Indus script - Knowledge

264: 1151: 1139: 767: 618: 100: 886: 241: 713: 5811: 758:, an ancient Pre-Iranian civilisation that was contemporaneous with the Indus Valley civilisation. Their respective scripts were contemporary to each other, and both were largely pictographic. About 35 Proto-Elamite signs may possibly be comparable to Indus signs. Writing in 1932, G. R. Hunter argued, against the view of Stephen Langdon, that the number of resemblances "seem to be too close to be explained by coincidence". 1033:, the epigraphist Iravatham Mahadevan identified a recurring sequence of four signs which he interpreted as an early Dravidian phrase translated as "Merchant of the City". Commenting on his 2014 publication, he stressed that he had not fully deciphered the Indus script, although he felt his effort had "attained the level of proof" with regards to demonstrating that the Indus script was a Dravidian written language. 527: 5794: 1273: 275: 1005: 542:, depicting objects found in the ancient world generally, found locally in Harappan culture, or derived from the natural world. However, many abstract signs have also been identified. Some signs are compounds of simpler pictorial signs, while others are not known to occur in isolation, being known only to occur as components of more complex signs. Some signs resemble 249: 5777: 1130:. This language family is spoken largely in central and eastern India, and is related to some Southeast Asian languages. However, much like the Indo-Aryan language, the reconstructed vocabulary of early Munda does not reflect the Harappan culture, therefore, its candidacy for being the language of the Indus Civilisation is dim. 1371:

The Indus Valley Civilization started to decline around 1800 BCE. This phase included the disappearance of writing. The script created by the Indus Valley Civilization perished along with it. The Vedic civilization, which ruled over North India for several centuries, did not use the Indus Script or

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basis in the script has been that of Rao". S. R. Rao perceived a number of similarities in shape and form between the late Harappan characters and the Phoenician letters, and argued that the Phoenician script evolved from the Harappan script, and not, as the classical theory suggests from the

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consists of seals, impressions of such seals, and graffiti markings inscribed on pottery. Seals and their impressions were typically small in size and portable, with most being just 2–3 centimetres in length on each side. No extant examples of the Indus script have been found on perishable organic

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homogeneity of certain terminal signs, and some generally adopted techniques of segmenting the inscriptions into initial, medial, and terminal clusters. Over 100 (mutually exclusive) attempts at decipherment have been published since the 1920s, and the topic is popular among amateur researchers.

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thesis in 2005, stated that their arguments "can be easily controverted". He cited the presence of a large number of rare signs in Chinese and emphasised there was "little reason for sign repetition in short seal texts written in an early logo-syllabic script". Revisiting the question in a 2008

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of Indus inscriptions closely matched those of linguistic systems like the Sumerian logo-syllabic system, Rig Vedic Sanskrit etc., but they are careful to stress that by itself does not imply the script is linguistic. A follow-up study presented further evidence in terms of entropies of longer

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presented a number of arguments stating that the Indus script is nonlinguistic. The main ones are the extreme brevity of the inscriptions, the existence of too many rare signs (which increase over the 700-year period of the Mature Harappan civilisation), and the lack of the random-looking sign

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Over the years, numerous decipherments have been proposed, but there is no established scholarly consensus. The few points on which there exists scholarly consensus are the right-to-left direction of the majority of the inscriptions, numerical nature of certain stroke-like signs, functional

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mode are also known. Although the script is undeciphered, the writing direction has been deduced from external evidence, such as instances of the symbols being compressed on the left side as if the writer is running out of space at the end of the row. In the case of seals, which create a

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has argued that sequences of Megalithic graffiti symbols have been found in the same order as those on comparable Harappan inscriptions and that this is evidence that language used by the Iron Age people of south India was related to or identical with that of the late Harappans.

1363:. Amar Fayaz Buriro, a language engineer, and Shabir Kumbhar, a developer of fonts, were tasked by the National Fund for Mohenjo-daro to develop this font, and they presented it at an international conference on Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Valley Civilisation on 8 February 2017. 946:

team, worked towards investigating the inscriptions using computer analysis. Parpola similarly concluded that the Indus script and Harappan language "most likely belonged to the Dravidian family". A comprehensive description of Parpola's work up to 1994 is given in his book

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as well as written or inscribed on a multitude of other objects including pottery, tools, tablets, and ornaments. Signs were written using a variety of methods including carving, chiselling, embossing, and painting applied to diverse materials such as

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found that a majority of the megalithic symbols he had surveyed were identifiably shared with the Indus script, concluding that there was a commonness of culture between the Indus Valley Civilisation and the later Megalithic period. Similarly,

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Mahadevan's 1977 sign list originally included 417 signs but in a late addendum to the list, he added 2 additional signs, identified in then recently discovered inscriptions, which he had not been able to include in the sign list before

1110:, such as the role of horses in the latter; as Parpola put it, "there is no escape from the fact that the horse played a central role in the Vedic and Iranian cultures". Additionally, the Indus script appears to lack evidence of 588:, 47 occur only twice, and 59 occur fewer than five times. Just 67 signs account for 80 percent of usage across the corpus of Indus symbols. The most frequently used sign is the "jar" sign, identified by Parpola as 'sign 311'. 1062:, wrote that he had deciphered the script. While dismissing most such attempts at decipherment, John E. Mitchiner commented that "a more soundly-based but still greatly subjective and unconvincing attempt to discern an 1223:, including a lack of discriminative power in their model, and argued that applying their model to known non-linguistic systems such as Mesopotamian deity symbols produced similar results to the Indus script. Rao 5309: 500:

which co-existed contemporaneously with the Tamil-Brahmi script. As with the Indus script, there is no scholarly consensus on the meaning of these non-Brahmi symbols. Some scholars, such as the anthropologist

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and Asko Parpola "have been making some headway on this particular problem", namely deciphering the Indus script, but concluded that their proposed readings, although they make sense, are not yet proof.

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Mahadevan has compared this seal to sign 7, which resembles a human figure with horns, arguing the comparison supports, among other evidence, a suggested Dravidian phonetic reading of the sign,

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No names, such as those of Indus rulers or personages, are known to be attested in surviving historical records or myths, as was the case with rulers like Rameses and Ptolemy, who were known to

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scripts. However, researchers now generally agree that the Indus script is not closely related to any other writing systems of the second and third millennia BCE, although some convergence or

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Mukhopadhyay, Bahata Ansumali (2018a). "Interrogating Indus Inscriptions Through Their Context, Structure and Compositional Semantics, to Understand Their Inner Logic of Message Conveyance".

971:, along with a team of colleagues, performed an independent computational analysis and concluded that the Indus script has the structure of a written language, supporting prior evidence for 1075:, and assigned sound values based on this comparison. Reading the script from left to right, as is the case with Brahmi, he concluded that Indus inscriptions included numerals and were " 436:. Inscriptions have been found at sites associated with the localised phases of this period. At Harappa, the use of the script largely ceased as the use of inscribed seals ended around 3883:

Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization: Being an Official Account of Archaeological Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro Carried Out by the Government of India Between the Years 1922 and 1927

389:, bone, shell, copper, silver, and gold. As of 1977, Iravatham Mahadevan noted that about 90% of the Indus script seals and inscribed objects discovered so far were found at sites in 2630: 581:

of Indus inscriptions listing 419 distinct signs in specific patterns. However, in 2015, the archaeologist and epigrapher Bryan Wells estimated that were around 694 distinct signs.

