158:
669:
1226:
173:
before
Muhammad—that is, those affiliated with Judaism and/or Christianity, such as
608:
598:
1202:
702:
458:
1170:
Ibn Warraq, ed. (2000). "2. Origins of Islam: A Critical Look at the
Sources".
341:
257:
206:
126:
728:
696:
591:
439:—were familiar with the idea there were pre-Islamic "Abrahamic monotheists (
424:
219:
139:—which are described in Islam as originally righteous religions that later
544:
315:
309:
209:
182:
87:
1092:
1009:
665:
656:
and builder of the "Mosque of the Schism" mentioned in the
Quranic verse
649:
612:
261:
1181:
Ishmael
Instructs Isaac: An Introduction to the Qu'ran for Bible Readers
1163:
The Idea of Idolatry and the Emergence of Islam: From Polemic to History
224:
meaning "to incline, to decline" or "to turn or bend sideways" from the
211:
661:
483: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
416:
390:
382:
765:
Bell, Richard (1949). "Muslim World, Volume XXIX, 1949, pp. 120-125".
653:
560:
428:
140:
22:
215:
435:, he provides a "reliable source" that Arabs—at least in northwest
587:
394:
386:
292:
288:
245:
188:
148:
40:
525:, and Umayyah ibn Abī aṣ-Ṣalt, "an early 7th-century Arab poet".
398:
333:
253:
131:. However, it is emphasized that they were not associated with
115:. These people are regarded in a favourable light for shunning
452:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
930:
928:
926:
528:
According to the website "In the Name of Allah", the term
648:
Abū 'Amar 'Abd Amr ibn Sayfī: a leader of the tribe of
123:, thus setting themselves apart from what is known as
332:, the Muslim" It has been theorized by Watt that the
287:
is associated "strongly with Abraham, but never with
639:
535:
529:
512:
440:
365:
327:
321:
299:
282:
200:
156:
124:
45:
615:. He died before Muhammad declared his Prophethood.
419:, a 5th century Palestinian historian of the Roman
320:as "to turn away from ". Others maintain that the
165:) and a direct descendant of Abraham's eldest son
1204:Concept of Monotheism in Islam & Christianity
16:Islamic term for a pre-Islamic Arabian monotheist
1032:
1030:
725:, equivalent concept in esoteric Christianity
644:opponents of Islam from Ibn Isḥāq's account:
385:had bequeathed a monotheist religion" to the
8:
1139:. Princeton University Press. Archived from
1121:Ambros, Arne A; Procháczka, Stephan (2004).
895:(Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1903) p. 149 .
802:
800:
631:: early Muslim convert who emigrated to the
557:after Abraham according to Islamic tradition
102:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
397:" and adhering to certain practices of the
70:
814:
812:
389:, who are described being descended "from
275:religion and used to taunt early Muslims.
252:, it appears to have been used earlier by
543:Among those who are thought to have been
521:, "a cousin of the Prophet’s first wife,
499:Learn how and when to remove this message
601:: rejected both Judaism and Christianity
377:A Greek source from the 5th century CE,
147:. The word is found twelve times in the
32:For broader coverage of this topic, see
1207:. International Progress Organization.
951:. Oxford University Press. p. 39.
752:
745:
326:followed the "religion of Ibrahim, the
1123:A Concise Dictionary of Koranic Arabic
917:
423:, is thought to have been a native of
298:Oxford Islamic Studies online defines
1172:The Quest for the Historical Muhammad
1037:Ibn Rawandi, "Origins of Islam", 2000
379:The Ecclesiastical History of Sozomen
264:" and applied to followers of an old
52:
7:
934:
782:
780:
481:adding citations to reliable sources
364:, "there is no evidence that a true
891:J. Payne Smith (Mrs. Margoliouth),
869:"The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon"
845:"The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon"
822:Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic
231:Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic
103:
94:
64:
1133:Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam
1078:Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam
1075:
14:
1228:Muhammad and the Origins of Islam
107:) are primarily used to refer to
1049:Dever, William G. (2001-05-10).
708:Monotheism in pre-Islamic Arabia
611:and patrilineal third cousin to
457:
314:as the law of Ibrahim; the verb
34:Monotheism in pre-Islamic Arabia
1252:Muhammad: prophet and statesman
893:A Compendious Syriac Dictionary
468:needs additional citations for
171:Islamic prophets and messengers
1255:. Oxford University Press US.
