124:
1521:
356:
344:
138:
The word "hapa" entered the
Hawaiian language in the early 1800s, with the arrival of Christian missionaries who instituted a Hawaiian alphabet and developed curriculum for schools. It is a transliteration of the English word "half," but quickly came to mean "part," which could be combined with
247:'Hapa' was chosen because it was the only word we could find that did not really cause us pain. It is not any of the Asian words for mixed Asian people that contain negative connotations either literally (e.g. 'children of the dust,' 'mixed animal') or by association (Eurasian)."
757:
Jonathan
Okamura, professor of ethnic studies at the University of Hawai`i at Manoa, explained that although hapa is a word that describes all people of mixed ancestry, hapa is primarily used to describe people who are half white and half East or Southeast Asian
242:
However, the term, unlike other words referring to mixed-race people, has never been a derogatory term when it is used in its original
Hawaiian context, although there is some debate about appropriate usage outside this context. As Wei Ming Dariotis states,
651:
1520:
172:. In practical terms, however, the term is used as a racial description for whites, with the specific exclusion of Portuguese. Portuguese are traditionally considered to be a separate race in Hawaii.
1895:
849:, p. 76: "'Hapa haole' is a commonly used phrase in Hawaii, employed by all Asian subgroups, but Hawaiian in origin. The phrase literally translates into "of part-white ancestry or origin.""
643:
2488:
1933:
188:
songs had their musical roots in the
Western tradition, and the lyrics were in some combination of English and Hawaiian; these songs first gained popularity outside the
154:
In Hawaii, the term can be used in conjunction with other
Hawaiian racial and ethnic descriptors to specify a particular racial or ethnic mixture. An example of this is
729:, pp. 53–54: "Currently, hapa is often used to refer to anyone of a racially mixed Asian heritage, and even more recently to anyone who is of mixed-race heritage (
1073:, such as the Trask sisters, have spoken out against the co-optation of the Hawaiian language by Hapa organizations and other 'inappropriate' uses of the term."
2468:
2405:
193:
1195:
1877:
705:, p. 437: "The term "hapa" is commonly used to refer to multiracial Asian and Pacific Islanders (APIs) and originates from a Native Hawaiian word.".
1882:
1862:
1450:
546:
84:, the word refers to any person of mixed ethnic heritage, regardless of the specific mixture. The term is used for any multiracial person of partial
2033:
610:
1867:
772:, p. 135: "In the United States, individuals recognized the term as meaning mixed Asian/Pacific Islander or, more popularly, part Asian."
744:
1990:
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1940:
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1980:
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Bernstein, Mary; De la Cruz, Marcie (2009). ""What are You?": Explaining
Identity as a Goal of the Multiracial Hapa Movement".
825:
184:
in which the tune, styling, and/or subject matter is
Hawaiian, but the lyrics are partly, mostly, or entirely in English. Many
986:
Barack Obama, the Aloha Zen
President: How a Son of the 50th State May Revitalize America Based on 12 Multicultural Principles
2390:
1928:
717:, p. 723: "Today, 'hapa' is used to describe any person of mixed East and South East Asian or Pacific Islander descent."
35:
1286:
Ozaki, C. Casey; Johnston, Marc (2009). "The space in between: Issues for multiracial student organizations and advising".
239:
Still others take a stronger stand in discouraging its usage and misuse as they consider the term to be vulgar and racist.
2348:
1923:
1443:
1070:
123:
334:
2026:
1955:
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444:, p. 723: "Thus, for locals in Hawai’i, both hapa or hapa haole are used to depict people of mixed-race heritage."
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Some see the use of the term to refer to mixed Asian people without any connections to Hawaii as a misappropriation of
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2000:
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songs that are partly in
English, thus disqualifying them as "authentic" Hawaiian hula in some venues such as the
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1970:
1887:
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1715:
236:
who see it as hypocritical to protest anyone using what was originally taken from another culture to begin with.
2272:
1658:
1436:
93:
577:
519:
Sunakawa, Ellie; Willmore, Alison; Varner, Will; Rosenberg, Shannon; Nguyen, Dao; Hua, Bryant (May 7, 2015).
30:
This article is about a term for a person of mixed ethnic heritage. For for the
Hawaiian genre of music, see
2019:
211:
554:
2145:
1806:
1768:
1638:
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1159:
461:, p. 137: "Currently, Hawaiian locals use 'hapa' to refer to any individual who is racially mixed."
