304:
evolving towards a recognition that the natural environment had its own intrinsic worth, that native animals and plants are âa priceless heritage to be protected and cherishedâ. Throughout his career as a biologist Harry Frith played a role in bringing about that perceptual change in
Australian society. His influence was widespread, through his researches into the behaviour and ecology of a range of native birds and also kangaroos and the books intended for general readership that he wrote and edited. His leadership of wildlife research within the CSIRO was also significant, as well as the important influence he had on government conservation policy at both State and Federal levels.
188:
218:
of 123 mallee and woodland birds have been recorded within the reserve, although there have been significant declines of some species attributed to the small size of the reserve, its isolation within mostly cleared land and predation by cats and foxes. The reserve's emblematic species, the malleefowl, was last observed there in the 1980s and "is now considered to be locally extinct".
257:(within the CSIRO Wildlife Survey section) from 1960 to 1962. After Francis Radcliffe's resignation and a subsequent competitive selection process, Frith was appointed in May 1961 as officer-in-charge of the Wildlife Survey section. In 1962 the Wildlife Survey section became the Division of Wildlife Research within the CSIRO, with Frith as its chief.
203:). Frith documented the behaviour of the birds and the roles played by each sex. He made observations and conducted experiments on the mounds of soil and fallen vegetation that the malleefowl used to incubate their eggs, with the male bird constantly monitoring the temperature and making adjustments to the mound.
287:
Early in 1980, Frith announced that he would retire as Chief when he reached the age of sixty in April 1981. This decision led to an internal review of the
Division held in October 1980, an event which he found very stressful. The day after the review concluded, Frith suffered a heart attack. He went
217:
In 1963, the area of remnant mallee woodland in which Harry Frith studied the malleefowl was dedicated as a reserve comprising 145 hectares. Isolated and surrounded by cleared farmland, Pulletop Nature
Reserve is nowadays a refuge of natural habitat for many native species within the region. A total
260:
Frith used his position as Chief of the CSIRO Division of
Wildlife Research to foster wildlife conservation by the Australian States and Territories. In 1961 he became a member of the New South Wales Fauna Protection Panel (and its successor the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Advisory Council) and
206:
Frith's 'unofficial' work on the malleefowl was published in nine scientific papers published between 1955 and 1962. His malleefowl research was "one of the first
Australian ecological studies in which rigorous experiments were conducted in the field to test hypotheses". In 1962 Frith published his
98:
Harold James Frith was born on 16 April 1921 at Kyogle, in the north-east corner of New South Wales, the younger of two children of
Richard and Elizabeth Frith. His father was a butcher later based at Lismore. Frith credited his father as a major influence on his early interest in natural history.
170:
and the CSIR research station had been established there in 1926 to carry out horticultural research and provide advice and assistance to the irrigation industry. As an assistant research officer Frith was engaged in experiments with horizontal wind fans to protect orchards against frost. His job
239:
Frith maintained an interest in the development of conservation reserves in northern
Australia and was involved as an advisor in the process of making the Woolwonga Aboriginal Reserve a nature reserve in 1962, an area that included the Bamaroo-gjaja (or âgoose campâ) on the South Alligator River
303:
Frith's life and work encompassed a period of change. When Frith began working for the CSIRO the value of native fauna and flora was seen in economic terms, to be eliminated if perceived or determined to be detrimental to economic activity. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s that mindset changed,
226:
After transferring to the
Wildlife Survey section of the CSIRO, Frith undertook a major study into the ecology of waterfowl, specifically addressing the widespread perception that ducks were causing widespread damage to rice-crops. From 1951 to 1957 he carried out the first scientific survey of
235:
the researchers found that magpie geese depended on moderately deep water for feeding and breeding habitats, and concluded that the geese "would not be a continuing problem to the rice industry; rather the advance of settlement would eliminate the magpie goose from the
Northern Territory".
161:
in the
Riverina district of NSW after Harry gained a position as assistant works manager and technologist at the Griffith Cannery. By May 1946, however, Frith had joined the Griffith Research Station run by the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR, later to become
227:
waterfowl in Australia, making extensive observations along the inland waterways of the Murray-Darling system. The period of Frith's study coincided with flood years interspersed with dry years and his data revealed that breeding in ducks was triggered by rising water levels.
230:
In 1955, the Northern Territory administration requested the CSIRO Wildlife Survey section to investigate the impact of magpie geese on agriculture in northern Australia. The officer-in-charge, Francis Ratcliffe, asked Frith to undertake the task. Working with
252:
In 1956, Frith moved with his family to Canberra as a Principal Research Officer in the CSIRO Wildlife Survey section. In 1960 he led a major research effort on the ecology of the red kangaroo and their impact on the sheep industry. Frith was in charge of the
178:
among rabbit populations. Frith had found himself increasingly drawn to the diverse wildlife of the district and took this opportunity to make wildlife biology the focus of his research. In July 1952 he formally transferred to the Wildlife Survey section.
