646:, which was set up to operate as a "war cabinet". In that position, he was able to review all pertinent documents regarding national security and domestic policy even before they were forwarded to Hitler in person. The historian Martin Kitchen explains that the centralization of power accorded to the Reich Chancellery and therefore to its head made Lammers become "one of the most important men in Nazi Germany". From the vantage point of most government officers, Lammers seemed to speak on behalf of Hitler, the ultimate authority within the Reich. Lammers was also one of the first officials to sign government correspondence with "Heil Hitler", which became a requisite greeting for civil servants and eventually so ubiquitous that failure to use it was considered an "overt sign of dissidence", which could trigger attention from the
707:
33:
766:
410:
398:
745:, arguing that since Hitler was cut off in Berlin, Göring should assume leadership of Germany. Göring set a time limit of 22:00 that night (23 April), when he would consider Hitler incapacitated. The telegram was intercepted by Bormann, who convinced Hitler that Göring was a traitor and that the telegram was a demand to resign or be overthrown. Hitler responded angrily and ordered SS troops to arrest Göring. Soon afterwards, Hitler removed Göring from all of his offices and ordered Göring, his staff and Lammers to be placed under
680:(Armed Forces High Command; OKW), and Bormann, who controlled the Party. Hitler seemed to be in agreement with that proposal since none of them posed a threat to his leadership or would disagree with him. The committee was intended to independently propose measures regardless of the wishes of various ministries, with Hitler reserving most final decisions to himself. The committee, soon known as the
667:, he increasingly controlled access to Hitler. By early 1943, the war produced a labour crisis for the regime. Hitler agreed to the creation of a three-man committee with representatives of the state, the army and the party in an attempt to centralise control of the war economy and over the home front. The committee members were Lammers (Chief of the Reich Chancellery),
1431:
773:
After the war's conclusion, Lammers provided Allied interrogators with some insights into the nature of the Third Reich's hierarchy. Postwar mythology was such that many were convinced Hitler had completely ostracised the aristocratic officers under his command, but the truth was somewhat different.
732:
and
Lammers. All agreed that Göring was Hitler's designated successor and was to act as his deputy if Hitler ever became incapacitated. Göring concluded that by remaining in Berlin to face certain death, Hitler had incapacitated himself from governing. Acting on the matter, Göring sent a
684:(Committee of Three), met eleven times between January and August 1943. However, it ran up against resistance from Hitler's cabinet ministers, who headed deeply-entrenched spheres of influence and were excluded from the committee. Seeing it as a threat to their power,
723:
In April 1945, Lammers was arrested by SS troops during the final days of the Nazi regime, in connection with the upheaval surrounding
Hermann Göring. On 23 April, as the Soviets tightened the encirclement of Berlin, Göring consulted
2273:
2233:
2238:
774:
Lammers reported to the Allies that Nazi kingpins and high-ranking
Wehrmacht officers received lavish gifts, severance packages, expropriated estates and huge cash awards. Recipients of
703:
Over time, Lammers lost power and influence because of the increasing irrelevancy of his position due to the war and as a consequence of Martin
Bormann's growing influence with Hitler.
596:
with an effective date of 1 March 1932 (membership number 1,010,355) and achieved rapid advancement. He was appointed head of the police office in the
Interior Ministry and, after the
2298:
2293:
893:
vol. 1 (New York: MacMillan
Publishing, 1991), p. 254, Lammers received a pardon reducing his sentence in 1951 but he was not released until 16 December 1954; Max Williams in
1659:
897:, vol. 2 (Fonthill Media, 2017), p. 183, also states that his sentence was reduced to 10 years in January 1951 and he was released on 16 December 1954; Robert Wistrich in
901:(New York: Routledge, 2001), p.184, notes the reduced sentence and gives the release date as 16 December 1951; Dr. Louis Snyder has him released sometime in 1952 in
1929:
524:, and membership in a criminal organization. He was sentenced to 20 years in prison in April 1949 but this was later reduced to 10 years and he was released early.
