Harbor Defenses of New York

1059: 320: 1597:; however, a railway artillery force was built up prior to the Treaty of Versailles in mid-1919 and remained in service or in reserve through early World War II. The remounted 5-inch and 6-inch guns were sent to France, but their units did not complete training in time to see action. By this time, pedestal mounts for 6-inch guns were known to be superior to disappearing mounts, being able to more rapidly track targets with a faster rate of fire. Thus, most disappearing guns (except the M1897, shorter than the others) were dismounted for use as field guns, while most of the few pedestal guns dismounted were returned to the forts soon after the war. The removed 6-inch disappearing guns (primarily M1903 and M1905) were stored and many returned to service in World War II. 1438:. This was designed to place the mortars as closely together as possible, in the hope of scoring multiple hits on an enemy ship by firing simultaneously. The battery had four pits in a square arrangement, with four mortars per pit, also in a square. The pits were separated by walls and were surrounded by a high concrete wall covered with earth for land defense. This arrangement was used at a number of early Endicott forts. However, simultaneously reloading the mortars in each pit proved cumbersome, and in later forts the pits were arranged in a line with open backs. During World War I the two rear mortars in each pit were removed at most forts to further improve reloading and provide weapons for a 2274:

vair, a fur, which is said to come from an animal called Varus, the back of which is blue, the belly white. Tradition relates that a Hungarian general displayed his cloak made of varus fur as an ensign to rally his men and succeeded in turning defeat into victory. Similarly Washington, after the battle of Long Island, by a masterly retreat across the East River, rendered the British victory fruitless. The three bars represent the three enemy forces under Grant and Cornwallis and the British fleet. The lion in a springing position issuing from the center bar symbolizes the piercing of Cornwallis' command by the American brigade under General Stirling.

2331: 61: 1281: 1273: 1256: 1022:, on the sites of the current forts but of different design, and Forts Morton and Hudson, with positions for a total of 164 guns in the four forts. Fort Richmond was initially semicircular while Fort Tompkins was a regular pentagon with circular bastions, both very different from their Third System replacements. These forts were contemporary with the federal second system but not part of it. Fort Tompkins was primarily a land defense fort, on Signal Hill to the rear of the other three forts. 2033: 37: 1656: 1836:, Fort Slocum had already been disarmed, and Fort Totten was disarmed except for four 3-inch guns, which remained through World War II. It is possible that the minefield capability also remained through World War II. Fort Slocum and Fort Totten remained as administrative and training posts, especially for air defense systems post-World War II. Fort Slocum was closed in 1965, and Fort Totten followed in 1974, although the latter remains an 2345: 2359: 996:(initially the West Battery) was built in 1809, a bit west of the southern tip of Manhattan on an artificial island that has since been enclosed by land reclamation. It remains as an oval stone fort for 28 guns. Another battery under construction in 1808 and completed by 1811 was the 16-gun North Battery, built in the Hudson River of stone, connected by a bridge to the west end of Hubert Street in Manhattan. 1588:, mostly using French- and British-made weapons. However, this did not initially occur at CD Southern New York, where some batteries were directed to be ready to fire 24/7. Some weapons were removed from forts with the intent of getting US-made artillery into the fight. 8-inch, 10-inch, and 12-inch guns and 12-inch mortars were converted to railway artillery, while 5-inch and 6-inch guns became 1664: 1240: 1377:, which was in the approach to Forts Totten and Schuyler. In most cases the new batteries were built near the previous forts; however, about two-thirds of Fort Hamilton was demolished to make room for Endicott batteries, and almost all of the Fort at Sandy Hook was demolished to build Fort Hancock and expand the proving ground. Forts Hancock, Hamilton, and Wadsworth were the 848:, a British civilian official managing the war in London, also gave approval for Howe to capture Philadelphia. Howe proceeded with the Philadelphia plan and failed to support Burgoyne's campaign. The Philadelphia campaign was time-consuming but successful; the British took a lengthy water route through Chesapeake Bay, marched overland to defeat Washington at the 1248: 872:. However, all three dispatch riders sent to inform Burgoyne of their success were captured, so Burgoyne was unaware of this. Following defeat at Bemis Heights on 7 October and a subsequent siege, Burgoyne surrendered his army on 17 October. This victory persuaded France to enter the war on the Patriot side. Word of it reached Commissioner 1264: 733:. Lee reported that he was unable to attach the mine to the ship, and surfaced and retreated. He also stated that British boats approached him from Governors Island, so he released the mine, which exploded. On 5 October another attempt was made, but Lee withdrew when the target's crew spotted him. Later that month the British captured 1682:

and could cause damage there when fired. In 1920 the mortars at Highlands Military Reservation were removed, and the mortars in Rockaway were withdrawn in 1921, although the 6-inch guns remained. Circa 1920-1923 the mortar batteries at Fort Hancock were disarmed, but the mortar battery later became a

