954:. The Middle East historian R. Stephen Humphreys speculates that Kaykhusrau was offered control of Amida and Hisn Kayfa in return for joining the alliance. Although al-Ashraf had assembled a formidable alliance against his brother, he was unable to use this to engage al-Kamil's forces as he was already ill by the time of the negotiations with the Seljuks, and he died on 4 Muharram 635/28 August 1237. His rival, al-Kamil, died on 6 March 1238, and the Ayyubid domain was thrown into fresh turmoil.
1490:
1645:
502:(324–361) built a fort at Kepha, but it is unclear whether this was on the current citadel site. The existence of a Roman bridge across the Tigris at Hasankeyf has been viewed as "highly probable" by one scholar who speculates that (like the later bridge) it may have had "a wooden superstructure based on piers of masonry and natural stone". However, none of the remaining structure of the bridge appears to date from Roman times.
877:. Troubled by the alliance with Khwarazm, al-Ashraf and al-Kamil resolved to attack Amida, and used as a pretext reports of al-Masʿud's misrule, including his abuse of local women. The combined Ayyubid armies, swelled by contributions from many of their vassals, besieged Amida on October 1232. By 18 October 1232, al-Masʿud surrendered Amida to al-Kamil. Al-Kamil then sent his brother, al-Ashraf, along with al-Muzaffar Ghazi of
549:. While Kiphas had been administered as part of Arzanene up to 363, it lay on the south bank of the Tigris and was not surrendered to the Sasanians. Before the treaty, the fort at Kiphas had been on the border between Roman territory and the Armenian vassal kingdom of Arzanene. Now the border with Persia ran along the Tigris and the legionnaires at Kiphas were stationed right on it. Their role was chiefly to protect the
1726:. These standards were 153 requirements on environmental protection, resettlement of villages, protection of cultural heritage, and resource management with neighbouring states. As Turkey did not fulfil any of them, the three ECAs indicated in a joint press release issued on 7 July 2009 that they withdrew from the project. Shortly after, in another joint press release issued on the same day, the three banks (
1621:
47:
1745:, on a number of platforms, declared that the government would build the Dam despite all obstacles - and objections. That the Ilısu Dam has become a "project of honour" for the Turkish State has been made very clear by Eroğlu. "We do not need their money. We will construct this dam at any cost." Since 2009 the construction has proceeded with the financial support of Turkish banks;
4095:
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1110:. Baybars sent two eunuchs as emissaries to al-Muwaḥḥid to try to persuade him to abandon the Mongols, and apparently the emir of Hisn Kayfa agreed. However, the envoys were caught by a local Mongol commander as they attempted to carry al-Muwaḥḥid's reply to Baybars. Abaqa had the envoys executed, and al-Muwaḥḥid was banished to the
1003:
takeover, al-Muwaḥḥid ʿAbd Allāh ruled Hisn Kayfa for more than three decades, from AH 647 (1249/1250) to AH 693 (1293/1294), and was essentially the founder of the local
Ayyubid dynasty. Although little remains standing from this prosperous period of the town's history, there is a detailed
1612:
Dynasty which ruled over
Hasankeyf in the 15th century. Zeynel Bey died in battle in 1473, and was buried in this circular brick mausoleum glazed with navy blue and turquoise tiles built by architect Pir Hasan. The building resembles in its architectural style mausoleums in Central Asia. This shrine
603:
By the sixth century, the
Persians were mounting frequent attacks on the eastern border of the Byzantine empire. As a consequence, the Byzantines built a great number of military installations in the region during the early and mid-sixth century. Despite this the Persians seized the opportunity of a
1698:
ambassador to Turkey and representatives of the Swiss led consortium of contractors for the dam project have suggested what they believe to be a suitable nearby spot for moving the historical heritage of
Hasankeyf, an operation for which the Turkish Ministry of Culture pledged to provide 30 million
1457:
Hasankeyf is rich in history throughout the ages and aside from the sites below, thousands of caves exist in the cliffs that surround the city. Many of the caves are multi-storied and have their own water supply. Churches and mosques were also carved into the cliffs and numerous ancient cemeteries
1092:. Mardin was captured by the end of 1260, but Hisn Kayfa appears to have escaped a concerted assault because it controlled only a minor trade route and could simply be bypassed. Nevertheless, it seems that al-Muwaḥḥid decided to submit to being a Mongol vassal at about this time. While most of the
1118:
Mongol rule of the region continued until 1335, and this badly damaged both trade and agriculture, which had been the sources of the region's prosperity. The impact was felt hardest between 1260 and 1315, and traders essentially avoided the region because of ongoing war between Mamluk and Mongol
1706:
to list the city on its 2008 Watch List of the 100 Most
Endangered Sites in the world. While this listing has created more awareness of the project, it has failed to prompt the Ilısu Consortium to develop alternate plans that are sympathetic to this site of exceptional historical and cultural
616:
and probably the rest of the Tur Abdin, and these were held for most of the rest of the war. The treaty that concluded the war restored Kiphas to
Byzantine control, but the gain was to prove short-lived. Writing between about 600 and 610, the Byzantine geographer
980:
It appears that as-Salih's son al-Muazzam
Turanshah remained prince of Hisn Kayfa from 1238 until 1249. When as-Salih Ayyub died suddenly on 12 November 1249, Turanshah had to be recalled in a hurry to take control of the Ayyubid empire. As-Salih's widow,
305:). "Hisn" means "fortress" in Arabic, so the name overall means "rock fortress". Western reports about the town before the 20th century refer to it by various names that are transliterated from Arabic or Ottoman Turkish. The most popular of these were
1056:
on 1 March. It seemed inevitable that all of the region's cities, including Hisn Kayfa, would fall to the
Mongols, and indeed most of them did. Hulagu's plan appears to have been to proceed to Palestine and Egypt. But while he was in
1114:
for seven years. By AH 672 (1273/1274) al-Muwaḥḥid had returned as the nominal ruler of Hisn Kayfa, where he remained until his death, variously reported as having occurred in AH 682 (1283/1284) or AH 693 (1293/1294).
1004:
contemporary first-hand account by the topographer ʿIzz ad-Dīn Ibn Shaddād, whose last visit was in AH 657 (1258/1259). He lists many buildings in the lower town, including a Dār as-Salṭana (near the bridge), a mosque, three
977:. As-Salih Ayyub, meanwhile, gathered an army to take Damascus and challenge al-Adil's rule over Egypt. By June 1240 as-Salih Ayyub's soldiers had captured al-Adil and as-Salih became paramount ruler of the Ayyubid possessions.
881:
to Hisn Kayfa to obtain its surrender. Even though, the
Ayyubid force had brought with them al-Masʿud as a captive, the garrison at Hisn Kayfa resisted for some time, and the city was captured only in Safar 630/November 1232.
1590:– This cube-shaped tomb lies west of the new bridge in Hasankeyf and is the tomb of Imam Abdullah. Abdullah was the grandson of Cafer-i Tayyar, (Jaʿfar ibn Abī Ṭālib (Arabic: جَعْفَر ابْن أَبِي طَالِب) cousin of the prophet
1223:, attacked Azran, breaching its walls and destroying the town in order to get revenge on the local ruler. After this victory the town was abandoned and al-Adil bestowed control of the surrounding region on a Kurdish family.
1323:
was erected in
Hasankeyf in about 1474 on the orders of either Uzun Hassan, or Zeynel's elder brother, Khalil. The shrine is currently moved to a new location to avoid inundation by the rising waters of the nearby dam.
1024:
notes that almost none of the buildings that Ibn Shaddād describes can be identified in present-day Hasankeyf, and attributes that to neglect following the subsequent Mongol invasions and political instability.