2248:
1586:
2258:
643:
1499:
2283:
2223:
581:
706:
2268:
1763:
2308:
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1455:
1392:
1373:
1354:
1288:
1269:
1250:
1231:
1208:
1189:
1472:
1345:
1330:
775:
619:, he became the centre of communications and chief legal adviser for all government departments. In October 1933, he was made a member of
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1978:
1911:
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577:
303:
32:
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at
Obersalzberg. Lammers was taken prisoner by American forces, but in the meantime, his wife, Elfriede (née Tepel), committed
765:
2278:
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worked together to bring it down. The result was that nothing changed, and the
Committee of Three declined into irrelevance.
601:
62:
1485:
783:
83:
1969:
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From
January 1943, Lammers served as president of the cabinet when Hitler was absent from their meetings. Along with
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1949:
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545:
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541:
358:
2228:
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913:(New York: Routledge, 1995), p. 222; Roderick Stackelberg has him amnestied at an unspecified 1951 date in
2054:
1811:
1804:
624:
1521:
818:, and was convicted and sentenced to 20 years in prison. The sentence was later commuted to 10 years by
806:
In April 1946, Lammers was a defence witness at the trial before the
International Military Tribunal in
729:
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757:(the site of Hitler's mountain retreat) in early May 1945, as did his daughter, Ilse, two days later.
2218:
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2075:
1985:
1861:
656:
563:
457:
425:
1958:
1869:
905:(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976), p. 204; Gerald Reitlinger reported Lammers free in November 1951 in
889:
There are conflicting reports about Lammers's release date. According to Zentner and BedĂĽrftig, in
253:
1452:
909:(New York: Da Capo Press, 1989), p. 470; Tim Kirk claims Lammers was released sometime in 1951 in
2123:
2116:
791:
580:(DNVP) and resumed his career as a lawyer reaching by 1922 the position of undersecretary at the
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2019:
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1163:
822:
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693:
501:
1160:
The Hitler State: The Foundation and Development of the Internal Structure of the Third Reich
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as an officer. He was severely wounded in 1917, losing his left eye, and was awarded the
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779:
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57:
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570:, first and second Class. Discharged from the military after the war with the rank of
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2012:
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540:, the son of a veterinarian, Lammers completed law school at the universities of
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2005:
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876:. The post was elevated to the rank of ministry on 26 November 1937, becoming
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810:. Starting in April 1949, he was in the dock as one of the defendants in the
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249:
166:
102:
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1262:
The Second World Wars: How the First Global Conflict Was Fought and Won
750:
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647:
1445:
2274:
People convicted by the United States Nuremberg Military Tribunals
764:
705:
654:
in September 1933 (SS number 118,401) and attained the rank of SS-
555:
548:, obtained his doctorate in 1904, and was appointed judge at the
496:(27 May 1879 – 4 January 1962) was a German jurist and prominent
2234:
German people convicted of the international crime of aggression
1481:
917:(New York: Routledge, 2007), p. 220, as does William Shirer in
1017:
1015:
638:
On 30 August 1939, immediately prior to the outbreak of the
635:
and he retained his post as Chief of the Reich Chancellery.
500:
politician. From 1933 until 1945 he served as Chief of the
1366:
SS Elite: The Senior Leaders of Hitler's Praetorian Guard
942:
940:
938:
895:
SS Elite: The Senior Leaders of Hitler's Praetorian Guard
1137:
1135:
769:
Lammers in 1947 facing trial for crimes against humanity
642:, Lammers was appointed by Hitler to the six-person
516:, Lammers was found guilty of crimes against peace,
2085:
1995:
1968:
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2239:German people convicted of crimes against humanity
1402:Zentner, Christian; BedĂĽrftig, Friedemann (1991).
1299:
1219:
921:(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), p. 965 fn.
508:. In 1937, he additionally was given the post of
1105:
970:
794:, and one of the Holocaust's chief architects,
2299:Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class
2294:Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class
1493:
840:, in the same plot as his wife and daughter.