1263:"Of Children's Plates, Melting Pots, Tossed Salads and Multiple Consciousness: Tales from a Hapa Haole"
1309:"Re-Mix: Rethinking the use of Hapa in Mixedrace Asian/Pacific Islander American Community Organizing"
2368:
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2125:
1778:
1743:
1705:
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subsequently separated into two categories: "Asian" and "Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander".
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644:"Half-Asian People's Association : Find a Student Organization : Student Activities"
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578:"Hapas: Emerging Identity, Emerging Terms and Labels & the Social Construction of Race"
2179:
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1738:
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821:"Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity"
228:
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1031:. Vol. II: Performance and Production. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 450.
926:
611:"Half Asian People's Association strives to 'connect through the disconnects'"
355:
296:
97:
85:
1245:
1217:
1004:
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622:
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92:, or Pacific Islander mixture in California. In what can be characterized as
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1046:
381:
276:
2331:
17:
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412:
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How the Hawaiian word 'hapa' came to be used by people of mixed heritage
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2156:
2084:
1401:
673:
291:
2011:
109:
81:
1299:
2298:
2265:
2067:
1428:
479:. Asian American Studies Today. Rutgers University Press. p.
122:
834:
207:
105:
2015:
1432:
34:. For the psychological theory of health behavior change, see
58:
1131:(2nd ed.). Stone Bridge Press. p. preface page 2.
168:
was "foreigner." Therefore, all non-Hawaiians can be called
954:(2nd ed.). Honolulu, HI, USA: Mutual Publishing, LLC.
745:"The Hapa Project: How multiracial identity crosses oceans"
64:
1307:
Taniguchi, Angela S.; Heidenreich, Linda (June 28, 2006).
1081:
1079:
1202:. Vol. 1. Greenwood Pub Group. pp. 437–443.
1096:
1094:
332:
1066:
1028:
Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World
819:
Office of Management and Budget (October 30, 1997),
769:
730:
547:"Are we using the word 'Hapa' in the wrong context?"
458:
192:
beginning in 1912–1915, and include titles such as "
61:
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55:
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1194:Huynh-Hohnbaum, Anh-Luu T.; Yoo, Grace J. (2009).
910:
833:from the original on January 21, 2017 – via
787:"In Los Angeles, a Festival of Love and Hapa-ness"
472:
702:
751:. University of Hawaii at Manoa. Archived from
674:"Hapa, Asian, and Pacific Islander (H.A.P.I.)"
2027:
1444:
726:
164:states that the original meaning of the word
8:
2406:Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories
1200:Encyclopedia of Asian American Issues Today
521:"31 Things All Half-Asians Know To Be True"
2034:
2020:
2012:
1451:
1437:
1429:
1425:online presentation about the Hapa Project
1198:. In Chen, Wen-Chu; Yoo, Grace J. (eds.).
1196:"Multiracial Asians and Pacific Islanders"
585:Stanford Journal of Asian American Studies
475:Racial Ambiguity in Asian American Culture
407:
405:
2489:Multiracial affairs in the United States
1085:
1069:, p. 38: "Prominent figures in the
380:"Asian or Pacific Islander (API)" was a
139:numbers to form fractions. For example,
1267:UCLA Asian Pacific American Law Journal
1112:
1100:
401:
373:
339:
261:was released about Japanese Canadians.
100:, this latter usage has also spread to
1164:Reel Asian International Film Festival
846:
780:
778:
684:from the original on November 5, 2022
654:from the original on November 5, 2022
413:"Definition of hapa | Dictionary.com"
7:
454:
452:
450:
437:
435:
433:
2469:American people of Oceanian descent
1288:New Directions for Student Services
785:Downes, Lawrence (March 11, 2017).
576:Gamble, Adriane E. (October 2009).
287:Filipino people of Spanish ancestry
206:is also used for Hawaiian-language
194:My Little Grass Shack in Kealakekua
884:; Elbert, Samuel (March 1, 1986).
551:You Offend Me You Offend My Family
25:
1382:Japanese American National Museum
913:Hawaii : an informal history
27:Hawaiian term for mixed ethnicity
1847:Internment of Japanese Americans
1519:
1067:Taniguchi & Heidenreich 2006
770:Taniguchi & Heidenreich 2006
731:Taniguchi & Heidenreich 2006
459:Taniguchi & Heidenreich 2006
354:
342:
48:
1384:. Event occurs at 44:35-45:10.
826:Office of Management and Budget
715:Bernstein & De la Cruz 2009
442:Bernstein & De la Cruz 2009
2391:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa
1376:NeSmith, Richard Keao (2018).
952:Hawaiian Music & Musicians
950:; Berger, John, eds. (2012) .