1174:. Prometheus. pp. 89–124.
1055:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
1036:
699:, similar concept with Judaism
1:
1165:. Cambridge University Press.
977:Oxford Islamic Studies Online
625:and converted to Christianity
141:corrupted the message of God
789:Louis Jacobs (1995), p. 272
640:
545:
536:
530:
513:
449:List of Arabian monotheists
441:
366:
328:
322:
316:
310:
300:
283:
210:
201:
183:
157:
125:
119:and solely worshipping the
88:
46:
1296:
660:and later allied with the
540:eight times in the Quran.
431:. Therefore, according to
31:
20:
1280:Quranic words and phrases
403:shunning pork consumption
1247:Watt, William Montgomery
1130:Crone, Patricia (1987).
427:and a native speaker of
619:Uthman ibn al-Huwayrith
555:prophets and messengers
517:" – examples including
362:Encyclopædia Britannica
189:God-given infallibility
1179:Kaltner, John (1999).
947:Cook, Michael (1983).
674:early Muslim conquests
523:Khadija bint Khuwaylid
205:comes from the Arabic
27:Hanif (disambiguation)
25:. For other uses, see
680:Abu Qays ibn al-Aslaṭ
629:Ubayd-Allah ibn Jahsh
238:Francis Edward Peters
163:met the angel Gabriel
113:Abrahamic monotheists
1183:. Liturgical Press.
1097:In the Name of Allah
792:Turner (2005), p. 16
713:Perennial Philosophy
586:The four friends in
581:Hashim ibn Abd Manaf
477:improve this article
187:to underscore their
109:pre-Islamic Arabians
937:, pp. 117–119.
920:, pp. 122–124.
621:: travelled to the
340:, arising from the
181:—are classified as
718:People of the Book
605:Waraqah ibn Nawfal
519:Waraqah ibn Nawfal
372:pre-Islamic Arabia
308:Others translate
250:W. Montgomery Watt
117:Arabian polytheism
1062:978-0-8028-2126-3
672:after subsequent
509:
508:
501:
381:, speaks of how "
360:According to the
260:in reference to "
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1266:
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1218:
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1175:
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1152:
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1040:
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993:
992:
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988:
979:. Archived from
969:
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944:
938:
932:
921:
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889:
883:
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879:
865:
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841:
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832:
830:
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807:
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795:
784:
775:
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762:
756:
750:
723:Prisca theologia
643:
633:Kingdom of Aksum
623:Byzantine Empire
609:Nestorian priest
576:Khaled bin Sinan
548:
539:
533:
516:
504:
497:
493:
490:
484:
461:
453:
444:
421:Christian Church
411:accurate history
370:cult existed in
369:
331:
325:
319:
313:
303:
286:
223:
204:
186:
169:. Likewise, all
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84:
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68:
58:
57:
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1048:
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1008:
1007:
996:
986:
984:
983:on June 2, 2018
971:
970:
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688:
505:
494:
488:
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462:
451:
407:Book of Genesis
358:
197:
96:
95:
82:
79:
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73:
54:
53:
37:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1268:
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1243:
1237:
1231:. SUNY Press.
1219:
1213:
1201:, ed. (1982).
1195:
1189:
1176:
1167:
1159:Hawting, G. R.
1155:
1127:
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1084:
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1026:
1014:britannica.com
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738:
737:
736:
734:Urmonotheismus
731:
726:
720:
715:
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705:
700:
694:
687:
684:
683:
682:
677:
664:then moved to
637:
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602:
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583:
578:
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571:Sa'id bin Zayd
568:
566:Seven Sleepers
563:
561:Old Najranites
558:
507:
506:
465:
463:
456:
450:
447:
357:
354:
350:Medinan period
196:
193:
155:himself was a
121:God of Abraham
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1292:
1281:
1278:
1277:
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1264:
1262:0-19-881078-4
1258:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1238:0-7914-1875-8
1234:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1223:Peters, F. E.
1220:
1216:
1214:3-7003-0339-4
1210:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1199:Köchler, Hans
1196:
1192:
1190:0-8146-5882-2
1186:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1146:on 2016-05-28
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978:
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904:
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864:
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850:
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837:
825:. p. 210
824:
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813:
809:
803:
801:
797:
791:
788:
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783:
781:
777:
772:
768:
761:
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755:, p. 29.
