576:, who said it was not the first that had been found in Litten's possession. At the time, Litten was under interrogation in the "bunker" (see photo). When he came back, he was clearly in a suicidal frame of mind, repeating several times that he "must speak with Heinz Eschen", a prisoner who had just died. He also had recently told his friends that he had enough of being imprisoned. Another of Litten's Dachau friends, Alfred GrĂĽnebaum, said later that Litten was in constant fear of more brutal interrogations and that Litten had given up on ever being free. On the evening of 4 February 1938, it was clear what Litten had in mind, but no one kept watch. In the middle of the night, his bed was discovered empty and his friends found him hanging in the lavatory. Litten wrote a few parting words and that he had decided to take his life.
728:
705:, workers have never foregone the right to May Day demonstrations because of a police ban. He also knows that a socialist-educated working class will never let this right be taken away. If the defendant still upheld the ban on demonstrations, he also knew there would still be a demonstration. As a person of normal intelligence, the defendant knew that lifting the ban on demonstration would not have come even close to the terrible effect from violent enforcement of the ban.
565:
31:
813:, at that time, forbidden to Reichswehr personnel. Hitler had insisted that his party operated legally, that the phrase "National Revolution" was to be interpreted only "politically", and that his Party was a friend, not an enemy of the Reichswehr. Under oath, Hitler had described the SA as an organization of "intellectual enlightenment" and explained his statement that "heads will roll" as a comment about "intellectual revolution".
1011:
987:(Supreme Court) and the court commented further during an investigation of the defense, that the main trial was generally inadmissible. This caused an uproar in the community of Berlin lawyers, including those who were not well-disposed toward Litten. A meeting of Berlin attorneys demanded a change to the law in order to prevent such a curtailment of the fundamental rights of defense attorneys.
534:
was able to listen to music on the radio on
Sundays. He was well liked and respected by his fellow prisoners for his knowledge, inner strength and courage. One prisoner wrote about a party (allowed by the SS) at which a number of SS men were in attendance. Unafraid of their presence, Litten recited the lyrics of a song that had meant a lot to him in his youth, "Thoughts are free" (in German,
1060:, one of the top officials in Hitler's secret police, the Gestapo, explaining in 1935 why the Nazi regime would not allow concentration camp prisoners like Hans Litten to have lawyers: "The forms of procedure of the justice system are, under present conditions, absolutely inadequate for the struggle against enemies of the state." It is also startling to read that some of the
824:(a small, mobile paramilitary unit, generally murderous) and that its attack of the Eden and the resulting murders were undertaken with the knowledge of the party leadership. This would mean that the Nazi Party was not, in fact, a legal and democratic organization and would undermine Hitler's efforts to be seen as a serious politician and statesman.
724:, where Zörgiebel had written a defense of his actions that showed its political basis. According to Prussian law, police could use "necessary measures" to maintain public peace and security or prevent a public danger; in other words, it was to be police work and not the result of political conditions.
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and colony residents. The troopers surrounded the colony and attacked with stones and firearms. Two people were killed, Ernst
Schwartz, a member of the Berlin SA and Fritz Klemke, a Communist; several others, including two police officers, were injured. The resulting trial had numerous defendants and
775:
attacked a popular dance hall frequented predominantly by left-wing workers. The victims were members of a migrant workers' association that was holding a meeting at the
Tanzpalast Eden ("Eden Dance Palace") in Berlin. Three people were killed and 20 injured in an attack that was planned in advance.
533:
Despite his injuries and suffering, Litten strove to maintain his spirits. At one point, in 1934, his situation improved a little bit when he was moved to
Lichtenburg. Initially, it was the same, with more beatings, but then he was allowed to work in the book bindery and the library. On occasion, he
735:
The indictment of Zörgiebel was rejected by the public prosecutors and Litten appealed to a higher court. Zörgiebel turned around and pressed charges against a
Leftist who had slapped his ear. Litten then appeared for this worker's defense, arguing that the worker had acted out of justifiable anger
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for a month, before finally being sent to Dachau. He arrived on 16 October 1937 and was put in the Jewish barracks. The Jewish prisoners were isolated from others because Jews in other countries were then spreading the grim news about Dachau. Litten's last letter to his family, written in
November
980:
unrestrained partisan propaganda in the trial" and "made the courtroom a hotbed of political passions". This decision was set aside by the court of appeals, whereupon the presiding judge and an official from the criminal division declared the trial to be biased and the trial was unable to proceed.