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has somewhat cautiously supported the possibility of the Brahmi script being influenced by the Indus script. Another possibility for the continuity of the Indus tradition is in the

5012:"Ancient Tax Tokens, Trade Licenses and Metrological Records?: Making Sense of Indus Inscribed Objects Through Script-Internal, Contextual, Linguistic, and Ethnohistorical Lenses" 834:

has not been identified, so, assuming the script is a written language, the language the script is most likely to express is unknown. However, an estimated 300 loanwords in the

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or ancestor to later writing systems used in the region of the Indian subcontinent. Others have compared the Indus script to roughly contemporary pictographic scripts from

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impression on the clay or ceramic on which the seal is affixed, the impression of the seal is read from right to left, as is this case with inscriptions in other cases.

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Numerous artefacts, particularly potsherds and tools, bearing markings inscribed into them have been found in Central India, South India, and Sri Lanka dating to the

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An opposing hypothesis is that these symbols are nonlinguistic signs which symbolise families, clans, gods, and religious concepts, and are similar to components of

505:, have argued that the non-Brahmi graffiti symbols are a survival and development of the Indus script into and during the 1st millennium BCE. In 1960, archaeologist 1106:

originated in India. However, there are many problems with this hypothesis, particularly the cultural differences evident between the Indus River Civilisation and

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phase of this period. However, excavations at Harappa have demonstrated the development of some symbols from potter's marks and graffiti belonging to the earlier

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scripts, suggesting that there may be similarities between them. These similarities were first suggested by early European scholars, such as the archaeologist

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of Mesopotamia. Due to the brevity of inscriptions, some researchers have questioned whether Indus symbols are even capable of expressing a spoken language.

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Mukhopadhyay, Bahata Ansumali (2021). "Metal-smithy, Bead-making, Jeweler's weight, Trade-permit, Tax-stamp: Indus Script's Semasiography Partly Decoded".

1435: 1563:'Sign 4' is a compound of 'sign 1', depicting a person carrying two burdens, and 'sign 311', the "jar" sign. Numbering convention for the Indus script by 4840: 3253: 2273: 5224: 3231: 1762: 5140: 5184: 4989: 1138: 793:

Inscriptions are very short. The average length of the inscriptions is around five signs, and the longest only 34 characters long, found on a

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Early examples of the Indus script have been found on pottery inscriptions and clay impressions of inscribed Harappan seals dating to around

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with Proto-Elamite conceivably may be found. A definite relationship between the Indus script and any other script remains unproven.

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South Asian Archaeology 2001: Proceedings of the sixteenth international conference of the Association of South Asian Archaeologists

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argued that Indus script text on seals could be read as names, titles, or occupations, and suggested that the animals depicted were

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belonging to the mature Harappan period. Inscriptions vary between just one and seven lines, with single lines being most common.

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suggested that a Dravidian language is the most likely candidate for the underlying language of the script. The Finnish scholar

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Although no clear consensus has been established, there are those who argue that the Indus script recorded an early form of the

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and their impressions bearing Indus script characters alongside animals: "unicorn" (left), bull (centre), and elephant (right);

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endings, which Possehl has argued rules out an Indo-European language such as Sanskrit as the language of the Indus script.

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also challenged the argument that the Indus script might have been a nonlinguistic symbol system. The paper concluded the

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Indus script on a stamp seal depicting a buffalo-horned figure surrounded by animals, dubbed the 'Lord of the Beasts' or

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There are doubts whether the Indus script records a written language or is instead a system of non-linguistic signs or

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underlines the prefixing nature of these words and calls them Para-Munda, a language related to but not belonging to

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have a writing system. India would actually have to wait almost a millennium to witness the resurgence of writing.

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still lists the proposal among the list of scripts that are not yet officially encoded in the Unicode Standard (and

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The commonly depicted "unicorn" is most likely a bull drawn in profile as to obscure one horn behind the other.

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By 1977 at least 2,906 inscribed objects with legible inscriptions had been discovered, and by 1992 a total of

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sequences of symbols beyond pairs. However, Sproat argued there existed a number of misunderstandings in Rao

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The number of principal signs is over 400, which is considered too large a number for each character to be a

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These scholars have proposed readings of many signs; one such reading was legitimised when the Dravidian

5603: 5294: 4296:; Yadav, Nisha; Vahia, Mayank N.; Joglekar, Hrishikesh; Adhikari, Ronojoy; Mahadevan, Iravatham (2010). 3938: 3901: 3344: 1107: 856: 492:

Iron Age which followed the Late Harappan period. These markings include inscriptions in the Brahmi and

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inscriptions from this phase have been noted. Both seals and potsherds bearing Indus script text, dated

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variants difficult, and scholars have proposed different ways to classify elements of the Indus script.

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rebuttal of Sproat's 2014 article and Sproat's response are published in the December 2015 issue of

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Paranavitana, Senarat; Prematilleka, Leelananda; Van Lohuizen-De Leeuw, Johanna Engelberta (1978).

3827: 3815: 3778: 3764: 2521: 1425: 1215: 1205: 1159: 1099: 1087: 1072: 997: 976: 916: 570: 514: 405:, while other sites located elsewhere account for the remaining 10%. Often, animals such as bulls, 240: 229: 217: 99: 3820:"A Note on the Muruku Sign of the Indus Script in light of the Mayiladuthurai Stone Axe Discovery" 5404: 5254: 5111: 5052: 5027: 4969: 4925: 4721: 4688: 4671: 4620: 4530: 4418: 4360: 4319: 4274: 3752: 3616: 3506: 2002: 1430: 1237: 1095: 843: 664: 60: 3390:. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. 3195: 1046:

Perhaps the most influential proponent of the hypothesis that the Indus script records an early

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The following factors are usually regarded as the biggest obstacles to successful decipherment:

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to help decipher the script, which shows no significant changes over time. However, some of the

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representing the Indus script. The font was developed based on a corpus compiled by Indologist

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Adapted from an address given at the inaugural function of the Indus Research Centre at the

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The Harappan Civilization and Its Writing: A Model for the Decipherment of the Indus Script

181:. By 1992, an estimated 4,000 inscribed objects had been discovered, some as far afield as 5683: 5144: 4632: 4282: 4178: 4152: 4144: 3395: 2612: 1445: 1325: 1127: 975:

structure in the Indus script, and noting that the Indus script appears to have a similar

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4,000 inscribed objects had been found. Indus script symbols have primarily been found on

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Vidale, Massimo (2007). "The collapse melts down: a reply to Farmer, Sproat and Witzel".