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carriage mounted on a hydraulic elevator. A steam plant powered the hydraulic system. The gun lift system proved expensive to build and operate, as the steam plant had to be running continuously to provide pressure for elevator operation. Other early 12-inch gun installations (and a few smaller early

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in March 1778. Howe resigned his command and Henry Clinton took charge of the British force in Philadelphia. Due to the French naval threat, Clinton was ordered to abandon Philadelphia and bring his army to New York City. The British left Philadelphia on 18 June. Washington's army shadowed Clinton's,

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were inactivated and consolidated with the Harbor Defenses of New York. On 9 May 1942 HD Southern New York merged with HD Sandy Hook and a remnant of HD Eastern New York into the Harbor Defenses of New York. HD Southern New York, HD Eastern New York, and HD Long Island Sound were disbanded on 22 May

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on islands to the east of Long Island, Fort Slocum was deemed surplus and removed from its coast defense command. However, the fort retained its guns until the United States entered World War I. Three 8-inch guns and six 3-inch guns were added at Fort Hancock by 1910. In 1913 Fort Hamilton's pair of

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by the federal government. At least 120 persons were killed. There were few troops in the city to deal with the riots, and some members of the forts' garrisons most likely served in riot control. A Confederate plot to start fires in the city on Election Day in 1864 was initially forestalled, but was

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Fort Hancock has one of the largest collections of preserved Endicott and World War II batteries anywhere, including various experimental batteries at the former proving ground. Significant remains include the prototype gun-lift emplacements of Battery Potter, the dynamite gun battery, and the test

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carriage with a 65° elevation, thus maximizing the guns' range and exploiting weak deck armor on potential target ships. All subsequent US 16-inch gun installations used the high-angle carriage, and no further disappearing emplacements of any kind were built for the Coast Artillery. HD Southern New

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had proven prone to bursting, and although many were retained in service until the 1900s, no new weapons of this type were procured after the war. To provide heavy rifled guns, many 8-inch (203 mm) "converted" rifles were produced postwar by adding liners to 10-inch smoothbore Rodman guns. New

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at the time. Congress contributed to building Fort Jay in 1797, and in 1800 the state sold the fort, Governors Island, and Bedloe's Island to the federal government for one dollar. Oyster Island was similarly transferred in 1808. The federal government commenced building improved stone forts at all

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and demanded the colony's surrender. Stuyvesant felt the colony could not defend itself, regretting that his prior requests for troops and defensive resources from the Dutch West India Company had not been met, and on 8 September he surrendered New Netherland to the English. The English renamed the

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Shield: The shield is artillery red on the upper half and gold below, the line between the two being embattled. On the red and rising out of the embattlements is the Statue of Liberty in gold, and in the lower half is the Sandy Hook lighthouse placed between two bursting shells. The lighthouse and

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Symbolism: The crest is the beaver of New York, the only charge on the original arms of New Netherland adopted in 1623, and now on the seal of New York City. The shield symbolizes the battle of Long Island, August 27, 1776, which took place near the present Fort Hamilton. The color of the field is

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Weapons removed from the New York City forts for potential service overseas were as follows: all of Fort Slocum's weapons, Fort Schuyler's pair of 5-inch guns, Fort Totten's pairs of 12-inch, 10-inch, 8-inch, and 5-inch guns (the 10-inch guns went to Fort Hamilton), three 10-inch guns and 8 6-inch

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in Philadelphia, and released him on parole. Washington also gave his permission, and on 2 September Sullivan told the Congress that the Howes wanted to negotiate, and had been given much broader powers to treat than those they actually held. This created a diplomatic problem for Congress, which

1110:) were considered unfit for use by 1835; however, it took over a decade for the federal and state governments to arrive at a purchase agreement; work finally began on replacement forts in 1847. The two new forts were still incomplete but ready for service when the Civil War broke out in 1861. The 1488:

Also by the end of 1905, the Coast Defenses of Eastern New York (CD Eastern New York) had at Fort Slocum on Davids Island sixteen 12-inch mortars, two 6-inch guns, and two 5-inch guns. Fort Schuyler on Throgs Neck had two 12-inch guns, two 10-inch guns, two 5-inch guns, and two 3-inch guns. Fort

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Although no combat of any kind took place nearby, New York City was important to the Union war effort in the Civil War. As the principal entry point for immigrants and having a large prewar population, the city provided a large share of the Union's personnel. It was also the most important media

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in Manila Bay, Philippines. Many of the garrison buildings survive, and there are a 20-inch Rodman and a 10-inch Rodman on site. Also rare are the pair of remounted 6-inch M1900 guns at Battery New Peck a.k.a. Battery Gunnison. Only a small part of one wall of the third system fort, with four

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of similar characteristics was developed when this supply of guns began to run out. Three of these batteries were built in the New York area, Battery 220 at Fort Tilden, Battery 218 at Fort Wadsworth, and Battery 219 at the Highlands Military Reservation. However, only Battery 219 was armed.

