Haraldr Óláfsson - Knowledge (XXG)

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Scandinavia, the chronicle reports that Haraldr became reconciled with Hákon, who restored him to the kingship. The source reveals that the boundaries of his kingdom were carefully defined by Hákon as the islands which had been previously ruled by Haraldr's father, his uncle (Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson), and his paternal grandfather. The Norwegian king, therefore, not only deliberately excluded the island territories ruled by Clann Somhairle, but limited the possibility of Haraldr becoming in drawn into alignment with Scottish interests like some leading members of Clann Somhairle had been. Upon his return to the Isles, the chronicle states that the Manxmen rejoiced at his arrival; and declares that he afterwards reigned quietly and peacefully, enjoying an alliance of friendship with both the English and Scottish Crowns.

904: 1290: 980: 830: 785:". The precise identity of this man is uncertain. One possibility is that he is identical to Lochlann's foster-son. If the chronicle is in error in its account of the maritime demise of Guðrøðr Óláfsson, and he is indeed identical to the like-named Manx prince on record in Wales, his activities outside the kingdom of his forefathers may have been a consequence of the troubles following the Haraldr's accession. The chronicle's account of the flight to Wales may, therefore, reveal that Lochlann tried and failed to replace Haraldr with an otherwise unknown younger son of Óláfr. If so, the episode would appear to be yet another example of the Crovan dynasty enduring internal strife. 761:, Guðrøðr Óláfsson. There, somewhere along the northern Welsh coast, the chronicle claims that their ship was lost, with Lochlann and his foster-son amongst the dead. Quite why Lochlann was compelled to flee his sovereign is uncertain. The chronicle states that a friend of Haraldr had been slain in the uprising quelled by Lochlann, possibly indicate that the latter fled in fear of the king. Another possibility, is that Lochlann led a coalition opposed to Haraldr. Quite why Lochlann chose to Wales as his destination is also unknown, although the Crovan dynasty certainly had diplomatic and familial connections with the Welsh. In fact, a transaction between 1142:, was slain in Ireland battling the English. The knighting of Haraldr the year previous may well have entailed some act of submission to the Henry, and it is possible that Hákon had consequently recognised Mac Somhairle's kingship in the Isles in response to Haraldr's acceptance of English overtures. An alliance with a ruler of the Isles would have certainly benefited Henry's ongoing military operations in Ireland, and it is possible that it was such a pact that had prompted Mac Somhairle's involvement against the English. Haraldr's subsequent marriage to Cecilía, therefore, may have been a successful attempt by Hákon to lure Haraldr back to his side. 1282:. If such an identification is correct, and if Haraldr's mother was indeed Lauon of Clann Somhairle, the captive Dofnaldus would have been a close kinsman of Haraldr (perhaps a maternal uncle or maternal grandfather). In fact, Haraldr seems to have relied upon Hebridean support as opposed to Manx support during his reign. For example, the chronicle makes note of three sons of a certain Niall who supported Haraldr's cause early in his reign. It is possible that these men were related to a certain Domhnall mac Néill, an obscure figure who faced the brunt of a Scottish royal army in 1221. The latter's patronym suggests that he may have had Hebridean or 1115:, these sources reveal that Hákon gave the hand of his widowed daughter, Cecilía, in marriage to Haraldr. Throughout his long reign, Hákon endeavoured to strengthen his far-flung Norwegian realm. In regard to the Isles, his bestowal of Cecilía in matrimony to Haraldr brought relations between the rulers of the realms to its climax. The compilers of the chronicle clearly considered the union to have elevated Haraldr's prestige above that of his predecessors, as this source claims that Hákon had declared he would hold his new son-in-law "in great glory and exalt the throne of his kingdom above all who ruled before him in the Isles". 1320:. The apparent cooling of relations between Eóghan and Alexander, along with Haraldr's later demise, the resulting kin-strife concerning his succession, and Eóghan's subsequent acceptance of royal powers on Hákon's behalf, could all have contributed to the massed invasion into Argyll by Scottish royal forces within the year. After Alexander demanded Eóghan renounce his allegiance to Hákon, and ordered him to hand over certain mainland and island fortresses, Eóghan apparently withdrew into the northern Hebrides. The unfolding crisis only ended with the Scottish king's untimely death soon afterwards in July. According to 813:

hereditary claim to the kingdom—Hákon ignored other potential claimants, such as other members of the Crovan dynasty and members of Clann Somhairle. About a decade before, when Haraldr's father first gained complete control of the kingdom, Óláfr journeyed to Norway and may have rendered homage to Hákon. Later in 1235 Óláfr rendered homage to Henry, before being called back to Norway the following year. The episode concerning the ejection of Haraldr may well be related to his father's fealty to the English Crown, and appears to indicate that the latter was deposed for not fulfilling his duties as a Norwegian

1151: 1251: 1240: 944:), and the freedom from tolls and customs. The record of this document is the earliest evidence for mineral exploitation on the island, an industry that expanded throughout the island by the century's end. In another charter, Haraldr pledged the protection of the abbey's ships and goods. His amiable interactions with the English abbey contrasted the apparent aggression of his father, who was warned by the English king not to harm the monks or their property. In a further charter, evidenced from a sixteenth-century copy, Haraldr confirmed his father's earlier grant of the lands of " 306:. Although the latter was Guðrøðr Óláfsson's eldest son, and had the support of the Islesmen, Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson's mother was an uncanonical wife or concubine. Haraldr's father, on the other hand, was the product of canonically recognised marriage, and may well have been Guðrøðr Óláfsson's chosen successor. After a period of imprisonment, Rǫgnvaldr had Óláfr marry Lauon, the sister of his own wife. Óláfr, however, managed to have the union nullified, and married Cairistíona. Tensions between the half-brothers turned to outright warfare in the 1220s, in which Rǫgnvaldr's son, 890: 717: 31: 244: 1189:, and the Icelandic annals indicate that Haraldr and Cecilía drowned whilst voyaging from Norway to the Isles. Whilst the former source laments that Harald's death "a cause of grief to all who had known him", the latter states that his death was the "greatest harm and ill-luck" to the Islsemen who "lost so suddenly such a prince, when his voyage to Norway had been so lucky". Since the wreckage of their vessel washed ashore from the south, the saga specifically states that the ship was thought to have been lost south of 703: 789: 1119: 1138:. Although 1247 was also the year of Hákon's royal coronation, and it is possible that the arrival of the Clann Somhairle dynasts was a result of the reimposition of Norwegian overlordship (as appears to have been the case with Haraldr), there may have been other reasons for the arrival of Eóghan and Dubhghall. For example, 1247 was also the year that a prominent member of Clann Somhairle, called "Mac Somhairle" in 1270:

only to be slain on 30 May by a man who appears to have been an accomplice of Rǫgnvaldr and Haraldr's cousin, Haraldr Guðrøðarson. With Rǫgnvaldr out of the way, Haraldr Guðrøðarson successfully seized the throne, and replaced Haraldr's former supporters with proponents of his own. According to the chronicle, one of the men who suffered under Haraldr Guðrøðarson's regime was a certain chieftain called "

7298: 1077: 211:. The act itself brought Haraldr closer within the orbit of the English Crown. Late in 1247, however, Haraldr returned to Norway and married Hákon's daughter, Cecilía, and thereby bound himself closer to the Norwegian Crown. Whilst attempting to return to the Isles in the autumn of 1248, the newly-wed's ship was lost at sea south of 1883:

at the extremity of that Archipelago, and from thence steer a course for Sumburgh Head, keeping to the westward of the Fair Isle. The only thing to be avoided in taking this plan, is getting involved in the furious tide race, known as Sumburgh Roost: this, as we found, extends some miles to the south

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by Henry. The chronicle claims that the event took place in 1247, and elaborates that Haraldr returned home with "much honour, and great gifts". Contemporary English administrative records, however, reveal that the deed took place early in 1246. Specifically, a letter of safe-conduct, issued by the

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Haraldr's death led to what was the final stage of inter-dynastic strife amongst his family. News of Haraldr and Cecilía's death does not appear to have reached Mann until the spring of 1249. According to the chronicle, Haraldr's younger brother, Rǫgnvaldr, succeeded to the kingship on 6 May 1249,

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in maintaining control of the far-flung Norse colonies west over sea. Not only did the calamity deprive the Islesmen of a capable king, but cost the Norwegian Crown a closely connected advocate in the region. Upon learning of the catastrophe, Hákon quickly sent Eóghan west over sea to temporarily

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Although Haraldr attempted to oust Hákon's representatives on several occasions, his successive invasions of Mann from the Hebrides ultimately proved unsuccessful, and the chronicle indicates that he finally journeyed to Norway to render his submission. After a stay of about two or three years in

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After his father's death, Haraldr succeeded to the kingship. Unlike the reign of his father, who temporarily ruled a partitioned kingdom, and endured years of near catastrophic kin-strife, Haraldr appears to have ruled a whole kingdom, and his kingship does not seem to have suffered from serious

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not only transcribed two of Haraldr's charters, but made drawings of the seals which were attached to them. The devices themselves were in poor condition by Hatton's time, as his illustrations show portions of them broken away. It is clear, however, that the seals bore a lion on one side, and a

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by the chapter of Mann. Although Laurence had presented himself in Norway to Haraldr and Sigurðr tapsi Indriðason, Archbishop of Niðaróss, the chronicle reveals that Haraldr had postponed his consecration until the former could be publicly elected in the Isles before king, clergy, and people.

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to his overlord in Norway. Hákon's delegates in the Isles—a certain Gospatric, and Giolla Críost mac Muircheartaigh—are described by the chronicle to have seized control of the island, and taken tribute which was due to the Norwegian king. By sending such emissaries—men apparently without any

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records that he sailed into the Hebridean portion of the kingdom, and left a kinsman named Lochlann as governor on Mann. Lochlann's tenure on the island led to factional strife, and when Haraldr made his return the following spring, the chronicle states that Lochlann fled the island for

1890:] in the swell, and kept vibrating backwards and forwards in these seething tides for weeks at a time. In passing the Roost you should either keep a good offing or steer close to the shore: the latter being I believe the surest method of avoiding the heavy overfalls [ 222:

Haraldr was evidently a popular and capable king who appears to have garnered much of his support from the Hebridean portion of his realm. His untimely death, however, led to the continuation of the vicious kin-strife which had wracked the Crovan dynasty during his father's

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dynastic discord. Haraldr's young age at the time of his accession, and the fact that he had a potential rival in the person of Haraldr Guðrøðarson, suggests that Haraldr had been designated successor during his father's lifetime. Not long after his accession, the

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states that Óláfr died in 1237, and specifies that Haraldr was fourteen-years-old at the time. This would place his birth in about 1222 or 1223, at about the time that Óláfr married his second wife, indicating that either woman could have been Haraldr's mother.

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of the Kingdom of the Isles. It may well have been the place where the Islesmen publicly inaugurated their kings, proclaimed new laws, and resolved disputes. Be that as it may, much of the visible site dates only to the eighteenth-, nineteenth-, and twentieth

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to have done so "by the protection of his seal". To the kings of the Crovan dynasty, whose military strength laid in the power of armed galley-fleets, the symbol of such a vessel upon their seals represented the strength and authority they held in the Isles.