3714:(1960). "From the Megalithic to the Harappan: Tracing Back the Graffiti on the Pottery". 3385: 4476: 4254: 3486: 3313: 5533: 5449: 5424: 5282: 4865: 4830: 4794: 4659: 4368: 3797:

Megalithic pottery inscription and a Harappa tablet:A case of extraordinary resemblance

3440:"The Collapse of the Indus-Script Thesis: The Myth of a Literate Harappan Civilization" 3435: 3431: 3374: 1178: 1174: 1076: 1068: 1009: 307: 279: 221: 159: 3555: 3494: 636:

Some researchers have sought to establish a relationship between the Indus script and

42: 5830: 5643: 5239: 5056: 5031: 4945: 4725: 4692: 4588: 4422: 4343: 3756: 3663: 3641:"The Origin, Context and Function of the Indus Script: Recent Insights from Harappa." 3620: 1652: 1603: 1390: 1341: 1242:

carries a paper by Sproat that provides further evidence that the methodology of Rao

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The first publication of a seal with Harappan symbols dates to 1875, in a drawing by

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A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India From the Stone Age to the 12th Century

4364: 4278: 3992:"Interrogating Indus inscriptions to unravel their mechanisms of meaning conveyance" 3906:"Excavations at Harappa 2000–2001: New insights on Chronology and City Organization" 3804: 5648: 5573: 5513: 5419: 5409: 5399: 5354: 5249: 5244: 5088: 5076: 5064: 1671: 1591: 1564: 1455: 1356: 1286: 1185: 943: 939: 729: 686: 606: 526: 493: 448: 398: 225: 5817: 4323: 4121: 4066: 3740: 3412: 1784:

After a century of failing to crack an ancient script, linguists turn to machines.

4834: 4755: 4734: 4431: 3832:"How did the 'great god' get a 'blue neck'? a bilingual clue to the Indus Script" 3683: 3522: 5800: 5704: 5563: 5214: 4563:"A New Type of Inscribed Copper Plate from Indus Valley (Harappan) Civilisation" 4098: 3575: 3315:

The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States

3134: 1619: 1280: 1170: 924: 822: 694: 645: 574: 543: 471: 394: 182: 4664:"A Statistical Comparison of Written Language and Nonlinguistic Symbol Systems" 1763:"Science: Machine learning could finally crack the 4,000-year-old Indus script" 1272: 774:

inscribed with 34 characters, the longest known single Indus script inscription

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Salomon, Richard (1995). "Review: On the Origin of the Early Indian Scripts".

4008: 3991: 3604: 1534: 1518: 1502: 1405: 1115: 1004: 869: 811: 378: 373: 343: 299: 268: 253: 5160: 4921: 4822: 4814: 4017: 3612: 3502: 3294: 2595: 600:, though some exceptions wherein the script is written left to right or in a 5717: 5638: 5588: 5503: 5488: 5473: 5444: 5429: 5169: 5083:. Vol. 2, Collections in Pakistan. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia. 4889: 4451: 4262: 3703: 2027: 1772: 1767: 1530: 1321: 1155: 1143: 987: 980: 904: 852: 539: 531: 447:, particularly in the form of graffiti inscribed on pottery. Seals from the 386: 382: 213: 125: 4494: 4397:; Yadav, Nisha; Vahia, Mayank N.; Jonathan, Philip; Ziman, Pauline (2015). 4270: 3748: 3631:

The Script of Harappa and Mohenjodaro and Its Connection with Other Scripts

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The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate

3061: 2919: 2631:"Cylinder seal carved with an elongated buffalo and a Harappan inscription" 893: 4717: 4684: 4414: 3648:

Proceedings of the Pre-symposium and the 7th ESCA Harvard-Kyoto Roundtable

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Studies in South Asian Culture: Senarat Paranavitana Commemoration Volume

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argument against Sproat's arguments and Sproat's reply were published in

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The Roots Of Ancient India: The Archaeology of Early Indian Civilisation

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A less popular hypothesis suggests that the Indus script belongs to the

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Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2006). "Inscribed pots, emerging identities". In

3781:(2001a). "The Indus-like symbols on megalithic pottery: New evidence". 1635: 1395: 1309: 960: 835: 660: 530:

Variations of 'sign 4'; such variation makes distinguishing signs from

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Numbered according to the convention for the Indus script proposed by

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Archaeological Survey of India, Report for the Year 1872–1873, Vol. 5

1514: 972: 682: 676: 637: 171: 4485: 4460: 3948:. In Parpola, Asko; Pande, B. M.; Koskikallio, Petteri (eds.). 3867:"Dravidian Proof of the Indus Script via The Rig Veda: A Case Study" 3674:] (in Russian), Moscow: Institut Etnografii, Akademiya Nauk SSSR 2893: 2891: 2878: 2876: 1328:

submitted a completed proposal for encoding the script in Unicode's

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The Indus script 'fish sign', associated with the Dravidian reading

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of the Late Harappan period, centred on the present-day province of

4702:"On misunderstandings and misrepresentations: A reply to Rao et al" 4526: 3593:

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland

3334: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 174:(if that is what it may be termed) varies depending upon location. 5673: 5553: 5548: 5465: 5389: 4908:(1979). "On the Most Frequently Used Symbol in the Indus Script". 4508:. Archaeological Survey of India – via indianculture.gov.in. 3629: 1149: 1137: 1111: 1031:

Dravidian Proof of the Indus Script via The Rig Veda: A Case Study

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Most scholars agree that the Indus script was generally read from

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Articles by Steve Farmer, including essays about the Indus script

4874:. Pondicherry: Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture. 4546:. National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT). 1698:

aeka, dwi, tra, chatus, panta, happta/sapta, dasa, dvadasa, shata

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lecture, Parpola took on each of the 10 main arguments of Farmer

372:, strings of Indus signs are commonly found on flat, rectangular 4234:"Entropic Evidence for Linguistic Structure in the Indus Script" 4053:

Parpola, Asko (1986). "The Indus script: A challenging puzzle".

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Researchers have also compared the Indus valley script with the

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Seal impression showing a typical inscription of five characters

5173: 3634:. Studies in the history of culture. London: Oxford University. 4433:

Lost Languages: The Enigma of the World's Undeciphered Scripts

4298:"Entropy, the Indus Script, and Language:A Reply to R. Sproat" 5759: 2596:

Paranavitana, Prematilleka & Van Lohuizen-De Leeuw (1978)

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most scholars have taken the 'Dravidian hypothesis' seriously

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Lawler, Andrew (2004). "The Indus script: Write or wrong?".

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Proposal for encoding the Indus script in Plane 1 of the UCS

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language(s) which may have been spoken in the region of the

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led a Finnish team in the 1960s–80s that, like Knorozov's

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A sequence of Indus characters from the northern gate of

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Researchers have compared the Indus valley script to the

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in 1999, but this proposal has not been approved by the

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Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE

3473:(1983). "The Script of the Indus Valley Civilization". 2205: 2203: 1827: 3943:"Inscribed Objects from Harappa Excavations 1986–2007" 2811: 2809: 2807: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2062: 2060: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 5141:

Text based Indus Script Signs with the table of codes

4399:"On statistical measures and ancient writing systems" 3672:

Preliminary Report on the Study of Proto-Indian Texts

3158: 2897: 2882: 1893: 1891: 1794: 1792: 927:, who suggested several readings of signs based on a 700:, with some, such as G. R. Hunter, proposing an 2268: 2266: 1737: 1735: 470:

culture of the Late Harappan period, in present-day

5726: 5702: 5463: 5339: 5318: 5268: 5207: 1999:"Peoples and languages in pre-Islamic Indus valley" 1308: 1300: 1292: 1279: 124: 119: 107: 85: 70: 52: 34: 5129:(Thesis). Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary. 5091:; Pande, Brij Mohan; Koskikallio, Petteri (2010). 4754:Stiebing, William H. Jr.; Helft, Susan N. (2018). 4183:The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective 3074: 2774: 1082:S. R. Rao's interpretation helped to bolster 455:in Pakistan, lack the Indus script, however, some 4836:The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society 4461:"Ancient civilization: Cracking the Indus script" 1501:1540 from Mohenjodaro, 985 from Harappa, 66 from 4990:"Towards a Scientific Study of the Indus Script" 4114:Is the Indus script indeed not a writing system? 2170: 1567:. For an alternative numbering scheme, refer to 934:Based on computer analysis, the Russian scholar 562:, and so the script is generally believed to be 228:have argued that the script had a relation to a 3582:. Bombay: Indian Historical Research Institute. 1670:. Numbering convention for the Indus script by 1098:are the original Bronze Age inhabitants of the 923:). Early proponents included the archaeologist 625:and Indus scripts, made in the 19th century by 466:, have been found at sites associated with the 4777:The Archaeology and Epigraphy of Indus Writing 3770:The Indus Script: Text, Concordance And Tables 3557:The Interface Between the Written and the Oral 3232:"A Free Complete Indus Font Package Available" 732:dated to 2600–1700 BCE; an example of ancient 629:, an early proponent for the hypothesis of an 584:Of the signs identified by Mahadevan, 113 are 287:Periodisation of the Indus Valley civilisation 5185: 3379:. Calcutta: The Superintendent Of Government. 3336:The Indus Valley script: a new interpretation 2385: 2118: 2106: 2094: 1933: 8: 5151:How come we can't decipher the Indus script? 4208:. Oxford University Press. pp. 113–139. 3773:. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India. 3312:Allchin, F. Raymond; Erdosy, George (1995). 2698: 2344: 1265: 5847:Inventions of the Indus Valley civilisation 5310:Inventions of the Indus Valley Civilisation 5300:Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilisation 4736:A Manual of Historical Research Methodology 3580:Studies in Proto-Indo-Mediterranean Culture 1436:List of languages by first written accounts 872:decipherers from records attested in Greek. 409:, elephants, rhinoceros, and the mythical " 278:Collection of seals and their impressions; 204:has some connection with the Indus system. 5192: 5178: 5170: 4962:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 4600:Special Correspondent (14 November 2014). 3447:Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies (EJVS) 3040: 3004: 2867: 2855: 2517: 2309: 2245: 2082: 1870: 1855: 1756: 1754: 951:. Supporting this work, the archaeologist 677:Brahmi § Indigenous origin hypothesis 315:, paper, textiles, leaves, wood, or bark. 306:, tools, and weapons. The majority of the 192:Some scholars, such as G. R. Hunter, 98: 41: 4578: 4484: 4313: 4007: 3339:. Altoona: Pennsylvania State University. 2980: 2968: 2956: 2944: 2710: 2462: 2418: 2294: 2257: 2130: 2051: 1972: 1568: 1320:The Indus symbols have been assigned the 1236:in December 2010. The June 2014 issue of 911:in the context of some Indus inscriptions 716:Indus characters from an impression of a 704:with a derivation from the Indus script. 154:, is a corpus of symbols produced by the 4757:Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture 4561:Shinde, Vasant; Willis, Rick J. (2014). 4515:Journal of the American Oriental Society 3966:Studies in the Indus Valley Inscriptions 2992: 2827: 2651: 2579: 2552: 1909: 1831: 1197:, presenting counterarguments for each. 1182:repetition that is typical of language. 27:Symbols of the Indus Valley Civilisation 5772: 5010:Mukhopadhyay, Bahata Ansumali (2018b). 4642:Ancient Indian History and Civilization 4542:Sankaranarayanan, Vijayam, ed. (2007). 3182: 3110: 3098: 3028: 3016: 2815: 2758: 2722: 2667: 2567: 2533: 2505: 2493: 2445: 2402: 2066: 1957: 1798: 1726: 1712: 1482: 5093:Corpus of Indus seals and inscriptions 5081:Corpus of Indus seals and inscriptions 5069:Corpus of Indus seals and inscriptions 4871:Dravidian Linguistics: an introduction 4628: 4618: 4602:"Indus script early form of Dravidian" 4140: 4130: 3990:Mukhopadhyay, Bahata Ansumali (2019). 3950:Corpus of Indus Seals and Inscriptions 3911:. In Jarrige, C.; Lefèvre, V. (eds.). 3547:An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology 3170: 3146: 3086: 2839: 2746: 2734: 2683: 1897: 1843: 1741: 1615: 1489: 1264: 31: 5079:; Shah, Sayid Ghulam Mustafa (1991). 3874:Bulletin of the Indus Research Centre 3196:"SEI List of Scripts Not Yet Encoded" 2798: 2613:"Sceau cylindre — Louvre Collections" 2430: 2356: 2321: 2182: 2158: 2142: 1945: 1921: 1882: 1761:Locklear, Mallory (25 January 2017). 1090:views propagated by writers, such as 762:Theories and attempts at decipherment 496:scripts, but also include non-Brahmi 292: 7: 4120:. Chennai: Varalaaru. Archived from 4027:Indus script monographs, volumes 1-7 3680:Kuiper, Franciscus Bernardus Jacobus 3137:, Volume 36, Issue 4, December 2010. 2194: 1060:The Decipherment of the Indus Script 4803:Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies 4382:A Rosetta Stone for a lost language 3650:. Kyoto, Japan: RIHN. pp. 9–27 3275:Nadeem, Faryal (27 February 2017). 3122: 2932: 2786: 2474: 2233: 2221: 2209: 1984: 1684: 1173:. In a 2004 article, Steve Farmer, 1142:Indus script tablet recovered from 434:Iron Age in the Indian subcontinent 3075:Farmer, Sproat & Witzel (2004) 2775:Farmer, Sproat & Witzel (2004) 1416:History of ancient numeral systems 621:A proposed connection between the 212:of southern and central India and 25: 4218:Lothal and the Indus Civilisation 3495:10.1038/scientificamerican0383-58 3465:. London: George Allen and Unwin. 2028:"The Indus Script | Harappa" 1056:Lothal and the Indus Civilization 5809: 5792: 5775: 5126:An Introduction to Indus Writing 4220:. Bombay: Asia Publishing House. 4161:University of Pennsylvania Press 1330:Supplementary Multilingual Plane 1271: 2421:, pp. 14–15, 24–25, 32–35. 1700:(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 12, 100) 1094:, who hold the conviction that 136:, Indus (Harappan) 5739:Ochre Coloured Pottery culture 5006:, Chennai, on 25 January 2007. 