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to investigate the event. Litten himself had been at the demonstration and observed the actions of the police. When he went to one man's aid and began writing down the names of victims and eyewitnesses, he was himself beaten by a policeman, even though he had identified himself as a lawyer. Litten
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Litten's mother wrote about his ordeal, recounting how injuries sustained by him early on left his health permanently damaged. One eye and one leg were injured, never recovering; his jawbone fractured; inner ear damaged; and many teeth knocked out. She also related how, despite her access to many
491:
The treatment Litten suffered was later described to his mother by an eyewitness. Very early on, he was beaten so badly that the Nazis refused to let even his fellow prisoners see him. He was tortured and forced into hard labor. He attempted suicide in 1933 in an attempt to avoid endangering his
1194:
In an interview, Hett said he wanted to find out how a country let the rule of law get corrupted. He noted that before the Nazi era, Germany was a law-abiding country with a relatively low crime rate, but that the country was fraught with economic problems and worried governments and there were
979:
Litten's meticulousness began to annoy both the presiding judge and the prosecutors, who began to conspire to get Litten removed from the trial. Although there were no legal grounds, the court expelled Hans Litten both as counsel and ancillary counsel for the plaintiff because he had "unfurled
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for hours and he impressed the other prisoners with his knowledge on many subjects. Underneath, however, Litten was losing hope. On 5 February 1938, after five years of interrogation and torture and a failed escape attempt, Litten was found by several friends from his barracks, hanging in the
718:, the resulting deaths were murders and anything done by the demonstrators was "self-defense in the full legal sense". He argued that Zörgiebel had ordered the police to use lethal force for political, rather than law enforcement reasons. As proof, he produced a 2 May 1929 article from the
747:
to the threat facing them. He saw the methods of the police as approaching those of civil war and as being illegal and worked to prove that in court and to prosecute the responsible parties, even if they were in the highest political circles. He wasn't interested in creating Left Wing
424:
Though a judge eventually halted Litten's questioning, thereby saving Hitler from further damning exposure, newspapers reported on the trial in detail and Hitler was investigated for perjury that summer. Although he survived that inquiry intact, he was rattled by the experience.
791:. In addition to pursuing criminal convictions of the offenders, Litten wanted to show that the Nazis intentionally used terror as a tactic to destroy the democratic structures of the Weimar Republic. Hitler was summoned to appear as a witness in court to that end.
1021:
When East and West
Germany were reunited, the lawyers association of Berlin chose to call itself the Hans Litten Bar Association. Every two years, a lawyer is given the Hans Litten Prize by the German and European Democratic Lawyers Association. The Israeli lawyer
736:
about Zörgiebel's 33 murders. The justice rejected Litten's request to produce evidence on the grounds that the 33-count murder indictment against Zörgiebel could be accepted as fact without dropping the culpability of the worker who had hit Zörgiebel on the ear.
185:
A number of memorials to him exist in
Germany, but Litten was largely ignored for decades because his politics did not fit comfortably in either the west or the communist postwar propaganda. Not until 2011 was Litten finally portrayed in the mass media, when the
496:, after he buckled under torture administered to extract information about the Felsenecke trial (see below). After revealing some information, he was immediately accused in the press as an accomplice to the murder of an SA man. Litten then wrote a letter to the
437:. Litten's mother and friends were urging him to leave Germany, but he stayed. He said, "The millions of workers can't leave here, so I must stay too". Hitler's hatred for Litten was not forgotten and in the early hours of 28 February 1933, the night of the
664:
intervened with excessive force. Confrontations between demonstrators and police erupted and the police began firing live ammunition into crowds and buildings, killing 33 and injuring hundreds, including many bystanders. The workers were charged with severe
302:
for the threatened, persecuted and disenfranchised. While his father was away at war, Litten once took food from the kitchen to give to a beggar, addressing him as "sir". Litten's relationship with his father was strained, and his initial interest in
878:(The presiding judge read a question formulated by Litten): Did Hitler, as he named Goebbels "Reichsleiter" (Leader for the empire) of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, know of the passage from his book, where Goebbels declares that fear of the
896:: Must it not be measured against Goebbels' example, to awaken the notion in the Party, that the legality scheme is not far away, if you neither reprimanded nor shut out a man like Goebbels, rather straightaway made him head of Reich Propaganda?