3267:[Notice of two Armenian manuscripts from the Bibliothèque Impériale, numbers 95 and 99, containing the history recorded by Matthew Eretz, and an extract relating to the history of the First Crusade],
1738:) financing the Ilısu Dam project also stated – in line with the decision of the ECAs – that the export credit granted by the three banks for the construction of the Ilısu Dam would no longer be available.
1479:. Support for the bridge was built with wood in case the bridge had to be removed in order to prevent an attack. Because of this, two piles and some foundation work are all that exist of the bridge today.
1656:
With its history that spans nine civilizations, the archaeological and religious significance of Hasankeyf is considerable. Many of the city's historical treasures were inundated as construction of the
789:, building the Small Palace and the Great Palace as well as the Tigris bridge. The infrastructure, location and significance of the city helped increase trade and made Hisn Kayfa a staging post on the
1300:. Uzun Hassan responded by attacking Hasankeyf in 1461; he finally captured the town in 1462 after a six-month siege. It seems that Uzun Hassan then appointed his son Zeynel as governor of Hasankeyf.
209:
Hasankeyf was an ancient settlement that has borne many names from a variety of cultures during its history. The variety of these names is compounded by the many ways that non-Latin alphabets such as
778:
generated prosperity for the Artuqids and ensured their power in the region. Consequently, the existence of a reliable river crossing for goods and people was a priority, and the Artuqids built a
1776:
river. It makes the winters milder, with lows of 6 °C (43 °F). Temperatures in summer can reach 43 °C (109 °F), and the yearly average temperature is 25 °C (77 °F).
1197:, which probably had been governed by a Mongol vassal up to that time. Soon after, Al-Adil installed Zeyd, a Kurdish chief of the Zraki (or Zirki) tribe previously based at the castle of
1219:
In 1349/50, the Kara Koyunlu rose to dominate the region of the Diyar Bakr, and local princes such as those at Hisn Kayfa, paid tribute to them. Also in 1349/50, the emir of Hisn Kayfa,
3265:"Notice de deux Manuscrits Arméniens, de la Bibliothèque impériale, n. 95 et 99, contentant l'histoire écrit par Mathieu Eretz, et Extrait relatif à l'histoire de la première croisade"
1020:. At the citadel, Ibn Shaddād mentions another mosque, an open square, and fields to grow enough grain "to feed the inhabitants from year to year". The German historian of Islamic art
600:
Rescue excavations from 2005 to 2008 uncovered evidence of the base of a Roman gateway to the upper city, a row of shops from the late Roman period, and Roman floor and wall mosaics.
4300:
1154:, but this probably did not cause any population decline in the cities of Mardin or Hisn Kayfa, where building continued uninterrupted. Several other cities in the region, such as
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1722:
announced suspending their support for the project amid concern about its environmental and cultural impact and gave the Turkish government 180 days to meet standards set by the
1205:
district), as his client ruler at Mayafaraqin. It seems that this was in payback for Zeyd's assistance in helping Hisn Kayfa repulse an attack by the Artuqid sultan of Mardin.
755:. After the death of Jikirmish in 1107 and the payment of a significant ransom, Baldwin II and Joscelin I were released. Coincidentally, both men later became prisoners of
950:
to propose an alliance. When they arrived at the Seljuk court they discovered that Kayqubād had died on 4 Shawwal 634/31 May 1237, and they now had to deal with his son,
1620:
1230:
Turkmen forces attacked Hisn Kayfa several times, but Ayyubid rulers managed to retain control of the city and the city prospered until very end of the 15th century.
4350:
1065:
had died the previous summer (on 11 August 1259). While Hulagu did not expect to succeed his elder brother, there was a struggle between two of his other brothers,
3687:
1485:– This structure sits 100 metres (330 ft) above the Tigris River, overlooking Hasankeyf. The Citadel has likely been used as a dwelling place for centuries.
4325:
923:. In Dhu-l-Hijja 632/August 1235, they laid siege to Amida, but were unsuccessful in capturing the city and consequently did not advance as far as Hisn Kayfa.
1174:
force waged war against the Ayyubids of Hisn Kayfa in 1334, but were decisively defeated, with the Ayyubids gaining their possessions on the left bank of the
4345:
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1519:– With no inscriptions remaining, it is not exactly known when and by whom the mosque was built. However, it is thought that it dates from the period of the
4330:
926:
Only five years after Hisn Kayfa was captured by the Ayyubids, it had already become a pawn in the dynasty's power struggles. By AH 634 (1236/1237)
605:
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3659:
Taylor, J.G. (1865), "Travels in Kurdistan, with Notices of the Sources of the Eastern and Western Tigris, and Ancient Ruins in their Neighbourhood",
637:
By the 630s, Muslim Arab forces had conquered large parts of Mesopotamia, Syria and Iran. Kiphas appears most likely to have been captured during the
1123:
and the Mamluks signed a treaty and trade restarted. This proved to be a boon for Hisn Kayfa. The previous primary routes across the region—through
4315:
2829:
1679:
There was considerable local opposition to the scheme, and calls for Hasankeyf to be recognised and protected as an UNESCO World Heritage Site.
711:
in 1071. Victory at Manzikert quickly resulted in Seljuk forces controlling large parts of Anatolia and northern Mesopotamia. The Seljuk sultan
1096:
came under direct control of the Mongol governor or Mosul, both Ayyubid Hisn Kayfa and Artukid Mardin were allowed to remain as vassal states.
138:
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has been relocated to the new Hasankeyf Cultural Park in 2017, set aside for historical artifacts impacted by the Ilısu Dam construction.
1303:
Aq Qoyunlu territory expanded further following their defeat of the Kara Koyunlu in Iran (1467–69), and Uzun Hassan moved his capital to
985:, dispatched a special embassy to bring her son to Egypt. Turanshah had left Hisn Kayfa with this party by 18 December 1249, heading for
3038:
3343:[Environment Minister Veysel Eroglu says the Ilisu Dam project is a 'head ache' for Turkey.]. Ekonomik Ayrıntı. Archived from
999:
succeeded his father, Turanshah, as ruler of Hisn Kayfa. Although his father ruled Egypt for barely a year and was killed during the
574:
in October 451, which implies the settlement must have become a sizeable town by that time. As the use of Latin began to wane in the
4174:
3626:
3599:
3579:
3415:
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after the construction of the dam is terminated. By July 2020, the ancient town was completely submerged in the waters of the dam.
4048:
1213:
1036:
with leading a massive Mongol army to conquer or destroy the remaining Muslim states in southwestern Asia. Hulagu first besieged
927:
863:
805:
380:
in the 1920s and '30s, many place names were modified to more Turkish-sounding forms and the town's official name was changed to
3367:
3340:
1741:
This meant that Turkey has had to finance the proposed project with internal sources. The Minister of Forestry and Environment,
217:
can be transliterated. Underlying these many names is much continuity between cultures in the basic identification of the site.
1288:, in an agreement signed by the Ayyubid emir in 1455. While Uzun Hassan managed to extend his influence throughout much of the
3177:
1533:; it occupies an area of 2,350 metres (7,710 ft) and has an associated rectangular tower that may have been a watchtower.
4310:
384:. This version appears occasionally in foreign reports in the mid 20th-century but only becomes prevalent after about 1980.
3546:
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near Erzincan in August 1473. While Uzun Hassan survived, his son Zeynel Bey was killed in battle. In commemoration, the
3912:
3695:
3589:
1727:
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has been tentatively identified with Hasankeyf, although several locations in northeast Syria have also been proposed.
4340:
3722:
3715:
1676:. Up to 80,000 people in Hasankeyf were displaced. Some of these people were moved to a new city above the waterline.
