30:
327:
66:
92:
901:
78:
354:, numbered about 250,000. Over the next 250 years, the population of these Caddoan-speaking peoples was severely reduced by epidemics of endemic diseases carried by Spanish and French colonists and spread through indigenous trading networks. Native Americans had no acquired immunity to the new diseases, and suffered high mortality.
313:
When the
Spanish and the French encountered the Hasinai in the 1680s, they were a centrally organized chiefdom under the control of a religious leader, known as the Grand Xinesi. He lived in a secluded house and met with a council of elders.
317:
The chieftainship consisted of several subdivisions, which have been designated "cantonments". Each was under the control of a Caddi. There were also men designated as
Canahas and Chayas, who helped the Caddi run the system.
3091:
1391:
889:
4098:
4169:
3124:
427:
1544:
2287:
1384:
3146:
1423:
3667:
2277:
882:
4200:
4143:
2320:
1377:
3772:
496:
4210:
3842:
3632:
3117:
2330:
1347:
4205:
3737:
875:
621:
3532:
1951:
1947:
867:
612:
3607:
3542:
3522:
1403:
3747:
1592:
1514:
204:
924:
3110:
1791:
944:
338:
at the western
Hasinai city of Nabedache. Some consider the residents of Nabedache to have been a distinct people designated by that name.
4128:
4103:
4083:
3517:
2965:
1969:
1781:
1756:
1688:
1534:
929:
913:
3877:
3657:
3482:
2089:
1718:
1693:
1597:
357:
In 1690, the
Hasinai numbered in the vicinity of 10,000 people or a little more. By 1720, as a result of infectious diseases such as
584:
1362:
of
Indigenous tribe / people absorbed into other tribe(s) / headquartered in Oklahoma today
3622:
2534:
1771:
449:
4123:
4088:
4053:
3892:
3762:
3612:
3567:
3041:
1879:
1612:
905:
653:
4033:
3827:
3802:
3722:
3414:
3158:
2554:
2119:
1504:
1494:
208:
2871:
2623:
2499:
2262:
2074:
1622:
1559:
1539:
1305:
836:
407:
4038:
3587:
2902:
2881:
2440:
2400:
2184:
1806:
1761:
1668:
1637:
4133:
3902:
3487:
3472:
3346:
2834:
2808:
2633:
2569:
2519:
1844:
1811:
1418:
3742:
3497:
2430:
2315:
2297:
2149:
2084:
3912:
2189:
1519:
1698:
29:
4195:
3847:
3702:
3672:
3231:
2593:
2365:
2335:
2069:
219:
4138:
3872:
3862:
3822:
3697:
3429:
3364:
3051:
2861:
2741:
2688:
2638:
2549:
2224:
2219:
2179:
600:
1874:
3807:
3527:
3374:
3317:
3251:
3236:
3034:
2716:
2282:
2014:
1766:
1751:
1678:
1008:
973:
841:
125:
4001:
3935:
3882:
3777:
3444:
3409:
3399:
3340:
2267:
2009:
1974:
1617:
1407:
934:
212:
3677:
1829:
609:
3572:
3424:
3296:
3081:
3004:
2199:
2034:
1564:
1509:
1295:
998:
751:
351:
1673:
1280:
1235:
1185:
4063:
3359:
3286:
3261:
3226:
3206:
3009:
2970:
2917:
2668:
2618:
2603:
2539:
2524:
2477:
2239:
2129:
1959:
1859:
1746:
1220:
1210:
774:
761:
646:
385:
223:
2844:
1250:
1225:
4148:
3960:
3692:
3687:
3547:
3394:
3330:
3311:
3246:
3241:
3173:
3056:
2698:
2613:
2514:
2467:
2370:
2350:
2257:
2174:
2109:
2044:
1452:
1359:
1265:
1190:
1003:
38:
3266:
326:
4174:
3975:
3682:
3439:
3419:
3201:
3133:
2907:
2897:
2803:
2658:
2544:
2509:
2457:
2425:
2390:
2385:
2325:
2307:
2272:
2214:
2164:
2124:
2039:
1834:
1796:
1741:
1524:
1487:
1270:
1260:
988:
978:
580:
200:
1369:
1290:
1275:
1240:
1230:
4118:
3955:
3907:
3857:
3797:
3712:
3637:
3627:
3602:
3557:
3404:
3354:
3335:
3325:
3276:
3271:
2939:
2934:
2922:
2866:
2856:
2683:
2487:
2405:
2340:
2049:
1896:
1869:
1839:
1642:
1632:
1200:
1058:
1018:
1013:
963:
958:
953:
113:
109:
1045:
4011:
3965:
3717:
3662:
3652:
3512:
3434:
3291:
3221:
3216:
3196:
3163:
3046:
2987:
2944:
2927:
2912:
2673:
2643:
2375:
2139:
2104:
2094:
2054:
1776:
1723:
1683:
1607:
1569:
1442:
1402:
1149:
993:
616:
604:
453:
481:
4093:
4078:
4068:
3970:
3707:
3537:
3492:
3389:
3301:
3256:
3086:
3019:
3014:
2949:
2731:
2598:
2445:
2169:
2019:
1994:
1984:
1499:
1325:
1313:
1064:
983:
968:
831:
805:
639:
422:
417:
190:
34:
446:
4189:
3950:
3945:
3837:
3787:
3782:
3767:
3757:
3752:
3502:
3379:
3191:
3168:
3029:
2849:
2778:
2736:
2693:
2653:
2628:
2482:
2415:
2410:
2380:
2229:
2204:
2114:
2064:
1979:
1916:
1849:
1602:
1549:
1457:
1309:
1285:
1245:
1204:
1166:
1073:
622:
Tides.sfasu.edâTexas Tides: Location of the Tribes of the
Hasinai Confederacy in 1716
390:
157:
246:, from a form of greeting meaning "friend", which gave the state of Texas its name.
4153:
4108:
4058:
4048:
4028:
3996:
3897:
3852:
3832:
3617:
3597:
3562:
3477:
3462:
3281:
3153:
3076:
2876:
2839:
2708:
2608:
2559:
2462:
2420:
2194:
2159:
2024:
1999:
1926:
1911:
1901:
1889:
1801:
1786:
1703:
1658:
1154:
1139:
1091:
1054:
856:
851:
177:
129:
547:
Peace Came in the Form of a Woman: Indians and
Spaniards in the Texas Borderlands
4006:
3887:
3867:
3732:
3592:
3582:
3467:
3211:
2977:
2829:
2773:
2721:
2435:
2292:
2079:
1989:
1933:
1884:
1663:
1554:
1529:
1482:
1467:
1321:
1107:
1040:
790:
736:
728:
718:
395:
380:
347:
173:
4043:
3940:
3812:
3727:
3642:
3552:
3102:
2726:
2678:
2648:
2588:
2395:
2154:
1964:
1906:
1864:
1854:
1708:
1587:
1119:
810:
693:
375:
153:
3817:
3647:
2798:
2788:
2768:
2663:
2472:
2360:
2252:
2029:
1713:
1627:
1158:
1131:
1111:
769:
741:
683:
145:
71:
626:
346:
It is estimated that in 1520, the people who would become the
Hasinai, the
4016:
3980:
3930:
3792:
3577:
3024:
2992:
2209:
2134:
1477:
1472:
1358:
extinct language / extinct tribe / early,
1317:
1180:
846:
795:
358:
97:
4023:
3507:
3384:
3306:
2999:
2982:
2813:
2793:
2247:
2144:
1462:
1331:
1300:
1195:
1174:
1162:
1143:
1085:
1077:
1069:
713:
370:
238:
means "our own people" in
Caddoan. The Spanish knew the Hasinai as the
169:
3369:
2580:
2450:
2099:
2004:
1255:
1215:
1170:
1135:
1127:
1123:
1115:
1103:
1095:
1050:
815:
800:
746:
708:
703:
698:
688:
678:
335:
165:
161:
149:
141:
631:
4113:
2783:
2529:
2059:
1921:
1081:
900:
662:
412:
325:
215:
83:
4073:
597:
3106:
1373:
871:
635:
218:
in eastern Texas. Today, their descendants are enrolled in the
549:(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007) p. 20
521:
The Indian
Southwest, 1580-1830: Ethnogenesis and Reinvention
579:. Richardson, TX: Various Indian Peoples Publishing, 2003.