362:
and other events convinced Litten that
Germany was approaching a very dangerous period. His perception that right-wing radicals were receiving more lenient treatment in court than their opponents led to his decision to become a lawyer.
709:
Litten's approach was to focus on the legality of the police use of lethal force. Rather than prosecute individual police officers, Litten sought to hold the
President responsible and he accused Zörgiebel of ordering the police to use
891:: I can no longer testify under oath, if I knew Goebbels' book at the time. The theme (…) is absolutely of no account to the Party, as the booklet doesn't bear the Party emblem and is also not officially sanctioned by the Party. (…)
314:
Litten sought out political debate in his youth. He was shaped by important political and social events of the era, such as World War I, the anti-war demonstration in Berlin on 1 May 1916, when Litten was not quite 13, the
221:(Fritz). Fritz was born and raised Jewish, but converted to Lutheranism in order to further his career as a law professor. He was a nationalist conservative, and served in the army in World War I, earning the
990:
Litten was excoriated in the Nazi press as the "Red Death Defender" and readers were urged to "Put a stop to his dirty work". It was no longer possible for Litten to go out in public without a bodyguard.
584:
During one of his first trials, Litten caused a sensation, setting the stage for his future as a "labor lawyer". He represented workers who were sentenced in March 1921 to a long term at hard labor in a
161:
him for three hours. Hitler was so rattled by the experience that, years later, he would not allow Litten's name to be mentioned in his presence. In retaliation, Litten was arrested on the night of the
1972:
307:
was out of rebellion; he felt his father's conversion was opportunistic. Litten became interested in a German-Jewish youth group with socialist-revolutionary ideas, joining with a school friend,
1052:, a historian and former lawyer, came across Litten while working on another book. Commenting on the relevance of Litten's life today and the treatment he suffered while imprisoned, Hett said:
377:
Politically Litten was on the left, though independent. He valued his independence and once said, "two people would be one too many for my party." Culturally, Litten was conservative, enjoying
413:
men. Litten cross examined Hitler for three hours, exposing many points of contradiction and proving that Hitler had exhorted the SA to embark on a systematic campaign of violence against the
553:
1937, spoke of the situation, adding that the Jewish prisoners were soon to be denied mail privileges until further notice. All letters from Jewish prisoners at Dachau ceased at this time.
342:
Litten was pressed into studying law by his father. He was not interested in it, writing in his journal, "When the ox in paradise was bored, he invented jurisprudence." He wanted to study
660:("Bloody May 1929"). Annual rallies on 1 May had been taking place in Berlin since 1889. In 1929, however, the rally turned bloody when the city banned all demonstrations and the
1992:
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370:, as well as a good position in a flourishing law firm. He declined both choosing instead to open a law office in 1928 with Dr. Ludwig Barbasch, a friend who was close to the
1577:
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filed an indictment against Berlin Police President, Karl Friedrich Zörgiebel, charging him with 33 counts of incitement to commit murder. In his legal notice, he stated:
999:
Aside from several memorials in Germany, after the war Litten remained unknown for decades because neither western nor communist governments found him suitable for their
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bitter political divisions. As the crises became more severe, the government changed several times, growing more authoritarian and stripping away the rights of Germans.
739:
The objective in Litten's many lawsuits for the victims of police violence was not to litigate individual incidents, but rather to warn about the growing repression in
556:
In the face of their depressing situation, the Jews at Dachau made efforts to have culture and discussion in their lives, to keep their spirits up. Litten would recite
417:' enemies. That was crucial because, to appeal to middle class voters, Hitler was trying to pose as a conventional politician and maintained that the activities of the
871:: You said that there will be no violent acts on the part of the National Socialist Party. Didn't Goebbels create the slogan, "one must pound the adversary to a pulp?"