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Haraldr reigned during an apparent lull in an ongoing and vicious struggle over the kingship fought between two rival branches of the Crovan dynasty. This kin-strife had its origins in the late twelfth century, on the death of Haraldr's paternal grandfather,

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is Haraldr's paternal grandfather, who attached such a device to a confirmation charter granted in about 1154. Although none of the original seals borne by the Crovan dynasty have survived, several were documented by sixteenth- and seventeenth-century

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appears to have claimed ultimate authority in the Isles. In fact, on several occasions during the reigns of Haraldr's royal predecessors, leading Islesmen sought recognition and protection from Norwegian monarchs. The ruler of Norway during Haraldr's

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Vestigia Insulæ Manniæ Antiquiora, or a Dissertation on the Armorial Bearings of the Isle of Man, the Regalities and Prerogatives of its Ancient Kings, and the Original Usages, Customs, Privileges, Laws, and Constitutional Government of the Manx

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and Shetland, and in shaping a course from the main land of Scotland to Shetland some allowance ought to be made for this. Indeed, probably the best method of making the passage would he to keep the Orcadian land aboard till you reach the

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Early in his reign, Haraldr was forced to contend with an apparent coup perpetrated by a kinsman and perhaps an otherwise unknown younger brother. Following this, Haraldr was then ejected from Mann by envoys of his father's overlord,

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The inscription of the vessel may date to about the time of the Crovan dynasty, possibly from about the eleventh- to the thirteenth century. The vessel appears to be similar to those that appear on seals borne by members of the

1324:, Alexander had made it clear that he had no intention of turning back until he had acquired control of the western Norwegian dominions within his sights. Within about two decades, such desires would be fully realised by his 871:

in 1731. Waxen seals affixed to acta not only served to authenticate the written documents, but also physically symbolise the authority and significance of them. For example, when Hákon formally confirmed the kingship of

318:, Óláfr and Guðrøðr Dond temporarily shared control of the Crovan dynasty's partitioned realm. When the latter was killed in 1231, Óláfr assumed control of the entire kingdom, and ruled it peacefully until his own death. 1767:

whilst ignoring other claimants. With the latter's untimely death not long afterwards, Hákon seems to have been responsible for the partitioning of the Crovan dynasty's domain between Óláfr, and Guðrøðr Dond, Óláfr's

1044:, this title appeared on the legend of seals borne by the dynasty. It is unknown whose emblems these men were referring to, although they may well have been those of Haraldr. These titles are an equivalent of the 921:

Existing remains of two Manx churches recorded in acta dating to Haraldr's reign. The church of St Runius was drastically altered in the eighteenth century. The church of St Ninian is largely a fourteenth-century

310:, was captured and mutilated by Óláfr. Rǫgnvaldr was slain battling Óláfr in 1229, after which the latter gained complete control of the kingdom. In the 1230s, during a period of heightened tensions between the 1278:". This man is stated to have been held in high esteem by Haraldr, but held a prisoner by Haraldr Guðrøðarson. Although the identity of this man is uncertain, he could be identical to Domhnall, the eponym of 1884:

of the Shetland Islands, and in rough weather the sea is frightful, even in calm weather the danger is considerable, and there are instances narrated of vessels which have been dismasted [

673:, a formidable ruler who spent the latter part of his reign focused on foreign policy and strengthening royal authority throughout far-flung Norse colonies such as the Isles. At the same time the 1391: 1722:("assembly"). These sites, and others now lost, may have been established before the dominance of Manx-based kings and their national assembly site. Although the Manx site is first noted by the 160:, although the identity of his mother is uncertain. When his father died in 1237, Haraldr succeeded to the kingship as a fourteen-year-old, and held the kingship for about a decade afterwards. 172:. Unable to overcome Hákon's supporters in the Isles, Haraldr eventually submitted to Hákon in Norway, and remained there for about two or three years before being restored in the Isles. 8490: 5924: 1813:, a man who met Hákon in 1248/1249, the year after the king's coronation. The emphasise that Matthew placed upon the Norwegian realm's sea power appears to be underscored in the 1826:

Cecilía was one of at least two illegitimate children of Hákon. Her mother was a certain Kanga, a woman of whom nothing else is known. Cecilía had previously been married to a

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McDonald, RA (2016). "Sea Kings, Maritime Kingdoms and the Tides of Change: Man and the Isles and Medieval European Change, AD c1100–1265". In Barrett, JH; Gibbon, SJ (eds.).

1056:("king of the islands of the foreigners") first recorded in 989, a style almost certainly referring to Mann and the Hebrides. Other sources accord Haraldr similar titles. The 873: 6652: 1130:

Whilst Haraldr was still in Norway, the saga states that two leading members of Clann Somhairle arrived at Hákon's court, with each seeking the kingship of the Isles:

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Fœdera, Conventiones, Litteræ, Et Cujuscunque Generis Acta Publica, Inter Reges Angliæ, Et Alios Quosvis Imperatores, Reges, Pontifices, Principes, Vel Communitates

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in a tidal race known as Sumburgh Roost. News of Haraldr's demise appears to have reached Mann by the spring of 1249, whereupon his younger brother,

8505: 191:, depicting a galley on one side and a lion on the other. Haraldr reigned during a period of competing claims to overlordship of the Isles by the 7702: 7367: 5230: 530: 216: 83: 979: 8495: 7891: 670: 165: 7624: 7886: 7826: 7267: 7248: 7175: 7030: 6816: 6779: 6662: 6607: 6443: 6408: 6377: 6342: 6323: 6304: 6285: 6176: 6088: 5697: 5565: 5488: 6462: 5916: 1308:

take up the kingship of the Isles on his behalf. Eóghan, however, was not only a Norwegian dependant in the Isles, but an immanent Scottish

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Britannia, Sive Florentissimorum Regnorum Angliæ, Scotiæ, Hiberniae et Insularum Adjacentium ex Intima Antiquitate Chorographica Descriptio

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McDonald, RA (2012). "The Manx Sea Kings and the Western Oceans: The Late Norse Isle of Man in its North Atlantic Context, 1079–1265". In

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galley with sails furled on the other side. About a century later, the charters and seals, along with other priceless documents of the

4915: 4843: 1746:) suggests that it is quite old, perhaps dating to the ninth century. The hill is the site of the island's modern national assembly, 324:

Simplified pedigree of the Crovan dynasty depicting the degree of kinship between Haraldr and contemporaneous members of the family.

8485: 7573: 6967: 6904: 6878: 6750: 6630: 6625:. The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures. Leiden: Brill. pp. 285–305. 6240: 6110: 5902: 5674: 5539: 5465: 5439: 5346: 5198: 1295: 1020:

that year. Numerous titles were accorded to the kings of the Crovan dynasty. The style apparently preferred by Haraldr's father was

5499: 681:, consolidated control over Scotland's western seaboard, and moved to extend Scottish influence further into the Isles. Meanwhile, 7639: 414: 303: 7390: 6985: 6922: 6745:. The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures. Leiden: Brill. pp. 1–47. 6709: 6519: 6490: 5982: 5857: 5817: 5061:

Flateyjarbok: En Samling af Norske Konge-Sagaer med Indskudte Mindre Fortællinger om Begivenheder i og Udenfor Norse Same Annaler

1861:. The identity of this Clann Somhairle dynast is uncertain, although he is most likely to have been Dubhghall's father, Ruaidhrí. 7692: 6488:

McLeod, W (2002). "Rí Innsi Gall, Rí Fionnghall, Ceannas nan Gàidheal: Sovereignty and Rhetoric in the Late Medieval Hebrides".

1250: 1239: 829: 7302: 6040: 976:. Of the twenty royal charters known to have been issued by the Crovan dynasty, only three can be assigned to Haraldr's reign. 6669: 6133:(1969). "The Payments From the Hebrides and Isle of Man to the Crown of Norway, 1153–1263: Annual Ferme or Feudal Casualty?". 4760: 1103: 808:

Later in 1238, the chronicle reveals that envoys of Hákon expelled Haraldr from Mann because the latter had refused to render

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Icelandic Sagas and Other Historical Documents Relating to the Settlements and Descents of the Northmen on the British Isles

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Icelandic Sagas and Other Historical Documents Relating to the Settlements and Descents of the Northmen on the British Isles

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Crawford, BE (2014). "The Kingdom of Man and the Earldom of Orkney—Some Comparisons". In Sigurðsson, JV; Bolton, T (eds.).

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McDonald, RA (2007a). "Dealing Death From Man: Manx Sea Power in and around the Irish Sea, 1079–1265". In Duffy, S (ed.).

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Less than a decade before, Hákon had demonstrated Norwegian overlordship in a similar fashion by conferring kingship upon

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The maritime disaster in which Haraldr and Cecilía lost their lives demonstrates some of the difficulties faced by the

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Diplomati og Konfliktløysing c.1244–1266: Ei Undersøking av Diplomatiske Verkemiddel i To Norske Mellomaldertraktatar

259:. The identity of Haraldr's mother is less certain. Óláfr is known to have had two wives. His first marriage was to " 7139: 7578: 6135: 5666: 5531: 5388: 682: 208: 149: 55: 7170:. The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures. Leiden: Brill. 5272: 889: 8361: 8119: 7851: 7846: 7722: 7680: 6959: 6017: 5912: 5523: 5276: 5190: 1328:, with the final eclipse of Norwegian overlordship in the Isles and the extinction of the Crovan dynasty itself. 1325: 1135: 796: 628:

Haraldr also ruled during a period of competing claims to the overlordship of the Isles, a region comprising the

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Duffy, S (2006). "The Royal Dynasties of Dublin and the Isles in the Eleventh Century". In Duffy, S (ed.).

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appears to have attempted to acquire the Hebrides from Norwegian overlordsip, and expand its authority in

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The Setting and Practice of Open-Air Judicial Assemblies in Medieval Scotland: A Multidisciplinary Study

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Since the 1990s, academics have accorded Haraldr various patronymic names in English secondary sources:

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also had an interest in the Isles, and worked to bring the Crovan dynasty closer under the orbit of the

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English king on 9 January 1246, orders that Haraldr was to be given safe-passage through England until

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The Incorporation and Integration of the King's Tributary Lands into the Norwegian Realm, c. 1195–1397

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to consecrate a candidate presented by monks of Furness as Bishop of the Isles, because the Church of

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Nineteenth-century representations of seventeenth-century illustrations of Haraldr's now non-existent

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Beuermann, I (2010). "'Norgesveldet?' South of Cape Wrath? Political Views Facts, and Questions". In

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A nineteenth-century account of this perilous passage runs as follows: "There appears to be a strong

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A History of the Isle of Man, Written by William Blundell, Esq., of Crosby, Co. Lancaster, 1648–1656

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The name of Haraldr's realm as it appears on folio 46r of British Library Cotton Julius A VII (the

315: 287:. Although no contemporaneous source names Haraldr's mother, the thirteenth- to fourteenth-century 7942: 7472: 8356: 8341: 8246: 8141: 7861: 7563: 7558: 7482: 7357: 7348: 7062: 6449: 6361: 6215: 6199: 6160: 6144: 6059: 5957: 5941: 5641: 5431: 5412:. Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores. Vol. 2. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 5356: 4823: 1910: 738: 8109: 7687: 7537: 6277: 6260:

Early Ecclesiastical Sites in the Northern Isles and Isle of Man: An Archaeological Field Survey

1764: 1226:). Amongst those drowned was Laurence, Archdeacon of Mann, a man who had recently been elected 817:; and that upon his subsequent removal, Haraldr's rights of vassalage passed to Hákon himself. 8386: 8376: 8371: 8236: 8028: 7998: 7962: 7604: 7477: 7455: 7433: 7263: 7244: 7181: 7171: 7154: 7111: 7079: 7026: 6963: 6900: 6874: 6853: 6836: 6812: 6775: 6756: 6746: 6741:

Oram, RD (2005). "Introduction: An Overview of the Reign of Alexander II". In Oram, RD (ed.).

