447:. In early 1946, Arfa was instrumental in gathering signatures of parliamentary deputies for a petition supporting Iran's complaint before the United Nations Security Council that Soviet forces continued to occupy northern Iran in contravention of an agreement to withdraw. Arfa's actions placed him in the camp of political leaders who tended to perceive malevolent intentions in Soviet policies but benign intentions in British policies. The pro-Soviet/anti-British politicians denounced Arfa in parliament and the press, and consequently Prime Minister Ahmad Qavam insisted that Arfa be dismissed from his post as chief of the general staff. In 1946, Arfa was imprisoned for seven months. He was eventually exonerated, but he was retired summarily from active duty in March 1947.
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in 1950. Nevertheless, Arfa genuinely was disturbed when
Razmara was assassinated in 1951, because he believed the increasing level of political violence threatened the country. He served as minister of roads and communications in the brief government of Prime Minister Hosayn Ala during the month
463:
as premier. Arfa distrusted
Mossadegh and formed a political group, the National Movement, to disrupt gatherings of Mossadegh supporters, whom he considered to be extremists opposed to the continuation of the monarchy and a strong army. The National Movement's newspaper published many articles
407:'s Russian Ballet whom he met in Monaco; they had one daughter, Leila. He subsequently served a brief tour in 1926 as military attaché in London and attended the Staff College in Paris from 1927 to 1929. After his training in France, he was promoted to the rank of
415:
and in 1932 promoted him to the rank of colonel. In 1934, Arfa accompanied Reza Shah on his official visit to Turkey. He was appointed inspector general of the cavalry and armed forces in 1936 and promoted to general in 1939. During the joint
472:, an organizer of street mobs. Arfa became a founding member of the secret committee of military officers, the Committee to Save the Fatherland, formed in 1952 with the objective of overthrowing Mossadegh. Following
476:
that restored the shah to power, he served as Iran's ambassador to Turkey (1958 - 1961) and
Pakistan (1961 - 1962). Subsequently he retired from active government service. He left Iran at the time of the
402:
in 1921. Reza Shah's forceful character left a deep impression on him, and Arfa remained a loyal supporter of the
Pahlavis throughout his life. In 1923, Arfa married Hilda Bewicke, a British ballerina in
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written by Arfa, supporting the shah and respect for Islam. Arfa maintained contact with a variety of political activists, including
Mozaffar Baqai of the Toilers' party, the fiery preacher
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and placed in command of the newly formed
Pahlavi Guards Cavalry Regiment, which he turned into a highly disciplined and professional unit. Reza Shah made him commandant of the
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257:) to an Anglo-Russian mother and Iranian father. His mother, Ludmilla Jervis, was the daughter of a British diplomat and a Russian woman of the aristocratic
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Arfa, Hasan. The Kurds: An
Historical and Political Study. London: Oxford University Press, 1966.
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in 1920, and later, the army. As a cavalry officer, he campaigned against rebellious tribes in
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family. His father, Reza Khan Arfa al-Dowleh, was a veteran
Iranian diplomat serving as
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Arfa became involved in national politics during the 1940s and 1950s. As Chief of the
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in August 1941, the shah appointed Arfa chief of staff in charge of the defenses for
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Arfa received his early education from tutors and later attended private schools in
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Arfa, Hasan. Under Five Shahs. New York: Morrow; London: John Murray, 1964.
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277:. Arfa's parents divorced in 1900, after Arfa and his mother had moved to
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The Coup: 1953, the CIA, and the roots of modern U.S.–Iranian relations
362: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Behind the 1953 Coup in Iran: Thugs, Turncoats, Soldiers, and Spooks
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following
Razmara's assassination, before the parliament voted in
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from 1944 to 1946, he authorized the supply of weapons to the
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443:tribesmen who opposed the autonomous government of
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
510:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 54, 299.
230:) was an Iranian general and ambassador to the
535:, New York: New Press, The, pp. 151–152,
300:that organization sponsored his training as a
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8:
398:, at the outset of the campaign against the
1057:Exiles of the Iranian Revolution in Monaco
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428:(r. 1941 - 1979), appointed Arfa chief of
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378:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
498:
553:
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466:Ayatollah Sayyed Abu al-Qasem Kashani
7:
997:Imperial Iranian Army major generals
360:adding citations to reliable sources
58:adding citations to reliable sources
394:(ruled 1926 - 1941), who was then
25:
1042:Russian people of English descent
1037:Russian people of Iranian descent
1032:Iranian people of English descent
1027:Iranian people of Russian descent
506:Rahnema, Ali (24 November 2014).