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Symbolism: Fort Totten was originally the site of the Engineer School of Application, later the Coast Artillery School of Submarine Defense. The Chevron in green, the school color, with its charges, shows its history. It is now the seat of the Artillery District shown by the crest, the star

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on wheeled carriages. 12-inch mortars were also removed to improve reload times by reducing the number of mortars in a pit from four to two; this happened at Fort Hamilton to provide mortars elsewhere. Few US Army railway artillery pieces were mounted and few or none saw action before the

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4.72-inch/45 caliber guns was moved to Hawaii, due to centralizing this type of weapon there. In 1915 the battery of five 8-inch guns at Fort Wadsworth was disarmed and abandoned due to inferior concrete. At some time prior to 1917 Fort Hancock separated from CD Southern New York as the

1082:. Funding was slow, with most forts not begun until the 1830s and several still unfinished in 1867, when building of masonry forts was halted. The New York area received six major forts under this program; initial plans for the latter four of these are said to have been drawn up by 2004:

Following the war, it was soon determined that gun defenses were obsolete, and they were scrapped by the end of 1948, with remaining harbor defense functions turned over to the Navy. In 1950 the Coast Artillery Corps and all Army harbor defense commands were dissolved. Today the

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installations) were on simple non-disappearing barbette carriages until Buffington-Crozier carriages were developed for later installations. For 12-inch guns, the first disappearing carriage was the M1896. Although a few other installations such as Battery Torbert at

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until raised to fire. Most of the weapons in the program were mounted on Buffington-Crozier disappearing carriages. However, early on there was doubt that this carriage could successfully raise and lower a 12-inch (305 mm) gun. The alternative developed was the

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in 1940 the Army decided to replace all existing heavy coast defense guns, except the long-range 12-inch guns, with 16-inch guns. In the New York area, one of the few with a pre-war 16-inch installation, this meant one additional two-gun battery at the

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is the last active Army post in New York City; a number of weapons are displayed at or near the fort, although none of the Endicott batteries remain. These include an experimental 20-inch Rodman gun, the largest US-made weapon of the Civil War era, in

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Generally, the heavy batteries were built first, followed by the 3-inch and then the 6-inch batteries. However, the Spanish–American War broke out in early 1898. Most of the Endicott batteries were still years from completion, and it was feared the

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in 1636. This blockhouse was destroyed in the Peach Tree War of 1655. The site is said to have been "continuously garrisoned" since another blockhouse was built in 1663 until the fort's closure in 1994, making it the oldest such site in the

591:, thought the evacuating British force would immediately attempt to capture New York and sent troops to the city, soon followed by himself. Several forts were built by the patriots in the New York City area in June and July 1776, including 1481:. Fort Hamilton in Brooklyn had six 12-inch guns, eight 12-inch mortars, seven 10-inch guns, fourteen 6-inch guns, two 4.72-inch guns, and four 3-inch guns. Fort Wadsworth on Staten Island had eight 12-inch guns, four 10-inch guns, five 1745:

In 1919-1920 several weapon types were declared obsolete and removed from coast defenses. These included all 5-inch guns, all Armstrong guns (6-inch and 4.72-inch), and 3-inch M1898 guns. Only in rare cases were these weapons replaced.

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Evacuation Day, 1783; Its many stirring events; with recollections of Capt. John Van Arsdale of the Veteran Corps of Artillery, by whose efforts on that day the enemy were circumvented and the American flag successfully raised on the

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As the new defenses were built, in 1942-43 the vast majority of the older guns were scrapped. However, the 6-inch pedestal guns and some of the 3-inch guns were retained in service through the end of the war, with some relocations.

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on long-range barbette carriages. There were two guns per battery, initially without cover but positioned where they were difficult to see from the ocean. Each battery had a large earth-covered concrete bunker for ammunition and

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barrier was placed in the Hudson between the two forts to prevent ships passing. Both forts were hastily built and had few defensive features, even lacking ditches. Another fort that proved important was a set of batteries on

469:. Some of James' colonial governors were not immediately replaced, and some of these were unpopular in the colonies they governed. Shortly before James' overthrow New England, New York, and New Jersey were combined as the 1749:

On 1 July 1924 the harbor defense garrisons completed the transition from a company-based organization to a regimental one, and on 9 June 1925 the commands were renamed from "Coast Defenses..." to "Harbor Defenses..." as

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Fort Hancock's first batteries were prototypes. The first was the Gun Lift Battery (later Battery Potter) and the second was the Sandy Hook Mortar Battery (later Battery Reynolds-McCook). The Endicott Program centered on

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and early presidents of the United States were members of. The forts around Signal Hill on Staten Island were augmented by numerous batteries; reportedly over 900 cannon were amassed in the area by the war's end in 1815.