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Monumenta de Insula Manniæ; or, A Collection of National Documents Relating to the Isle of Man

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Land Assessment and Military Organisation in the Norse Settlements in Scotland, c.900–1266 AD

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Calendar of the Patent Rolls Preserved in the Public Record Office: Henry III, A.D. 1232–1247

1714:. Like the Manx site, these four Hebridean placenames are derived in part from the Old Norse 227:. The chaos brought about by Haraldr's demise appears to have contributed to the invasion of 8346: 8284: 8208: 8114: 8059: 7952: 7508: 7439: 7260:

The World of the Galloglass: Kings, Warlords and Warriors in Ireland and Scotland, 1200–1600

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The World of the Galloglass: Kings, Warlords and Warriors in Ireland and Scotland, 1200–1600

6191: 6172: 6130: 6049: 5933: 5862: 5822: 5795: 5746: 5689: 5366: 5332: 5215: 5171: 5077: 1906: 1801:. The coat of arms concerns Hákon's coronation, and its associated caption reads in Latin: " 1313: 1057: 1045: 876:, Haraldr's younger brother and eventual royal successor, the Norwegian king is said by the 868: 800: 674: 200: 7988: 7057: 4923: 8439: 8424: 8396: 8391: 8366: 8351: 8331: 8175: 8169: 8084: 7583: 7529: 7466: 7022: 6892: 6837:"Meeting in Norway: Norse-Gaelic Relations in the Kingdom of Man and the Isles, 1090–1270" 6808: 6648: 6353: 6246: 6099: 5774: 5725: 5449: 5398: 5376: 5312: 5286: 5218: 5065: 4870: 1669: 1664:

Evidence of local assembly sites within the kingdom may exist in the Hebridean placenames

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Ecclesia Nidrosiensis, 1153–1537: Søkelys på Nidaroskirkens og Nidarosprovinsens Historie

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Coat of arms of Alexander as it appears on folio 146v of British Library Royal 14 C VII (

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Transactions of the Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archæological Society

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Manx Kingship in its Irish Sea Setting, 1187–1229: King Rǫgnvaldr and the Crovan Dynasty

5515: 5360: 5144: 5133: 5115: 5100: 5059: 4837: 168:, who probably took action against Haraldr because the former had refused to render him 8454: 8419: 8310: 8164: 8154: 7932: 7927: 7810: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7660: 7317: 7041: 5715: 5394:

Sturlunga Saga Including the Islendinga Saga of Lawman Sturla Thordsson and Other Works

5129: 5120:. Vol. 7. London: Hunt & Co. pp. 17–21, 62–69, 126–133, 161–170, 201–206. 4851: 1304: 1037: 734: 661: 256: 196: 153: 127: 6560:

Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society

8469: 8449: 8434: 8406: 8289: 8274: 8226: 8089: 7568: 7375: 6453: 6219: 5961: 5719: 5476: 5407: 5280: 5155: 5091: 5081: 4909: 4816:

Chronicle of the Kings of Mann and the Isles: Recortys Reeaghyn Vannin as ny hEllanyn

1952: 1951:

The term "west over sea", used in saga-literature, denotes the relative direction of

1871: 1830: 1810: 1796: 1681: 1260: 1210: 1154: 929: 860: 846: 838: 834: 188: 4770: 8444: 8269: 8099: 7917: 7871: 6888: 6618: 6428:

Kings, Usurpers, and Concubines in the Chronicles of the Kings of Man and the Isles

5371: 5324: 5308: 5268: 5209: 5176: 5106: 1933: 1139: 1087:

as depicted on folio 216v of Cambridge Corpus Christi College Parker Library 16II (

1080: 928:

One of Haraldr's charters to which a seal was attached was a grant to the monks of

792: 774: 8074: 7983: 7836: 7009: 6946: 6733: 6543: 5881: 5841: 5483:. Trondheim Studies in History. Trondheim: Tapir Academic Press. pp. 99–123. 5302: 4855: 788: 6083:. Trondheim Studies in History. Trondheim: Tapir Academic Press. pp. 13–33. 6012: 7937: 7119: 6774:. The New Edinburgh History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 5969:

Frame, R (1989). "England and Ireland, 1171–1399". In Jones, M; Vale, M (eds.).

5760: 5298: 1041: 851: 633: 187:

from Haraldr's reign are known, two of which are recorded to have borne a waxen

175:

Unlike his immediate royal predecessors, who appear to have favoured the title

6931: 6718: 6528: 5993: 5866: 5826: 5629: 4804: 8231: 7236: 6916: 6703: 6513: 6435: 6115: 6008: 5851: 5811: 4765: 1202: 1162: 1017: 941: 770: 758: 702: 7285: 7185: 7158: 7115: 6994: 6857: 6760: 6640: 6571: 6503: 6418: 6211: 6203: 6156: 6148: 6104: 6071: 6063: 5953: 5945: 5937: 5707: 5653: 5645: 5511: 8414: 8279: 8241: 8181: 8064: 7461: 6979: 6844: 6575: 6392: 6369: 5729: 5380: 5316: 5290: 5222: 5069: 5025: 4991: 4957: 1214: 1097:

In the autumn of 1247, Haraldr again voyaged to Norway, as evidenced by the

1007: 911: 6250: 6195: 5778: 1028:. As for Haraldr and Magnús, they appear to have favoured the variant form 203:. Like his father before him, and a younger brother after him, Haraldr was 7297: 6400: 5971:

England and Her Neighbours, 1066–1453: Essays in Honour of Pierre Chaplais

1001:

Like his father before him, and his brother Magnús after him, Haraldr was

8315: 8221: 8198: 8094: 8079: 7993: 7619: 6891:(2000). "Hebridean Sea Kings: The Successors of Somerled, 1164–1316". In 6391:. The Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph. Milton Park, Abingdon: 1814: 1787: 1190: 1002: 973: 644:(the "Southern Islands") due to its geographical position in relation to 629: 212: 204: 7740: 6164: 6054: 6036:"The Earliest Wave of Viking Activity? The Norwegian Evidence Revisited" 6035: 5686:

Celtic-Norse Relationships in the Irish Sea in the Middle Ages, 800–1200

5146:

Chronica Regvm Manniæ et Insvlarvm: The Chronicle of Man and the Sudreys

5135:

Chronica Regvm Manniæ et Insvlarvm: The Chronicle of Man and the Sudreys

8251: 8216: 8135: 8044: 7429: 5500:"Tynwald: A Manx Cult-Site and Institution of Pre-Scandinavian Origin?" 5428:

Strategies of Passion: Love and Marriage in Medieval Iceland and Norway

1956: 1937: 1747: 1309: 666: 224: 184: 122: 7207: 6297:

The Kingdom of the Isles: Scotland's Western Seaboard, c. 1100–c. 1336

6231:, California Studies in the History of Art, Berkeley and Los Angeles: 5800: 5337: 1016:

reports that Henry confirmed the honour of knighthood upon Haraldr on

8049: 5751: 1875: 1317: 1283: 1112: 965: 814: 645: 228: 6479: 6463:"A Note Upon the Connections of Furness Abbey With the Isle of Man" 1777:

One of the total twenty cannot be assigned to any particular ruler.

1076: 845:

The earliest member of the Crovan dynasty known to have utilised a

35:

Haraldr's name and title as it appears on folio 115r of AM 45 fol (

7258:

Woolf, A (2007). "A Dead Man at Ballyshannon". In Duffy, S (ed.).

6657:. Regesta Regum Scottorum. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 1792: 1288: 1149: 1117: 1075: 978: 828: 787: 754: 242: 6258: 4914:. Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores. Vol. 4. London: 7095:"Neglected Topographic Names: Ness-Names in Orkney and Shetland" 5576: 1805:

Scutum regis Norwagiae nuper coronati, qui dicitur rex Insularum

1711: 1108: 7744: 7379: 6687: 6299:. Scottish Historical Monographs. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. 1892: 1886: 777:, and appears to date to 1241, makes note of a witness named " 1855: 1847: 1050: 6081:

The Norwegian Domination and the Norse World c. 1100–c. 1400

5481:

The Norwegian Domination and the Norse World c. 1100–c. 1400

5430:. Medieval Texts and Cultures of Northern Europe. Turnhout: 854:. In regards to Haraldr himself, one such antiquarian named 5211:

Matthæi Parisiensis, Monachi Sancti Albani, Chronica Majora

5064:. Vol. 3. Oslo: P.T. Mallings Forlagsboghandel. 1868. 1561:

1. Haraldr Óláfsson, King of Mann and the Isles (died 1249)

1299:). The inverted shield represents the king's death in 1249. 952:" (probably Ballaharry), and the churches of St Ninian of " 737:

displaying a contemporary sailing vessel. The power of the

7239:(2003). "The Diocese of the Sudreyar". In Imsen, S (ed.). 6617:

Murray, N (2005). "Swerving From the Path of Justice". In

1122:

Cecilía's name as it appears on folio 112v of AM 45 fol: "

5721:

Island Heritage: Dealing With Some Phases of Manx History

932:

concerning mining rights on Mann, the use of a depot at "

6917:"MacDougall, Ewen, Lord of Argyll (d. in or After 1268)" 5578:

A Keystone of Contention: The Earldom of Ross, 1215–1517

148:(born 1223 or 1224; died 1248) was a thirteenth-century 6177:"Further Discoveries of Cross-Slabs in the Isle of Man" 6003:. Reykjavík: Stofnun Árna Magnússona. pp. 194–207. 4049: 4047: 6184:

Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland

5925:

Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland

5285:. Vol. 1, pts. 1–2. The Hague: Joannem Neaulme. 2507: 2505: 1674: 6079:

Imsen, S (2010). "Introduction". In Imsen, S (ed.).

5530:. The New Edinburgh History of Scotland. Edinburgh: 1036:. According to the seventeenth-century antiquarians 8405: 8324: 8298: 8260: 8207: 8128: 8037: 7971: 7910: 7819: 7778: 7653: 7597: 7491: 7448: 7417: 6389:

Maritime Societies of the Viking and Medieval World

4806:

Early Sources of Scottish History, A.D. 500 to 1286

283:. Óláfr's second wife was Cairistíona, daughter of 133: 121: 113: 101: 93: 89: 79: 69: 61: 54: 23: 6978: 6915: 6785: 6702: 6668: 6512: 6103: 5850: 5810: 5362:Codex Frisianus: En Samling Af Norske Konge-Sagaer 6899:. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. pp. 187–218. 6654:The Acts of Alexander III King of Scots 1249–1286 5917:"Argyll and the Isles in the Earlier Middle Ages" 1010:(27 May 1246). Similarly, the thirteenth-century 7048:. Publications of the Harleian Society. London: 6553:"The Barony of St. Trinian's in the Isle of Man" 5665:. Scotland in the Early Middle Ages. Leicester: 5556:(EPUB). The Penguin History of Britain. London: 5331:. Oslo: Norsk historisk kjeldeskrift-institutt. 2440: 2438: 8491:13th-century rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles 6001:Samtíðarsögur: The Contemporary Sagas. Forprent 2936:pp. 56–61, 201–203, 597 tab. 4.8, 599 tab 4.8; 1828: 1716: 1195: 1167: 1062: 638: 43: 6523:(May 2005 ed.). Oxford University Press. 6274:Full Fathom Five: Wrecks of the Spanish Armada 5634:Records of the Scottish Church History Society 4860:. London: Georgii Bishop & Ioannis Norton. 4551: 4549: 1921:, "separated from it by a most dangerous sea". 1795:, three galleys with dragon heads at each end 1392:Guðrøðr Óláfsson, King of Dublin and the Isles 300:Guðrøðr Óláfsson, King of Dublin and the Isles 7756: 7391: 7262:. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 77–85. 6318:. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 45–76. 5630:"The Medieval Church in Argyll and the Isles" 8: 7243:. Tapir Akademisk Forlag. pp. 171–181. 6989:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 6926:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 6713:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 5861:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 5821:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 4718: 4716: 1157:. Haraldr is said to have drowned nearby in 7218:"Manx Memorial Stones of the Viking Period" 6771:Domination and Lordship: Scotland 1070–1230 6229:The Art of Matthew Paris in Chronica Majora 5788:Ireland and the Irish Sea Region, 1014–1318 5554:The Struggle For Mastery: Britain 1066–1284 4072: 4070: 3723: 3721: 2550: 2548: 1874:setting to the eastward in the sea between 1803: 1739: 1729: 1485:Niall Mac Lochlainn, King of Cineál Eoghain 1272: 1030: 1022: 991: 954: 946: 934: 896:Marown Old Church (the church of St Runius) 874:Magnús Óláfsson, King of Mann and the Isles 779: 261: 7763: 7749: 7741: 7398: 7384: 7376: 7308: 4828:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1845:Various Irish sources style Mac Somhairle 1345: 1336: 320: 29: 20: 7206: 6478: 6053: 5799: 5750: 5724:. Manchester: George Falkner & Sons. 5370: 5336: 5175: 5160:. Vol. 2. Douglas, IM: Manx Society. 5149:. Vol. 2. Douglas, IM: Manx Society. 5138:. Vol. 1. Douglas, IM: Manx Society. 5114:JAL (1858). "Norway, and the Way to It". 6897:Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages 5365:. Oslo: P.T. Mallings Forlagsboghandel. 1917:was very distant from the Church of the 1205:otherwise known in more modern times as 302:, after which the king was succeeded by 231:, and near conquest of the Hebrides, by 6986:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 6923:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 6710:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 6520:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5858:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5818:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5812:"Mac Lochlainn, Muirchertach (d. 1166)" 4814:Broderick, G; Stowell, B, eds. (1973). 4809:. Vol. 2. London: Oliver and Boyd. 1971: 1809:". The coat of arms was illustrated by 1614: 1312:on the mainland. For several years the 1177:, now known to Shetlanders as Da Roost. 7892:Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland 7290:People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371 7166:Wærdahl, RB (2011). Crozier, A (ed.). 7077: 6805:Alexander II, King of Scots, 1214–1249 5612: 5454:Kingship and Unity: Scotland 1000–1306 5252: 5043: 5030:People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371 5009: 4996:People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371 4975: 4962:People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371 4941: 4889: 4821: 4784: 1563: 1464: 1354: 1350: 833:Seventeenth-century illustration of a 279:, or else a daughter of their father, 267:", a woman who was likely a member of 6956:Llywelyn Ap Gruffudd: Prince of Wales 3448: 3446: 2881: 2879: 2854: 2852: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 1560: 1550: 1538: 1528: 1524: 1512: 1509: 1499: 1482: 1472: 1468: 1452: 1445: 1435: 1422: 1412: 1408: 1396: 1389: 1379: 1362: 1358: 1132:Eóghan Mac Dubhghaill, Lord of Argyll 616: 614: 612: 610: 608: 606: 604: 602: 600: 598: 590: 584: 582: 580: 578: 576: 574: 572: 570: 568: 566: 564: 562: 560: 554: 548: 546: 538: 536: 528: 526: 518: 516: 508: 456: 454: 452: 446: 440: 438: 430: 428: 426: 424: 422: 420: 412: 388: 386: 384: 360: 354: 352: 350: 348: 346: 344: 342: 340: 332: 7: 7286:"Harald, King of the Isles (d.1248)" 7103:The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 6704:"Fergus, Lord of Galloway (d. 1161)" 1448:Óláfr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles 1365:Óláfr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles 997:" ("Kingdom of Mann and the Isles"). 960:" and St Runius (all located in the 253:Óláfr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles 179:, Haraldr appears to have preferred 158:Óláfr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles 5994:"1236: Órækja Meiddr ok Heill Gerr" 5187:The Acts of Welsh Rulers, 1120–1283 910:St Trinian's Chapel (the church of 6830:. Union, NJ: The Lawbook Exchange. 6743:The Reign of Alexander II, 1214–49 6623:The Reign of Alexander II, 1214–49 5185:Pryce, H; Insley, C, eds. (2005). 5143:Munch, PA; Goss, A, eds. (1874b). 4392:pp. 11–12, 25, 47, 51, 53, 70–71; 741:laid in their armed galley-fleets. 14: 6360:. The New Middle Ages. New York: 6111:Germanische Altertumskunde Online 8105:Port an Eilean Mhòir boat burial 8019:Scottish–Norwegian War (1262-66) 7296: 6491:Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies 6358:Studies in the Medieval Atlantic 1249: 1238: 902: 888: 715: 701: 671:Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway 271:, possibly a daughter of either 166:Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway 156:. He was one of several sons of 6041:European Journal of Archaeology 5528:The Wars of Scotland, 1214–1371 5083:Matthew Paris's English History 4916:Her Majesty's Stationery Office 4844:His Majesty's Stationery Office 4163:pp. 449–550, 550 nn. 1–3, 551; 3752:Tremlett; London; Wagner (1967) 3736:Tremlett; London; Wagner (1967) 3567:Rymer; Sanderson; Holmes (1739) 1930:This coat of arms is blazoned: 650:Magnús berfœttr, King of Norway 8506:Deaths due to shipwreck at sea 6828:The Growth of Scandinavian Law 6596:The Welsh Wars of Independence 6272:Martin, C; Wignall, S (1975). 6233:University of California Press 1124:Cecilio dottur Hakonar konvngs 733:(image a; detail, image b), a 679:Alexander II, King of Scotland 660:before his death in 1103, the 636:, known in the Norse world as 247:Locations relating to Haraldr. 233:Alexander II, King of Scotland 1: 8496:Accidental deaths in Scotland 6337:. Dublin: Four Courts Press. 5329:Islandske Annaler Indtil 1578 5170:. Douglas, IM: Manx Society. 1340:Ancestors of Haraldr Óláfsson 1107:. After Haraldr removed from 219:, succeeded to the kingship. 7010:UK public library membership 6947:UK public library membership 6734:UK public library membership 6651:; Simpson, GG, eds. (2012). 6544:UK public library membership 6430:. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. 5882:UK public library membership 5842:UK public library membership 5105:. Vol. 1. Douglas, IM: 3557:Calendar of the Patent Rolls 1510:5. Fionnghuala Nic Lochlainn 1423:9. Affraic inghean Fearghusa 1209:and Da Roost, lying between 1068:" ("king of the Hebrides"). 867:, were destroyed by fire at 45:Haralldi Suðreyinnga konvngi 8511:Monarchs of the Isle of Man 7867:Ingibjörg the Earls'-Mother 7021:(3rd ed.). Edinburgh: 6263:(PhD thesis). Vol. 1. 6034:Heen-Pettersen, AM (2019). 6021:(13 February 2009 ed.) 5763:(1912). Thomson, JM (ed.). 5458:University of Toronto Press 4725:pp. xv tab. 4, xvi tab. 5; 4376:pp. 550, 553–554; 557–558; 2920:pp. 201–203, 597 tab. 4.8; 1101:and the thirteenth-century 769:that concerns the lands of 648:itself. Since the reign of 8527: 8407:Associated clans and septs 7358:King of Mann and the Isles 7140:"In (and around) Scatness" 7040:Tremlett, TD; London, HS; 6980:"Alexander II (1198–1249)" 6136:Scottish Historical Review 5667:Leicester University Press 5532:Edinburgh University Press 5406:Vigfusson, G, ed. (1887). 5088:Bohn's Antiquarian Library 4924:"Diplomatarium Norvegicum" 2565:pp. 54–55, 128–129 pl. 1; 1836:named Gregorius Andrésson. 1458: 1352: 1060:, for example, style him " 781:Godredo filio regis Mannie 693:Accession and overlordship 683:Henry III, King of England 656:, the Isles, and possibly 209:Henry III, King of England 150:King of Mann and the Isles 56:King of Mann and the Isles 18:King of Mann and the Isles 7887:Margaret, Queen of Norway 7847:Gormflaith ingen Murchada 7731: 7364: 7355: 7337: 7332: 7311: 7019:The New History of Orkney 6960:University of Wales Press 6436:10.1007/978-3-030-22026-6 6018:Norsk Biografisk Leksikon 5915:; Brown, AL (1956–1957). 5191:University of Wales Press 5099:Harrison, W, ed. (1876). 4818:. Vol. 1. Edinburgh. 4210:pp. 449–550, 550 nn. 1–3. 4157:Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) 3465:Broderick; Stowell (1973) 3260:pp. 55–56, 162, 204–205; 2126:Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) 1544: 1526: 1518: 1493: 1470: 1466: 1429: 1410: 1402: 1373: 1356: 1322:Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar 1187:Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar 1175:Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar 1104:Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar 993:regno Manniæ et Insularum 799:may have been a national 558: 556: 502: 500: 498: 492: 490: 488: 480: 476: 474: 472: 466: 464: 462: 450: 448: 406: 404: 402: 400: 398: 396: 394: 382: 378: 376: 374: 372: 370: 368: 366: 362: 28: 8486:13th-century Manx people 7882:Margaret, Maid of Norway 7832:Bethóc, Prioress of Iona 7549:Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó 7199:University of St Andrews 7058:"Unknown: Sumburgh Head" 7046:Rolls of Arms: Henry III 6867:The West Highland Galley 6551:Megaw, BRS (1948–1949). 5999:. In Tómasson, S (ed.). 5938:10.9750/PSAS.090.192.220 5771:James Maclehose and Sons 5307:(3rd ed.). London: 5154:Oliver, JR, ed. (1861). 5117:Hunt's Yachting Magazine 4928:Dokumentasjonsprosjektet 4866:"Cotton MS Julius A VII" 4437: 4405: 4377: 4316:Diplomatarium Norvegicum 4310: 4306: 4290: 4235: 4191: 4168: 4124: 3903: 3827: 3791: 3572:Diplomatarium Norvegicum 3523: 3468: 3434: 3395: 3360: 3300: 3197: 3185: 3165: 3021: 2969: 2698: 2582: 2554: 2460: 2429: 2213: 2156:pp. 27 tab. 1, 116–117; 2121: 2069: 285:Fearchar mac an tSagairt 7958:Thorbjorn Thorsteinsson 7877:Máel Muire ingen Amlaíb 7554:Echmarcach mac Ragnaill 6895:; McDonald, RA (eds.). 6370:10.1057/9781137062390_6 5893:. Vol. 7. Dublin: 5792:Trinity College, Dublin 5766:The Bishops of Scotland 5575:Cochran-Yu, DK (2015). 5397:. Vol. 2. Oxford: 5372:2027/hvd.32044084740760 5214:. Vol. 4. London: 5208:Luard, HR, ed. (1877). 