728:
1438:
3804:
1627:
973:
as prince of Hisn Kayfa in AH 636 (1238/1239), with one of his closest advisers, Husam al-Din, as Turanshah's
638:
194:
Despite local and international objections, the city and its archaeological sites have been flooded as part of the
1277:
54:
3341:"Çevre Bakanı Veysel Eroğlu öyle bir söz etti ki Ilısu Baraj projesi Türkiye'nin başını 'ağrıtmaya' devam ediyor"
3250:[Hasankeyf is moving to Mount Raman]. Buğday Association for Supporting Ecological Living. 3 October 2005
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in 1452. From there, Uzun Hassan embarked on a campaign of expanding his territory at the expense of the rival
1151:
829:
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3792:
3264:
1604:– Named after Zeynel Bey, this mausoleum is opposite Hasankeyf on the Tigris River. Zeynel Bey was the son of
648:
Over the subsequent five centuries, the town was ruled Arab dynasties under the name Hisn Kayfa, first by the
1320:
1957:
Thomas A. Carlson et al., "Ḥesno d-Kifo — ܚܣܢܐ ܕܟܐܦܐ " in The Syriac Gazetteer last modified June 30, 2014,
1594:. The tomb is dated to the 14th century and an epitaph on the tomb states that the tomb was restored in the
1150:
The economy of the region gradually shrank during the 14th and early 15th centuries, according to historian
996:
744:
377:
3072:
3840:
1882:
1818:
859:
645:. An account from this period provides the earliest mention of any bridge across the Tigris at this site.
3984:
3111:
Astour, Michael C. (1992), "The North Mesopotamian Kingdom of Ilānșurā", in Young, Gordon Douglas (ed.),
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Roads on the frontier between Rome and Persia: Euphratesia, Osrhoene and Mesopotamia from AD 363 to 602
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was in power in Egypt, and represented the primary force opposing the Mongols, now led by Hulagu's son
852:
900:, as governor of both Amida and Hisn Kayfa, beginning the period of Ayyubid rule over the Diyar Bakr.
785:
This period was something of a golden age for Hisn Kayfa, with the Artuqids and their successors, the
4041:
3768:
3324:
3195:
Titles and Emoluments in Safavid Iran: A Third Manual of Safavid Administration, by Mirza Naqi Nasiri
3178:"European banks withdraw from Ilisu dam project in Turkey:NGOs welcome pullout as the right decision"
1753:. As a result of the resettlement program for the population, many residents of Hasankeyf moved to a
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891:
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The balance of power in the region shifted significantly in 363. Following the death of the emperor
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Der arabische Dialekt von Hasankeyf am Tigris (Osttürkei). Geschichte – Grammatik – Texte – Glossar
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Der arabische Dialekt von Hasankeyf am Tigris (Osttürkei). Geschichte – Grammatik – Texte – Glossar
1687:
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in Hasankeyf, seen from the Citadel, in 2008. Reed covered restaurants are visible along the river.
1489:
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1381:", upstream from the island of Eden, which he believed lay in the Tigris, based on his reading of
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3494:"3. Hasankeyf/Ḥiṣn Kaifā on the Tigris: A Regional Center on the Crossroad of Foreign Influences"
2253:
1735:
1570:– The mosque is located east of the Süleyman Mosque and was likely built before the 15th century.
1167:
896:
Once the citadel fell to the Ayyubid forces, al-Kamil immediately installed his 27-year-old son,
844:. In the second half of 1204/1205, al-Salih Mahmud also lent his forces to help al-Ashraf attack
613:
562:
180:
114:
3498:
Patterns of Stylistic Changes in Islamic Architecture: Local Traditions Versus Migrating Artists
1296:
during the 1450s, the Ayyubid emir of Hasankeyf rebelled in 1460, attempting to take control of
198:
project. By 1 April 2020, water levels reached an elevation of 498.2m, covering the whole town.
1212:
soon after the Mongol withdrawal. They fought for control of Siirt with forces from Arzan, and
874:
236:(1800–1750 BC) may possibly be Hasankeyf, although other sites have also been proposed. By the
4083:
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3198:
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euros, however current reports indicate that only eight historical monuments have been moved.
1673:
1350:
1293:
1237:
rebuilt the castle of Hisn Kayfa which served as their stronghold as vassals of consecutively
1139:(Diyarbakır)—both failed to attract many traders, and a new route from Iran to Aleppo through
1089:
958:
567:
510:
410:
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as his heir in Egypt. In his new role as sultan, as-Salih Ayyub installed his own young son,
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1914:
1829:
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fell to Hulagu's forces, presumably during their retreat towards Ahlat and Tabriz, leaving
4274:
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Notices et extraits des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Nationale et autres bibliothèques
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2653:"550-year-old shrine moved before being inundated in Turkey"s Hasankeyf - ARCHAEOLOGY"
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Notices and extracts of manuscripts in the Bibliothèque Nationale and other libraries
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In December 2008, following pressure from campaign groups, export credit insurers in
1421:
families lived in the cave houses by the river. Many of these families immigrated to
1307:. However, Hassan followed up these successes with a disastrous campaign against the
1181:
During the 14th century, the emirs of Hisn Kayfa also controlled the interior of the
1049:
951:
763:
3156:
2904:
4233:
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period as well. The section of the structure which is used as a mosque today was a
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3162:. Bollingen Series XCVI. Translated by Ralph Manheim. Princeton University Press.
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1073:, for control of the Mongol empire, and Hulagu decided it was wise to withdraw to
1070:
195:
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3493:
3405:
2881:"'They are barbaric': Turkey prepares to flood 12,000-year-old city to build dam"
1560:– This mosque was built by Sultan Süleyman and is all but destroyed except for a
1257:
During the second half of the 15th century, Hisn Kayfa was still governed by the
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1605:
1434:
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Ayyubid rule of Hisn Kayfa was insecure almost from the start. During 1235, the
878:
813:
756:
696:
672:
622:
587:
285:
16:
For Hasankif, a village in Mazandaran province in Iran's Caspian mountains, see
2719:"Hasankeyf Dosyası 1: Herkes kültür kayboluyor diyor, ya kardeşim kültür benim"
1986:
46:
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3115:, Winona Lake, Indiana: American Oriental Society/Eisenbrauns, pp. 1–33,
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908:
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17:
3464:"The Cultural Landscape of Sophene from Hellenistic to Early Byzantine Times"
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1576:– Located east of the Koc Mosque, the Kizlar mosque was also likely from the
1471:
Sultan Fahrettin Karaaslan, it replaced an older bridge. The bridge over the
433:
By the 14th century BC, the Hasankeyf area was within the Hurrian kingdom of
69:
56:
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4249:
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1915:"31 ARALIK 2021 TARİHLİ ADRESE DAYALI NÜFUS KAYIT SİSTEMİ (ADNKS) SONUÇLARI"
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who have subsequently restored the mosque in the years 1327, 1394 and 1396.
1365:
took Hasankeyf and the rest of the Safavid Diyarbakr Province. In his 1614
1284:
dynasty. Hasankeyf was one of the first towns to acknowledge Uzun Hassan's
1029:
2248:
Amedroz, Henry (1914). "An Embassy from Baghdad to the Emperor Basil II".