527:) from 1754 to 1763. That conflict united the colonies for the first time in common defense, and ended by eliminating the French military threat that the colonists had relied upon Britain to defend them from. In 1765 the 1569:; since then tourists have not been allowed to visit the torch. The blast was initially reported as an accident, but years later was acknowledged to be sabotage by agents working directly and indirectly for Germany. 242:, an Italian working for France, is credited with being the first European to explore the New York City area, in 1524. He was closely followed the next year by a Spanish expedition led by the Portuguese explorer 780:

and quickly took the city, which only extended to the southern part of the island at the time. Washington felt the city could not be defended, and held out on the high ground around Fort Washington now known as

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did not want to be seen as aggressive. Consequently, Congress agreed to send a committee to meet with the Howes in a move they did not think would bear any fruit. On 11 September, the Howe brothers met with

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The Plot To Burn New-York.; Arrest Of Four Conspirators. They Are To Be Tried As Spies. Court-Martial At Fort Lafayette. Travels of a Hotel-Keeper. The Testimonial Business An Imposition on Ill.-Paid Clerks.

1058: 1872:. This battery, along with the 16-inch battery at Fort Tilden and the long-range 12-inch batteries at Fort Hancock, superseded all other heavy weapons in the New York City area. All of these batteries were 1456:

The initial armament of the forts was quite extensive. The Coast Defenses of Southern New York (CD Southern New York) were as follows: by the end of 1905 Fort Hancock on Sandy Hook, New Jersey, had eight

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earth-protected batteries were constructed in the 1870s at a number of locations to provide more survivable forts armed with the new Rodman weapons. One of the first of these was a 27-gun battery at the

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This photo shows a mortar pit of the Abbot Quad period. This illustrates the difficulty of reloading four mortars in this configuration. Three of four mortars and 30 soldiers are visible in the crowded

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Most of the Endicott batteries at Fort Wadsworth have been buried. Paradoxically, much of Battery Duane, the 8-inch battery abandoned in 1915, remains intact near Fort Tompkins. The third system forts

1041:, was begun in 1815 and completed in 1822. Numerous small forts were also erected in the city. An example of a fort built with local resources was Fort Masonic in Brooklyn, built in 1814 partly by the 2107:

center; the stone fort is open to the public but the preserved Endicott batteries are not. The minefield control area is largely intact, but is in use by the New York Police Department. The former

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in April 1917 brought many changes to the Coast Artillery and the coast defense commands in the New York area. Numerous temporary buildings were constructed at the forts to accommodate the wartime

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in June 1775, and a desire to avoid heavy casualties in assaults on fortified positions seems to have colored their actions through the rest of the war. In mid-November Howe returned to Manhattan,

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on 28 October. Although the Patriots were pushed back in that battle, Howe waited four days for reinforcements before following them, and the Patriots were able to retreat to high ground. Howe and

1423:, a Civil War general. By 1907 several additional batteries were built at Fort Hancock, and with the construction of Battery Arrowsmith underway to cover its sector, Battery Potter was disarmed. 844:

southward from Montreal through the Lake Champlain area and the Hudson Valley to Albany. This was intended to be supported by a force under Howe advancing northward from New York City. However,

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are also intact. Battery Weed and Fort Tompkins are only accessible on a ranger-led tour. Battery Dix, Battery Barry, and many of the 1870s emplacements remain unburied but are deteriorating.

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at the end of May. Both Andros and Nicholson were imprisoned, and the New England colonies re-established their governments. In Boston the rebellion was soon over, but in New York

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was redesignated as the 192nd and 245th Coast Artillery Battalions, which themselves were disestablished on 1 April 1945. Personnel from these units were absorbed by HD New York.

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The removal of most weapons and an Army-wide shift from a regimental to a battalion-based system meant more organizational changes in New York's defenses. On 24 February 1944 the

1891:, with the guns protected by open-back shields. The guns for these batteries were mostly the 6-inch guns removed in World War I for field service and stored since that war; a new 1303:

to defend New York City, mostly near existing forts. Fort Hancock was the first to begin construction, followed by the other Endicott forts and batteries over the next ten years.

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during the war with heavy concrete enclosures for protection against air attack. Two additional 16-inch batteries, Battery 115 at Fort Wadsworth and Battery 117 near what is now

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in 1874 to test coast defense weapons. However, in the late 1870s coast defense funding was cut off, and it was nearly 20 years before new coast defenses began to enter service.

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were begun as gun lift batteries, these were completed with disappearing guns, and Battery Potter was the only gun lift battery completed. In 1903 Battery Potter was named for

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system at Willets Point and Fort Schuyler, both of these in the 1870s. New earthen batteries were also built or begun at Fort Wadsworth, Fort Hamilton, and Fort Schuyler. The

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on 11 September, and entered Philadelphia unopposed on 26 September. However, by that time the initial success of Burgoyne's campaign had come to a defeat in the first of the

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References indicate that the authorized strength of CD Eastern New York in World War I was 13 companies, that of CD Southern New York was 45 companies, including 13 from the

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to develop recommendations for a full replacement of existing coast defenses. Most of its recommendations were adopted, and construction began in 1890 on new batteries and

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rather than the federal government. The former Fort Amsterdam was demolished in 1790. The series of forts completed nationwide circa 1794 to 1800 later became known as the

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In June 1908, the 10th Company of the 13th Artillery District, New York National Guard (later the 245th Coast Artillery) loads a 10-inch gun at Fort Hamilton in Brooklyn.