456:. From there, he was moved from camp to camp, despite efforts by his mother to free him, along with jurists and prominent people from in and outside Germany, such as
1967:
827:
Hitler never forgot the Eden trial, and held a personal antipathy towards Litten. Years later, Litten's name still could not be mentioned in Hitler's presence.
1037:
There is a memorial plaque for Litten located on the former Neue FriedrichstraĂźe, renamed in Litten's honor in 1951. The federal and Berlin bar associations (
1987:
457:
983:
Shortly after that, Litten was again removed from a high court, having been accused of influencing a witness. This time, the action was sustained by the
835:
as saying, "No one will be able to do anything for Litten. Hitler turned red with rage from just hearing Litten's name, once bellowing at Crown Prince
1129:
Hans Litten's work as a lawyer prior to Hitler becoming Chancellor is featured prominently in Politics, ep. 1 of Season 1 of the 2019 BBC documentary
925:, has now been taken over by the Party and has reached a circulation of 120,000? (…) I have concluded that the journal is sanctioned by the Party. (…)
311:. Nonetheless, at times, he considered himself a Christian. In Dachau he was registered as a Jew, and had to wear the yellow star on his clothing.
1997:
500:, saying that evidence gained in such a manner was not true and that he recanted. Knowing what awaited him, he then attempted to take his life.
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soldiers in January 1919. There is an anecdote from Litten's school years, when he was asked in the classroom if they should hang a picture of
1674:
1437:
Benjamin Carter Hett, "Hans Litten and the Politics of Criminal Law in the Weimar Republic", in Markus Dirk Dubber and Lindsay Farmer, eds.,
1957:
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cannot be permitted, that parliament should be blown up and the government hunted to hell and where the call to revolution was made again,
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The Felseneck Trial was Litten's last major fight against the Nazi Party. On trial were five Nazis and 19 residents of the Felseneck
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941:(shouting, red-faced): How dare you say, Herr Attorney, that is an invitation to illegality? That is a statement without proof!
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The day before his suicide, one of Litten's friends, Alfred DreifuĂź, found a noose under Litten's pillow. He showed it to the
492:
former clients, but he was revived by the Nazis so that they could interrogate him further. Litten's suicide attempt came at
262:
946:: How is it possible that the Party publishing house takes over a journal that stands in stark contrast to the Party line?
653:
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519:
461:
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901:: The entire Party stands on legal ground and Goebbels (…) likewise. (…) He is in Berlin and can be called here any time.
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had helped nearly 16,000 arrested workers with legal defense and supported the legal rights of another 27,000 cases.
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and the "European Conference for Rights and Freedom", which had members from several countries. Litten was sent to
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propaganda. For the west, Litten had been too involved with communists and for communists, Litten's rejection of
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599:. Litten was able to get some of the workers recognized as political actors, making them eligible under the
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1583:, Internet Portal – Westphalian History (Internet-Portal "Westfälische Geschichte") Retrieved June 3, 2010
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The court called Hitler to appear on the witness stand on 8 May 1931. Litten set out to show that the SA
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930:: Herr Hitler, in point of fact, you testified this morning, that Goebbels' work is not official Party .
182:, where his treatment worsened and he was cut off from all outside communication, he committed suicide.
1962:
1947:
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210:
385:, whose work he could recite. He was an internationalist and was able to read English, Italian, and
366:
Litten passed his examinations in 1927 with excellent grades and was offered a lucrative job in the
1142:
935:: And it isn't, either. A publication is an official Party when it bears the emblem of the Party.
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508:
332:
1792:"TAKEN AT MIDNIGHT – Shows, Productions, Summer Season, Programme, - Chichester Festival Theatre"
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at important political trials between 1929 and 1932, defending the rights of workers during the
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540:). The prisoner said that apparently the SS men did not grasp the significance of the words.