5177:2027/hvd.32044081282790 5090:. Vol. 2. London: 4738: 4726: 4722: 4707: 4703: 4691: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4623: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4559: 4555: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4508: 4496: 4481: 4477: 4465: 4453: 4449: 4433: 4429: 4417: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4345: 4333: 4329: 4314: 4302: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4254: 4239: 4231: 4219: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4187: 4172: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4092: 4088: 4076: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4038: 4034: 4022: 4018: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3986: 3982: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3919: 3915: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3879: 3875: 3863: 3851: 3839: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3763: 3751: 3747: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3681: 3669: 3665: 3653: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3491: 3487: 3472: 3464: 3452: 3430: 3426: 3423:Neville; Simpson (2012) 3422: 3410: 3391: 3387: 3375: 3356: 3352: 3351:pp. 45, 193, 195, 219; 3348: 3344: 3340: 3328: 3316: 3312: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3276: 3261: 3257: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3225: 3221: 3209: 3193: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3121: 3109: 3097: 3093: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3061: 3057: 3045: 3033: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2965: 2961: 2949: 2937: 2933: 2921: 2917: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2885: 2870: 2858: 2843: 2818: 2814: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2782: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2722: 2710: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2662: 2650: 2646: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2589:pp. 120, 128–129 pl. 1. 2586: 2578: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2511: 2496: 2484: 2472: 2448: 2444: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2397: 2385: 2381: 2369: 2365: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2329: 2325: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2273: 2269: 2257: 2245: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2185: 2173: 2169: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2137: 2125: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2065: 2061: 2049: 2037: 2025: 2021: 2009: 1997: 1982: 1978: 1856: 1848: 1829: 1817:he attributed to Hákon. 1717: 1196: 1168: 1146:Death and after-effects 1063: 1051: 1032:rex mannie et insularum 652:, a king who conquered 639: 181:rex mannie et insularum 44: 7902:Ragnhildis Olafsdottir 7723:Dubhghall mac Ruaidhrí 7681:Ruaidhrí mac Raghnaill 7193:Williams, DGE (1997). 6932:10.1093/ref:odnb/49384 6719:10.1093/ref:odnb/49360 6529:10.1093/ref:odnb/20672 6333:McDonald, RA (2007b). 6196:10.9750/PSAS.050.50.62 5867:10.1093/ref:odnb/50617 5827:10.1093/ref:odnb/20745 5661:Crawford, BE (1997) . 4241:Unknown: Sumburgh Head 4236:Martin; Wignall (1975) 4234:pp. 19–20; 20 fig. 7; 3474:Cotton MS Julius A VII 1959:in relation to Norway. 1804: 1740: 1730: 1675: 1300: 1273: 1178: 1136:Dubhghall mac Ruaidhrí 1127: 1094: 1031: 1023: 998: 992: 955: 947: 935: 842: 805: 780: 757:, taking with him his 281:Raghnall mac Somhairle 277:Domhnall mac Raghnaill 273:Ruaidhrí mac Raghnaill 262: 255:, and a member of the 248: 152:, and a member of the 8306:Scottish island names 8129:Artifacts and culture 7806:Mormaers of Caithness 7772:Scandinavian Scotland 7676:Somairle mac Dubgaill 7645:Aonghus mac Somhairle 7640:Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson 7017:Thomson, PL (2008) . 6826:Orfield, LB (2002) . 6694:University of Glasgow 6461:McIntire, WT (1943). 6426:McDonald, RA (2019). 6401:10.4324/9781315630755 6295:McDonald, RA (1997). 5737:Dahlberg, AB (2014). 5663:Scandinavian Scotland 5597:. n.d. Archived from 5583:University of Glasgow 5498:Broderick, G (2003). 5237:. n.d. Archived from 4874:. n.d. Archived from 4769:. n.d. Archived from 4480:pp. 466, 497 n. 185; 4188:Heen-Pettersen (2019) 4105:Heen-Pettersen (2019) 3969:pp. 264–266 (§ 259); 3826:pp. 254–255 (§ 259); 2962:Insley; Wilson (2006) 2902:Insley; Wilson (2006) 2900:p. 203, 599 tab 4.8; 2886:Insley; Wilson (2006) 2050:Heen-Pettersen (2019) 1799:, one above the other 1786:This coat of arms is 1676:Cnoc an Tiongalairidh 1627:Aralt mac Amlaíb Duib 1292: 1153: 1121: 1079: 982: 832: 791: 304:Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson 251:Haraldr was a son of 246: 117:Cecilía Hákonardóttir 8325:Battles and treaties 7979:Kingdom of the Isles 7897:Ragnhild Eriksdotter 7852:Gunnhild Gormsdóttir 7842:Cacht ingen Ragnaill 7693:Guðrøðr Rǫgnvaldsson 7671:Dubgall mac Dubgaill 7635:Ragnall mac Somairle 7630:Dubgall mac Somairle 7544:Murchad mac Diarmata 7411:Kingdom of the Isles 7305:at Wikimedia Commons 7084:: CS1 maint: year ( 6995:10.1093/ref:odnb/322 6977:Stringer, K (2004). 6914:Sellar, WDH (2004). 6514:"Olaf (1173/4–1237)" 6395:. pp. 333–349. 6364:. pp. 143–184. 5977:. pp. 139–155. 5852:"Ragnvald (d. 1229)" 5743:University of Bergen 5619:: CS1 maint: year ( 5601:on 12 September 2016 5591:"Cotton Manuscripts" 5426:Bandlien, B (2005). 5259:: CS1 maint: year ( 5050:: CS1 maint: year ( 5016:: CS1 maint: year ( 4982:: CS1 maint: year ( 4948:: CS1 maint: year ( 4896:: CS1 maint: year ( 4791:: CS1 maint: year ( 4682:pp. 259–260 (§ 265). 3973:pp. 254–255 (§ 259). 3822:pp. 264–265 (§ 259) 3806:p. 228, 228 n. 144; 3244:pp. 55–56, 204–205; 3016:pp. 26–27, 26 n. 8; 2996:pp. 107, 108 n. 28; 2767:Pryce; Insley (2005) 1857:tigerna Airer Goidel 1726:, the form of name ( 763:Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 8194:St Magnus Cathedral 8070:Cubbie Roo's Castle 8014:Davidian Revolution 7857:Helga Moddansdóttir 7827:Aud the Deep-Minded 7708:Haraldr Guðrøðarson 7666:Donnchadh of Argyll 7589:Sigurðr Jórsalafari 7574:Lǫgmaðr Guðrøðarson 7559:Gofraid mac Sitriuc 7524:Lagmann mac Gofraid 7519:Thorfinn the Mighty 7499:Ragnall mac Gofraid 7216:Wilson, DM (1973). 6686:O'Grady, J (2008). 6598:. Brimscombe Port: 6581:on 17 February 2019 6511:McNamee, C (2005). 6278:Chatto & Windus 6055:10.1017/eaa.2019.19 6013:"Håkon 4 Håkonsson" 5975:The Hambledon Press 5518:on 7 February 2009. 5504:Studeyrys Manninagh 5241:on 16 December 2015 5231:"Royal MS 14 C VII" 5165:Oswald, HR (1860). 4438:Munch; Goss (1874a) 4406:Munch; Goss (1874a) 4378:Munch; Goss (1874a) 4311:Munch; Goss (1874b) 4291:Munch; Goss (1874a) 4169:Munch; Goss (1874a) 3904:Munch; Goss (1874a) 3828:Munch; Goss (1874a) 3766:pp. 13–14, 13 n. 2. 3616:p. 28, nn. 11, 12; 3524:Munch; Goss (1874a) 3469:Munch; Goss (1874a) 3301:Munch; Goss (1874a) 3212:pp. 128–129 fig. 2. 3198:Munch; Goss (1874a) 3180:pp. 25, 46, 69–70; 3166:Munch; Goss (1874a) 3036:pp. 107, 108 n. 28. 3022:Munch; Goss (1874a) 2970:Munch; Goss (1874a) 2699:Munch; Goss (1874a) 2540:Kermode (1915–1916) 2534:pp. 114–115 pl. 1; 2530:pp. 128–129 pl. 1; 2214:Munch; Goss (1874a) 2204:pp. 79 n. 48, 171; 1940:flory counter gules 1752:Old Midsummer's Day 1750:, held annually on 1623:Arailt mac Amhlaíbh 1228:Bishop of the Isles 677:, in the person of 8188:Sen dollotar Ulaid 8142:Chronicles of Mann 7862:Ingeborg of Norway 7703:Rǫgnvaldr Óláfsson 7625:Rǫgnvaldr Óláfsson 7564:Fingal mac Gofraid 7504:Amlaíb mac Sitriuc 7483:Gofraid mac Arailt 7368:Rǫgnvaldr Óláfsson 7138:Waugh, DJ (2001). 6865:Rixson, D (1982). 6803:Oram, RD (2013) . 6594:Moore, D (2013) . 6362:Palgrave Macmillan 5897:. pp. 51–65. 5849:Duffy, S (2004b). 5809:Duffy, S (2004a). 5692:. pp. 65–80. 5628:Cowan, IB (1978). 5432:Brepols Publishers 4773:on 18 January 2016 3961:pp. 203–204, 206; 3818:pp. 546, 547–548; 3263:Cotton Manuscripts 3048:p. 107, 107 n. 25. 2629:pp. 87, 106, 171; 2272:pp. 70–71, 72–73; 1911:Archbishop of York 1301: 1179: 1128: 1095: 999: 856:Christopher Hatton 843: 806: 739:kings of the Isles 249: 84:Rǫgnvaldr Óláfsson 8463: 8462: 8430:Macaulay of Lewis 7963:Thorstein the Red 7911:Other notable men 7738: 7737: 7661:Óláfr Guðrøðarson 7610:Óláfr Guðrøðarson 7605:Domnall mac Taidc 7478:Maccus mac Arailt 7456:Olaf Guthfrithson 7374: 7373: 7365:Succeeded by 7353: 7349:King of the Isles 7341:Óláfr Guðrøðarson 7301:Media related to 7269:978-1-85182-946-0 7250:978-82-519-1873-2 7177:978-90-04-20613-7 7093:Waugh, D (2009). 7032:978-1-84158-696-0 7008:(Subscription or 6954:Smith, B (1998). 6945:(Subscription or 6835:Power, R (2005). 6818:978-1-907909-05-4 6781:978-0-7486-1496-7 6768:Oram, RD (2011). 6732:(Subscription or 6701:Oram, RD (2004). 6664:978-0-7486-2732-5 6609:978-0-7524-9648-1 6600:The History Press 6542:(Subscription or 6445:978-3-030-22026-6 6410:978-1-315-63075-5 6379:978-1-137-06239-0 6344:978-1-84682-047-2 6325:978-1-85182-946-0 6306:978-1-898410-85-0 6287:978-0-7011-2071-9 6265:Durham University 6227:Lewis, S (1987), 6090:978-82-519-2563-1 5992:Gade, KE (1994). 5895:Four Courts Press 5880:(Subscription or 5840:(Subscription or 5786:Duffy, S (1993). 5699:978-90-04-25512-8 5567:978-0-14-193514-0 5490:978-82-519-2563-1 5419:Secondary sources 5216:Longman & Co. 5026:"Document 1/17/3" 4992:"Document 1/17/2" 4958:"Document 1/17/1" 4483:Royal MS 14 C VII 4332:pp. 55–56 n. 78; 3494:pp. 215, 216–217. 3431:Megaw (1948–1949) 3329:Megaw (1948–1949) 2761:pp. 55–56 n. 49; 2230:Cochran-Yu (2015) 2150:Cochran-Yu (2015) 1724:Chronicle of Mann 1605: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1296:Historia Anglorum 1183:Chronicle of Mann 1099:Chronicle of Mann 1072:Dynastic alliance 986:Chronicle of Mann 878:Chronicle of Mann 865:Cottonian Library 767:Ralph de Mortimer 750:Chronicle of Mann 626: 625: 622: 621: 290:Chronicle of Mann 143: 142: 138:Óláfr Guðrøðarson 74:Óláfr Guðrøðarson 8518: 8120:St Magnus Church 8115:Scar boat burial 8060:Brough of Birsay 7953:Sweyn Asleifsson 7948:Ragnall ua Ímair 7765: 7758: 7751: 7742: 7718:Eóghan of Argyll 7698:Haraldr Óláfsson 7615:Guðrøðr Óláfsson 7509:Sigurd the Stout 7400: 7393: 7386: 7377: 7344: 7338:Preceded by 7328: 7313:Haraldr Óláfsson 7309: 7303:Haraldr Óláfsson 7300: 7293: 7273: 7254: 7232: 7222: 7212: 7210: 7189: 7162: 7147:Northern Studies 7144: 7134: 7132: 7130: 7124: 7118:. Archived from 7099: 7089: 7083: 7075: 7073: 7071: 7053: 7050:Harleian Society 7036: 7013: 7005: 7003: 7001: 6982: 6973: 6950: 6942: 6940: 6938: 6919: 6910: 6884: 6861: 6841: 6831: 6822: 6799: 6797: 6795: 6789: 6784:. Archived from 6764: 6737: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6706: 6697: 6682: 6680: 6678: 6672: 6667:. Archived from 6644: 6613: 6590: 6588: 6586: 6580: 6574:. Archived from 6557: 6547: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6516: 6507: 6484: 6482: 6457: 6422: 6383: 6348: 6329: 6310: 6291: 6268: 6257:Lowe, C (1988). 6253: 6223: 6181: 6168: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6107: 6094: 6075: 6057: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6004: 5998: 5988: 5965: 5921: 5908: 5885: 5877: 5875: 5873: 5854: 5845: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5814: 5805: 5803: 5782: 5756: 5754: 5733: 5711: 5680: 5657: 5624: 5618: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5586: 5571: 5545: 5519: 5514:. Archived from 5494: 5471: 5445: 5413: 5402: 5384: 5374: 5352: 5340: 5320: 5294: 5264: 5258: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5226: 5204: 5181: 5179: 5161: 5150: 5139: 5132:, eds. (1874a). 