610:
Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture â The Hasinai
495:
Barnes, Thomas C.; Naylor, Thomas H.; Polzer, Charles W.
330:
The historic domain of the Hasinai and other Caddo tribes
447:
2011 Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial Directory.
334:
During the 17th century, the Hasinai traded with the
627:
Texasbeyondhistory.net: Life and Times of the Caddo
3989:
3921:
3453:
3182:
2958:
2890:
2822:
2761:
2754:
2707:
2579:
2568:
2498:
2349:
2306:
2238:
1946:
1820:
1732:
1651:
1578:
1441:
1432:
1340:
1027:
943:
912:
783:
760:
727:
669:
428:
El Camino Real de los Tejas National Historic Trail
135:
119:
103:
56:
46:
523:(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999) p. 44
361:, the Hasinai population had fallen to 2,000.
3118:
1385:
883:
647:
8:
22:
194:
3125:
3111:
3103:
2758:
2576:
1438:
1392:
1378:
1370:
890:
876:
868:
654:
640:
632:
28:
21:
3633:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
1348:Sam Houston and Native American relations
577:Nusht'uhtiÊtiÊ Hasinay: Caddo Phrasebook
598:The Hasinai Society of the Caddo Nation
439:
476:
474:
484:. Texas State Historical Association.
7:
498:Northern New Spain: A Research Guide
57:Regions with significant populations
4104:Norse colonization of North America
457:Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission.
207:who occupied territory between the
16:Indigenous southeastern Texas tribe
4201:Native American tribes in Oklahoma
1408:Mississippian and related cultures
14:
4211:Native American history of Texas
1401:
899:
90:
76:
64:
4206:Native American tribes in Texas
4124:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
3042:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
906:Native American tribes in Texas
459:2011: 7. Retrieved 20 Aug 2013.
199:) was a large confederation of
1424:Timeline of Mississippi valley
1:
2624:Grand Village of the Illinois
1306:Wichita and Affiliated Tribes
837:Caddoan Mississippian culture
408:Caddoan Mississippian culture
4089:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
4039:Eastern Agricultural Complex
2401:Grand Village of the Natchez
41:, ancestral Hasinai homeland
3473:Bandelier National Monument
3347:List of Mississippian sites
3134:Pre-Columbian North America
1419:List of Mississippian sites
4227:
3893:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
3498:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
3207:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
930:Kickapoo Traditional Tribe
4162:
4134:Three Sisters agriculture
3140:
3069:
1414:
1356:
824:
140:
124:
108:
61:
51:
27:
3673:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
3232:Buttermilk Creek complex
2336:Naval Live Oaks Cemetery
220:Caddo Nation of Oklahoma
3873:Town Creek Indian Mound
3843:Sierra de San Francisco
3698:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
2966:Ballgame (Southeastern)
2862:Long-nosed god maskette
2742:SunWatch Indian Village
2689:Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs
2550:Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village
519:Gary Clayton Anderson,
501:. University of Arizona
365:Closely related peoples
195:
3528:Coso Rock Art District
3415:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
3318:List of Hopewell sites
2717:Alligator Effigy Mound
2331:Hickory Ridge Cemetery
2283:Leon-Jefferson culture
1679:Caborn-Welborn culture
842:Caddoan village bundle
331:
126:Native American Church
3936:Arlington Springs Man
3778:Portsmouth Earthworks
1446:and Upper Mississippi
1028:Historical Indigenous
935:Ysleta del Sur Pueblo
329:
136:Related ethnic groups
4144:Transoceanic contact
4034:Container Revolution
3608:Gila Cliff Dwellings
3573:Etowah Indian Mounds
3005:Earth/fertility cult
2709:Fort Ancient culture
1593:Dogtooth Bend Mounds
1579:Lower Ohio River and
1565:Steed-Kisker culture
945:Indigenous languages
914:Federally recognized
775:Natchitoches (Lower)
752:Natchitoches (Upper)
560:The Indian Southwest
534:The Indian Southwest
342:Historic populations
226:Tribe of Louisiana.