1973:
873:
By 1232, control of Amida and Hisn Kayfa had passed to the Artuqid prince
3549:(in Turkish). Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Development. Archived from
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485:
2830:"550-year-old shrine moved before being inundated in Turkey's Hasankeyf"
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Byzantine civil war to attack the eastern provinces, in what became the
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Ayliffe, Rosie; Dubin, Marc; Gawthrop, John; Richardson, Terry (2003),
1715:
1711:
1691:
1595:
1577:
1561:
1551:
1540:
1468:
1426:
1220:
1190:
1186:
1171:
1103:
1066:
1037:
1005:
653:
649:
642:
594:
542:
526:
434:
402:
2744:
4164:
4154:
4134:
4114:
4057:
3707:
3525:, vol. Part 1, Book 1, London: Walter Burre, p. 44, line 23
2250:
The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
1773:
1750:
1662:
1543:
1446:
1430:
1422:
1406:
1304:
1144:
1100:
1085:
1074:
1058:
1041:
1040:, which was captured on 13 February 1258 and destroyed. He conquered
1033:
1017:
1000:
974:
935:
920:
912:
845:
833:
821:
809:
609:
292:
188:
176:
90:
3672:
3281:
353:. Two early Armenian historians list additional names for the town:
291:
Following the Arab conquest of 640, the town became known under the
2657:
Hürriyet Daily News - LEADING NEWS SOURCE FOR TURKEY AND THE REGION
4129:
4124:
2027:
2025:
2023:
1666:
1643:
1488:
1442:
1409:
that neither resembles that of Siirt nor Midyat. Until the 1980s,
1402:
1401:, the native Muslim population of the town used to be composed of
1398:
1297:
1209:
1140:
1124:
837:
825:
817:
767:
668:
442:
241:
965:, who had been emir of Hisn Kayfa, and named his younger brother
191:. It was declared a natural conservation area by Turkey in 1981.
3407:
From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260
1669:
1334:
986:
939:
916:
484:
For a time the town became the capital of the Roman province of
4030:
3711:
3013:"'History disappears' as dam waters flood ancient Turkish town"
4159:
2604:
1958:
1758:
1757:(New Hasankeyf) on a hill which was to be at the shore of the
1170:
shrank or disappeared. After the breakup of the Ilkhanate, an
560:
Recording the situation at the end of the fourth century, the
4026:
934:'s ill-concealed ambition. al-Ashraf recruited the rulers of
2455:
2453:
2451:
1061:
in the spring of 1260, he received word that the great khan
553:
massif and the approach through it to the Roman province of
545:
and Nisibis, but not their inhabitants, and the fortress of
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2361:
2359:
2322:
2320:
2158:
2059:
2057:
1397:
While villages surrounding the town are almost exclusively
3568:
Eastern Turkey: An Architectural and Archaeological Survey
3533:. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. 2005
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2169:
2167:
2074:
2072:
848:, which was controlled by another branch of the Artuqids.
437:. Between the 9th and 7th centuries BC it was part of the
2472:
2470:
2468:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2118:
2116:
2044:
2042:
2040:
1441:
escalated during the 1980s. During the same time period,
1353:, which consisted of six districts, including Hasankeyf.
1088:
and Hisn Kayfa as the only cities outside his control in
280:
portions of the Roman Empire split around AD 330, Κιφας (
3410:, Albany, New York: State University of New York Press,
2103:
2101:
2099:
1315:'s Ottoman forces, armed with rifles and cannon, at the
608:. Early in the conflict they occupied Kiphas along with
3094:
Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260–1281
2271:
2269:
2267:
1772:
The local climate is moderated by the proximity of the
751:. Baldwin was imprisoned at Mosul by the Seljuk atabeg
313:, although a wide variety of others are used including
1276:(modern Diyarbakır), which he gained from his brother
770:
road paralleling the Tigris, and north–south between
566:
identifies Cepha as the seat of the commander of the
541:. This included 15 castles, along with the cities of
2010:
2008:
1887:
1823:
1564:. Süleyman's grave is missing from the site as well.
1265:
confederation. The Aq Qoyunlu dynasty was headed by
1216:
of Hisn Kayfa succeeded in capturing it in 1341/42.
942:
to his faction and sent ambassadors to the court of
4242:
4173:
4102:
4064:
3761:
3745:
3355:. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2017 (Semitica Viva 57),
1859:
1445:from nearby villages started settling in the town.
570:. The bishop of Cepha is recorded as attending the
153:
145:
133:
128:
120:
108:
96:
86:
28:
3155:
3130:
3037:
2939:
3633:, archived from the original on 12 September 2010
2031:
1987:"Water volume in Ilısu Dam 5 billion cubic metre"
1702:The threat of the Ilısu Dam project prompted the
401:the area around Hasankeyf was likely part of the
3591:International Encyclopaedia of Islamic Dynasties
3275:] (in French), vol. 9, pp. 275–364
3230:"Endangered Site: The City of Hasankeyf, Turkey"
3039:"Turkey's ancient valley lost to infrastructure"
2999:
1349:1501–1525) the Safavids founded the short-lived
1208:The Hisn Kayfa emirs also attacked and captured
911:had advanced into Southeast Anatolia, capturing
441:, and by the mid-6th century it was part of the
1311:. Hassan's army of light cavalry was routed by
51:View of the town from Hasankeyf Castle in 2010
1513:and overlooks Hasankeyf as it sits on a cliff.
1437:as the Turkish government's conflict with the
4301:Archaeological sites in Southeastern Anatolia
4042:
4012:
4000:
3988:
3976:
3964:
3952:
3940:
3928:
3916:
3904:
3892:
3880:
3868:
3856:
3844:
3832:
3820:
3808:
3796:
3784:
3772:
3723:
2526:
1501:dynasty, or White Sheep Turkomans (1378–1508)
421:, an important walled city on a large river.
8:
4306:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey
2712:
2710:
517:was forced to surrender to the Persian King
296:
201:The town had a population of 4,329 in 2021.
2866:
2745:"Our future southeastern Turkish frontiers"
4049:
4035:
4027:
3730:
3716:
3708:
3091:Amitai-Preiss, Reuven (1 September 2005),
2817:"Batman", Ministry of Development & ND
1077:to await the resolution of this conflict.
25:
3661:Journal of the Royal Geographical Society
3471:Göttinger Forum für Altertumswissenschaft
2987:
2495:
2442:
2430:
2418:
2406:
2389:
2365:
2350:
2338:
2326:
2311:
2299:
2287:
2197:
1475:is considered to be the largest from the
557:from attack by the Persians in Arzanene.
256:, a name that appears to derive from the
3610:"Turkey Dam Project Back to Haunt Kurds"
2963:
2639:
2627:
2592:
2557:
2538:
2514:
2476:
2459:
2377:
2214:
2185:
2173:
2090:
2078:
2048:
1630:A panoramic photo of Hasankeyf with the
1201:(the present-day village of Boyunlu, in
656:caliphates and later by semi-autonomous
240:period, the fortified town was known in
3688:"Roman mosaics discovered in Hasankeyf"
3280:Comfort, Anthony Martin (14 May 2009).
2927:
2701:
2146:
2134:
2122:
2107:
2063:
1903:
1802:
1661:is completed. These include the ornate
1584:in the past, containing grave remnants.
1546:Süleyman and stands on the bank of the
1493:Mausoleum of Zeynel Bey, son of Sultan
152:
144:
127:
119:
85:
43:
4351:Kurdish settlements in Batman Province
3643:
2275:
2014:
1539:– The Mosque was built in 1409 by the
1226:In the early and middle 15th century,
703:, culminating in the Seljuk defeat of
641:in 640, shortly after the conquest of
3627:"Turkish history to sink to oblivion"
3319:Davidson, Christina (November 2008).
2854:
2764:
2689:
2677:
2569:
2226:
1974:"Hasankeyf", Ministry of Culture 2005
1947:(in Turkish and Kurdish). p. 56.
1272:Uzun Hassan's initial capital was at
1261:, who owed allegiance to the Turkmen
132:
107:
95:
7:
4326:Populated places on the Tigris River
3625:Starr, Stephen (28 September 2010),
3608:Smith-Spark, Laura (5 August 2006).
2951:
1909:
1907:
1877:
930:had become resentful of his brother
851:By 1229/1230, al-Salih's successor,
782:at some time between 1147 and 1172.