644:Council of Ministers for Defense of the Reich
16:German jurist and Nazi politician (1879–1962)
8:
1323:The Devil's Disciples: Hitler's Inner Circle
152:30 January 1933 – 26 November 1937
1882:
1582:
1578:
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31:
20:
878:Reichsminister und Chef der Reichskanzlei
874:Staatssekretär und Chef der Reichskanzlei
862:Reichsminister und Chef der Reichskanzlei
832:early. Lammers died on 4 January 1962 in
75:26 November 1937 – 24 April 1945
1283:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
958:
946:
1045:
1021:
994:
982:
934:
915:The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany
854:
627:. On 26 November 1937, his rank in the
329: 1913; died 1945)
206:(Presiding Officer in Hitler's Absence)
1465:Newspaper clippings about Hans Lammers
1141:
1081:
1069:
1057:
576:, he joined the national conservative
2249:Members of the Academy for German Law
1116:
1114:
1093:
1006:
911:The Longman Companion to Nazi Germany
512:in the cabinet. During the 1948–1949
219:January 1943 – 24 April 1945
7:
2259:Government ministers of Nazi Germany
2086:Members granted rank & authority
1346:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
1033:
919:The Rise And Fall of the Third Reich
907:The SS: Alibi of a Nation, 1922–1945
610:. At the recommendation of Interior
2284:People from the Province of Silesia
1405:The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich
1368:. Vol. 2. Fonthill Media LLC.
891:The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich
197:and Chief of the Reich Chancellery)
2224:20th-century German civil servants
1408:. New York: MacMillan Publishing.
1349:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
600:on 30 January 1933, was appointed
141:and Chief of the Reich Chancellery
14:
1997:Reichsministers without portfolio
1453:from The Simon Wiesenthal Center
1429:
714:and Hans Lammers in October 1944
408:
396:
1979:Paul Freiherr von Eltz-RĂĽbenach
1912:Paul Freiherr von Eltz-RĂĽbenach
903:Encyclopedia of the Third Reich
326:
2088:equivalent to a Reichsminister
1753:Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk
602:Chief of the Reich Chancellery
582:Reich Ministry of the Interior
578:German National People's Party
304:German National People's Party
203:President of the Reich Cabinet
63:Chief of the Reich Chancellery
1:
2269:Nazis convicted of war crimes
1509:Members of the Hitler Cabinet
1260:Hanson, Victor Davis (2017).
2309:University of Breslau alumni
2244:Heidelberg University alumni
1106:Zentner & BedĂĽrftig 1991
971:Zentner & BedĂĽrftig 1991
784:Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist
359:German University of Breslau
84:Friedrich Wilhelm Kritzinger
1469:20th Century Press Archives
1243:Nazi Germany: A New History
1203:. New York: Penguin Books.
828:, and he was released from
816:subsequent Nuremberg trials
802:Trial, conviction and death
2325:
1558:President of the Reichstag
1218:Evans, Richard J. (2008).
1182:Hitler: A Study in Tyranny
677:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht
2254:Lawyers in the Nazi Party
2167:
1576:
1572:
1515:
1385:Who's Who in Nazi Germany
1383:Wistrich, Robert (2001).
1264:. New York: Basic Books.
1184:. London: Penguin Books.
1162:. New York: Longman Inc.
899:Who's Who in Nazi Germany
710:Himmler (at podium) with
650:. Lammers had joined the
487:
223:
212:
145:
68:
51:
30:
1298:Kitchen, Martin (1995).
1201:The Third Reich in Power
1158:Broszat, Martin (1981).
558:(Bytom) in 1912. During
2289:Prussian Army personnel
2103:Walther von Brauchitsch
1387:. New York: Routledge.
1245:. New York: Continuum.
1241:Fischer, Klaus (1995).
1199:Evans, Richard (2006).
1122:"Hans Heinrich Lammers"
788:Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb
532:Born in Lublinitz (now
522:crimes against humanity
2264:Nazi Party politicians
2055:Konstantin von Neurath
1812:Joachim von Ribbentrop
1805:Konstantin von Neurath
1364:Williams, Max (2017).
1321:Read, Anthony (2005).
1222:The Third Reich at War
770:
715:
625:Academy for German Law
2279:People from Lubliniec
1780:Richard Walther Darré
1436:Hans Heinrich Lammers
1306:. New York: Longman.
1279:Kershaw, Ian (2008).
1226:. New York: Penguin.