4064:Green Corn Ceremony
3878:Turkey River Mounds
3668:Lake Jackson Mounds
3488:Blue Spring Shelter
3010:Green Corn Ceremony
2570:Upper Mississippian
2520:Blue Spring Shelter
2240:Fort Walton culture
1694:Hovey Lake District
575:Edmonds, Randlett.
187:Hasinai Confederacy
24:
4149:Underwater panther
3823:Rosenstock Village
3693:Marmes Rockshelter
3678:L'Anse aux Meadows
3092:de Soto Expedition
3057:Underwater panther
2903:Central Algonquian
2614:Fisher Mound Group
2258:Apalachee Province
2225:Waddells Mill Pond
615:2010-10-18 at the
603:2014-12-19 at the
452:2012-04-24 at the
332:
39:Nacogdoches, Texas
4183:
4182:
4175:Pre-Columbian era
3976:Spirit Cave mummy
3773:Plum Bayou Mounds
3683:Lynch Quarry Site
3202:Ancient Beringian
3100:
3099:
3065:
3064:
2750:
2749:
2366:Atchafalaya Basin
2308:Pensacola culture
2273:Fort Walton Mound
2165:Punk Rock Shelter
2125:Mouse Creek phase
1948:South Appalachian
1942:
1941:
1821:Central and Lower
1762:Castalian Springs
1752:Brentwood Library
1652:Middle Ohio River
1505:Emerald Acropolis
1367:
1366:
925:AlabamaâCoushatta
865:
864:
663:Caddo Confederacy
482:"Hasinai Indians"
183:
182:
4218:
4119:Projectile point
3956:Leanderthal Lady
3883:Upward Sun River
3858:Stallings Island
3848:Shell ring sites
3798:Recapture Canyon
3713:Moorehead Circle
3558:El Fin del Mundo
3543:Cueva de la Olla
3349:
3336:Maritime Archaic
3320:
3150:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3104:
2867:Mill Creek chert
2857:Duck River cache
2759:
2577:
2341:Pensacola people
2135:Muscogee (Creek)
1975:Bell Field Mound
1689:Hovey Lake-Klein
1643:Wickliffe Mounds
1618:Rowlandton Mound
1535:Lunsford-Pulcher
1439:
1406:
1405:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1371:
1030:peoples of Texas
904:
903:
892:
885:
878:
869:
656:
649:
642:
633:
563:
556:
550:
543:
537:
530:
524:
517:
511:
510:
508:
506:
492:
486:
485:
478:
469:
466:
460:
444:
205:Native Americans
198:
96:
94:
93:
82:
80:
79:
70:
68:
67:
47:Total population
32:
25:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4196:Caddoan peoples
4186:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4170:Genetic history
4158:
4012:Ceremonial pipe
3985:
3966:Minnesota Woman
3923:
3917:
3738:Ocmulgee Mounds
3718:Morrison Mounds
3663:Kolomoki Mounds
3653:Kimball Village
3513:Candelaria Cave
3455:
3449:
3430:Suwannee Valley
3365:Old Cordilleran
3345:
3316:
3184:
3178:
3144:
3136:
3131:
3101:
3096:
3082:Clarksdale bell
3061:
3047:Stone box grave
2988:Ceremonial pipe
2954:
2913:Mobilian Jargon
2886:
2818:
2746:
2703:
2571:
2564:
2501:
2494:
2352:
2345:
2302:
2234:
2180:Rucker's Bottom
1970:Beaverdam Creek
1950:
1938:
1822:
1816:
1777:Hiwassee Island
1734:
1728:
1719:Welborn Village
1647:
1608:Millstone Bluff
1581:Confluence area
1580:
1574:
1570:Sugarloaf Mound
1510:Emmons Cemetery
1445:
1443:American Bottom
1434:
1428:
1410:
1400:
1398:
1368:
1363:
1352:
1336:
1150:Cherokee, Texas
1034:Oklahoma today)
1033:
1032:(Several are in
1031:
1029:
1023:
947:
939:
918:
915:
908:
898:
896:
866:
861:
820:
779:
756:
723:
665:
660:
617:Wayback Machine
605:Wayback Machine
594:
572:
567:
566:
557:
553:
544:
540:
531:
527:
518:
514:
504:
502:
494:
493:
489:
480:
479:
472:
467:
463:
454:Wayback Machine
445:
441:
436:
404:
367:
344:
324:
311:
232:
91:
89:
87:
77:
75:
65:
63:
42:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4224:
4222:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4188:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4094:Mound Builders
4091:
4086:
4081:
4079:Medicine wheel
4076:
4071:
4069:Horned Serpent
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3927:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3808:Roberts Island
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3743:Old Stone Fort
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3708:Moaning Cavern
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3658:Kincaid Mounds
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3538:Cuarenta Casas
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3493:Bluefish Caves
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3459:
3457:
3454:Archaeological
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3252:Caloosahatchee
3249:
3244:
3239:
3237:Caborn-Welborn
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3188:
3186:
3183:Archaeological
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3107:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3087:Mound Builders
3084:
3079:
3074:
3073:Related topics
3070:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3035:Village bundle
3027:
3022:
3020:Platform mound
3017:
3015:Horned Serpent
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2882:Stone statuary
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2732:Leo Petroglyph
2729:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2669:Moccasin Bluff
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2619:Gentleman Farm
2616:
2611:
2606:
2604:Carcajou Point
2601:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2574:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2535:Caddoan Mounds
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2321:Dauphin Island
2318:
2312:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2244:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1995:Bussell Island