621:mentions Cepha as a fortress in the
4346:Arab settlements in Batman Province
4321:Populated places in Batman Province
3425:"South-Eastern Anatolia: Hasankeyf"
3263:Chahan de Cirbied, Jacques (1813),
3248:"Hasankeyf Raman Dağı'na taşınıyor"
3213:"Insurers halt work on Turkish dam"
3197:. Washington, DC: Mage Publishers.
2975:
1945:Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî
1833:
1813:
1357:Ottoman Empire and Turkish Republic
1332:In 1504, during the reign of king (
957:Al-Kamil had bequeathed control of
297:
288:name for this Byzantine bishopric.
3154:(1978). William C. Hickman (ed.).
2752:Centre for European Policy Studies
2159:Today's Zaman & 28 August 2007
1245:until they were supplanted by the
735:, was imprisoned at Hisn Kayfa by
373:is recorded by P. Lucas Ingigian.
14:
4331:District municipalities in Turkey
3158:Mehmed the Conqueror and his Time
1080:On 23 Rabiʿ II 658/7 April 1260,
606:Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
4093:
3694:. 28 August 2007. Archived from
3594:, Anmol Publications PVT. LTD.,
3368:"The Rising Tide of Destruction"
3366:Huggler, Justin (21 July 2000).
2743:Tocci, Nathalie (October 2001).
1619:
886:Ayyubids and Mongols (1232–1462)
796:In April 1204, the Artuqid emir
45:
3286:(Ph.D.). University of Exeter.
3050:from the original on 2022-05-09
1509:– This palace was built by the
1344:
1328:Safavid Empire (1504–1514/1517)
1193:Hisn Kayfa seized control over
1099:By AH 665 (1266/1267) the
4316:Assyrian communities in Turkey
3588:Singh, Nagendra Kumar (2000),
3404:Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977),
3097:, Cambridge University Press,
1529:– The palace was built by the
1449:is still spoken in the city.
1259:last remaining Ayyubid dynasty
1189:(in the Tur Abdin). In 1334/5
724:to the Artuqids in 1101/1102.
675:, took control of the town in
23:Municipality in Batman, Turkey
1:
3500:, New York University Press,
3228:Bolz, Diane M. (March 2009),
1791:Southeastern Anatolia Project
1253:Aq Qoyunlu period (1462–1501)
739:after he was captured at the
671:mother of the Hamdanid ruler
393:Middle Bronze Age (Ilānṣurā?)
3071:Ahmed, Kamal (1 July 2001).
1888:
1044:on 24 January 1260, and the
952:Ghiyath ad-Din Kaykhusrau II
804:and Hisn Kayfa, joined with
731:, at that time the count of
492:was the headquarters of the
175:is a town located along the
4336:7 Most Endangered Programme
3299:Darke, Diana (1 May 2014),
3073:"UK drops Turkish dam plan"
2781:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
1959:http://syriaca.org/place/92
1860:
1824:
1458:exist throughout the area.
1249:in the early 16th century.
862:against the Ayyubid rulers
762:Control of trade along the
586:) became formalized as the
457:times, Hasankeyf (known as
449:Roman and Byzantine empires
284:) became formalized as the
4367:
3180:. Bank Track. 10 July 2009
1634:in the background, in 2011
889:
683:Artuqid period (1102–1232)
639:Muslim conquest of Armenia
272:), meaning "rock". As the
15:
4091:
3650:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3483:10.14628/gfa.2014.0.74280
3193:Floor, Willem M. (2008).
3133:The Rough Guide to Turkey
2692:, pp. 180, 209, 252.
1849:
1841:
1554:that has remained intact.
1233:In the 14th century, the
1152:Thomas Alexander Sinclair
1048:Christian Mongol general
521:the eastern provinces of
477:on the frontier with the
362:
44:
35:
3523:The History of the World
3462:Marciak, Michał (2014),
3440:Lendering, Jona (2010).
2149:, p. 373, note 557.
1943:Avcıkıran, Adem (2009).
1550:. The mosque also has a
1497:(Hasan the Tall) of the
1405:, speaking a dialect of
1387:De Paradiso Commentarius
1028:In 1255, the great khan
830:Nur ad-Din Arslan Shah I
780:bridge across the Tigris
715:granted Hisn Kayfa as a
417:(1800–1750 BC) refer to
3566:Sinclair, T.A. (1989),
3519:"Chapter 3, Section 10"
3215:. BBC. 24 December 2008
2940:Buğday Association 2005
1686:, based in Turkey, Ms.
1467:– Built in 1116 by the
1321:Mausoleum of Zeynel Bey
808:, the Ayyubid ruler of
745:Baldwin II of Jerusalem
743:along with his kinsman
627:Descriptio Orbis Romani
4013:
4001:
3989:
3977:
3965:
3953:
3941:
3929:
3917:
3905:
3893:
3881:
3869:
3857:
3845:
3833:
3821:
3809:
3797:
3785:
3773:
2777:Fink, Andreas (2017).
2032:Chahan de Cirbied 1813
1869:
1653:
1502:
997:Al-Muwaḥḥid ʿAbd Allāh
860:Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu
855:, was allied with the
800:, who controlled both
4311:Roman sites in Turkey
3000:Ekonomik Ayrıntı 2009
2717:Kocaaslan, Nur Banu.
1647:
1492:
1464:The Old Tigris Bridge
1373:places "the Citie of
1119:forces. In 1315, the
890:Further information:
687:In the 11th century,
70:37.71472°N 41.41306°E
3325:The Atlantic Monthly
2541:, pp. 397, 398.
1704:World Monuments Fund
1602:Zeynel Bey Mausoleum
1367:History of the World
1032:charged his brother
971:al-Muazzam Turanshah
948:'Alā ad-Dīn Kayqubād
909:'Alā ad-Dīn Kayqubād
892:Emirate of Hasankeyf
828:to rout the army of
729:Joscelin I of Edessa
576:Eastern Roman Empire
572:Council of Chalcedon
3553:on 17 December 2014
3442:"Cepha (Hasankeyf)"
2834:Hürriyet Daily News
2642:, pp. 314–315.
2605:Ayliffe et al. 2003
2572:, pp. 203–204.
2445:, pp. 303–304.
2353:, pp. 222–223.
2290:, pp. 127–128.
1453:Archeological sites
1317:Battle of Otlukbeli
1269:from 1452 to 1478.
840:, in a battle near
812:, and princes from
709:Battle of Manzikert
439:Neo-Assyrian Empire
369:(Mesrob Eretz) and
66: /
4341:Hasankeyf District
3739:Hasankeyf District
3113:Mari in Retrospect
2527:Amitai-Preiss 2005
1786:Ilısu Dam Campaign
1694:of Hasankeyf, the
1684:Buğday Association
1654:
1588:Imam Abdullah Tomb
1503:
1361:In 1514/1517, the
1351:Diyarbakr Province
1185:and the castle of
1147:took their place.
699:allies moved into
563:Notitia Dignitatum
181:Hasankeyf District
137:Abdülvahap Küsen (
134: • Mayor
75:37.71472; 41.41306
4288:
4287:
4024:
4023:
3667:, London: 21–58,
3507:978-0-8147-5492-4
3490:Meinecke, Michael
3361:978-3-447-10898-0
3312:978-1-84162-490-7
3204:978-1-933823-23-2
2966:, pp. 30–31.
2788:978-3-447-10898-0
2462:, pp. 64–65.
2066:, pp. 63–64.
1886:
1858:
1822:
1682:According to the
1143:, Hisn Kayfa and
853:Rukn al-Din Madud
568:Legio II Parthica
511:Battle of Samarra
473:) was a base for
411:Northwest Semitic
399:Middle Bronze Age
378:Atatürk's Reforms
367:Matthew of Edessa
365:) is recorded by
230:Northwest Semitic
224:mentioned in the
170:
169:
4358:
4097:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4028:
4016:
4004:
3992:
3980:
3968:
3956:
3944:
3932:
3920:
3908:
3896:
3884:
3872:
3860:
3848:
3836:
3824:
3812:
3800:
3788:
3776:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3709:
3699:
3698:on 5 March 2016.