888:. University of Hawaii Press.
609:Niu, Lian (October 11, 2022).
180:also is the name of a type of
36:Health action process approach
1:
2349:Cherokee freedmen controversy
1160:"2010 Festival Award Winners"
1071:Hawaiian sovereignty movement
917:. Collier-Macmillan. p.
909:Judd, Gerrit Parmele (1961).
703:Huynh-Hohnbaum & Yoo 2009
545:Chew, Erin (March 22, 2016).
119:Historical and Hawaiian usage
678:The City of Portland, Oregon
384:classification prior to the
2479:Ethno-cultural designations
1335:Dariotis, Wei Ming (2007).
2505:
2484:Hawaiian words and phrases
2422:Contemporary ethnic groups
1261:Easley, Allen Ken (1995).
115:Both uses are concurrent.
29:
1896:East and Southeast Asians
1795:Asian Hispanic and Latino
1517:
1409:"new work by kip fulbeck"
1337:"Hapa: The Word of Power"
727:Ozaki & Johnston 2009
471:Ho, Jennifer Ann (2015).
1354:"Who Gets To Be 'Hapa'?"
1254:10.1525/sp.2009.56.4.722
1246:10.1525/sp.2009.56.4.722
989:. Praeger. p. 152.
743:Folen, Alana; Ng, Tina.
94:trans-cultural diffusion
1378:"The Etymology of Hapa"
1352:Johnson, Akemi (2016).
1339:. Mixed Heritage Center
1128:Being Japanese American
1025:Shepherd, John (2003).
755:on September 18, 2009.
255:In 2010, a film called
212:Merrie Monarch Festival
158:(part European/White).
2474:Asian-American culture
1883:Science and technology
1863:Arts and Entertainment
1125:Asakawa, Gil (2015) .
983:Haas, Michael (2011).
135:
1807:Multiracial Americans
126:
2369:Interracial marriage
2364:Interethnic marriage
2146:Eurasian Singaporean
1868:Broadcast journalism
650:. January 26, 2021.
615:The Daily Free Press
76:word for someone of
1906:Model minority myth
1415:. November 18, 2018
1166:. November 14, 2010
948:Kanahele, George S.
886:Hawaiian Dictionary
258:One Big Hapa Family
190:Territory of Hawaii
147:is one-fourth, and
2448:Race of the future
2432:luk khrueng people
882:Pukui, Mary Kawena
791:The New York Times
680:. August 1, 2016.
648:activities.osu.edu
417:www.dictionary.com
317:Race of the future
251:In popular culture
136:
2456:
2455:
2009:
2008:
1313:Research Exchange
862:. Merriam-Webster
835:National Archives
327:Third culture kid
16:(Redirected from
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2151:Filipino Mestizo
2036:
2029:
2022:
2013:
1996:Washington, D.C.
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1315:. McNair Journal
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322:The Hapa Project
282:Filipino mestizo
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226:, but there are
224:Hawaiian culture
151:means majority.
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32:Hapa haole music
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1234:Social Problems
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1294:(123): 53–61.
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102:Massachusetts
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2155:
2131:Anglo-Indian
2116:
2068:
1981:Philadelphia
1901:South Asians
1892:Stereotypes
1873:Demographics
1419:November 19,
1417:. Retrieved
1412:
1381:
1358:. Retrieved
1343:September 2,
1341:. Retrieved
1319:November 19,
1317:. Retrieved
1312:
1291:
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1277:September 2,
1275:. Retrieved
1270:
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1170:November 19,
1168:. Retrieved
1163:
1154:
1142:. Retrieved
1127:
1120:
1113:NeSmith 2018
1108:
1101:Johnson 2016
1062:
1052:November 19,
1050:. Retrieved
1027:
1020:
1010:November 19,
1008:. Retrieved
985:
978:
951:
942:
932:November 19,
930:. Retrieved
912:
904:
885:
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866:September 2,
864:. Retrieved
860:"Hapa Haole"
854:
842:
824:
814:
802:. Retrieved
790:
765:
756:
753:the original
748:
738:
722:
710:
698:
688:December 10,
686:. Retrieved
677:
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658:December 10,
656:. Retrieved
647:
638:
626:. Retrieved
614:
604:
594:November 18,
592:. Retrieved
588:
584:
571:
561:November 19,
559:. Retrieved
555:the original
550:
540:
530:November 19,
528:. Retrieved
524:
514:
504:November 19,
502:. Retrieved
474:
466:
420:. Retrieved
416:
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234:Kānaka Maoli
233:
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132:Grace Hudson
127:
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40:
2376:Melting pot
2286:Mixed-blood
2175:Luso-Asians
2169:Luk khrueng
2043:Multiracial
1986:Puerto Rico
1929:Los Angeles
1837:Immigration
1769:Singaporean
1639:Bangladeshi
1631:South Asian
847:Easley 1995
628:October 11,
307:Multiracial
302:Luk khrueng
272:Afro-Asians
218:Controversy
78:multiracial
2463:Categories
2141:Dutch Indo
2108:Eurasians
2058:Afro-Asian
1991:Washington
1924:California
1812:Afro-Asian
1779:Vietnamese
1744:Indonesian
1706:Sri Lankan
1543:Hongkonger
1530:East Asian
1273:(1): 75–80
927:1035087443
422:August 20,
297:Hun-Xue-Er
204:Hapa haole
186:hapa-haole
177:Hapa-haole
156:hapa haole
128:Hapa Haole
98:wave model
86:East Asian
18:Hapa haole
2427:Diasporas
2234:Melungeon
2200:Hùnxuě'ér
2112:Amerasian
2075:Coloureds
1956:Louisiana
1817:Amerasian
1759:Malaysian
1729:Cambodian
1681:Pakistani
1671:Maldivian
1649:Bhutanese
1616:Taiwanese
1609:Okinawans
1599:Mongolian
1592:in Hawaii
1580:in Hawaii
1538:Cantonese
1218:422757556
1144:March 17,
1005:714891924
970:808415079
804:March 13,
799:0362-4331
758:American.
623:1094-7337
499:973052426
396:Citations
382:US Census
277:Amerasian
229:kamaʻāina
143:is half,
2441:See also
2321:Quadroon
2313:mameluco
2221:caiçaras
2206:Chindian
2185:Topasses
2180:Macanese
2163:Kristang
2001:Virginia
1961:Maryland
1878:Politics
1842:Military
1734:Filipino
1676:Nepalese
1666:Gujarati
1604:Ryukyuan
1575:Japanese
1548:Macanese
1360:July 15,
1329:Articles
1047:50235133
831:archived
682:Archived
652:Archived
525:BuzzFeed
265:See also
74:Hawaiian
2401:Plaçage
2396:Passing
2359:Exogamy
2342:History
2326:Sacatra
2306:caboclo
2292:mulatos
2259:castizo
2253:Mestizo
2240:mestiço
2229:Marabou
2214:juçaras
2136:Burgher
2118:Bụi đời
2090:Griquas
2085:Basters
1951:Houston
1917:Regions
1829:History
1754:Laotian
1724:Burmese
1686:Punjabi
1644:Bengali
1621:Tibetan
1555:Chinese
1501:Turkmen
1413:hapa.me
1404:podcast
1398:(audio)
1183:Sources
361:Society
335:Portals
196:" and "
149:hapanui
141:hapalua
96:or the
72:) is a
2332:sarará
2273:coyote
2246:ainoko
2104:Dougla
2095:Oorlam
2069:cafuzo
2045:topics
1971:Nevada
1946:Hawaii
1888:Sports
1856:Topics
1701:Telugu
1691:Sindhi
1654:Indian
1587:Korean
1506:Uyghur
1491:Kyrgyz
1486:Kazakh
1481:Baloch
1476:Afghan
1370:Videos
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349:Hawaii
145:hapahā
134:, 1901
110:Oregon
108:, and
82:Hawaii
2415:Lists
2299:pardo
2281:Métis
2266:cholo
2051:Terms
1788:Other
1749:Karen
1739:Hmong
1696:Tamil
1565:Hakka
1511:Uzbek
1496:Tajik
1356:. NPR
1250:JSTOR
1188:Books
581:(PDF)
368:Notes
170:haole
166:haole
162:Pukui
2193:Hapa
2157:Hāfu
1774:Thai
1764:Mien
1421:2018
1362:2019
1345:2013
1321:2018
1292:2008
1279:2013
1214:OCLC
1204:ISBN
1172:2018
1146:2016
1133:ISBN
1054:2018
1043:OCLC
1033:ISBN
1012:2018
1001:OCLC
991:ISBN
966:OCLC
956:ISBN
934:2018
923:OCLC
890:ISBN
868:2013
806:2017
795:ISSN
690:2022
660:2022
630:2022
619:ISSN
596:2018
563:2018
532:2018
506:2018
495:OCLC
485:ISBN
424:2022
292:Hāfu
232:and
208:hula
106:Ohio
44:Hapa
1296:doi
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