3968:. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH. 3885:. Asian Educational Services. 3589:"Mohenjo-daro—Indus Epigraphy" 3560:. Cambridge University Press. 3545:, ed. (1990). "20.4 Scripts". 3384:Cunningham, Alexander (1877). 3318:. Cambridge University Press. 1634:, a partial name of a king of 1071:script. He compared it to the 903:, has been interpreted as its 708:Comparisons with Proto-Elamite 244:Indus script on Copper plates. 1: 5147: (archived 25 April 2020) 5004:Roja Muthiah Research Library 4942:"Murukan In the Indus Script" 4157:Indus Age: The Writing System 4067:10.1080/00438243.1986.9979979 3865:Mahadevan, Iravatham (2014). 3794:Mahadevan, Iravatham (2004), 3783:Studia Orientalia Electronica 3741:10.1126/science.306.5704.2026 3200:linguistics.berkeley.edu/sei/ 1104:Indo-European language family 1019: 990:words for 'fish' and 'star', 967:. The computational linguist 613:Relationship to other scripts 546:and are often interpreted as 460: 437: 426: 397:and its tributaries, such as 366: 347: 324: 76: 5744:Northern Black Polished Ware 5067:; Joshi, Jagat Pati (1987). 4779:. Oxford, UK: Archaeopress. 4640:Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999). 4076:Deciphering the Indus script 3915:. Paris: Collège de France. 1554:47 out of 61 signs surveyed. 1468:Undeciphered writing systems 1361:Deciphering the Indus Script 1050:is the Indian archaeologist 949:Deciphering the Indus Script 5260:Indus–Mesopotamia relations 4944:. Varalaaru. Archived from 4760:(3rd ed.). Routledge. 3964:Mitchiner, John E. (1978). 3628:Hunter, G. R. (1934). 3587:Hunter, G. R. (1932). 2386:Stiebing & Helft (2018) 2119:Meadow & Kenoyer (2010) 2107:Meadow & Kenoyer (2001) 1948:, pp. 301–302, note 4. 1934:Allchin & Erdosy (1995) 1771:. Manhattan, New York, NY: 1666: 1347:The Indus Script Font is a 1336:. As of February 2022, the 1334:Unicode Technical Committee 1012: 992: 899: 742:Indus–Mesopotamia relations 734:Indus–Mesopotamia relations 702:indigenous origin of Brahmi 631:indigenous origin of Brahmi 538:The characters are largely 484:Megalithic graffiti symbols 210:megalithic graffiti symbols 187:Indus–Mesopotamia relations 5868: 4841:Cambridge University Press 4775:Wells, B. K. (2015). 4106:. 50th ICES Tokyo Session. 4080:Cambridge University Press 2699:Shinde & Willis (2014) 1338:Script Encoding Initiative 1208:and others in the journal 1200:A 2009 paper published by 1052:Shikaripura Ranganatha Rao 907:, meaning "star", per the 814:, and to the contemporary 777: 739: 674: 481: 284: 5837:Indus Valley civilisation 5749:Painted Grey Ware culture 5201:Indus Valley Civilisation 4544:Themes in History, Part-I 4502:Sali, S. A. (1986). 4459:Robinson, Andrew (2015). 4436:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 4430:Robinson, Andrew (2002). 4302:Computational Linguistics 4214:Rao, Shikaripur Ranganath 4100:Study of the Indus Script 4009:10.1057/s41599-019-0274-1 3803:, Harappa, archived from 3605:10.1017/S0035869X00112444 3519:Fairservis, Walter Ashlin 3471:Fairservis, Walter Ashlin 3459:Fairservis, Walter Ashlin 3333:Bonta, Steven C. (2010). 3135:Computational Linguistics 1462:South Indian Inscriptions 1270: 1233:Computational Linguistics 1128:Munda family of languages 746:Elamo-Dravidian languages 156:Indus Valley Civilisation 40: 5305:Great Bath, Mohenjo-daro 5103:Philosophy East and West 4815:10.11588/ejvs.1999.1.828 4739:. South Indian Studies. 4700:Sproat, Richard (2015). 3839:Journal of Tamil Studies 3667: 3254:"Corpus by Asko Parpola" 2274:"Corpus by Asko Parpola" 1401:Outline of ancient India 1029:In his 2014 publication 889:Indus script single sign 838:may provide evidence of 5041:SSRN Electronic Journal 5016:SSRN Electronic Journal 4733:Sreedharan, E. (2007). 4263:10.1126/science.1170391 4078:. Cambridge, New York: 4025:Newberry, John (1980). 3996:Palgrave Communications 3975:SSRN Electronic Journal 3881:Marshall, John (1931). 3353:Oxford University Press 2171:Sankaranarayanan (2007) 1188:, reviewing the Farmer 1037:Non-Dravidian languages 671:Comparisons with Brahmi 640:, arguing that it is a 57:Undeciphered 5703:Indus Valley sites in 5464:Indus Valley sites in 5340:Indus Valley sites in 4395:Rao, Rajesh P. N. 4332:Rao, Rajesh P. N. 4294:Rao, Rajesh P. N. 4226:Rao, Rajesh P. N. 4111:Parpola, Asko (2008). 4097:Parpola, Asko (2005). 4074:Parpola, Asko (1994). 3939:Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark 3902:Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark 3409:Danish UNIX User Group 3214:"Proposed New Scripts" 1386:Early Indian epigraphy 1162: 1147: 1108:Indo-European cultures 1026: 912: 890: 775: 737: 633: 535: 363:Mature Harappan period 302:, pottery, bronze and 282: 271: 260: 245: 5295:Harappan architecture 5123:Wells, Bryan (1998). 4718:10.1353/lan.2015.0058 4685:10.1353/lan.2014.0031 4415:10.1353/lan.2015.0055 3688:. Amsterdam: Rodopi. 3685:Aryans in the Rigveda 3639:Kenoyer, J M (2006). 3387:Inscriptions of Asoka 3371:Cunningham, Alexander 3345:Bryant, Edwin Francis 2617:collections.louvre.fr 2555:, pp. 85–86, 96. 1442:Other similar topics 1202:Rajesh P. N. Rao 1153: 1141: 1007: 969:Rajesh P. N. Rao 896: 888: 778:Further information: 769: 715: 620: 529: 332:Early Harappan period 277: 266: 251: 243: 200:have argued that the 196:, John Newberry, and 168:bilingual inscription 5269:Art and architecture 5049:10.2139/ssrn.3778943 5024:10.2139/ssrn.3189473 4986:Mahadevan, Iravatham 4954:Mahadevan, Iravatham 4938:Mahadevan, Iravatham 4379:Rao, Rajesh (2011). 4315:10.1162/coli_c_00030 4230:Mahadevan, Iravatham 3983:10.2139/ssrn.3184583 3937:Meadow, Richard H.; 3900:Meadow, Richard H.; 3828:Mahadevan, Iravatham 3816:Mahadevan, Iravatham 3779:Mahadevan, Iravatham 3765:Mahadevan, Iravatham 3554:Goody, Jack (1987). 3064:on 19 December 2016. 2922:on 19 December 2019. 2095:Mukhopadhyay (2018a) 1606:, reference SB 2425. 1134:Non-linguistic signs 1054:, who in his books, 1023: 2350–2000 BCE 752:Proto-Elamite script 627:Alexander Cunningham 554:Number and frequency 464: 2200–1600 BCE 430: 1900–1300 BCE 423:Late Harappan period 370: 2600–1900 BCE 351: 3500–2800 BCE 336:standardised weights 328: 2800–2600 BCE 179:Alexander Cunningham 146:, also known as the 90:Right-to-left script 80: 3500–1900 BCE 5319:Language and script 5208:History and culture 4988:(4 February 2007). 4477:2015Natur.526..499R 4374:on 1 February 2012. 4357:10.1109/mc.2010.112 4255:2009Sci...324.1165R 4185:. Rowman Altamira. 4179:Possehl, Gregory L. 4153:Possehl, Gregory L. 3852:on 12 February 2023 3735:(5704): 2026–2029. 3487:1983SciAm.248c..58F 3475:Scientific American 3398:(29 January 1999), 3264:on 1 November 2020. 