3683:
3655:
3649:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3604:
3584:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3526:
3510:
3485:
3468:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3420:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3348:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3327:. pp. 30–31
3315:
3295:
3276:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3208:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3173:
3161:
3147:
3137:, Rough Guides,
3136:
3125:
3107:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3041:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2876:
2870:
2867:Smith-Spark 2006
2864:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2793:
2792:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2749:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2714:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2499:
2493:
2480:
2474:
2463:
2457:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2262:
2261:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2230:
2227:Martine & ND
2224:
2218:
2212:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2111:
2105:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2067:
2061:
2052:
2046:
2035:
2029:
2018:
2012:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1962:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1919:
1911:
1892:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1863:
1853:
1851:
1843:
1835:
1827:
1817:
1815:
1807:
1728:Société Générale
1640:Ilısu Dam impact
1623:
1517:Ulu (Big) Mosque
1348:
1346:
1022:Michael Meinecke
741:Battle of Harran
721:
619:George of Cyprus
513:, his successor
495:Dux Mesopotamiae
364:
300:
299:
124:18th century BC?
81:
80:
78:
77:
76:
71:
67:
64:
63:
62:
59:
49:
26:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4238:
4169:
4098:
4089:
4060:
4055:
4025:
4020:
3757:
3741:
3736:
3706:
3686:
3673:10.2307/3698077
3658:
3642:
3636:
3634:
3624:
3615:
3613:
3607:
3602:
3587:
3582:
3570:, vol. 3,
3565:
3556:
3554:
3545:
3536:
3534:
3529:
3515:Raleigh, Walter
3513:
3508:
3488:
3466:
3461:
3452:
3450:
3439:
3430:
3428:
3427:. Guide Martine
3423:
3418:
3403:
3395:
3393:
3385:
3376:
3374:
3372:The Independent
3365:
3339:
3330:
3328:
3318:
3313:
3298:
3279:
3262:
3253:
3251:
3246:
3238:
3236:
3227:
3218:
3216:
3211:
3205:
3192:
3183:
3181:
3176:
3170:
3152:Babinger, Franz
3150:
3145:
3128:
3123:
3110:
3105:
3090:
3081:
3079:
3070:
3067:
3062:
3053:
3051:
3044:The Independent
3036:
3035:
3031:
3022:
3020:
3011:
3010:
3006:
2998:
2994:
2986:
2982:
2974:
2970:
2962:
2958:
2950:
2946:
2938:
2934:
2926:
2922:
2913:
2911:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2889:
2887:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2865:
2861:
2853:
2849:
2839:
2837:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2815:
2796:
2789:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2763:
2759:
2747:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2725:
2716:
2715:
2708:
2700:
2696:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2672:
2662:
2660:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2638:
2634:
2626:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2591:
2576:
2568:
2564:
2556:
2545:
2537:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2513:
2502:
2498:, pp. 356.
2494:
2483:
2475:
2466:
2458:
2449:
2441:
2437:
2433:, pp. 251.
2429:
2425:
2421:, pp. 232.
2417:
2413:
2409:, pp. 231.
2405:
2396:
2388:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2368:, pp. 223.
2364:
2357:
2349:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2325:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2302:, pp. 128.
2298:
2294:
2286:
2282:
2274:
2265:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2225:
2221:
2213:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2121:
2114:
2106:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2077:
2070:
2062:
2055:
2047:
2038:
2030:
2021:
2013:
2006:
1996:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1972:
1965:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1895:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1782:
1770:
1747:Garanti Bankası
1642:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1629:
1624:
1558:Süleyman Mosque
1477:Medieval Period
1455:
1395:
1359:
1343:
1330:
1255:
1112:Ilkhanate court
894:
888:
798:al-Salih Mahmud
749:count of Edessa
719:
701:Western Armenia
685:
635:
633:Muslim conquest
625:section of his
547:Castra Maurorum
479:Sasanian Empire
451:
431:
429:Late Bronze Age
395:
390:
207:
185:Batman Province
82:
74:
72:
68:
65:
60:
57:
55:
53:
52:
40:
31:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
4364:
4362:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
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4318:
4313:
4308:
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4283:
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4277:
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4267:
4262:
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4252:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
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4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4203:
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4177:
4171:
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4167:
4162:
4157:
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4147:
4142:
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4132:
4127:
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4117:
4112:
4106:
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4099:
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4087:
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4019:
4018:
4006:
3994:
3982:
3970:
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3922:
3910:
3898:
3886:
3874:
3862:
3850:
3838:
3826:
3814:
3802:
3790:
3778:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3749:
3747:
3746:Municipalities
3743:
3742:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3712:
3705:
3704:External links
3702:
3701:
3700:
3684:
3656:
3622:
3605:
3600:
3585:
3580:
3563:
3543:
3527:
3511:
3506:
3486:
3459:
3437:
3421:
3416:
3401:
3383:
3363:
3349:
3347:on 2014-12-17.
3337:
3321:"Turkish bath"
3316:
3311:
3302:Eastern Turkey
3296:
3277:
3260:
3244:
3225:
3209:
3203:
3190:
3174:
3168:
3148:
3143:
3126:
3121:
3108:
3103:
3088:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3046:. 2020-07-18.
3029:
3004:
2992:
2988:BankTrack 2009
2980:
2968:
2956:
2944:
2932:
2920:
2909:Yekta Uzunoglu
2896:
2871:
2859:
2847:
2821:
2794:
2787:
2769:
2757:
2735:
2706:
2694:
2682:
2680:, p. 180.
2670:
2644:
2632:
2630:, p. 404.
2609:
2607:, p. 913.
2597:
2595:, p. 399.
2574:
2562:
2560:, p. 397.
2543:
2531:
2529:, p. 150.
2519:
2517:, p. 396.
2500:
2496:Humphreys 1977
2481:
2464:
2447:
2443:Humphreys 1977
2435:
2431:Humphreys 1977
2423:
2419:Humphreys 1977
2411:
2407:Humphreys 1977
2394:
2392:, p. 227.
2390:Humphreys 1977
2382:
2370:
2366:Humphreys 1977
2355:
2351:Humphreys 1977
2343:
2341:, p. 222.
2339:Humphreys 1977
2331:
2329:, p. 221.
2327:Humphreys 1977
2316:
2314:, p. 218.
2312:Humphreys 1977
2304:
2300:Humphreys 1977
2292:
2288:Humphreys 1977
2280:
2263:
2240:
2231:
2219:
2202:
2198:Lendering 2010
2190:
2188:, p. 374.
2178:
2176:, p. 373.
2163:
2151:
2139:
2137:, p. 275.
2127:
2125:, p. 204.
2112:
2095:
2093:, p. 375.
2083:
2081:, p. 366.
2068:
2053:
2051:, p. 370.
2036:
2034:, p. 320.
2019:
2004:
1993:. 1 April 2020
1978:
1963:
1950:
1935:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1781:
1778:
1769:
1766:
1755:Yeni Hasankeyf
1707:significance.
1641:
1638:
1626:
1625:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1599:
1585:
1571:
1565:
1555:
1537:El Rizk Mosque
1534:
1524:
1514:
1487:
1486:
1480:
1454:
1451:
1419:Arab Christian
1394:
1391:
1383:Andreas Masius
1371:Walter Raleigh
1363:Ottoman Empire
1358:
1355:
1329:
1326:
1309:Ottoman Empire
1254:
1251:
1247:Ottoman Empire
1131:, and through
983:Shajar al-Durr
963:as-Salih Ayyub
898:as-Salih Ayyub
887:
884:
759:in 1122/1123.