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489:November 2011
482:
478:
472:
471:
466:This section
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239:
236:According to
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92:
90:
80:a renunciate
67:
62:
50:
48:
42:
35:
28:
24:
19:
1251:
1227:
1203:
1180:
1171:
1162:
1148:. Retrieved
1141:the original
1132:
1122:
1100:. Retrieved
1096:
1087:
1077:
1071:
1051:
1044:
1017:. Retrieved
1013:
985:. Retrieved
981:the original
976:
967:
948:
942:
892:
887:
876:. Retrieved
872:
863:
852:. Retrieved
848:
839:
827:. Retrieved
821:
819:Wehr, Hans.
770:
767:Muslim World
766:
760:
753:Köchler 1982
748:
692:Banu Khuza'a
638:
599:Zayd ibn Amr
594:'s account:
585:
542:
527:
510:
495:
486:
475:Please help
470:verification
467:
415:
378:
376:
359:
345:
337:
307:
297:
279:Michael Cook
277:
235:
230:
198:
137:Christianity
86:
44:
43:, the terms
38:
18:
1125:. Reichert.
1019:23 February
918:Peters 1994
873:cal.huc.edu
849:cal.huc.edu
703:Abrahamites
433:Ibn Rawandi
356:Historicity
240:, in verse
161:(before he
1150:2020-02-23
1115:References
1102:28 October
1082:: p.190-91
987:28 October
958:0192876058
878:2023-12-06
854:2023-12-06
829:28 October
806:Lane, 1893
773:: 120–125.
401:, such as
342:participle
311:Hanīfiyyah
266:Hellenized
258:Christians
127:jahiliyyah
935:Watt 1974
729:Rahmanism
697:Noahidism
668:and onto
592:ibn Ishaq
425:Gaza City
409:to be an
317:taḥannafa
199:The term
195:Etymology
111:who were
1274:Category
1249:(1974).
1225:(1994).
1161:(1999).
949:Muhammad
686:See also
650:Banu Aws
613:Muhammad
607:: was a
553:All the
344:form of
153:Muhammad
1093:"hanif"
1076:Crone,
1039:: p.112
1010:"Hanif"
973:"Hanif"
662:Quraysh
546:ḥunafā'
417:Sozomen
391:Ishmael
383:Abraham
273:Arabian
244:of the
184:ḥunafā'
167:Ishmael
145:Abraham
133:Judaism
89:ḥunafā'
74:
1259:
1235:
1211:
1187:
1080:, 1987
1059:
955:
786:See:
654:Medina
514:hanifs
437:Arabia
429:Arabic
346:Muslim
334:verbal
269:Syrian
262:pagans
226:Syriac
85:) and
61:Arabic
23:Hanafi
1144:(PDF)
1137:(PDF)
740:Notes
670:Syria
666:Ta'if
658:9:107
641:Ḥanīf
590:from
588:Mecca
549:are:
537:ḥanīf
531:ḥanīf
442:ḥanīf
395:Hagar
387:Arabs
367:ḥanīf
338:Islam
336:term
329:hanif
323:ḥanīf
301:ḥanīf
293:Jesus
289:Moses
284:ḥanīf
246:Quran
202:ḥanīf
179:Jesus
175:Moses
158:ḥanīf
149:Quran
104:حنفاء
47:ḥanīf
41:Islam
1257:ISBN
1233:ISBN
1209:ISBN
1185:ISBN
1104:2019
1057:ISBN
1021:2020
989:2019
953:ISBN
831:2019
771:XXIX
399:Jews
393:and
271:and
256:and
254:Jews
242:3:67
207:root
177:and
97:PLUR
71:lit.
66:حنيف
55:SING
652:at
479:by
374:."
291:or
135:or
39:In
1276::
1095:.
1029:^
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925:^
900:^
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811:^
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413:.
352:.
233:.
191:.
101:;
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1265:.
1241:.
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1193:.
1153:.
1106:.
1065:.
1023:.
991:.
961:.
881:.
857:.
833:.
676:.
635:.
502:)
496:(
491:)
487:(
473:.
220:f
218:-
216:n
214:-
212:ḥ
93:(
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51:(
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29:.
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