2916:ancient scripts.com 2388:, pp. 104–105. 2345:Mukhopadhyay (2019) 2284:on 1 November 2020. 2197:, pp. 504–505. 1987:, pp. 121–122. 1858:, pp. 105–108. 1426:History of Pakistan 1267: 1216:conditional entropy 1206:Iravatham Mahadevan 1160:Dholavira Signboard 1100:Indian subcontinent 1073:Phoenician alphabet 1048:Indo-Aryan language 1042:Indo-Aryan language 998:Iravatham Mahadevan 977:conditional entropy 917:Dravidian languages 571:Iravatham Mahadevan 515:Iravatham Mahadevan 218:Iravatham Mahadevan 152:Indus Valley Script 5255:Cemetery H culture 4948:on 13 August 2006. 4631:has generic name ( 3810:on 1 November 2012 3418:on 19 January 2022 3283:on 26 August 2019. 3058:ancientscripts.com 3007:, p. 268–269. 1924:, p. 361–364. 1683:With reference to 1653:N. S. Rajaram 1431:History of writing 1285:National Fund for 1163: 1148: 1096:Indo-Aryan peoples 1027: 913: 891: 881:Dravidian language 863:, have been found. 844:Indus civilisation 776: 738: 634: 536: 512:Indian epigraphist 283: 272: 261: 246: 230:Dravidian language 61:Bronze Age writing 5852:Indian inventions 5757: 5756: 5679:Kotla Nihang Khan 5326:Harappan language 4850:978-0-521-57219-4 4767:978-1-134-88083-6 4553:978-81-7450-651-1 4505:Daimabad: 1976–79 4471:(7574): 499–501. 4192:978-0-7591-1642-9 4170:978-0-8122-3345-2 4133:cite encyclopedia 4127:on 27 March 2009. 4055:World Archaeology 3922:978-2-8653830-1-6 3892:978-81-206-1179-5 3664:Knorozov, Yuri V. 3543:Ghosh, Amalananda 3362:978-0-19-513777-4 3159:Rao et al. (2015) 3041:Fairservis (1992) 3005:Sreedharan (2007) 2898:Rao et al. (2010) 2883:Rao et al. (2009) 2868:Fairservis (1992) 2856:Fairservis (1971) 2777:, pp. 19–20. 2641:on 25 April 2020. 2518:Cunningham (1877) 2465:, pp. 10–14. 2359:, pp. 66–76. 2324:, pp. 10–11. 2310:Fairservis (1992) 2297:, pp. 14–15. 2246:Mahadevan (2001a) 2236:, pp. 21–22. 2121:, p. xlviii. 2083:Fairservis (1983) 1912:, pp. 10–20. 1871:Fairservis (1992) 1856:Cunningham (1875) 1729:, pp. 10–11. 1647:For example, see 1529:in Iraq, 5 from 1349:Private Use Areas 1318: 1317: 1266:Indus Script Font 1084:Hindu nationalist 953:Walter Fairservis 832:Harappan language 816:accounting tokens 780:Harappan language 592:Writing direction 568:Indian epigrapher 164:Harappan language 162:used to record a 140: 139: 113:Harappan language 16:(Redirected from 5859: 5822: 5821:from Wikiversity 5814: 5813: 5812: 5805: 5797: 5796: 5795: 5788: 5780: 5779: 5778: 5768: 5380:Lakhueen-jo-daro 5235:Mehrgarh culture 5230:Bhirrana culture 5194: 5187: 5180: 5171: 5130: 5119: 5110:(1–4): 333–366. 5096: 5084: 5072: 5060: 5035: 5001: 5000:on 10 June 2014. 4996:. Archived from 4981: 4980:on 23 July 2007. 4976:. Archived from 4949: 4933: 4893: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4826: 4790: 4771: 4750: 4729: 4712:(4): e206–e208. 4696: 4668: 4655: 4636: 4630: 4626: 4624: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4596: 4584: 4582: 4580:10.5334/aa.12317 4557: 4538: 4509: 4498: 4488: 4455: 4426: 4409:(4): e198–e205. 4390: 4375: 4373: 4367:. Archived from 4340: 4327: 4317: 4289: 4288:on 2 March 2012. 4287: 4281:. Archived from 4238: 4221: 4209: 4202:Patrick Olivelle 4196: 4174: 4148: 4142: 4138: 4136: 4128: 4126: 4119: 4107: 4105: 4093: 4070: 4049: 4030: 4021: 4011: 3986: 3969: 3960: 3959:on 30 June 2011. 3958: 3947: 3933: 3932:on 23 July 2022. 3931: 3925:. Archived from 3910: 3896: 3877: 3871: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3851: 3845:. Archived from 3836: 3823: 3811: 3809: 3802: 3790: 3774: 3760: 3723: 3707: 3675: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3645: 3635: 3624: 3583: 3571: 3550: 3538: 3514: 3466: 3454: 3444: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3417: 3411:, archived from 3406: 3396:Everson, Michael 3391: 3380: 3366: 3340: 3329: 3299: 3298: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3279:. Archived from 3272: 3266: 3265: 3260:. Archived from 3250: 3244: 3243: 3238:. Archived from 3228: 3222: 3221: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3060:. Archived from 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2981:Mitchiner (1978) 2978: 2972: 2969:The Hindu (2014) 2966: 2960: 2957:Mahadevan (2014) 2954: 2948: 2945:Mahadevan (2008) 2942: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2918:. Archived from 2907: 2901: 2895: 2886: 2880: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2711:Mahadevan (1977) 2708: 2702: 2696: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2665: 2659: 2649: 2643: 2642: 2637:. Archived from 2627: 2621: 2620: 2609: 2603: 2593: 2587: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2556: 2550: 2541: 2540:, 133, fig. 7.5. 2531: 2525: 2522:Plate No. XXVIII 2515: 2509: 2508:, p. 59–62. 2503: 2497: 2491: 2482: 2472: 2466: 2463:Mahadevan (1977) 2460: 2449: 2443: 2434: 2428: 2422: 2419:Mahadevan (1977) 2416: 2410: 2400: 2389: 2383: 2360: 2354: 2348: 2342: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2312:, pp. 9–10. 2307: 2298: 2295:Mahadevan (1977) 2292: 2286: 2285: 2280:. Archived from 2270: 2261: 2258:Mahadevan (2006) 2255: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2213: 2212:, p. 21-22. 2207: 2198: 2192: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2168: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2140: 2134: 2131:Mahadevan (1977) 2128: 2122: 2116: 2110: 2104: 2098: 2092: 2086: 2080: 2074: 2064: 2055: 2052:Mahadevan (1977) 2049: 2043: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2024: 2018: 2017: 2012: 2010: 2001:. Archived from 1994: 1988: 1982: 1976: 1973:Mahadevan (2004) 1970: 1961: 1955: 1949: 1943: 1937: 1931: 1925: 1919: 1913: 1907: 1901: 1895: 1886: 1880: 1874: 1868: 1859: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1829: 1802: 1796: 1787: 1786: 1781: 1779: 1758: 1749: 1739: 1730: 1724: 1701: 1694: 1688: 1681: 1675: 1669: 1662: 1656: 1645: 1639: 1629: 1623: 1613: 1607: 1601: 1595: 1588: 1582: 1578: 1572: 1569:Mahadevan (1977) 1561: 1555: 1552: 1546: 1543: 1537: 1511: 1505: 1499: 1493: 1487: 1451:Edicts of Ashoka 1421:History of India 1275: 1268: 1252: 1229: 1088:Aryan indigenist 1024: 1021: 1015: 995: 902: 808:merchant's marks 770:An Indus Valley 498:graffiti symbols 465: 462: 445:Rangpur, Gujarat 442: 439: 431: 428: 371: 368: 352: 349: 329: 326: 297: 294: 185:due to existing 135: 132: 103: 102: 81: 78: 45: 32: 21: 5867: 5866: 5862: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5857: 5856: 5827: 5826: 5825: 5815: 5810: 5808: 5798: 5793: 5791: 5781: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5767:sister projects 5766: 5764:at Knowledge's 5758: 5753: 5722: 5698: 5684:Kerala-no-dhoro 5459: 5335: 5314: 5264: 5203: 5198: 5145:Wayback Machine 5137: 5122: 5099: 5087: 5075: 5063: 5038: 5009: 4984: 4952: 4936: 4904: 4901: 4899:Further reading 4896: 4882: 4866:Zvelebil, Kamil 4864: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4831:Wright, Rita P. 4829: 4793: 4787: 4774: 4768: 4753: 4747: 4732: 4699: 4666: 4660:Sproat, Richard 4658: 4652: 4639: 4627: 4617: 4610: 4608: 4599: 4587: 4560: 4554: 4541: 4512: 4501: 4486:10.1038/526499a 4458: 4444: 4429: 4393: 4378: 4371: 4338: 4330: 4292: 4285: 4236: 4224: 4212: 4199: 4193: 4177: 4171: 4151: 4139: 4129: 4124: 4117: 4110: 4103: 4096: 4090: 4073: 4052: 4046: 4033: 4024: 3989: 3972: 3963: 3956: 3945: 3936: 3929: 3923: 3908: 3904:(2 July 2001). 