707:forces at the
684:
681:
634:
631:
500:Constantius II
450:
447:
430:
427:
405:kingdoms. The
394:
391:
389:
386:
206:
203:
168:
167:
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135:
131:
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106:
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100:
94:
93:
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83:
50:
42:
41:
36:
33:
32:
29:
22:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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4214:Little Khabur
4212:
4210:
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4198:
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3703:
3697:
3693:
3692:Today's Zaman
3689:
3685:
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3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
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3603:
3601:81-261-0403-1
3597:
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3581:0-907132-34-0
3577:
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3520:
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3484:
3480:
3477:(17): 13–56,
3476:
3472:
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3460:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3417:0-87395-263-4
3413:
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3388:
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3373:
3369:
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3338:
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3303:
3297:
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3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
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3249:
3245:
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3231:
3226:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3200:
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3191:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3169:0-691-09900-6
3165:
3160:
3159:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3144:1-84353-071-6
3140:
3135:
3134:
3127:
3124:
3122:0-931464-28-5
3118:
3114:
3109:
3106:
3104:0-521-46226-6
3100:
3096:
3095:
3089:
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3074:
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3068:
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3049:
3045:
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3033:
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3018:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2964:Davidson 2008
2960:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2921:
2910:
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2875:
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2868:
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2860:
2856:
2851:
2848:
2836:. 12 May 2017
2835:
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2761:
2758:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2736:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2704:, p. 44.
2703:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2671:
2659:. 12 May 2017
2658:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2640:Babinger 1978
2636:
2633:
2629:
2628:Sinclair 1989
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2593:Sinclair 1989
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2558:Sinclair 1989
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2539:Sinclair 1989
2535:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2515:Sinclair 1989
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2479:, p. 65.
2478:
2477:Meinecke 1996
2473:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2460:Meinecke 1996
2456:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2383:
2380:, p. 64.
2379:
2378:Meinecke 1996
2374:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2278:, p. 34.
2277:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2241:
2238:Canard (1965)
2235:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2220:
2217:, p. 58.
2216:
2215:Meinecke 1996
2211:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2186:Sinclair 1989
2182:
2179:
2175:
2174:Sinclair 1989
2170:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2110:, p. 38.
2109:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2091:Sinclair 1989
2087:
2084:
2080:
2079:Sinclair 1989
2075:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2049:Sinclair 1989
2045:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2009:
2005:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1939:
1936:
1923:
1916:
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1779:
1777:
1775:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1743:Veysel Eroğlu
1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1705:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1688:Huriye Küpeli
1685:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1651:
1646:
1639:
1633:
1628:
1622:
1611:
1608:ruler of the
1607:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1574:Kizlar Mosque
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1549:
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1060:
1055:
1051:
1050:Kitbuqa Noyan
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1014:caravanserais
1011:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
992:
988:
984:
978:
976:
972:
968:
964:
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773:
769:
765:
760:
758:
754:
750:
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4119:
3954:Kanîya mezin
3752:
3696:the original
3691:
3664:
3660:
3635:, retrieved
3630:
3614:. Retrieved
3590:
3572:Pindar Press
3567:
3555:. Retrieved
3551:the original
3535:. Retrieved
3522:
3497:
3474:
3470:
3451:. Retrieved
3445:
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3406:
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3390:
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3371:
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3345:the original
3329:. Retrieved
3301:
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3268:
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3237:, retrieved
3233:
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3194:
3182:. Retrieved
3157:
3132:
3112:
3093:
3080:. Retrieved
3077:The Observer
3052:. Retrieved
3043:
3032:
3021:. Retrieved
3019:. 2020-02-25
3016:
3007:
2995:
2983:
2971:
2959:
2947:
2935:
2928:Huggler 2000
2923:
2912:. Retrieved
2908:
2899:
2888:. Retrieved
2885:The Guardian
2884:
2879:Fox, Tessa.
2874:
2862:
2850:
2838:. Retrieved
2833:
2824:
2778:
2772:
2760:
2751:
2738:
2726:. Retrieved
2722:
2702:Raleigh 1614
2697:
2685:
2673:
2661:. Retrieved
2656:
2647:
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2181:
2154:
2147:Comfort 2009
2142:
2135:Comfort 2009
2130:
2123:Comfort 2009
2108:Marciak 2014
2086:
2064:Comfort 2009
1995:. Retrieved
1990:
1981:
1953:
1944:
1938:
1926:. Retrieved
1924:(in Turkish)
1921:
1889:Ḥesno d-Kifo
1805:
1771:
1754:
1740:
1709:
1701:
1681:
1678:
1655:
1650:Tigris River
1648:View of the
1632:Tigris River
1601:
1587:
1573:
1567:
1557:
1548:Tigris River
1536:
1527:Great Palace
1526:
1516:
1507:Small Palace
1506:
1482:
1473:Tigris River
1462:
1456:
1396:
1393:Demographics
1386:
1379:Fortis Petra
1378:
1377:, otherwise
1374:
1366:
1360:
1333:
1331:
1302:
1282:Kara Koyunlu
1271:
1256:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1207:
1180:
1176:Tigris River
1149:
1117:
1098:
1079:
1027:
995:
979:
956:
925:
902:
895:
872:
857:Khwarazmshah
850:
795:
784:
761:
726:
717:
689:Seljuk Turks
686:
667:Fatima, the
666:
647:
636:
626:
602:
599:
583:
579:
561:
559:
504:
493:
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415:Mari Tablets
396:
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234:Mari Tablets
221:
220:The city of
219:
208:
200:
193:
172:
171:
38:Municipality
4175:Tributaries
3966:Gundê Diyar
3637:17 December
3616:17 December
3557:17 December
3531:"Hasankeyf"
3431:11 November
3377:17 December
3331:17 December
3292:10036/68213
3254:17 December
3239:17 December
3234:Smithsonian
3219:17 December
3184:17 December
3082:17 December
2905:"Barbarity"
2276:Taylor 1865
2015:Astour 1992
1928:16 December
1825:Ḥiṣn Kayfa'
1720:Switzerland
1606:Uzun Hassan
1483:The Citadel
1435:Switzerland
1375:Hasan-Cepha
1267:Uzun Hassan
1243:Dulkadirids
1195:Mayafaraqin
1156:Mayafaraqin
1133:Mayafaraqin
1082:Mayafaraqin
879:Mayafaraqin
814:Mayafaraqin
757:Belek Ghazi
673:Abu Taghlib
623:Mesopotamia
488:, although
481:of Persia.
475:legionaries
397:During the
376:As part of
343:Hassan-Keyf
121:Established
73: /
4295:Categories
4224:Little Zab
4110:Diyarbakır
4086:(1,377 km)
4058:The Tigris
3822:Gundê Kola
3631:Asia Times
3612:. BBC News
3537:16 October
3447:Livius.org
3396:2019-09-19
3387:"Barbaric"
3054:2020-12-10
3023:2020-03-31
2914:2018-07-05
2890:2019-09-19
2855:Ahmed 2001
2840:13 January
2765:Starr 2010
2690:Floor 2008
2678:Floor 2008
2663:20 October
2570:Singh 2000
1899:References
1878:ܚܣܢܐ ܕܟܐܦܐ
1724:World Bank
1568:Koc Mosque
1499:Aq Qoyunlu
1495:Uzun Hasan
1290:Diyar Bakr
1286:suzerainty
1263:Aq Qoyunlu
1228:Aq Qoyunlu
1121:Il-Khanate
1108:Abaqa Khan
1094:Diyar Bakr
1090:the Jazira
959:the Jazira
944:Rum Seljuk
907:forces of
905:Rum Seljuk
764:Diyarbakır
713:Barkiyāruq
691:and their
339:Husn Kayfa
323:Ḥiṣn Kayfâ
319:Ḥiṣn Kayfā
315:Ḥiṣn Kaifā
311:Hisn Kayfa
307:Hisn Kaifa
303:Ḥiṣn Kayfa
146:Population
129:Government
61:41°24′47″E
58:37°42′53″N
18:Kelardasht
4219:Great Zab
4145:Kadhimiya
4120:Hasankeyf
4065:Countries
3930:Xirbe Kur
3805:Büyükdere
3753:Hasankeyf
3351:A. Fink:
3305:, Bradt,
2952:Bolz 2009
1991:Haberturk
1883:romanized
1855:romanized
1842:Հասանքեյֆ
1819:romanized
1762:reservoir
1732:UniCredit
1672:and cave
1659:Ilısu Dam
1610:Akkoyunlu
1582:mausoleum
1313:Mehmed II
1214:al-Ashraf
1183:Tur Abdin
1071:Ariq Böke
1046:Nestorian
1012:, tombs,
928:al-Ashraf
875:al-Masʿud
864:al-Ashraf
836:ruler of
806:al-Ashraf
791:Silk Road
776:Euphrates
753:Jikirmish
733:Turbessel
727:In 1104,
705:Byzantine
679:900 A.D.