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1954:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1747:Beasley Mounds
1744:
1738:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1655:
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1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1598:Kincaid Mounds
1595:
1590:
1584:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1515:Horseshoe Lake
1512:
1507:
1502:
1500:Dickson Mounds
1497:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1447:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1374:
1365:
1364:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1342:
1341:Related topics
1338:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1326:Wichita proper
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
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1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1198:
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1188:
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1178:
1152:
1147:
1089:
1067:
1062:
1048:
1043:
1037:
1035:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
950:
948:
941:
940:
938:
937:
932:
927:
921:
919:
910:
909:
897:
895:
894:
887:
880:
872:
863:
862:
860:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
832:Caddo language
829:
828:Related topics
825:
822:
821:
819:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
787:
785:
781:
780:
778:
777:
772:
766:
764:
758:
757:
755:
754:
749:
747:Nasoni (Upper)
744:
739:
733:
731:
725:
724:
722:
721:
716:
711:
709:Nasoni (Lower)
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
675:
673:
667:
666:
661:
659:
658:
651:
644:
636:
630:
629:
624:
619:
607:
593:
592:External links
590:
589:
588:
571:
568:
565:
564:
551:
545:Juliana Barr,
538:
525:
512:
487:
470:
461:
438:
437:
435:
432:
431:
430:
425:
423:Yowani Choctaw
420:
418:Caddo language
415:
410:
403:
400:
399:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
366:
363:
343:
340:
323:
320:
310:
307:
231:
228:
181:
180:
138:
137:
133:
132:
122:
121:
117:
116:
106:
105:
101:
100:
59:
58:
54:
53:
49:
48:
44:
43:
35:Angelina River
33:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4223:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4054:Falcon dancer
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3990:Miscellaneous
3988:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3961:Melbourne Man
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3951:La Brea Woman
3949:
3947:
3946:Kennewick Man
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3920:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3838:Serpent Mound
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3788:Pueblo Bonito
3786:
3784:
3783:Poverty Point
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3768:Pinson Mounds
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3758:Painted Bluff
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3638:Horr's Island
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3568:Effigy Mounds
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3533:Crystal River
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3445:Weeden Island
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3410:Safety Harbor
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3400:Poverty Point
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3380:Paleo-Indians
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3341:Mississippian
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3181:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3128:
3123:
3121:
3116:
3114:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3030:Sacred bundle
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2850:Wulfing cache
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2835:Copper plates
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2809:Three Sisters
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2779:Little barley
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2737:Serpent Mound
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2699:Summer Island
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2502:Mississippian
2497:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2353:Mississippian
2348:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2268:CorbinâTucker
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2175:Roods Landing
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2115:Moccasin Bend
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2045:Hoojah Branch
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1952:Mississippian
1949:
1945:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1875:Menard-Hodges
1873:
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1812:Swallow Bluff
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1733:Tennessee and
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1603:Marshall Site
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1435:Mississippian
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1409:
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1360:obsolete name
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664:
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585:1-884655-00-9
582:
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85:
73:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
36:
31:
26:
4154:Water glyphs
4109:Oasisamerica
4099:N.A.G.P.R.A.