5121: 5110: 5095: 5073: 5055: 5049: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5021: 5015: 5007: 5005: 5003: 4987: 4981: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4953: 4947: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4919: 4901: 4895: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4861: 4847: 4833: 4827: 4819: 4810: 4796: 4790: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4742: 4739:McDonald (2007b) 4736: 4730: 4727:McDonald (2007b) 4720: 4711: 4708:McDonald (2007b) 4701: 4695: 4692:Carpenter (2003) 4689: 4683: 4680:Vigfusson (1887) 4668:Carpenter (2003) 4665: 4659: 4633: 4627: 4621: 4615: 4597: 4591: 4584:Carpenter (2003) 4569: 4563: 4553: 4544: 4537:Carpenter (2003) 4518: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4494: 4488: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4457: 4447: 4441: 4427: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4394:McDonald (2007b) 4387: 4381: 4366:McDonald (2007b) 4355: 4349: 4346:McDonald (2007b) 4343: 4337: 4330:McDonald (2007b) 4327: 4321: 4300: 4294: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4229: 4223: 4220:Waugh, DJ (2001) 4217: 4211: 4185: 4179: 4165:Vigfusson (1878) 4137:McDonald (2007b) 4102: 4096: 4086: 4080: 4074: 4065: 4051: 4042: 4032: 4026: 4019:McDonald (2007b) 4016: 4010: 3996: 3990: 3980: 3974: 3971:Vigfusson (1887) 3932: 3926: 3913: 3907: 3896:McDonald (2007b) 3889: 3883: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3824:Vigfusson (1887) 3796:McDonald (2007b) 3773: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3745: 3739: 3725: 3716: 3706:Vigfusson (1878) 3691: 3685: 3679: 3673: 3663: 3657: 3654:McDonald (2007b) 3651: 3645: 3630:McDonald (2007b) 3627: 3621: 3610:McDonald (2007b) 3607: 3601: 3590:McDonald (2007b) 3583: 3577: 3550:p. 27, 27 n. 2; 3540:McDonald (2007b) 3533: 3527: 3518:p. 27, 27 n. 2; 3508:McDonald (2007b) 3501: 3495: 3492:McDonald (2007b) 3485: 3479: 3462: 3456: 3453:McDonald (2007b) 3450: 3441: 3427:McDonald (2007b) 3420: 3414: 3411:McDonald (2007b) 3408: 3402: 3388:McDonald (2007b) 3385: 3379: 3376:McDonald (2007b) 3373: 3367: 3349:McDonald (2007b) 3345:McDonald (2007a) 3338: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3313:McDonald (2007b) 3310: 3304: 3289:McDonald (2007b) 3286: 3280: 3277:McDonald (2007b) 3274: 3268: 3258:McDonald (2007b) 3255: 3249: 3242:McDonald (2007b) 3235: 3229: 3222:McDonald (2007b) 3219: 3213: 3210:McDonald (2007b) 3207: 3201: 3175: 3169: 3160:p. 27, 27 n. 1; 3150:McDonald (2007b) 3146:Beuermann (2010) 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3091: 3085: 3071: 3065: 3055: 3049: 3046:Beuermann (2010) 3043: 3037: 3034:Beuermann (2010) 3031: 3025: 2998:McDonald (2007b) 2994:Beuermann (2010) 2979: 2973: 2966:Broderick (2003) 2959: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2938:Broderick (2003) 2931: 2925: 2922:Broderick (2003) 2915: 2909: 2906:Broderick (2003) 2895: 2889: 2883: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2859:Broderick (2003) 2856: 2847: 2841: 2822: 2815:McDonald (2007b) 2812: 2806: 2799:McDonald (2007b) 2792: 2786: 2783:McDonald (2007b) 2780: 2774: 2769:p. 490 (§ 317); 2763:McDonald (2007b) 2759:McDonald (2007a) 2752: 2746: 2743:McDonald (2007b) 2739:McDonald (2007a) 2732: 2726: 2723:McDonald (2007b) 2720: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2683:McDonald (2007b) 2672: 2666: 2663:McDonald (2007b) 2660: 2654: 2651:McDonald (2007b) 2644: 2638: 2627:McDonald (2007b) 2616: 2610: 2609:p. 15, 15 n. 43. 2603:McDonald (2007b) 2599:McDonald (2007a) 2596: 2590: 2587:McDonald (2007b) 2576: 2570: 2563:McDonald (2007b) 2559:McDonald (2007a) 2552: 2543: 2528:McDonald (2007b) 2524:McDonald (2007a) 2521: 2515: 2509: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2485:Beuermann (2010) 2482: 2476: 2473:Beuermann (2010) 2470: 2464: 2458: 2452: 2442: 2433: 2424:p. 77 tab. 4.1; 2414:McDonald (2007b) 2407: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2382:McDonald (2007b) 2379: 2373: 2363: 2357: 2342:McDonald (2007b) 2339: 2333: 2326:McDonald (2007b) 2323: 2317: 2306:McDonald (2007b) 2303: 2297: 2286:McDonald (2007b) 2283: 2277: 2270:McDonald (2007b) 2267: 2261: 2258:McDonald (2007b) 2255: 2249: 2246:McDonald (2007b) 2243: 2237: 2223: 2217: 2202:McDonald (2007b) 2195: 2189: 2186:McDonald (2007b) 2183: 2177: 2170:McDonald (2007b) 2167: 2161: 2154:McDonald (2007b) 2147: 2141: 2138:McDonald (2007b) 2135: 2129: 2116:p. 77 tab. 4.1; 2106:McDonald (2007b) 2099: 2093: 2082:McDonald (2007b) 2078:McDonald (2007a) 2074:Beuermann (2010) 2059: 2053: 2047: 2041: 2035: 2029: 2019: 2013: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1976: 1960: 1949: 1943: 1928: 1922: 1907:Pope Innocent IV 1903: 1897: 1868: 1862: 1859: 1851: 1843: 1837: 1834: 1824: 1818: 1807: 1784: 1778: 1775: 1769: 1761: 1755: 1743: 1733: 1720: 1705: 1692: 1678: 1662: 1656: 1652: 1646: 1643:Haraldr Óláfsson 1619: 1346: 1337: 1276: 1253: 1242: 1225: 1201:, a treacherous 1199: 1171: 1085:Hákon Hákonarson 1066: 1058:Icelandic annals 1054: 1034: 1026: 995: 958: 950: 938: 906: 892: 869:Ashburnham House 825:Acta and honours 783: 719: 705: 642: 596: 544: 534: 524: 514: 436: 418: 338: 330: 329: 321: 265: 146:Haraldr Óláfsson 47: 33: 24:Haraldr Óláfsson 21: 8526: 8525: 8521: 8520: 8519: 8517: 8516: 8515: 8466: 8465: 8464: 8459: 8401: 8397:Treaty of Perth 8320: 8294: 8256: 8203: 8176:Orkneyinga saga 8170:Manx runestones 8124: 8110:Rubha an Dùnain 8085:Kirkwall Castle 8055:Bishop's Palace 8033: 7967: 7906: 7815: 7801:Lords of Argyll 7791:Earls of Orkney 7774: 7769: 7739: 7734: 7727: 7713:Magnús Óláfsson 7649: 7593: 7584:Magnús berfœttr 7538:Ímar mac Arailt 7530:Haakon Ericsson 7487: 7467:Ketill Flatnose 7444: 7413: 7404: 7370: 7361: 7343: 7322: 7321: 7314: 7284: 7281: 7276: 7270: 7257: 7251: 7235: 7220: 7215: 7192: 7178: 7165: 7142: 7137: 7128: 7126: 7125:on 10 July 2021 7122: 7097: 7092: 7076: 7069: 7067: 7056: 7039: 7033: 7016: 7007: 6999: 6997: 6976: 6970: 6953: 6944: 6936: 6934: 6913: 6907: 6887: 6881: 6864: 6839: 6834: 6825: 6819: 6802: 6793: 6791: 6790:on 18 June 2019 6782: 6767: 6753: 6740: 6731: 6723: 6721: 6700: 6685: 6676: 6674: 6673:on 28 June 2019 6665: 6647: 6633: 6616: 6610: 6593: 6584: 6582: 6578: 6555: 6550: 6541: 6533: 6531: 6510: 6487: 6480:10.5284/1032950 6460: 6446: 6425: 6411: 6386: 6380: 6351: 6345: 6332: 6326: 6313: 6307: 6294: 6288: 6271: 6256: 6243: 6226: 6179: 6171: 6129: 6120: 6118: 6097: 6091: 6078: 6033: 6024: 6022: 6007: 5996: 5991: 5985: 5968: 5919: 5911: 5905: 5891:Medieval Dublin 5888: 5879: 5871: 5869: 5848: 5839: 5831: 5829: 5808: 5785: 5759: 5736: 5714: 5700: 5683: 5677: 5660: 5627: 5611: 5604: 5602: 5595:British Library 5589: 5574: 5568: 5548: 5542: 5522: 5497: 5491: 5474: 5468: 5448: 5442: 5425: 5421: 5416: 5405: 5399:Clarendon Press 5387: 5355: 5349: 5327:, ed. (1977) . 5323: 5304:Titles of Honor 5297: 5279:, eds. (1739). 5267: 5251: 5244: 5242: 5235:British Library 5229: 5207: 5201: 5184: 5164: 5153: 5142: 5124: 5113: 5098: 5076: 5058: 5042: 5035: 5033: 5024: 5008: 5001: 4999: 4990: 4974: 4967: 4965: 4956: 4940: 4933: 4931: 4922: 4904: 4888: 4881: 4879: 4878:on 20 July 2021 4871:British Library 4864: 4850: 4836: 4820: 4813: 4799: 4783: 4776: 4774: 4759: 4755: 4753:Primary sources 4750: 4745: 4737: 4733: 4721: 4714: 4706:p. xvi tab. 5; 4702: 4698: 4690: 4686: 4678:p. 265 (§ 265) 4672:Anderson (1922) 4666: 4662: 4634: 4630: 4622: 4618: 4598: 4594: 4572:Dahlberg (2014) 4570: 4566: 4554: 4547: 4525:Dahlberg (2014) 4521:McDonald (2019) 4519: 4515: 4507: 4503: 4495: 4491: 4476: 4472: 4464: 4460: 4448: 4444: 4434:Anderson (1922) 4428: 4424: 4416: 4412: 4402:Anderson (1922) 4390:McDonald (2019) 4388: 4384: 4374:Anderson (1922) 4370:Williams (1997) 4368:pp. 87–88, 96; 4358:McDonald (2019) 4356: 4352: 4344: 4340: 4328: 4324: 4301: 4297: 4283:Anderson (1922) 4267:McDonald (2019) 4265: 4261: 4253: 4249: 4232:Crawford (1997) 4230: 4226: 4218: 4214: 4208:Anderson (1922) 4200:Crawford (1997) 4196:Waugh, D (2009) 4192:McDonald (2012) 4186: 4182: 4161:Anderson (1922) 4149:Williams (1997) 4139:pp. 52, 87–88; 4125:McDonald (2012) 4117:Dahlberg (2014) 4113:McDonald (2016) 4109:McDonald (2019) 4103: 4099: 4089:Dahlberg (2014) 4087: 4083: 4075: 4068: 4054:Dahlberg (2014) 4052: 4045: 4033: 4029: 4017: 4013: 3997: 3993: 3981: 3977: 3963:Anderson (1922) 3933: 3929: 3914: 3910: 3900:Anderson (1922) 3890: 3886: 3876:Crawford (2014) 3874: 3870: 3864:Crawford (2014) 3862: 3858: 3850: 3846: 3840:Bandlien (2006) 3838: 3834: 3816:Anderson (1922) 3804:Bandlien (2006) 3792:McDonald (2012) 3786:pp. 51–52, 78; 3784:Dahlberg (2014) 3780:Crawford (2014) 3776:McDonald (2016) 3774: 3770: 3762: 3758: 3746: 3742: 3726: 3719: 3702:Anderson (1922) 3692: 3688: 3680: 3676: 3664: 3660: 3652: 3648: 3634:Harrison (1876) 3628: 3624: 3608: 3604: 3586:McDonald (2016) 3584: 3580: 3552:Anderson (1922) 3536:McDonald (2016) 3534: 3530: 3520:Anderson (1922) 3504:McDonald (2016) 3502: 3498: 3488:McDonald (2016) 3486: 3482: 3463: 3459: 3451: 3444: 3436:Document 1/17/2 3421: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3397:Document 1/17/1 3386: 3382: 3374: 3370: 3362:Document 1/17/3 3353:McIntire (1943) 3341:McDonald (2016) 3339: 3335: 3327: 3323: 3311: 3307: 3297:Anderson (1922) 3287: 3283: 3275: 3271: 3256: 3252: 3238:McDonald (2016) 3236: 3232: 3220: 3216: 3208: 3204: 3194:Anderson (1922) 3178:McDonald (2019) 3176: 3172: 3162:Anderson (1922) 3138:Dahlberg (2014) 3134:McDonald (2019) 3132: 3128: 3120: 3116: 3110:Dahlberg (2014) 3108: 3104: 3094:Dahlberg (2014) 3092: 3088: 3074:Dahlberg (2014) 3072: 3068: 3056: 3052: 3044: 3040: 3032: 3028: 3018:Anderson (1922) 3006:Williams (1997) 2986:Dahlberg (2014) 2982:McDonald (2019) 2980: 2976: 2960: 2956: 2948: 2944: 2932: 2928: 2916: 2912: 2896: 2892: 2884: 2877: 2871:Crawford (2014) 2869: 2865: 2857: 2850: 2842: 2825: 2821:p. 38, 38 n. 5. 2813: 2809: 2805:p. 38, 38 n. 5. 2793: 2789: 2781: 2777: 2773:p. 38, 38 n. 5. 2753: 2749: 2733: 2729: 2721: 2717: 2711:Williams (1997) 2709: 2705: 2695:Anderson (1922) 2693:p. 260 n. 117; 2691:Williams (1997) 2673: 2669: 2661: 2657: 2647:McDonald (2019) 2645: 2641: 2619:McDonald (2019) 2617: 2613: 2597: 2593: 2583:McDonald (2012) 2579:McDonald (2016) 2577: 2573: 2555:McDonald (2012) 2553: 2546: 2538:p. 70 fig. 24; 2522: 2518: 2510: 2503: 2495: 2491: 2483: 2479: 2471: 2467: 2461:McDonald (2012) 2459: 2455: 2445:Stringer (2004) 2443: 2436: 2430:McDonald (1997) 2428:p. 192 tab. i; 2412:p. xvi tab. 5; 2408: 2404: 2396: 2392: 2380: 2376: 2364: 2360: 2340: 2336: 2324: 2320: 2304: 2300: 2284: 2280: 2268: 2264: 2256: 2252: 2244: 2240: 2226:McDonald (2019) 2224: 2220: 2210:Anderson (1922) 2198:McDonald (2019) 2196: 2192: 2184: 2180: 2168: 2164: 2148: 2144: 2136: 2132: 2128:p. 200 tab. ii. 2122:McDonald (1997) 2120:p. 192 tab. i; 2102:McDonald (2019) 2100: 2096: 2090:Bandlien (2006) 2070:McDonald (2012) 2062:McDonald (2016) 2060: 2056: 2048: 2044: 2038:Williams (1997) 2036: 2032: 2026:Crawford (2014) 2022:McDonald (2019) 2020: 2016: 2008: 2004: 1996: 1992: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1963: 1950: 1946: 1929: 1925: 1904: 1900: 1869: 1865: 1849:rí Airer Goidel 1844: 1840: 1825: 1821: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1772: 1762: 1758: 1701: 1688: 1670:Scottish Gaelic 1663: 1659: 1653: 1649: 1639:Harald Olavsson 1635:Harald Óláfsson 1631:Harald Olafsson 1620: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1334: 1305:Norwegian Crown 1280:Clann Domhnaill 1267: 1266: 1265: 1264: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1245: 1244: 1243: 1221: 1148: 1090:Chronica majora 1074: 1064:Svðréyiakonvngs 1013:Chronica majora 970:Whithorn Priory 926: 925: 924: 923: 918: 917: 916: 915: 907: 899: 898: 897: 893: 827: 745: 744: 743: 742: 727: 726: 725: 724: 720: 712: 711: 710: 706: 695: 662:Norwegian Crown 591: 539: 529: 519: 509: 431: 413: 333: 316:Scottish realms 269:Clann