768:
709:
598:Nazi seizure of power
544:(today, Wrocław) and
494:Hans Heinrich Lammers
483:Iron Cross, 2nd class
436:Years of service
363:Heidelberg University
237:Hans Heinrich Lammers
2304:SS-ObergruppenfĂĽhrer
2076:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
1862:Franz Schlegelberger
1764:Food and Agriculture
1438:at Wikimedia Commons
1325:. New York: Norton.
564:Imperial German Army
554:(district court) of
426:Imperial German Army
118:Position established
1959:Werner von Blomberg
1870:Otto Georg Thierack
1660:Eastern Territories
1447:Deutsche Biographie
1302:Nazi Germany at War
1281:Hitler: A Biography
1024:, pp. 749–753.
985:, pp. 308–309.
849:Informational notes
592:Lammers joined the
40:Hans Lammers in SS-
2124:Werner von Fritsch
2117:Karl Hermann Frank
1458:2007-09-28 at the
1442:Hans Lammers entry
1341:Shirer, William L.
836:and was buried in
792:Gerd von Rundstedt
778:included Generals
771:
716:
660:on 20 April 1940.
130:Position abolished
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2157:
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2153:
1986:Julius DorpmĂĽller
1919:Wilhelm Ohnesorge
1879:
1878:
1434:Media related to
1394:978-0-41511-888-0
1375:978-1-78155-434-0
1356:978-0-671-62420-0
1290:978-0-393-06757-6
1271:978-0-46506-698-8
1252:978-0-82640-797-9
1233:978-0-14-311671-4
1210:978-0-14-303790-3
1191:978-0-14-013564-0
823:High Commissioner
796:Reinhard Heydrich
657:ObergruppenfĂĽhrer
604:with the rank of
562:, he entered the
502:Reich Chancellery
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458:ObergruppenfĂĽhrer
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1648:Hermann Muhs
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306:(until 1932)
300:affiliations
282:West Germany
273:(1962-01-04)
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194:
193:Himself (as
189:Succeeded by
182:Erwin Planck
165:
161:Adolf Hitler
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125:Succeeded by
117:
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97:Adolf Hitler
70:
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25:Hans Lammers
18:
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2214:1879 births
2110:Karl Dönitz
2041:Hanns Kerrl
2027:Rudolf Hess
1641:Hanns Kerrl
1550:Rudolf Hess
1142:Hanson 2017
1082:Shirer 1960
1070:Shirer 1960
1058:Shirer 1960
730:Karl Koller
588:Nazi career
560:World War I
551:Amtsgericht
481:, 1st class
469:World War I
247:27 May 1879
177:Preceded by
113:Preceded by
2208:Categories
2192:Ernst Röhm
2062:Ernst Röhm
2006:Hans Frank
1950:Reichswehr
1930:Propaganda
1596:Fritz Todt
1522:Chancellor
1094:Evans 2008
1007:Evans 2006
844:References
834:DĂĽsseldorf
621:Hans Frank
594:Nazi Party
568:Iron Cross
546:Heidelberg
528:Early life
518:war crimes
498:Nazi Party
479:Iron Cross
392:Allegiance
369:Profession
354:Alma mater
292:Nazi Party
278:DĂĽsseldorf
243:1879-05-27
1970:Transport
1726:Education
1679:Economics
1587:Armaments
1180:(1962) .
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929:Citations
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726:Luftwaffe
573:Hauptmann
534:Lubliniec
451:Hauptmann
441:1933–1945
439:1914–1918
345:Education
250:Lublinitz
215:In office
148:In office
87:(1942–45)
71:In office
1864:(acting)
1822:Interior
1650:(acting)
1614:Aviation
1456:Archived
1343:(1960).
1126:nndb.com
735:telegram
728:General
337:Children
1847:Justice
1745:Finance
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1467:in the
1444:in the
751:suicide
743:Bavaria
648:Gestapo
556:Beuthen
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254:Silesia
46:uniform
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311:Spouse
167:FĂĽhrer
157:Leader
103:FĂĽhrer
93:Leader
80:Deputy
753:near
737:from
372:Judge
325:(
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696:and
446:Rank
268:Died
233:Born
61:and
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623:'s
455:SS-
348:Law
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