3899: 3893: 3880: 3869: 3864: 3855: 3853: 3849: 3834: 3826: 3814: 3807: 3800: 3793: 3777: 3763: 3726: 3710: 3696: 3678: 3669: 3662: 3653: 3651: 3643: 3638: 3627: 3586: 3574: 3568: 3553: 3541: 3535: 3517: 3469: 3457: 3442: 3436:Witzel, Michael 3432:Sproat, Richard 3430:Farmer, Steve; 3429: 3421: 3419: 3415: 3404: 3394: 3383: 3369: 3363: 3343: 3332: 3326: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3236:www.harappa.com 3230: 3229: 3225: 3212: 3211: 3207: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3169: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3145: 3141: 3133: 3129: 3121: 3117: 3109: 3105: 3097: 3093: 3085: 3081: 3073: 3069: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3039: 3035: 3027: 3023: 3015: 3011: 3003: 2999: 2993:Robinson (2002) 2991: 2987: 2979: 2975: 2967: 2963: 2955: 2951: 2943: 2939: 2931: 2927: 2909: 2908: 2904: 2896: 2889: 2881: 2874: 2866: 2862: 2854: 2850: 2838: 2834: 2828:Knorozov (1965) 2826: 2822: 2814: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2785: 2781: 2773: 2769: 2757: 2753: 2745: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2721: 2717: 2709: 2705: 2697: 2690: 2682: 2678: 2666: 2662: 2652:Marshall (1931) 2650: 2646: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2611: 2610: 2606: 2594: 2590: 2580:Marshall (1931) 2578: 2574: 2566: 2559: 2553:Zvelebil (1990) 2551: 2544: 2532: 2528: 2516: 2512: 2504: 2500: 2492: 2485: 2473: 2469: 2461: 2452: 2444: 2437: 2429: 2425: 2417: 2413: 2401: 2392: 2384: 2363: 2355: 2351: 2343: 2328: 2320: 2316: 2308: 2301: 2293: 2289: 2272: 2271: 2264: 2256: 2252: 2244: 2240: 2232: 2228: 2220: 2216: 2208: 2201: 2193: 2189: 2181: 2177: 2169: 2165: 2157: 2153: 2141: 2137: 2133:, pp. 6–7. 2129: 2125: 2117: 2113: 2105: 2101: 2093: 2089: 2081: 2077: 2065: 2058: 2054:, pp. 5–7. 2050: 2046: 2036: 2034: 2032:www.harappa.com 2026: 2025: 2021: 2008: 2006: 1997:Rahman, Tariq. 1996: 1995: 1991: 1983: 1979: 1971: 1964: 1956: 1952: 1944: 1940: 1932: 1928: 1920: 1916: 1910:Newberry (1980) 1908: 1904: 1896: 1889: 1881: 1877: 1869: 1862: 1854: 1850: 1842: 1838: 1832:Robinson (2015) 1830: 1805: 1797: 1790: 1777: 1775: 1760: 1759: 1752: 1740: 1733: 1725: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1704: 1695: 1691: 1682: 1678: 1663: 1659: 1646: 1642: 1630: 1626: 1614: 1610: 1602: 1598: 1589: 1585: 1579: 1575: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1540: 1512: 1508: 1500: 1496: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1446:Anaikoddai seal 1382:Related topics 1378: 1369: 1326:Michael Everson 1263: 1250: 1246:is flawed. Rao 1227: 1136: 1124: 1044: 1039: 1022: 929:proto-Dravidian 921:Proto-Dravidian 909:rebus principle 883: 857:bilingual texts 787: 785:Decipherability 782: 764: 748: 710: 698:Stephen Langdon 679: 673: 657:proto-cuneiform 652:, particularly 650:Iranian plateau 615: 594: 556: 524: 522:Characteristics 503:Gregory Possehl 486: 480: 463: 441: 1900 BCE 440: 429: 419: 407:water buffaloes 369: 359: 357:Mature Harappan 350: 327: 321: 311:materials like 295: 289: 238: 206:Raymond Allchin 148:Harappan script 133: 130: 97: 79: 73: 58: 48: 36: 28: 23: 22: 18:Harappan script 15: 12: 11: 5: 5865: 5863: 5855: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5829: 5828: 5824: 5823: 5806: 5804:from Wikiquote 5789: 5760: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5730: 5728: 5727:Related topics 5724: 5723: 5721: 5720: 5715: 5709: 5707: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5470: 5468: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5457: 5452: 5450:Judeir-jo-daro 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5425:Pir Shah Jurio 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5346: 5344: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5333: 5328: 5322: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5285: 5283:Pashupati seal 5280: 5272: 5270: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5211: 5209: 5205: 5204: 5199: 5197: 5196: 5189: 5182: 5174: 5168: 5167: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5136: 5135:External links 5133: 5132: 5131: 5120: 5097: 5085: 5073: 5061: 5036: 5007: 4982: 4950: 4934: 4916:(1/4): 27–35. 4906:Lal, Braj Basi 4900: 4897: 4895: 4894: 4880: 4862: 4849: 4827: 4791: 4785: 4772: 4766: 4751: 4745: 4730: 4697: 4679:(2): 457–481. 4656: 4650: 4637: 4597: 4589:Singh, Upinder 4585: 4558: 4552: 4539: 4527:10.2307/604670 4521:(2): 271–279. 4510: 4499: 4456: 4442: 4427: 4391: 4376: 4328: 4308:(4): 795–805. 4290: 4249:(5931): 1165. 4222: 4210: 4197: 4191: 4175: 4169: 4149: 4108: 4094: 4088: 4071: 4061:(3): 399–419. 4050: 4044: 4031: 4022: 3987: 3970: 3961: 3934: 3921: 3897: 3891: 3878: 3862: 3824: 3812: 3791: 3775: 3761: 3724: 3712:Lal, Braj Basi 3708: 3694: 3676: 3660: 3636: 3625: 3599:(2): 466–503. 3584: 3572: 3566: 3551: 3539: 3534:978-8120404915 3533: 3515: 3467: 3455: 3427: 3392: 3381: 3367: 3361: 3341: 3330: 3324: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3300: 3295:"Indus script" 3286: 3267: 3245: 3242:on 5 May 2017. 3223: 3205: 3187: 3183:Everson (1999) 3175: 3163: 3151: 3139: 3127: 3115: 3111:Parpola (2008) 3103: 3099:Parpola (2005) 3091: 3079: 3067: 3054:"Indus Script" 3045: 3033: 3031:, p. 137. 3029:Possehl (2002) 3021: 3019:, p. 411. 3017:Parpola (1986) 3009: 2997: 2985: 2973: 2961: 2949: 2937: 2925: 2912:"Indus Script" 2910:Lo, Lawrence. 2902: 2887: 2872: 2860: 2848: 2832: 2820: 2816:Parpola (1994) 2803: 2791: 2789:, 14:06―15:43. 2779: 2767: 2759:Possehl (2002) 2751: 2739: 2727: 2725:, p. 132. 2723:Possehl (2002) 2715: 2703: 2688: 2686:, p. 483. 2676: 2668:Possehl (2002) 2660: 2644: 2622: 2604: 2588: 2572: 2570:, p. 136. 2568:Possehl (2002) 2557: 2542: 2534:Possehl (2002) 2526: 2510: 2506:Possehl (1996) 2498: 2496:, p. 134. 2494:Possehl (2002) 2483: 2467: 2450: 2448:, p. 133. 2446:Possehl (2002) 2435: 2423: 2411: 2403:Possehl (2002) 2390: 2361: 2349: 2326: 2314: 2299: 2287: 2262: 2250: 2238: 2226: 2214: 2199: 2187: 2175: 2163: 2151: 2135: 2123: 2111: 2109:, p. 224. 2099: 2097:, p. 5–6. 