292:. In 1914, he joined the Iranian
1047:Iranian emigrants to Switzerland
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450:Arfa blamed his successor, Gen.
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239:British military network in Iran
34:
1022:Military personnel from Tbilisi
1017:Ambassadors of Iran to Pakistan
347:needs additional citations for
296:, and during the early part of
265:in Tbilisi; he later served as
237:He was a leading figure in the
45:needs additional citations for
1:
1062:Iranian Gendarmerie personnel
1012:Ambassadors of Iran to Turkey
418:Anglo-Soviet Invasion of Iran
1007:Government ministers of Iran
1052:Iranian emigrants to Monaco
531:Abrahamian, Ervand (2013),
27:Iranian general (1895–1983)
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426:Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi
405:Sergei Pavlovich Diaghilev
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661:Chiefs of the Joint Staff
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308:. He joined the Iranian
148:Arfa as pictured in 1944
653:Iran's regular military
249:Hasan Arfa was born in
474:the 1953 military coup
594:Encyclopaedia Iranica
564:Encyclopaedia Iranica
430:military intelligence
481:of 1979 and died in
356:improve this article
54:improve this article
931:Commanders-in-Chief
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479:Iranian Revolution
461:Mohammad Mossadegh
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590:"ARFAʿ, ḤASAN"
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43:This article
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597:. Retrieved
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567:. Retrieved
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354:Please help
349:verification
346:
328:The Pahlavis
283:
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69:"Hasan Arfa"
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
992:1983 deaths
987:1895 births
942:(1998–2000)
773:Yazdanpanah
701:Yazdanpanah
483:Monte Carlo
452:Ali Razmara
310:gendarmerie
298:World War I
286:Switzerland
228:Monte Carlo
186:Monte Carlo
18:Hassan Arfa
981:Categories
893:Zahirnejad
845:Gharabaghi
588:Azimi, F.
558:Azimi, F.
493:References
445:Azerbaijan
368:April 2017
314:Azerbaijan
306:Swiss army
267:ambassador
245:Early life
226:– 1983 in
220:Hasan Arfa
206:Occupation
200:Aria Party
136:Hasan Arfa
80:newspapers
958:(2005–17)
950:(2000–05)
912:(1988–98)
904:(1984–88)
896:(1981–84)
888:(1980–81)
848:(1978–79)
840:(1971–78)
832:(1969–71)
824:(1965–69)
816:(1961–65)
808:(1955–61)
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781:Baharmast
768:(1950–52)
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728:(1943–44)
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704:(1941–42)
696:(1934–41)
688:(1927–34)
685:Nakhjavan
680:(1926–27)
672:(1925–26)
669:Jahanbani
489:in 1983.
441:Shahsavan
318:Kurdistan
222:(1895 in
939:Shahbazi
909:Shahbazi
877:Shadmehr
693:Zarghami
677:Sheibani
599:20 March
569:20 March
322:Lorestan
963:Mousavi
901:Sohrabi
885:Fallahi
853:Gharani
805:Hedayat
757:Razmara
749:Aghevli
733:Razmara
717:Razmara
582:Sources
302:cavalry
259:Demidov
224:Tbilisi
173:Georgia
165:Tbilisi
94:scholar
955:Salehi
947:Salimi
880:(1980)
872:(1979)
869:Shaker
864:(1979)
861:Farbod
856:(1979)
837:Azhari
821:Aryana
813:Hejazi
792:(1953)
776:(1952)
765:Garzan
752:(1946)
736:(1944)
720:(1943)
539:
514:
487:Monaco
468:, and
422:Tehran
290:Monaco
275:Russia
271:Turkey
190:Monaco
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
789:Riahi
741:Arfaʿ
725:Riazi
709:Arfaʿ
400:Kurds
279:Paris
171:(now
101:JSTOR
87:books
829:Djam
601:2016
571:2016
537:ISBN
512:ISBN
273:and
183:1983
180:Died
162:1895
159:Born
73:news
358:by
269:to
56:by
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550:^
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98:·
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20:)
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