257:) and adviser to the Prussian government. Irmgard was from an established Lutheran family in
1065:
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or an appropriate sentence, which caused him multiple conflicts with the Rote Hilfe and the
677:
523:
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242:
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1934:
Green Left. "The lawyer who defied the Nazis" (April 18, 2009). Retrieved September 4, 2011
743:. He also worked to put paramilitary violence on display, in the hopes it would awaken the
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and live ammunition against the demonstrators. If the police action was illegal under the
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1181:, however, Hitler elaborated further, saying "there will be a German State Court and the
876:: This is to be understood as "one must dispatch and destroy opposing organizations". (…)
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Hans Litten is played by German actor Trystan Putter in Seasons 3 and 4 of the TV show
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a year earlier. The police raid was ordered by the Prussian Minister of the Interior,
1941:
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1045:) have their headquarters at the Hans Litten Haus, also on LittenstraĂźe (see photo).
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or another, enduring torture and many interrogations. After five years and a move to
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393:. He had a photographic memory and was considered to have a brilliant intellect.
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839:, 'Anyone who advocates for Litten lands in the concentration camp, even you.'"
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1264:(PDF) Deutscher Anwaltverein, Deutscher Anwaltverlag (February 1998) pp. 75-81
1048:
In 2008, the first in-depth biography of Litten in English was written. Author
446:
1731:
Berlin; New York (1987) p. 19 in Cord BrĂĽgmann, "Unvergessener Anwalt", p. 78
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Vom Dienst am Recht: Rechtsanwälte als Strafverteidiger im Nationalsozialismus
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850:: (…) Did you know that in the circles of the SA there is talk of a special
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Center for Constitutional Rights, official website. Retrieved June 2, 2010
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1690:, Munich (1991) p. 83 in Cord BrĂĽgmann, "Unvergessener Anwalt", p. 78
1669:, pp. 183-188. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California (2007)
971:, were living. In January 1932, there was a brawl involving about 150
906:: Has Herr Goebbels prohibited the further dissemination of his work?
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1702:
Knut Bergbauer, Sabine Fröhlich and Stephanie Schüler-Springorum,
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Knut Bergbauer, Sabine Fröhlich and Stephanie Schüler-Springorum,
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Knut Bergbauer, Sabine Fröhlich and Stephanie Schüler-Springorum,
1344:, Deutscher Anwaltverlag, Bonn (2000) pp. 18, 40, 80-81, 173, 271
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Crossing Hitler: The Man Who Put the Nazis on the Witness Stand
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Denkmalsfigur. Biographische Annäherung an Hans Litten 1903–1938
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Denkmalsfigur. Biographische Annäherung an Hans Litten 1903–1938
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Denkmalsfigur. Biographische Annäherung an Hans Litten 1903–1938
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inflicted on Litten and his fellow prisoners – mock shootings, "
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Through his law partner, Barbasch, Litten got involved with the
209:
Litten was born the eldest of three sons in a wealthy family in
1314:
Crossing Hitler: The Man Who Put the Nazis on the Witness Stand
346:, but nonetheless, he approached his law studies in Berlin and
1098:. Hayhurst has also written a play on Litten's life, entitled
1081:
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Trial" against two officers charged with conspiracy to commit
799:
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In preparation for a defense, Litten founded a committee with
339:. Litten stated, "I've always been in favour of hanging him."
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examinations. From his mother, Litten acquired an interest in
187:
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Zwischen Recht und Unrecht – Lebensläufe deutscher Juristen
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The subsequent police investigation was plodding and slow.
794:
Shortly before, in September 1930, Hitler had appeared in
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for their political activities or views. By mid 1929, the
1779:"The Man Who Crossed Hitler – introduction" press release
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that supported worker's families in dire need during the
1747:
BBC News (August 19, 2011). Retrieved September 4, 2011
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with intensity, inspired by the events of the day. The
1815:
Gerhard Baatz, "Zum 100. Geburtstag von Hans Litten",
919:: Is it correct that Goebbels' revolutionary journal,
441:, he was roused from his bed, arrested and taken into
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mass uprising in the central German industrial region
409:, a court case involving two workers stabbed by four
951:: That doesn't have anything to do with this trial.