Somhairle 241: 201:Scottish Crowns 106: 50: 38:Codex Frisianus 19: 12: 11: 5: 8524: 8522: 8514: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8501:Crovan dynasty 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8468: 8467: 8461: 8460: 8458: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8411: 8409: 8403: 8402: 8400: 8399: 8394: 8392:Treaty of 1098 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8328: 8326: 8322: 8321: 8319: 8318: 8313: 8311:Northern Isles 8308: 8302: 8300: 8296: 8295: 8293: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8266: 8264: 8258: 8257: 8255: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8213: 8211: 8205: 8204: 8202: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8184: 8179: 8172: 8167: 8165:Lewis chessmen 8162: 8157: 8155:Galloway Hoard 8152: 8145: 8138: 8132: 8130: 8126: 8125: 8123: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8041: 8039: 8035: 8034: 8032: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8004:Outer Hebrides 8001: 7996: 7991: 7989:Gall-Ghàidheil 7986: 7981: 7975: 7973: 7969: 7968: 7966: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7933:Olaf the White 7930: 7925: 7920: 7914: 7912: 7908: 7907: 7905: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7823: 7821: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7796:Crovan dynasty 7793: 7788: 7782: 7780: 7776: 7775: 7770: 7768: 7767: 7760: 7753: 7745: 7736: 7735: 7732: 7729: 7728: 7726: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7684: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7657: 7655: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7601: 7599: 7595: 7594: 7592: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7569:Gofraid Crobán 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7534: 7533: 7527: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7495: 7493: 7489: 7488: 7486: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7464: 7459: 7452: 7450: 7446: 7445: 7443: 7442: 7437: 7427: 7421: 7419: 7415: 7414: 7405: 7403: 7402: 7395: 7388: 7380: 7372: 7371: 7366: 7363: 7354: 7339: 7335: 7334: 7333:Regnal titles 7330: 7329: 7318:Crovan dynasty 7315: 7312: 7307: 7306: 7294: 7280: 7279:External links 7277: 7275: 7274: 7268: 7255: 7249: 7233: 7213: 7197:(PhD thesis). 7190: 7176: 7163: 7135: 7090: 7054: 7037: 7031: 7014: 6974: 6968: 6951: 6911: 6905: 6885: 6879: 6862: 6832: 6823: 6817: 6800: 6780: 6765: 6751: 6738: 6698: 6692:(PhD thesis). 6683: 6663: 6645: 6631: 6614: 6608: 6591: 6548: 6508: 6485: 6458: 6444: 6423: 6409: 6384: 6378: 6349: 6343: 6330: 6324: 6311: 6305: 6292: 6286: 6269: 6254: 6241: 6224: 6169: 6127: 6095: 6089: 6076: 6031: 6005: 5989: 5983: 5966: 5909: 5903: 5886: 5846: 5806: 5790:(PhD thesis). 5783: 5757: 5734: 5712: 5698: 5681: 5675: 5658: 5625: 5587: 5581:(PhD thesis). 5572: 5566: 5546: 5540: 5520: 5495: 5489: 5472: 5466: 5446: 5440: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5414: 5403: 5391:, ed. (1878). 5385: 5359:, ed. (1871). 5353: 5347: 5321: 5295: 5265: 5227: 5205: 5199: 5182: 5162: 5151: 5140: 5122: 5111: 5096: 5080:, ed. (1853). 5074: 5056: 5022: 4988: 4954: 4920: 4908:, ed. (1894). 4902: 4862: 4848: 4834: 4811: 4803:, ed. (1922). 4797: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4743: 4731: 4712: 4696: 4684: 4660: 4652:Thomson (2008) 4628: 4616: 4608:Thomson (2008) 4592: 4564: 4545: 4513: 4501: 4499:p. 497 n. 185. 4489: 4470: 4458: 4442: 4422: 4410: 4382: 4350: 4348:pp. 87–88, 90. 4338: 4322: 4295: 4259: 4247: 4224: 4212: 4180: 4151:pp. 118, 152; 4133:Thomson (2008) 4129:Wærdahl (2011) 4097: 4081: 4066: 4043: 4027: 4011: 3991: 3975: 3927: 3908: 3884: 3880:Johnsen (1969) 3868: 3856: 3852:Orfield (2002) 3844: 3832: 3768: 3756: 3740: 3717: 3686: 3674: 3658: 3646: 3642:Camdeno (1607) 3622: 3602: 3578: 3576:vol. 19 § 238. 3569:pt. 1 p. 155; 3548:Johnsen (1969) 3528: 3516:Johnsen (1969) 3496: 3480: 3457: 3442: 3425:p. 198 § 171; 3415: 3403: 3380: 3368: 3333: 3321: 3305: 3281: 3269: 3250: 3230: 3214: 3202: 3188:p. 298 n. 59; 3170: 3158:Johnsen (1969) 3126: 3122:Johnsen (1969) 3114: 3102: 3098:McNamee (2005) 3086: 3082:McNamee (2005) 3066: 3062:Johnsen (1969) 3058:McNamee (2005) 3050: 3038: 3026: 3014:Johnsen (1969) 2974: 2954: 2950:O'Grady (2008) 2942: 2934:O'Grady (2008) 2926: 2918:O'Grady (2008) 2910: 2898:O'Grady (2008) 2890: 2875: 2863: 2848: 2823: 2807: 2787: 2775: 2747: 2727: 2715: 2713:p. 260 n. 117. 2703: 2667: 2655: 2639: 2611: 2591: 2571: 2544: 2516: 2501: 2489: 2477: 2465: 2453: 2434: 2416:p. 27 tab. 1; 2402: 2398:McNamee (2005) 2390: 2386:McNamee (2005) 2374: 2370:McNamee (2005) 2358: 2346:McNamee (2005) 2334: 2330:McNamee (2005) 2318: 2310:McNamee (2005) 2298: 2290:McNamee (2005) 2278: 2262: 2250: 2238: 2218: 2190: 2178: 2172:p. 27 tab. 1; 2162: 2142: 2130: 2108:p. 27 tab. 1; 2104:p. ix tab. 1; 2094: 2054: 2042: 2030: 2014: 2002: 1990: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1961: 1944: 1923: 1898: 1863: 1838: 1819: 1779: 1770: 1756: 1699:grid reference 1686:grid reference 1657: 1647: 1613: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1467: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1451: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1395: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1351: 1349: 1342: 1341: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1314:Scottish Crown 1258: 1257: 1248: 1247: 1246: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1234: 1233: 1219:grid reference 1207:Sumburgh Roost 1161:, a dangerous 1159:Sumburgh Roost 1147: 1144: 1073: 1070: 1038:William Camden 920: 919: 909: 908: 901: 900: 895: 894: 887: 886: 885: 884: 883: 826: 823: 735:Manx runestone 729: 728: 722: 721: 714: 713: 708: 707: 700: 699: 698: 697: 696: 694: 691: 675:Scottish Crown 624: 623: 620: 618: 617: 615: 613: 611: 609: 607: 605: 603: 601: 599: 597: 588: 586: 585: 583: 581: 579: 577: 575: 573: 571: 569: 567: 565: 563: 561: 559: 557: 555: 552: 550: 549: 547: 545: 537: 535: 527: 525: 517: 515: 506: 505: 503: 501: 499: 497: 495: 493: 491: 489: 487: 485: 482: 481: 479: 477: 475: 473: 471: 469: 467: 465: 463: 461: 459: 457: 455: 453: 451: 449: 447: 444: 442: 441: 439: 437: 429: 427: 425: 423: 421: 419: 410: 409: 407: 405: 403: 401: 399: 397: 395: 393: 390: 389: 387: 385: 383: 381: 379: 377: 375: 373: 371: 369: 367: 365: 363: 361: 358: 356: 355: 353: 351: 349: 347: 345: 343: 341: 339: 326: 325: 257:Crovan dynasty 240: 237: 154:Crovan dynasty 141: 140: 135: 131: 130: 128:Crovan dynasty 125: 119: 118: 115: 111: 110: 108:Sumburgh Roost 103: 99: 98: 95: 91: 90: 87: 86: 81: 77: 76: 71: 67: 66: 63: 59: 58: 52: 51: 34: 26: 25: 17: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8523: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8473: 8471: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8412: 8410: 8408: 8404: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8323: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8303: 8301: 8297: 8291: 8290:Old Norwegian 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8267: 8265: 8263: 8259: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8227:Law Ting Holm 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8214: 8212: 8210: 8206: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8189: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8177: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8150: 8146: 8144: 8143: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8133: 8131: 8127: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8090:Linton Chapel 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8042: 8040: 8036: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7976: 7974: 7970: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7943:Páll Bálkason 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7915: 7913: 7909: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7824: 7822: 7820:Notable women 7818: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7786:List of kings 7784: 7783: 7781: 7777: 7773: 7766: 7761: 7759: 7754: 7752: 7747: 7746: 7743: 7733:^ Speculative 7730: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7685: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7658: 7656: 7652: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7596: 7590: 7587: 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Edinburgh: 6806: 6801: 6788: 6783: 6777: 6773: 6772: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6752:90-04-14206-1 6748: 6744: 6739: 6735: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6711: 6705: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6690: 6684: 6671: 6666: 6660: 6656: 6655: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6632:90-04-14206-1 6628: 6624: 6620: 6615: 6611: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6592: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6554: 6549: 6545: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6521: 6515: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6492: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6385: 6381: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6350: 6346: 6340: 6336: 6331: 6327: 6321: 6317: 6312: 6308: 6302: 6298: 6293: 6289: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6261: 6255: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6242:0-520-04981-0 6238: 6234: 6230: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6178: 6175:(1915–1916). 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6137: 6132: 6128: 6117: 6113: 6112: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6092: 6086: 6082: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6020: 6019: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5995: 5990: 5986: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5926: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5904:1-85182-974-1 5900: 5896: 5892: 5887: 5883: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5859: 5853: 5847: 5843: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5819: 5813: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5767: 5762: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5744: 5741:(MA thesis). 5740: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5722: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5682: 5678: 5676:0-7185-1197-2 5672: 5668: 5664: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5626: 5622: 5616: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5579: 5573: 5569: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5541:0-7486-1237-8 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5496: 5492: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5473: 5469: 5467:0-8020-6448-5 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5441:2-503-52163-0 5437: 5433: 5429: 5424: 5423: 5418: 5411: 5410: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5395: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5364: 5363: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5348:82-7061-192-1 5344: 5339: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5305: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5283: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5217: 5213: 5212: 5206: 5202: 5200:0-7083-1897-5 5196: 5192: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5169: 5163: 5159: 5158: 5152: 5148: 5147: 5141: 5137: 5136: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5118: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5103: 5097: 5093: 5092:Henry G. Bohn 5089: 5085: 5084: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5062: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5013: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4979: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4945: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4912: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4893: 4877: 4873: 4872: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4840: 4835: 4831: 4825: 4817: 4812: 4808: 4807: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4788: 4772: 4768: 4767: 4762: 4758: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4740: 4735: 4732: 4729:p. 27 tab. 1. 