595:bishopric
592:Byzantine
555:Sophanene
551:Tur Abdin
531:Zabdicene
519:Shapur II
382:Hasankeyf
355:Harsenkev
351:Husunkeïf
335:Hisn Kayf
331:Ḥiṣn Kîfâ
327:Ḥiṣn Kīfā
196:Ilısu Dam
179:, in the
173:Hasankeyf
155:Time zone
115:Hasankeyf
30:Hasankeyf
4074:(523 km)
3973:Uzundere
3961:Tepebaşı
3846:Kefralbê
3841:Irmakköy
3817:Çardaklı
3762:Villages
3646:citation
3547:"Batman"
3517:(1614),
3492:(1996),
3391:Globefox
3048:Archived
2976:BBC 2008
2258:25189237
1838:Armenian
1814:حصن كيفا
1780:See also
1736:DekaBank
1674:churches
1592:Mohammad
1531:Artukids
1521:Ayyubids
1511:Ayyubids
1415:Assyrian
1411:Armenian
1340:Ismail I
1278:Jihangir
1235:Ayyubids
1164:Nusaybin
1129:Nusaybin
1054:Damascus
1006:medreses
991:Damascus
932:al-Kamil
868:al-Kamil
842:Nusaybin
787:Ayyubids
774:and the
772:Lake Van
664:rulers.
662:Marwanid
658:Hamdanid
539:Rehimena
535:Corduene
523:Arzanene
486:Arzanene
423:Ilānṣurā
419:Ilānṣurā
407:Akkadian
359:Armenian
347:Hosnkeif
298:حصن كيفا
226:Akkadian
222:Ilānṣurā
205:Toponymy
110:District
98:Province
4275:Samarra
4229:'Adhaim
4150:Baghdad
4140:Samarra
4080:(40 km)
4009:Yolüstü
4002:Xanikan
3997:Yakaköy
3949:Soğucak
3925:Palamut
3901:Kumluca
3889:Kelekçi
3877:Kayıklı
3865:Karaköy
3858:Derhawê
3853:İncirli
3829:Güneşli
3793:Bayırlı
3681:3698077
3065:Sources
3017:Reuters
2728:12 June
2252:: 924.
1997:1 April
1885::
1857::
1830:Kurdish
1821::
1768:Climate
1716:Germany
1712:Austria
1692:prefect
1667:Islamic
1663:mosques
1598:period.
1596:Ayyubid
1578:Ayyubid
1562:minaret
1552:minaret
1541:Ayyubid
1469:Artuqid
1427:Germany
1399:Kurdish
1347:
1239:Mamluks
1221:al-Adil
1191:al-Adil
1187:Haytham
1172:Artukid
1104:Baybars
1067:Kubilai
1038:Baghdad
1018:bazaars
1010:hammams
1008:, four
967:al-Adil
946:sultan
747:, then
693:Turkmen
669:Kurdish
654:Abbasid
650:Ummayad
643:Nisibis
543:Singara
527:Moxoene
509:at the
490:Nisibis
435:Mitanni
403:Hurrian
388:History
363:Հարսնքվ
278:western
274:eastern
87:Country
4270:Badush
4234:Diyala
4199:Garzan
4195:Batman
4165:Kemune
4160:Al-Kūt
4155:Amarah
4135:Tikrit
4115:Bismil
4103:Cities
4072:Turkey
3978:Wezrîn
3942:Lepêna
3918:Mebiya
3913:Öğütlü
3906:Merdîs
3894:Miwêlê
3882:Mîhîna
3870:Reşiye
3798:Kûneyn
3769:Akalın
3679:
3598:
3578:
3504:
3453:12 May
3414:
3359:
3309:
3201:
3166:
3141:
3119:
3101:
2785:
2256:
1874:Syriac
1834:Heskîf
1810:Arabic
1774:Tigris
1751:Akbank
1690:, the
1544:sultan
1447:Arabic
1431:Sweden
1423:France
1407:Arabic
1305:Tabriz
1294:Jazira
1203:Silvan
1145:Mardin
1101:Mamluk
1086:Mardin
1075:Tabriz
1063:Möngke
1059:Aleppo
1042:Aleppo
1034:Hulagu
1030:Möngke
1001:Mamluk
975:atabeg
936:Aleppo
921:Harran
913:Harput
846:Harput
834:Zengid
832:, the
822:Sinjar
810:Harran
737:Sökmen
610:Mardin
584:Kiphas
515:Jovian
507:Julian
471:Ciphas
371:Kentzy
293:Arabic
282:Kiphas
258:Syriac
254:Ciphas
215:Arabic
211:Syriac
189:Turkey
177:Tigris
103:Batman
91:Turkey
4265:Mosul
4260:Cizre
4255:Ilısu
4250:Dicle
4209:Botan
4205:Savur
4202:Göksu
4191:Hazro
4188:Pamuk
4182:Ambar
4130:Mosul
4125:Cizre
4078:Syria
4014:Kêdil
3990:Difnê
3985:Üçyol
3937:Saklı
3834:Şemsê
3774:Alînê
3677:JSTOR
3467:(PDF)
3271:[
2748:(PDF)
2723:SARAT
2254:JSTOR
1918:(XLS)
1870:Cepha
1866:Latin
1861:Kifas
1850:Κιφας
1846:Greek
1797:Notes
1696:Swiss
1670:tombs
1443:Kurds
1403:Arabs
1298:Siirt
1274:Amida
1210:Siirt
1199:Boşat
1160:Arzan
1141:Siirt
1137:Amida
1125:Cizre
1052:took
838:Mosul
826:Irbil
818:Cizre
802:Amida
768:Mosul
720:'
697:Oghuz
588:Greek
580:Κιφας
467:Cepha
463:Cephe
459:Kepha
455:Roman
295:name
286:Greek
260:word
250:Cepha
246:Cephe
242:Latin
238:Roman
160:UTC+3
149:4,329
4243:Dams
4185:Kuru
4084:Iraq
3810:Gerê
3786:Hizo
3781:Aksu
3652:link
3639:2014
3618:2014
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3576:ISBN
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3539:2019
3502:ISBN
3455:2020
3433:2014
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3379:2014
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3333:2014
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3221:2014
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3164:ISBN
3139:ISBN
3117:ISBN
3099:ISBN
3084:2014
2842:2019
2783:ISBN
2730:2022
2665:2017
1999:2020
1930:2022
1922:TÜİK
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1016:and
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940:Homs
938:and
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866:and
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718:iqtâ
695:and
660:and
652:and
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537:and
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276:and
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262:ܟܐܦܐ
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3669:doi
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