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in early 1941, with most of the regiment transferred elsewhere in 1941-42. In early 1942 the remaining railway artillery units at Fort Hancock were rearmed with ex-Navy

3900: 2091:. The old fort is well-preserved, but the Endicott batteries are all demolished or buried. A magazine for the 12-inch battery and a mostly-buried mine casemate remain. 1694:

on fixed mounts were built at some forts. Some of these weapons remained in service through early World War II; others were replaced by towed 3-inch guns in the 1930s.

4142: 1580:. As the only component of the Army with heavy artillery experience and significant manpower, the Coast Artillery was chosen to operate almost all US-manned heavy and 968:. The federal forts included a complete rebuild of Fort Jay with granite and brick, mounting 60 guns, begun in 1806. At some point in 1806-07 the new fort was renamed 889:. Both armies were back where they had been two years earlier. The military focus of the war shifted to the southern colonies. Eventually, the American victory in the 331:

took over management of New Netherland and other Dutch possessions in the New World. In 1624, after floods showed that Fort Nassau was untenable, it was replaced with

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and taking 3,000 prisoners, and within a few days also capturing Fort Lee. Washington retreated to northern New Jersey. In early December Howe detached a force under

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guns at Fort Hamilton, two 10-inch guns at Fort Wadsworth, and only one 5-inch gun at Fort Hancock. At Fort Totten, only eight mortars and six 3-inch guns remained.

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A supporter for these arms to be used in all cases except for the colors. When Hudson explored New York Bay and the river which bears his name in 1609, his ship

3590: 2088: 1833: 1799: 3296: 2006: 988:(now the base for the Statue of Liberty) was built on Bedloe's Island from 1806 to 1811 as a stone 11-pointed star fort mounting 24 guns. Crown Fort (later 2724: 2083:, also a national park; they are also open to the public with a collection of Civil War-era cannon and good interpretive signage. The third system fort at 1215:, worked on projects that paved the way for the Army's future coast defense efforts. He developed the "Abbot Quad" arrangement for mortar batteries with a 818: 400:, who later became King James II of England. Fort Amsterdam was renamed Fort James in his honor. Lingering resentment over the takeover was a cause of the 2156:, generally similar to the biggest guns at the fort in the Endicott era. Only about a third of the old fort remains intact; however, the fort's remaining 1549:

Although neutral in the early part of World War I, the United States was producing munitions (primarily artillery ammunition) for the Allies: the British

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officer's name; the fort's name usually included the entire military reservation it was on. In the 1890s and early 1900s the Fort at Willets Point became

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to augment local expenditures for defending the colonies. One result was that delegates from nine colonies met to protest at what would later be known as

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American Bastille: A history of the illegal arrests and imprisonment of American citizens during the late Civil War (Civil liberties in American history)

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Crest: On a wreath of the colors a dexter arm in armor, embowed proper charged with a mullet gules grasping in the naked hand a sword argent hilted or.

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Fort Hancock had another unusual battery from 1896 to 1902, "Battery Dynamite" with two 15-inch (381 mm) and one 8-inch (203 mm) pneumatic

773:, and the Howes said they had no authority to allow that, and specifically regarded the patriot delegates as British subjects. So the war continued. 662:

suffered damage and casualties, but opposition to the immense fleet could be little more than symbolic. However, the Nutten Island batteries engaged

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Background: The coat of arms was initially approved in 1919 for the Coast Defenses of Sandy Hook. In 1924 the gold panther crest was adopted by the

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was fought, the largest battle of the Revolution in total number of troops engaged. Washington's forces were thrown back to their fortifications on

157: 76: 2111:, one of many buildings in the United States resembling the Army Corps of Engineers' castle symbol, is now home to the Bayside Historical Society. 1903:(3.5 inch) Anti-Motor Torpedo Boat (AMTB) batteries were built in the New York City area. These had 90 mm dual-purpose (anti-surface and 1856:

Early in World War II numerous temporary buildings were again constructed at the forts to accommodate the rapid mobilization of men and equipment.

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caused a war scare with Britain that accelerated a round of fort-building in the US. This was later called the second system of US fortifications.