4059:Folsom point
4049:Effigy mound
4029:Clovis point
3997:Aridoamerica
3898:Wickiup Hill
3853:Spiro Mounds
3833:Salmon Ruins
3828:Russell Cave
3623:Helen Blazes
3618:Grimes Point
3598:Fort Juelson
3588:Fort Ancient
3563:El Vallecito
3523:Chaco Canyon
3463:Angel Mounds
3425:Steed-Kisker
3375:Paleo-Arctic
3297:Glacial Kame
3282:Fort Ancient
3174:Post-Classic
3145:
3077:Chevron bead
2983:Burial mound
2877:Shell gorget
2845:Spiro plates
2840:Rogan plates
2659:Knoll Spring
2634:Hartley Fort
2594:Beattie Park
2478:Transylvania
2316:Bottle Creek
2278:Lake Jackson
2160:Pisgah phase
2090:Little Egypt
2040:Garden Creek
2025:Dallas phase
1912:Tipton phase
1890:Nodena phase
1787:Mound Bottom
1772:Fewkes Group
1757:Brick Church
1659:Angel Mounds
1525:Kuhn Station
1520:John Chapman
1155:Coahuiltecan
1136:Lower Nasoni
1099:
1055:Lipan Apache
999:Tamaulipecan
974:Coahuiltecan
857:Turkey dance
852:Spiro Mounds
784:Other groups
762:Natchitoches
670:
576:
559:
554:
546:
541:
533:
528:
520:
515:
503:. Retrieved
497:
490:
464:
456:
442:
386:Natchitoches
356:
352:Natchitoches
345:
333:
316:
312:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:Variants of
248:
243:
239:
235:
233:
224:Natchitoches
186:
184:
178:Caddo people
176:, and other
130:Christianity
19:Ethnic group
4139:Thunderbird
4007:Black drink
3971:Peñon woman
3908:Winterville
3888:Velda Mound
3868:Taos Pueblo
3763:Parkin Park
3748:Orwell site
3733:Nodena site
3628:Holly Bluff
3603:Four Mounds
3593:Fort Center
3518:Casa Grande
3468:Anzick site
3360:Monongahela
3287:Fort Walton
3262:Coles Creek
3227:Belle Glade
3212:Anishinaabe
3052:Thunderbird
2978:Black drink
2830:Emmons mask
2774:Chenopodium
2762:Agriculture
2684:Plum Island
2639:Hotel Plaza
2488:Winterville
2468:Scott Place
2406:Holly Bluff
2326:Fort Walton
2080:Lamar phase
1934:Walls phase
1830:Belle Meade
1823:Mississippi
1767:Dunbar Cave
1669:Annis Mound
1664:Angel phase
1638:Ware Mounds
1633:Twin Mounds
1483:Ramey state
1468:Monks Mound
1108:Kadohadacho
737:Kadohadacho
729:Kadohadacho
381:Kadohadacho
348:Kadohadacho
52:under 5,757
4190:Categories
4084:Metallurgy
4044:Eden point
3941:Buhl Woman
3813:Rock Eagle
3803:River Styx
3728:Mummy Cave
3723:Moundville
3703:Mesa Verde
3688:Marksville
3435:Tchefuncte
3395:Plaquemine
3331:Las Palmas
3247:Calf Creek
3242:Cades Pond
2789:Marshelder
2674:Oak Forest
2644:Hoxie Farm
2458:Pocahontas
2351:Plaquemine
2288:Letchworth
2220:Town Creek
2155:Park Mound
2120:Moundville
2105:Mandeville
2095:Long Swamp
2055:Jere Shine
1907:Quigualtam
1855:Chucalissa
1742:Backusburg
1735:Cumberland