2087: 2075: 2067:Possehl (2002) 2056: 2044: 2019: 1989: 1977: 1962: 1958:Salomon (1995) 1950: 1938: 1936:, p. 336. 1926: 1914: 1902: 1887: 1875: 1860: 1848: 1836: 1803: 1799:Possehl (1996) 1788: 1750: 1731: 1727:Kenoyer (2006) 1711: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1689: 1676: 1657: 1649:Egbert Richter 1640: 1624: 1608: 1596: 1583: 1573: 1556: 1547: 1538: 1506: 1494: 1481: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1472: 1471: 1470: 1465: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1440: 1439: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1368: 1365: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1290: 1289: 1283: 1277: 1276: 1262: 1259: 1179:Michael Witzel 1175:Richard Sproat 1146:, Indus Valley 1135: 1132: 1123: 1122:Munda language 1120: 1069:Proto-Sinaitic 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 882: 879: 874: 873: 865: 864: 848: 847: 827: 826: 799: 798: 786: 783: 763: 760: 720:discovered in 709: 706: 675:Main article: 672: 669: 614: 611: 593: 590: 586:hapax legomena 555: 552: 548:early numerals 523: 520: 482:Main article: 479: 476: 418: 415: 358: 355: 320: 319:Early Harappan 317: 308:textual corpus 280:British Museum 237: 234: 222:Kamil Zvelebil 194:S. R. Rao 160:writing system 138: 137: 128: 122: 121: 117: 116: 109: 105: 104: 87: 83: 82: 74: 71: 68: 67: 56: 54: 50: 49: 46: 38: 37: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5864: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5842:Proto-writing 5840: 5838: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5820: 5819: 5807: 5803: 5802: 5790: 5786: 5785: 5773: 5769: 5763: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5725: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5701: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5462: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5338: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5290: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5278: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5267: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5240:Kulli culture 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5220:Periodisation 5218: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5195: 5190: 5188: 5183: 5181: 5176: 5175: 5172: 5166: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5146: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5104: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5089:Parpola, Asko 5086: 5082: 5078: 5077:Parpola, Asko 5074: 5070: 5066: 5065:Parpola, Asko 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5008: 5005: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4910:East and West 4907: 4903: 4902: 4898: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4881:81-85452-01-6 4877: 4873: 4872: 4867: 4863: 4852: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4837: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4786:9781784910464 4782: 4778: 4773: 4769: 4763: 4759: 4758: 4752: 4748: 4746:9788190592802 4742: 4738: 4737: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4673: 4665: 4662:(June 2014). 4661: 4657: 4653: 4651:9788122411980 4647: 4644:. Routledge. 4643: 4638: 4634: 4622: 4607: 4603: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4559: 4555: 4549: 4545: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4511: 4507: 4506: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4443:0-07-135743-2 4439: 4435: 4434: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4383: 4377: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4345: 4344:IEEE Computer 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4243: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4198: 4194: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4134: 4123: 4116: 4115: 4109: 4102: 4101: 4095: 4091: 4089:9780521430791 4085: 4081: 4077: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4045:90-04-05455-3 4041: 4037: 4032: 4028: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3955: 3951: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3914: 3907: 3903: 3898: 3894: 3888: 3884: 3879: 3875: 3868: 3863: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3806: 3799: 3798: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3771: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3716:Ancient India 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3695:90-5183-307-5 3691: 3687: 3686: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3665: 3661: 3649: 3642: 3637: 3633: 3632: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3563: 3559: 3558: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3530: 3526: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3428: 3414: 3410: 3403: 3402: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3388: 3382: 3378: 3377: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3337: 3331: 3327: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3304: 3296: 3290: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3271: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3249: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3227: 3224: 3219: 3215: 3209: 3206: 3201: 3197: 3191: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3176: 3172: 3171:Sproat (2015) 3167: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3152: 3148: 3147:Sproat (2014) 3143: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3104: 3101:, p. 37. 3100: 3095: 3092: 3088: 3087:Lawler (2004) 3083: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3068: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3049: 3046: 3043:, p. 14. 3042: 3037: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3022: 3018: 3013: 3010: 3006: 3001: 2998: 2994: 2989: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2926: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2879: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2840:Bryant (2001) 2836: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2755: 2752: 2748: 2747:Kuiper (1991) 2743: 2740: 2736: 2735:Witzel (1999) 2731: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2716: 2712: 2707: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2684:Hunter (1932) 2680: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2645: 2640: 2636: 2635:Louvre Museum 2632: 2626: 2623: 2618: 2614: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2576: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2471: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2433:, p. 13. 2432: 2427: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2188: 2184: 2179: 2176: 2173:, p. 15. 2172: 2167: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2076: 2072: 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