3039: 1138: 1814:, Virginia by 1 May 1943, when it was broken up into battalions. One battery remained at Fort Hancock until March 1944, when it was deactivated. 3911: 698:

made the first recorded submarine attack in history in New York Harbor. This one-man hand-powered submarine had been built the previous year by

1521:. Batteries for a total of six 8-inch (203 mm) guns were also built at locations that are unclear from references, including three modern 1449:. These guns used compressed air to fire a large projectile loaded with dynamite. However, the projectile's velocity was too low for effective 861: 845: 4397: 4371: 4352: 4333: 4078: 4030: 4011: 3884: 2957: 2372: 2122: 1993: 1959: 1783: 1767: 1079: 1046: 989: 926: 501:

with their Indian allies in February 1690, causing Leisler to divert most of his resources to an unsuccessful retaliatory expedition against

1154:, and Lincoln carried New York state in that election by less than one percent. One of the most tragic events in the city's history was the 4416: 2729: 1951: 214: 1717:

with elevation increased from 15° to 30°. However, shortly after developing this carriage, the Coast Artillery's experience in delivering

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on 19 October 1781 proved to be the key to independence; the British received word of it on 25 November. This precipitated a collapse of

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just north of the fort (with many projectiles for it at the fort), 10-inch Rodman converted rifles on the fort property, and an ex-Navy

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In 1935 the Harbor Defenses of Eastern New York effectively completed disarmament; however, the command was not inactivated until 1942.

1818: 1763: 1755: 1710: 1633: 1533: 1450: 985: 976:, built 1807-1811. This was the United States' first multi-tiered fort, mounting 78 guns in three of its four tiers (one tier, although 2181:'s 16-inch battery can be viewed but not entered. The former Nike Site NY-49 is in use by the park service and not open to the public. 2024:

systems in the 1950s; both of these systems reused many of the coast defense sites. The Nike missiles were removed in the early 1970s.

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Totten in Queens had eight 12-inch mortars, two 12-inch guns, two 10-inch guns, two 8-inch guns, two 5-inch guns, and six 3-inch guns.

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component of HD Southern New York and HD Sandy Hook until shortly after mobilization on 16 September 1940. The regiment then moved to

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in the 1840s. Fort Hamilton in Brooklyn was the first of these forts, built 1825-1831 primarily as a land defense for Fort Lafayette.

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became the most heavily fortified place in the United States as a result, probably the reason it was never attacked in the subsequent

548: 2298:(Dimmed yet Brighter), and refers to the incident when the darkening of the lighthouse furthered the light of liberty in the country. 821:

to pursue Washington (who retreated to Pennsylvania), and sent a naval force carrying 6,000 troops under Clinton to seize and occupy

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was anchored in the Horse-shoe near Sandy Hook, in commemoration of which the shield of these defenses is displayed in front of the

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The fort in Manhattan went through several name changes from 1685 through 1714, finally becoming Fort George. In 1699 the wall that

164: 274:(called the North River in the Dutch period) and other places are named. Other Dutch-sponsored explorers soon followed him, with a 2480: 509:

arrived in New York and imprisoned Leisler and several of the rebellion's leaders. Leisler and one other were executed on 16 May.

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was almost entirely disarmed, although possibly retaining the minefield capability. The New York and Sandy Hook commands and the

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In 1917 one mortar from each pit of the mortar battery at Fort Hancock on Sandy Hook was removed to create a battery at the new

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government suspended offensive operations in the Thirteen Colonies and commenced lengthy peace negotiations, culminating in the

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on Ellis Island was demolished in 1892 to make room for the immigration station, and a plaque on the island commemorates it.

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until that time. The 1663 blockhouse survived at least through 1808; sources state that it was enclosed intact by the first

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was stationed at Fort Hancock and operated defenses there from February through June 1943, then was transferred to Alaska.

688:, and soon made a withdrawal under cover of night and fog across the East River to Manhattan, unimpeded by the Royal Navy. 3893: 3742: 2172: 2108: 1822: 1786:

regiment was the primary New York National Guard component of HD New York from 1 January 1924 through 7 October 1944. The

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near the base of Sandy Hook. Four mortars were removed at Fort Hamilton to create a battery at Camp Rockaway Beach, later

1594: 1323: 1019: 860:, having returned from the Rhode Island expedition, moved north from New York City and on 6 October successfully attacked 782: 584: 445: 3933: 3132: 2207: 2153: 1869: 4520: 3640: 1924: 1775: 1759: 1659:

12-inch gun M1895 on M1917 long-range barbette carriage, similar to the first emplacements of this type at Fort Hancock.

1644: 1636:. These batteries were completed in 1921. The long-range carriage was developed in response to the rapid improvement of 1462: 1427: 1307: 1216: 909:

that ended the war on 3 September 1783. On 25 November the British forces departed New York City; this is remembered as

413: 332: 2719: 1510: 1306:

One of the Endicott program's policies was to officially assign each fort and battery a name, in most cases a deceased

3916:. United States Army in World War II. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, United States Army. Archived from 1963: 1950:

and fighter assets. Its headquarters was also at Fort Jay. This command was disestablished in 1946. On 4 May 1942 the

1722: 1585: 894: 718: 592: 1164: 4189: 3615: 3265: 3253: 2500: 2104: 1935: 1837: 1795: 1679: 1063: 885:

on 28 June, the last major battle in the North. By July, Clinton was in New York City, and Washington was again at

798: 576: 564: 4274: 2336: 1803: 1742:. The new battery was built 1921-1923. Like the long-range 12-inch weapons, these were initially in open mounts. 1224: 1208: 1155: 910: 814: 790: 279: 209:

separated from the latter command. In 1925 the commands were renamed as Harbor Defense Commands, and in 1935 the