276:, including a change in management structure that diminished the power of Division Chiefs. During this period of "leading a Division with diminishing resources" Frith was subject to severe stress. In 1980 Frith was appointed Officer of the
108:
Harry and his brother, Alexander, were educated at Lismore High School and Scots College in Sydney. After matriculation Harry Frith studied Agricultural Science at Sydney University, completing the bachelor's degree in 1941.
264:
In 1963, Frith was awarded a Doctorate in Agricultural Science from Sydney University for his work on the malleefowl and Australian waterfowl. His waterfowl research led to the publication in 1967 of his groundbreaking book
148:
in the Sydney city-centre. In September 1944 Frith was commissioned as a lieutenant and appointed as an inspector of food supplies at Land Headquarters in Melbourne.Harry Frith was discharged from the AIF in October 1945.
583:
312:
Frith was the author of more than 100 scientific papers, as well as numerous technical reports and popular articles. He was the author or editor of 14 books on wildlife and conservation, including the following:
295:, near Lismore. He had plans in his retirement to restore the rainforest vegetation on the farm and pursue studies on the birds of the region, but he suffered a second heart attack and died on 28 June 1982.
99:
Harry received his first rifle aged eight years and often accompanied his father to shoot pigeons for the table. On his tenth birthday he received the newly published Neville Cayley's
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281:
401:
133:
In September 1942, the 6th Division was deployed to New Guinea to meet the southward advance of the Japanese Army towards Port Moresby. In December, Frith was posted to the
240:
where Frith and Davies had worked. This began a process of natural environment protection in the Northern Territory that ultimately led to the declaration in 1979 of the
141:
when Australian and US forces sought to re-capture key Japanese beachheads on the northern coast of the Papuan Peninsula. In April 1943, Frith was promoted to sergeant.
214:(1962), "which set the style for a new genre of books on Australian wildlife that combined scientific findings with a writing style that appealed to a wide public".
83:
827:
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included outreach to community and industry groups reporting on the results of his research, which were the subject of a number of his early publications.
342:, Wildlife Conservation School, University of Adelaide: Adelaide ("Paper given at Wildlife Conservation School, University of Adelaide, July, 1966").
174:
In 1951, the officer-in-charge of the CSIRO Wildlife Survey section enlisted Harry Frith to assist with monitoring the spread of the newly released
71:
254:
199:. He had located a small number of breeding birds in remnant mallee woodland on a farm 38 km north of Griffith (22 km south-west of
75:
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817:
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280:(AO) for his "services to the understanding and conservation of Australian wildlife". He had been nominated for the honour by the
74:(RAOU), and prominent among those pressing for reform of the organisation in the late 1960s. He was Secretary-General of the 16th
603:
195:
From 1951, working when he could in his own time separate from work, Harry Frith began to study the ecology and behaviour of the
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130:, but returned to Australia in March 1942 when the division was redeployed to meet the threat of Japan's entry into the war.
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Division of Plant Industry but later transferred to the Division of Wildlife and carried out extensive research on
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Pulletop Nature Reserve near Rankins Springs, the location where Harry Frith carried out his malleefowl research.
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63:. He eventually became Chief of the Division and was instrumental in proposals that led to the establishment of
127:
447:
32:
807:
802:
410:
Proceedings of the 16th International Ornithological Congress, Canberra, Australia, 12â17 August 1974
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Frith left Canberra in January 1982 to take up residence with his family on a small rural holding at
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64:
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589:. National Parks and Wildlife Service, NSW Department of Environment and Conservation. December 2005
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Harry Frith returned to Australia in October 1943 and on November 20 he married Dorothy Killeen at
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557:(Leeton), 29 October 1948, page 3; 'Hot Air on a Frosty Night Controls Frost Damage',
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28:
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27:(16 April 1921 – 28 June 1982) was an Australian administrator and
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After completing his degree at Sydney University, Harry Frith enlisted in the
48:
383:
The Murray Waters: Man, Nature and a River System, Proceedings of a Symposium
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656:
272:
From 1976, the CSIRO was put under increasing financial constraints by the
126:(AIF) in September 1941. He was initially sent to the Middle East with the
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The Flight of the Emu: A Hundred Years of Australian Ornithology 1901â2001
79:
60:
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from 1963 he joined the Northern Territory Wildlife Advisory Council.
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44:
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Breeding of the mallee fowl, Leipoa ocellata Gould (Megapodiidae)
244:(an area which incorporates the Woolwonga Aboriginal Reserve).
696:âFormer CSIRO head diesâ, Canberra Times, 1 July 1982, page 9.
454:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University
321:, C.S.I.R.O. Wildlife Research: Canberra.Reprinted from the
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C.H. Tyndale-Biscoe, J. H. Calaby and S. J. J. F. Davies.
43:. Harry Frith (as he was usually known) first joined the
657:"Biographical entry: Frith, Harold James (1921 - 1982)"
573:(Leeton), 6 April 1948, page 3; 16 August 1949, page 3.