4728: 4724: 4719: 4717: 4713: 4710:p. 27 tab. 1. 4709: 4705: 4700: 4697: 4693: 4688: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4676:Dasent (1894) 4673: 4669: 4664: 4661: 4657: 4656:Barrow (1981) 4653: 4649: 4648:Sellar (2004) 4645: 4641: 4637: 4632: 4629: 4625: 4620: 4617: 4613: 4612:Barrow (1981) 4609: 4605: 4601: 4596: 4593: 4589: 4588:Barrow (1981) 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4568: 4565: 4561: 4560:Sellar (2004) 4557: 4552: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4541:Sellar (2000) 4538: 4534: 4533:Sellar (2004) 4530: 4526: 4522: 4517: 4514: 4510: 4505: 4502: 4498: 4493: 4490: 4486: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4446: 4443: 4439: 4436:pp. 507–509; 4435: 4431: 4426: 4423: 4419: 4414: 4411: 4407: 4404:pp. 566–567; 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4354: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4339: 4336:frontispiece. 4335: 4334:Oswald (1860) 4331: 4326: 4323: 4319: 4317: 4313:pp. 309–310; 4312: 4308: 4304: 4299: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4287:Dowden (1912) 4285:pp. 546–547; 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4263: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4248: 4244: 4242: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4225: 4221: 4216: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4204:Barrow (1981) 4201: 4197: 4194:pp. 143–144; 4193: 4189: 4184: 4181: 4177: 4175: 4171:pp. 100–101; 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4127:pp. 143–144; 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4101: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4085: 4082: 4078: 4073: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4050: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4031: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4015: 4012: 4008: 4007:Sellar (2000) 4004: 4000: 3995: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3979: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3967:Dasent (1894) 3965:pp. 547–548; 3964: 3960: 3959:Sellar (2000) 3956: 3955:McLeod (2002) 3952: 3951:Sellar (2004) 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3928: 3924: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3888: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3820:Dasent (1894) 3817: 3813: 3812:Barrow (1981) 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3769: 3765: 3760: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3744: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3712: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3694:McLeod (2002) 3690: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3675: 3671: 3670:Sellar (2000) 3667: 3666:McLeod (2002) 3662: 3659: 3655: 3650: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3638:Selden (1672) 3635: 3631: 3626: 3623: 3619: 3618:Sellar (2000) 3615: 3614:McLeod (2002) 3611: 3606: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3579: 3575: 3573: 3568: 3564: 3563:Oliver (1861) 3560: 3558: 3554:p. 542 n. 3; 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3532: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3500: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3481: 3477: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3461: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3437: 3432: 3429:pp. 195–196; 3428: 3424: 3419: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3404: 3400: 3398: 3393: 3392:Oliver (1861) 3389: 3384: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3369: 3365: 3363: 3358: 3357:Oliver (1861) 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3337: 3334: 3330: 3325: 3322: 3318: 3317:Rixson (1982) 3315:pp. 204–206; 3314: 3309: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3293:Rixson (1982) 3291:pp. 99, 152; 3290: 3285: 3282: 3278: 3273: 3270: 3266: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3251: 3247: 3246:Rixson (1982) 3243: 3239: 3234: 3231: 3227: 3226:Oliver (1861) 3223: 3218: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3186:Murray (2005) 3183: 3179: 3174: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3152:pp. 87, 151; 3151: 3148:pp. 107–108; 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3039: 3035: 3030: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3010:Barrow (1981) 3007: 3003: 3000:pp. 87, 151; 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2817:pp. 106–107; 2816: 2811: 2808: 2804: 2801:pp. 106–107; 2800: 2796: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2716: 2712: 2707: 2704: 2700: 2697:pp. 507–509; 2696: 2692: 2688: 2685:pp. 52, 106; 2684: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2612: 2608: 2607:Wilson (1973) 2604: 2600: 2595: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2572: 2568: 2567:Wilson (1973) 2564: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2542:p. 57 fig. 9. 2541: 2537: 2536:Cubbon (1952) 2533: 2532:Rixson (1982) 2529: 2525: 2520: 2517: 2513: 2512:Barrow (1981) 2508: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2426:Sellar (2000) 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2403: 2399: 2394: 2391: 2387: 2384:pp. 158–158; 2383: 2378: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2366:Duffy (2004b) 2362: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2350:Duffy (2004b) 2347: 2343: 2338: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2319: 2315: 2314:Duffy (2004b) 2311: 2307: 2302: 2299: 2295: 2294:Duffy (2004b) 2291: 2287: 2282: 2279: 2275: 2274:Duffy (2004b) 2271: 2266: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2143: 2140:p. 27 tab. 1. 2139: 2134: 2131: 2127: 2124:p. 259 tab.; 2123: 2119: 2118:Sellar (2000) 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2058: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2015: 2011: 2006: 2003: 1999: 1998:McLeod (2002) 1994: 1991: 1987: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1972: 1966: 1958: 1954: 1948: 1945: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1927: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1902: 1899: 1895: 1894: 1889: 1888: 1882: 1877: 1873: 1867: 1864: 1860: 1858: 1852: 1850: 1842: 1839: 1835: 1833: 1832: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1811:Matthew Paris 1808: 1806: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1783: 1780: 1774: 1771: 1766: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1742: 1735: 1732: 1725: 1721: 1719: 1713: 1709: 1706:) within the 1704: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1677: 1671: 1667: 1661: 1658: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1618: 1615: 1608: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1541: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1522: 1521: 1516: 1515: 1507: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1497: 1496: 1491: 1490: 1486: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1462: 1461: 1456: 1455: 1449: 1443: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1433: 1432: 1427: 1426: 1420: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1406: 1405: 1400: 1399: 1393: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1377: 1376: 1371: 1370: 1366: 1360: 1348: 1347: 1344: 1343: 1339: 1338: 1331: 1329: 1327: 1326:successor-son 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1298: 1297: 1291: 1287: 1286:connections. 1285: 1281: 1277: 1275: 1262: 1252: 1241: 1232: 1229: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1211:Sumburgh Head 1208: 1204: 1200: 1198: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1181:In 1248, the 1176: 1172: 1170: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1155:Sumburgh Head 1152: 1145: 1143: 1141: 1140:Irish sources 1137: 1133: 1125: 1120: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1100: 1092: 1091: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1071: 1069: 1067: 1065: 1059: 1055: 1053: 1052:rí Innsi Gall 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1033: 1027: 1025: 1024:rex insularum 1019: 1015: 1014: 1009: 1004: 996: 994: 988: 987: 981: 977: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 957: 951: 949: 943: 939: 937: 931: 930:Furness Abbey 913: 905: 891: 882: 879: 875: 870: 866: 862: 861:clinker-built 857: 853: 848: 840: 836: 831: 824: 822: 818: 816: 811: 802: 801:assembly site 798: 794: 790: 786: 784: 782: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 751: 740: 736: 732: 718: 704: 692: 690: 688: 687:English Crown 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 641: 635: 631: 619: 594: 589: 587: 553: 551: 542: 532: 522: 512: 507: 504: 496: 494: 486: 484: 483: 478: 470: 468: 460: 458: 445: 443: 434: 416: 411: 408: 392: 391: 380: 364: 359: 357: 336: 331: 328: 327: 323: 322: 319: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 295: 292: 291: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 264: 258: 254: 245: 238: 236: 234: 230: 226: 220: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 177:rex insularum 173: 171: 167: 161: 159: 155: 151: 147: 139: 136: 132: 129: 126: 124: 120: 116: 112: 109: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 85: 82: 78: 75: 72: 68: 64: 60: 57: 53: 48: 46: 40: 39: 32: 27: 22: 16: 8476:1220s births 8270:Middle Irish 8186: 8174: 8149:Darraðarljóð 8147: 8140: 8100:Old Scatness 7918:Caittil Find 7872:Isabel Bruce 7697: 7688:Óspakr-Hákon 7654:13th century 7598:12th century 7492:11th century 7449:10th century 7356: 7346: 7345: 7324: 7316: 7289: 7259: 7240: 7228: 7224: 7194: 7167: 7150: 7146: 7127:. 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Cardiff: 4761:"AM 45 Fol" 4723:Oram (2011) 4704:Oram (2011) 4636:Oram (2013) 4600:Oram (2013) 4576:Oram (2013) 4574:pp. 52–54; 4556:Oram (2013) 4529:Oram (2013) 4466:Oram (2005) 4454:Oram (2005) 4450:Oram (2013) 4430:Oram (2013) 4400:pp. 78–82; 4362:Oram (2013) 4303:Lowe (1988) 4279:Lowe (1988) 4271:Oram (2013) 4202:pp. 19–20; 4121:Oram (2013) 4058:Oram (2013) 4056:pp. 51–52; 4041:pp. 80, 81. 4035:Oram (2013) 3999:Oram (2013) 3983:Oram (2013) 3935:Oram (2013) 3892:Oram (2013) 3830:pp. 98–101. 3788:Oram (2013) 3668:pp. 26–28; 3471:pp. 98–99; 3394:pp. 77–78; 3359:pp. 79–81; 3182:Oram (2013) 3156:pp. 79–80; 3142:Oram (2013) 3004:pp. 79–80; 2990:Oram (2013) 2972:pp. 92, 94. 2844:Oram (2013) 2795:Oram (2013) 2675:Oram (2013) 2653:pp. 87, 90. 2623:Oram (2013) 2605:pp. 54–55; 2601:pp. 58–60; 2561:pp. 58–59; 2432:p. 259 tab. 2410:Oram (2011) 2354:Gade (1994) 2344:pp. 79–80; 2308:pp. 78–79; 2288:pp. 70–72; 2248:pp. 87, 90. 2066:Oram (2013) 1881:Start Point 1487:(died 1176) 1450:(died 1237) 1394:(died 1187) 1367:(died 1153) 1042:John Selden 962:Manx parish 956:Ballacgniba 841:of Haraldr. 731:Maughold IV 543:(died 1265) 533:(died 1249) 523:(died 1248) 513:(died 1231) 435:(died 1237) 417:(died 1229) 337:(died 1187) 70:Predecessor 8470:Categories 8440:MacDougall 8435:Mac Coitir 8337:Brunanburh 8232:Lunnasting 7362:1237–1248 7208:10023/7088 7012:required.) 6949:required.) 6736:required.) 6546:required.) 6276:. Dublin: 6116:De Gruyter 5973:. London: 5884:required.) 5844:required.) 5801:2262/77137 5558:Allen Lane 5338:10802/5009 5245:7 November 5036:1 November 5002:1 November 4968:1 November 4906:Dasent, GW 4882:27 January 4852:Camdeno, G 4842:. 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