1724:Yankeetown
1709:Slack Farm
1684:Ellerbusch
1588:Adams site
1495:Cloverdale
1120:Nacogdoche
1004:Tanpachoan
694:Nacogdoche
570:References
558:Anderson,
532:Anderson,
468:Edmonds 27
376:Chitimacha
309:Government
203:-speaking
154:Nacogdoche
88:currently
37:, west of
4129:Stickball
3818:Rock Hawk
3648:Key Marco
3440:Troyville
3420:St. Johns
3405:Red Ocher
3164:Formative
2918:Muskogean
2891:Languages
2804:Sunflower
2664:Mero site
2599:Blood Run
2253:Apalachee
2200:Summerour
2140:Nacoochee
1897:Owl Creek
1792:Riverview
1782:Link Farm
1674:Bone Bank
1628:Turk Site
1623:Towosahgy
1488:Woodhenge
1201:Karankawa
1159:Ervipiame
1132:Nanatsoho
1112:Nabedache
770:Doustioni
742:Nanatsoho
684:Nabedache
253:include:
234:The name
168:(Lower),
146:Nabedache
104:Languages
72:Louisiana
62:formerly
4017:Chanunpa
4002:Ballgame
3981:Vero man
3931:Anzick-1
3903:Windover
3863:SunWatch
3793:Rassawek
3613:Glenwood
3503:Brewster
3355:Mogollon
3326:La Jolla
3312:Hopewell
3272:Deptford
3185:cultures
3025:Red Horn
2993:Chanunpa
2971:Northern
2959:Religion
2940:Timucuan
2908:Cherokee
2694:Schwerdt
2654:Juntunen
2629:Griesmer
2572:cultures
2525:Bluffton
2411:Jaketown
2376:Fitzhugh
2230:Wilbanks
2210:Tomotley
2185:Savannah
2150:Ocmulgee
2130:Mulberry
2065:Joe Bell
1985:Biltmore
1980:Bessemer
1845:Campbell
1807:Old Town
1613:Orr-Herl
1550:Orendorf
1545:Mitchell
1478:Mound 72
1473:Mound 34
1458:Big Eddy
1318:Tawakoni
1296:Tomoacas
1271:Saracuam
1261:Pulacuam
1181:Comanche
1059:Querecho
1014:Tonkawan
979:Cotoname
959:Atacapan
847:Dush-toh
806:Ouachita
796:Cahinnio
613:Archived
601:Archived
450:Archived
402:See also
359:smallpox
350:and the
295:Assinais
291:Asinayes
222:and the
196:HasĂinay
120:Religion
98:Oklahoma
4166:Related
4024:Chunkey
3924:remains
3913:Wupatki
3753:Paquime
3643:HuĂĄpoca
3508:Cahokia
3478:Bastian
3385:Patayan
3307:Hohokam
3292:Fremont
3267:ComondĂș
3222:Baytown
3217:Avonlea
3197:Alachua
3169:Classic
3159:Archaic
3147:Periods
3000:Chunkey
2945:Tunican
2923:Natchez
2898:Caddoan
2872:Pottery
2823:Artwork
2814:Tobacco
2794:Pumpkin
2755:Culture
2609:Fifield
2540:Gahagan
2515:Belcher
2500:Caddoan
2483:Venable
2446:Natchez
2431:Mazique
2386:Fosters
2381:Flowery
2371:Emerald
2248:Anhaica
2205:Taskigi
2170:Rembert
2145:Nikwasi
2110:McMahan
2085:Liddell
1960:Adamson
1870:Janet's
1860:Denmark
1835:Boone's
1797:Sellars
1704:Prather
1463:Cahokia
1453:Aztalan
1332:Yojuane
1314:Taovaya
1301:Tonkawa
1291:Tilijae
1281:Tamique
1276:Semonam
1241:Papanac
1236:Pampopa
1231:Paguame
1196:Jumanos
1175:Xarames
1163:Pajalat
1144:Nechaui
1100:Hasinai
1086:Deadose
1078:Akokisa