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findings in a book intended for the general public,
166:) under Eric West. Griffith was in the heart of the
641:âC.S.I.R.O. To Make Special Study Of Kangaroosâ,
408:Frith, H. J., & Calaby, J. H. (eds.) (1976),
402:Reader's Digest Complete Book of Australian Birds
367:Frith, H. J., & Costin, A. B. (eds.) (1971),
288:on medical leave and retired the following year.
371:, Penguin Books: Harmondsworth, Middlesex, UK.
405:, Reader's Digest Services: Surry Hills, NSW.
381:Frith, H. J., & Sawer, G. (eds.) (1974),
137:within the 6th Division. He took part in the
8:
813:Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science
778:. Carlton, Vic: Melbourne University Press.
584:"Pulletop Nature Reserve Plan of Management"
724:"RAOU Fellow: Citation. Harold James Frith"
338:Frith, H. J., & Newsome, A. E. (1966),
692:
690:
542:Murray Pioneer and Australian River Record
412:, Australian Academy of Science: Canberra.
16:Australian administrator and ornithologist
448:"Frith, Harold James (Harry) (1921â1982)"
530:Historical Records of Australian Science
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385:, Angus & Robertson: Cremorne, NSW.
282:NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service
72:Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union
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157:Harry and Dorothy Frith relocated to
76:International Ornithological Congress
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390:Birds in the Australian High Country
340:The Kangaroo and the Game Meat Trade
325:, Vol.4, no.1, pp. 31â60, 1959.
475:(Lismore), 2 December 1943, page 4.
333:: The Bird that Builds an Incubator
212:: The Bird that Builds an Incubator
828:20th-century Australian zoologists
823:Officers of the Order of Australia
661:Encyclopedia of Australian Science
452:Australian Dictionary of Biography
86:in 1974. He was an Officer of the
14:
544:(Renmark), 17 March 1938, page 7.
378:, Angus & Robertson: Sydney.
353:, Angus & Robertson: Sydney.
335:, Angus & Robertson: Sydney.
124:Second Australian Imperial Force
70:Harry Frith was a member of the
615:Colin Ward (14 February 2011).
518:. Australian Academy of Science
395:Frith, H. J. (consultant ed.) (
749:"An Appreciation. Harry Frith"
553:âM.I.A. Fight Against Frostâ,
516:"Harold James Frith 1921-1982"
417:Pigeons and Doves of Australia
255:Australian Bird-Banding Scheme
1:
82:in 1974. Frith was elected a
705:âObituary: Dr H. J. Frithâ,
323:C.S.I.R.O. Wildlife Research
168:Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area
838:People from New South Wales
833:University of Sydney alumni
388:Frith, H. J. (ed.) (1976),
146:St Philip's Anglican church
854:
818:Australian ornithologists
747:Davies, S.J.J.F. (1992).
561:, 19 August 1949, page 2.
528:(originally published in
617:"Waterfowl in Australia"
135:2/1st Anti-Tank Regiment
645:, 13 July 1959, page 6.
33:Kyogle, New South Wales
709:, 2 July 1982, page 6.
571:Murrumbidgee Irrigator
559:Murrumbidgee Irrigator
555:Murrumbidgee Irrigator
532:, vol.10, no.3, 1995).
364:, Cheshire: Melbourne.
351:Waterfowl in Australia
267:Waterfowl in Australia
192:
772:Robin, Libby (2001).
684:, 3 May 1961, page 5.
415:Frith, H. J. (1982),
376:Wildlife Conservation
374:Frith, H. J. (1973),
328:Frith, H. J. (1962),
317:Frith, H. J. (1959),
190:
446:Libby Robin (2007).
356:Frith, H. J., &
242:Kakadu National Park
65:Kakadu National Park
37:Agricultural Science
183:Malleefowl research
680:'Canberra Diary',
419:, Rigby: Adelaide.
278:Order of Australia
222:Waterfowl research
193:
139:Buna-Gona campaign
102:What Bird is That?
88:Order of Australia
84:Fellow of the RAOU
20:Harold James Frith
765:10.1071/MU9920123
740:10.1071/MU974259b
274:Fraser government
41:Sydney University
31:. He was born at
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734:(4): 260. 1974.
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331:The Mallee-Fowl
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201:Rankins Springs
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369:Conservation
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176:myxoma virus
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128:6th Division
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57:magpie geese
35:and studied
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808:1982 deaths
803:1921 births
293:Goonellabah
118:War service
797:Categories
717:References
666:7 February
627:4 February
621:CSIROpedia
593:31 January
522:3 February
458:2 February
197:malleefowl
94:Early life
49:malleefowl
399:. 1976),
362:Kangaroos
349:. 1967),
53:waterfowl
360:(1969),
159:Griffith
80:Canberra
78:held in
623:. CSIRO
61:pigeons
782:
602:
299:Legacy
113:Career
59:, and
587:(PDF)
424:Notes
164:CSIRO
45:CSIRO
780:ISBN
668:2021
629:2021
600:ISBN
595:2021
524:2021
460:2021
761:doi
753:Emu
736:doi
728:Emu
39:at
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757:92
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