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for organized resistance against a police raid of a
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important people in Germany at that time, including
445:. Litten's colleagues Ludwig Barbasch and Professor
1973:
German people who died in Dachau concentration camp
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40:
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652:In 1929, Litten defended participants in the 1929
261:, the daughter of Albert WĂĽst, a professor at the
196:, a television film set in Berlin in summer 1931.
1781:BBC (August 9, 2011). Retrieved September 4, 2011
779:Litten used four of the injured to represent the
1490:pp. 229-230, Wallstein-Verlag, Göttingen (2008)
963:colony, where many left-wing workers, including
697:for many years. He therefore knows that even in
406:
253:of that institution. He was also privy counsel (
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120:
1745:"Hans Litten: The man who annoyed Adolf Hitler"
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1581:Geschichte Westfalens in der Weimarer Republik
1384:(August 27, 2011). Retrieved September 4, 2011
1030:, an American lawyer and the president of the
530:, she was unable to secure her son's release.
468:, where he was tortured, along with anarchist
131:(19 June 1903 – 5 February 1938) was a German
1382:Hans Litten vs Adolf Hitler: To Stop A Tyrant
1090:was written by Mark Hayhurst and directed by
288:, choosing it as one of the subjects for his
265:. The family left Halle in 1906 and moved to
8:
1993:People who died by suicide in prison custody
1900:, Alliance Book Corporation, New York (1940)
783:, seeking to prove three cases of attempted
225:, 1st and 2nd Class. He opposed the postwar
1708:p. 202, Wallstein-Verlag, Göttingen (2008)
1556:p. 292, Wallstein-Verlag, Göttingen (2008)
1365:(PDF) BRAK-Mitteilungen (2003) pp. 161-163
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452:Litten was first sent – without trial – to
319:of 1918–1919, and the arrest and murder of
174:. Litten spent the rest of his life in one
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1546:
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731:Hans Litten Haus on LittenstraĂźe in Berlin
29:
18:
1932:Book review of Hett's biography of Litten
1907:, Ed. Nouvelles Internat., Paris (1940)
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1657:
1655:
1538:(October 6, 1940). Retrieved June 4, 2010
1185:will find atonement and heads will roll".
1080:In 2011 Litten's story was filmed by the
284:. Nonetheless, as a youngster he learned
1666:Modern histories of crime and punishment
1439:Modern Histories of Crime and Punishment
1426:Gefilte Fisch, Eine Jugend in Königsberg
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1094:. The role of Hans Litten was played by
1056:...it is startling to read the words of
472:. In February 1934, he was moved to the
1663:Markus Dirk Dubber and Lindsay Farmer,
1649:, pp. 218-219. (1967) Macmillan, London
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1294:and interview with author Benjamin Hett
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612:, a solidarity organization founded by
484:and a few months later, he was sent to
389:, as well as enjoying the music of the
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1469:, Deutscher Anwaltverlag, Bonn (2000)
1410:Ein Mann, der Hitler in die Enge trieb
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1145:for a more extensive explanation of a
298:and art, and gained a strong sense of
1968:German Jews who died in the Holocaust
1917:, Kritische Justiz 1998, p. 405
1861:, Carl Hansen Verlag, MĂĽnchen (1976)
1108:in September 2014 and transferred to
7:
1829:BRAK-Mitteilungen (2001) p. 11
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1450:
1393:
1578:"Kapp-Putsch und Ruhraufstand 1920"
1528:"A Man Who Brought Hitler to Court"
1159:List of Germans who resisted Nazism
1068:" – were the same as those used at
862:: I haven't heard anything about a
693:Zörgiebel has been a member of the
548:In summer 1937, Litten was sent to
1988:People from the Province of Saxony
1441:, Stanford University Press (2007)
14:
1688:Jüdische Rechtsanwälte in Preußen
1363:"Hans Litten zum 100. Geburtstag"
809:for having had membership in the
580:Highlights of Litten's legal work
135:who represented opponents of the
1110:Theatre Royal, Haymarket, London
1034:, have both received the award.