1070:Atakapa
1065:Aranama
1019:Wichita
989:Pakawan
964:Borrado
954:Araname
714:Nechaui
671:Hasinai
562:, p. 57
536:, p. 47
371:Arikara
322:History
303:Azinays
299:Azinais
287:Asinaiz
283:Sannaye
251:Hasinai
236:Hasinai
213:Trinity
170:Nechaui
114:English
110:Hasinai
23:Hasinai
3583:Folsom
3548:Cutler
3483:Benson
3370:Oneota
3302:Glades
3277:Folsom
3257:Clovis
3154:Lithic
2935:Siouan
2928:Taensa
2799:Squash
2722:Clover
2581:Oneota
2555:Keller
2545:Hughes
2510:Battle
2451:Taensa
2436:Medora
2426:Mangum
2421:Julice
2416:Jordan
2263:Cayson
2195:Sixtoe
2190:Shiloh
2100:Mabila
2035:Etowah
2015:Citico
2005:Chiaha
2000:Chauga
1917:Tunica
1902:Parkin
1885:Nodena
1880:Murphy
1850:Carson
1699:Murphy
1555:Sleeth
1540:McCune
1530:Larson
1433:Middle
1310:Kichai
1256:Patiri
1246:Pastia
1221:Pachal
1216:Mayeye
1211:Kohani
1205:Copano
1186:Decose
1171:Sijame
1167:Payaya
1128:Nadaco
1124:Nacono
1116:Nabiti
1104:Hainai
1096:Eyeish
1074:Akokna
1051:Apache
994:Solano
984:Garzan
916:tribes
816:Yatasi
801:Eyeish
704:Nadaco
699:Nacono
689:Nabiti
679:Hainai
583:
505:10 May
391:Pawnee
336:Jumano
271:Asenay
267:Assoni
263:Asinai
259:Asenai
255:Hasini
216:rivers
209:Sabine
166:Nasoni
162:Nadaco
158:Nacono
150:Nabiti
142:Hainai
95:
81:
69:
4114:Piasa
3922:Human
3553:Eaker
3456:sites
3390:Plano
3192:Adena
2950:Yuchi
2784:Maize
2769:Beans
2727:Dodge
2679:Palos
2649:Huber
2589:Anker
2560:Spiro
2530:Caddo
2463:Routh
2396:Glass
2391:Ghost
2293:Velda
2215:Toqua
2075:Lamar
2060:Joara
2050:Irene
2020:Coosa
2010:Chota
1990:Blair
1965:Avery
1927:Yazoo
1922:Koroa
1865:Eaker
1802:Obion
1560:Starr
1286:Teyas
1251:Pasxa
1226:Pacoa
1140:Neche
1092:Caddo
1082:Bidai
1046:Anxau
969:Caddo
719:Neche
434:Notes
413:Caddo
279:Senis
275:Cenis
244:Texas
240:Tejas
201:Caddo
191:Caddo
174:Neche
84:Texas
4074:Kiva
2473:Sims
2441:Mott
2361:Anna
2070:King
2030:Dyar
1840:Boyd
1714:Tolu
1322:Waco
1266:Sana
1191:Emet
1041:Adai
1009:Tiwa
811:Tula
791:Adai
581:ISBN
507:2024
396:Tula
230:Name
211:and
185:The
3578:Eva
2298:Yon
242:or
4192::
1324:,
1320:,
1316:,
1312:,
1173:,
1169:,
1165:,
1161:,
1142:,
1138:,
1134:,
1130:,
1126:,
1122:,
1118:,
1114:,
1110:,
1106:,
1102:,
1098:,
1084:,
1080:,
1076:,
1057:,
473:^
305:.
301:,
297:,
293:,
289:,
285:,
281:,
277:,
273:,
269:,
265:,
261:,
257:,
193::
172:,
164:,
160:,
156:,
152:,
148:,
144:,
128:,
112:,
74:,
3126:e
3119:t
3112:v
1393:e
1386:t
1379:v
1328:)
1308:(
1207:)
1203:(
1177:)
1157:(
1146:)
1094:(
1088:)
1072:(
1061:)
1053:(
891:e
884:t
877:v
655:e
648:t
641:v
587:.
509:.
189:(
86:,
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