840:

In early 1777 the British planned to cut New England off from the rest of the colonies by sending a force under

2138: 2060: 1584:

in that war. At most coast defense commands, garrisons were drawn down to provide experienced gun crews on the

1370: 1350: 1319: 1167:, and other landmarks. The majority of the conspirators escaped to Canada. However, former Confederate officer 1115: 786: 604: 497:

acted as de facto governor of the province for nearly two years. The French took advantage of the situation by

436: 328: 301: 267: 108: 4126: 1907:) guns. Each battery was authorized two 90 mm guns on fixed mounts, two on towed mounts, and two single 1678:. The mortars at Camp Rockaway Beach were replaced with railway mortars, as the fixed mortars were very near 1284:

6-inch gun M1900 on pedestal mount M1900, similar to two surviving weapons at Battery Gunnison, Fort Hancock.

412:, the Dutch seized New York from the English, but the English regained the colony the following year via the 262:. It is unclear when it was disestablished. Dutch settlement of the area began with an expedition in 1609 by 2190: 1939: 1675: 1558: 1518: 1289: 777: 745: 470: 376: 172: 114: 3257: 2377: 2092: 1751: 1698: 1637: 1390: 1374: 1366: 906: 886: 802: 596: 490: 462: 405: 401: 393: 293: 284: 239: 160: 96: 4442: 1766:

regiment was the Regular Army component of HD Sandy Hook from 30 June 1924 through 24 February 1944. The

643:

from Germany. On 4 July 1776 a small American battery called the Narrows Fort, on the site of the later

2433: 2203: 2161: 2068: 2041: 1714: 1431: 1386: 1204: 1191: 1190:

The Civil War had shown that masonry forts were vulnerable to modern rifled cannon, particularly in the

1179:

on 25 March 1865. Fort Lafayette and possibly other forts in New York served as prisons for Confederate

1119: 1071: 946: 829: 822: 810: 681: 608: 520: 409: 4437: 3043: 1911:

guns, although the weapons on hand may have varied. AMTB 7 and 8 were at Fort Hancock, with AMTB 21 at

4432: 2488:. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute Press. pp. 1005, 1009, 1024–1025, 1027–1028. 3983: 3917: 3524: 3229: 2350: 2149: 2100: 1787: 1739: 1617: 1517:

long at Fort Wadsworth and 45 calibers long at Fort Hamilton. Fort Wadsworth also received a pair of

1346: 1315: 1127: 849: 749: 738: 692: 600: 498: 389: 2198:, remains. Nike Site NY-56 is partially preserved, with a radar area and some display missiles. The 1938:, with headquarters at Fort Jay. On 24 December 1941 the Eastern Theater of Operations (renamed the 992:) was built on Oyster Island circa 1808 as a circular stone fort with 14 guns and a mortar battery. 17: 1981:, including stations at Fort Tilden and Fort Hancock, with an administrative HQ at Fort Wadsworth. 1916: 1554: 1514: 1168: 853: 524: 458: 397: 4345:

A Legacy in Brick and Stone: American Coastal Defense Forts of the Third System, 1816-1867, 2nd Ed

2032: 1280: 1272: 1255: 1118:) was begun in 1857, but only its seaward casemates were completed when work stopped in 1867. The 243: 4448:

American Forts Network, lists forts in the US, former US territories, Canada, and Central America

4136: 3067: 2643: 2010: 1900: 1810:, Delaware in March and September 1942. Most of the remainder of the regiment was transferred to 1529:

and three 8-inch Rodman converted rifles. At least two of the M1888 guns were at Fort Wadsworth.

1435: 1228: 1212: 1184: 1111: 981: 882: 869: 663: 544: 528: 486: 466: 323:

Map of New Amsterdam showing Fort Amsterdam and the wall, published 1660 (north is to the right).

131: 3408: 980:, was used as barracks space). The South Battery was built on Governors Island in 1812 to guard 3351:"Frequently Asked Questions – Statue Of Liberty National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)" 36: 4412: 4393: 4367: 4348: 4329: 4310: 4289: 4259: 4238: 4219: 4176: 4108: 4084: 4074: 4057: 4047: 4026: 4007: 3970: 3960: 3939: 3880: 3670: 3300: 3104: 3085: 2953: 2856: 2364: 2186: 2118: 1852:

16-inch casemated gun, similar to those at Fort Tilden and the Highlands Military Reservation.

1702: 1667: 1655: 1628: 1581: 1566: 1466: 1458: 1439: 1407: 1103: 890: 873: 835: 809:, one of his principal subordinates, had been in command at the costly British victory in the 758: 640: 588: 478: 441: 180: 86: 4235:

Encyclopedia of Historic Forts: The Military, Pioneer, and Trading Posts of the United States

3014: 2850: 2668: 2605: 2291:

Crest: The crest is a gold panther, breathing fire, placed on the battlements of a red tower.