1032:Center for Constitutional Rights
280:a Christian - his godfather was
1467:Eine Mutter kämpft gegen Hitler
1342:Eine Mutter kämpft gegen Hitler
1998:Suicides by hanging in Germany
1817:Neue Juristische Wochenschrift
1412:, Union-Verlag, Berlin (1975)
526:and even then-State Secretary
263:University of Halle-Wittenberg
249:'s law school, later becoming
1:
1882:Justizministerium des Landes
568:The "bunker", Dachau's prison
550:Buchenwald concentration camp
462:Sonnenburg concentration camp
401:In May 1931, Litten summoned
1014:Memorial for Hans Litten in
921:The Commitment to Illegality
435:Nazi Party was in ascendancy
157:to appear as a witness, and
119:to appear as a witness in a
1958:20th-century German lawyers
1796:Chichester Festival Theatre
1106:Chichester Festival Theatre
764:1931: Tanzpalast Eden Trial
636:for workers who were under
632:arranged legal support and
397:Cross-examination of Hitler
381:and poetry such as that of
2014:
1378:Documentary on Hans Litten
1087:The Man Who Crossed Hitler
1043:Rechtsanwaltskammer Berlin
787:, breach of the peace and
758:Communist Party of Germany
656:rally in Berlin, known as
579:
193:The Man Who Crossed Hitler
1983:People from Halle (Saale)
1978:German resistance members
1039:Bundesrechtsanwaltskammer
768:On November 22, 1930, an
466:Brandenburg-Görden Prison
368:Reich Ministry of Justice
337:1914 Battle of Tannenberg
176:German concentration camp
81:Dachau concentration camp
28:
1890:, Recklinghausen (2004)
1534:by Irmgard Litten. From
976:hundreds of witnesses.
1905:Die Hölle sieht dich an
1874:Oxford University Press
1837:Anwalt gegen Naziterror
1605:Retrieved June 3, 2010
1564:Retrieved June 9, 2010
843:Excerpts from the trial
695:Social Democratic Party
421:were "strictly legal".
1868:Benjamin Carter Hett,
1766:Description of prize.
1677:Retrieved June 7, 2010
1645:John Wheeler-Bennett,
1576:Ludger Grevelhörster,
1303:Retrieved June 2, 2010
1078:
1018:
732:
707:
569:
537:Die Gedanken sind frei
522:, Minister of Justice
480:concentration camp in
1859:Talisman Scheherezade
1408:Carlheinz von BrĂĽck,
1104:, which premiered at
1013:
955:1932: Felseneck Trial
798:as a witness at the "
730:
622:turbulent early years
567:
561:lavatory, a suicide.
429:The Nazis seize power
407:Tanzpalast Eden Trial
1819:(2003) p. 1784
1647:The Nemesis of Power
1428:Munich (1973) p. 250
1254:Unvergessener Anwalt
1050:Benjamin Carter Hett
603:law of August 1920.
449:were also arrested.
200:Biographical details
1841:Streitbare Juristen
1143:Rollkommando Hamann
1007:made him a pariah.
820:("Storm 33") was a
752:, rather he sought
667:breach of the peace
648:1929: May Day Trial
628:. In addition, the
509:Werner von Blomberg
333:Paul von Hindenburg
276:Litten himself was
213:. His parents were
1601:2019-12-15 at the
1536:The New York Times
1299:2011-07-28 at the
1260:2011-07-18 at the
1116:In popular culture
1019:
837:Wilhelm of Prussia
733:
721:Berliner Tageblatt
686:Carl von Ossietzky
570:
513:Wilhelm of Prussia
506:Reichswehrminister
443:protective custody
405:to testify in the
383:Rainer Maria Rilke
296:humanitarian ideas
255:Geheimer Justizrat
229:. A distinguished
59:Halle an der Saale
1913:Maren Witthoeft,
1757:Hans-Litten-Preis
1675:978-0-8047-5411-8
1526:Edith H. Walton,
1515:Hans Litten Prize
1361:Gerhard Jungfer,
1131:Rise of the Nazis
1112:in January 2015.
1101:Taken At Midnight
317:German Revolution
233:and professor of
166:along with other
129:Hans Achim Litten
126:
125:
104:Years active
45:Hans Achim Litten
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969:Social Democrats
699:Imperial Germany
544:Dachau and death
335:, victor of the
219:Friedrich Litten
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1290:Book review of
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1251:Cord BrĂĽgmann,
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911:: I don't know.
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528:Roland Freisler
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379:classical music
372:Communist Party
356:1924 court case
321:Karl Liebknecht
282:Franz von Liszt
227:Weimar Republic
217:(née Wüst) and
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155:Adolf Hitler
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117:Adolf Hitler
75:(1938-02-05)
55:19 June 1903
1963:1938 deaths
1948:1903 births
1919:(in German)
1915:Hans Litten
1909:(in German)
1892:(in German)
1863:(in German)
1857:Max FĂĽrst,
1853:(in German)
1849:Baden-Baden
1835:Heinz DĂĽx,
1831:(in German)
1821:(in German)
1768:(in German)
1743:Jon Kelly,
1733:(in German)
1717:(in German)
1692:(in German)
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1585:(in German)
1566:(in German)
1499:(in German)
1471:(in German)
1424:Max FĂĽrst,
1414:(in German)
1396:, p. .
1367:(in German)
1346:(in German)
1266:(in German)
1096:Ed Stoppard
1058:Werner Best
1024:Leah Tsemel
880:coup d'Ă©tat
486:Lichtenburg
447:Felix Halle
391:Middle East
352:Kapp Putsch
344:art history
168:progressive
146:During one
115:Subpoenaed
88:Nationality
35:Hans Litten
23:Hans Litten
1942:Categories
1629:, p.
1453:, p.
1203:References
1177:After the
1074:Guantanamo
1070:Abu Ghraib
965:Communists
811:Nazi Party
803:Reichswehr
712:truncheons
642:Rote Hilfe
638:indictment
630:Rote Hilfe
609:Rote Hilfe
478:Esterwegen
419:Nazi Party
267:Königsberg
247:Königsberg
223:Iron Cross
190:broadcast
152:subpoenaed
121:1931 trial
96:Occupation
51:1903-06-19
1872:(Oxford:
1627:Hett 2008
1451:Hett 2008
1394:Hett 2008
1380:BBC Two,
1153:Mischling
1005:Stalinism
781:plaintiff
754:acquittal
669:and with
588:Zuchthaus
511:, Prince
474:Moorlager
329:Freikorps
309:Max FĂĽrst
241:, he was
239:civil law
150:, Litten
107:1928–1933
1760:Archived
1599:Archived
1297:Archived
1258:Archived
1137:See also
1062:tortures
1001:Cold War
854:kommando
818:Sturm 33
671:sedition
387:Sanskrit
358:against
278:baptized
172:leftists
1886:(ed.),
1876:, 2008)
1851:(1988)
831:quoted
807:treason
796:Leipzig
789:assault
750:martyrs
658:Blutmai
654:May Day
624:of the
601:amnesty
498:Gestapo
482:Emsland
305:Judaism
300:justice
271:Prussia
215:Irmgard
1712:
1673:
1560:
1494:
1455:65 ff.
995:Legacy
944:Litten
939:Hitler
933:Hitler
917:Litten
909:Hitler
904:Litten
899:Hitler
894:Litten
889:Hitler
874:Hitler
869:Litten
860:Hitler
848:Litten
354:, the
348:Munich
291:Abitur
286:Hebrew
259:Swabia
251:rector
231:jurist
180:Dachau
133:lawyer
99:Lawyer
91:German
1165:Notes
961:arbor
866:. (…)
558:Rilke
415:Nazis
235:Roman
211:Halle
137:Nazis
1710:ISBN
1671:ISBN
1558:ISBN
1492:ISBN
1041:and
1026:and
967:and
852:roll
701:and
684:and
616:and
323:and
243:dean
237:and
70:Died
41:Born
1884:NRW
1839:in
1082:BBC
1072:or
800:Ulm
327:by
269:in
245:of
188:BBC
1944::
1847:,
1843:,
1794:.
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1638:^
1631:58
1613:^
1543:^
1505:^
1477:^
1401:^
1352:^
1325:^
1272:^
1210:^
1133:.
1126:.
1084:.
770:SA
760:.
680:,
673:.
515:,
488:.
476:,
464:,
411:SA
374:.
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143:.
61:,
1633:.
1076:.
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