2258:

Shield: Vair, three bars gules, jessant from the middle one a demilion saliant, ragardant or.

4096: 2531: 2037: 1920: 1884: 1811: 1771: 1691: 1621: 1502: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1420: 1398: 1311: 999: 934: 922: 711: 685: 612: 532: 360: 340: 289: 3603: 2099:

remains on the island, along with three of the four mortar pits an 1890s practice battery.

1276:

10-inch gun M1888 on disappearing carriage M1896, similar to other large disappearing guns.

1183:

and political prisoners. In 1865 Fort Richmond was renamed Fort Wadsworth to honor General

639:. They included troops evacuated from Boston along with reinforcements, some of which were 3904: 3584: 2130: 2076: 1782:, and none of its components returned to HD New York for the duration of hostilities. The 1674:

In 1919 the Sandy Hook Proving Ground was disestablished and its functions transferred to

1338:'s last acts as Secretary of War, that of reverting Fort Columbus to its original name of 1151: 1030: 1010:

in the 1890s. The state commenced building four forts in the area. These included the red

973: 961: 762: 670: 656: 552: 506: 384: 4325:

Artillerists and Engineers: The Beginnings of American Seacoast Fortifications, 1794–1815

3465: 4409:

Rings of Supersonic Steel: Air Defenses of the United States Army 1950-1979, 3rd Edition

4304: 3641:"Defending Gotham: Nike missile defenses of the New York metro area by Donald E. Bender" 3145: 1426:

The Sandy Hook Mortar Battery was a battery of 16 12-inch (305 mm) mortars in the "

3966:

Empires at War: The French and Indian War and the Struggle for North America, 1754-1763

2557: 2134: 2126: 2052: 1978: 1912: 1860: 1562: 1354: 1327: 1176: 1107: 1034: 1007: 993: 942: 699: 632: 628: 428: 352: 309: 297: 789:. After a standoff of nearly a month, the British attempted to outflank Washington by 4499: 4253: 3964: 2992: 2515: 2144: 2084: 2014: 1904: 1892: 1829: 1718: 1416: 1362: 1358: 1199: 1172: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1003: 969: 841: 730: 644: 624: 494: 474: 420: 380: 348: 336: 168: 127: 66: 1037:, a diamond-shaped stone fort with 72 guns on an artificial island near Brooklyn in 921:

Unlike most other harbors, post-independence fort-building in New York was begun by

4041: 2168: 2021: 2017: 1947: 1791: 1687: 1609: 1577: 1522: 1494: 1482: 1446: 1331: 1074:

due to inadequate defenses locally and in the Chesapeake Bay area. A new series of

1015: 938: 536: 313: 271: 263: 259: 4157: 3862: 3525:

National Guard Coast Artillery regiment histories at the Coast Defense Study Group

1762:

component of HD Southern New York from 30 June 1924 through 24 February 1944. The

1624:

on pedestal mounts were also relocated there, from Fort Slocum and Fort Hamilton.

620:(now called Governor's Island). Numerous small forts were also built in the city. 4323: 4101: 2288:

shells are black, while the flames from the shells are the natural color of fire.

2229:

Shield: Ermine on a chevron vert a mine case between two Engineer castles argent.

1627:

Also in 1917, construction began at Fort Hancock on two batteries of a new type:

4199: 2178: 2056: 1974: 1877: 1848: 1735: 1706: 1663: 1613: 1095: 1042: 1038: 1026: 965: 794: 729:(called a "torpedo" in those days) to a ship by means of a spike or possibly an 648: 513: 424: 356: 4203: 1239: 801:

on 18 October. Washington moved the bulk of his forces northward, fighting the

3369: 2326: 2096: 1807: 1779: 1526: 1506: 1335: 1195: 754: 726: 677: 652: 502: 457:

James II proved to be deeply unpopular in England, and he was deposed in the "

432: 364: 275: 176: 141: 4481: 4468: 3644: 2936: 2261:

Crest: On a wreath of the colors (argent and azure) a beaver couchant proper.

1817:

On 10 July 1926 lightning sparked a catastrophic series of explosions at the

4088: 3562: 2195: 1934:

Following mobilization in 1940 the HD New York commands were subordinate to

1589: 1099: 1011: 741:, although Bushnell may have salvaged her later. Her final fate is unknown. 676:

on 12 July 1776; this may have made the British cautious about entering the

540: 372: 344: 255: 3217: 1385:. These appear to have initially been Artillery Districts, were renamed as 1263: 1194:

near Savannah, Georgia in 1862. Also, the 15-inch (381 mm) smoothbore

4314: 4180: 4061: 3395:

Sabotage at Black Tom: Imperial Germany's Secret War in America, 1914–1917

3327: 2911: 2654: 2009:

carries the lineage of some Coast Artillery units. An extensive system of

1505:

guns were hastily built, along with batteries of Civil War-era smoothbore

1247: 1070:

Although New York was not attacked in the War of 1812, Washington, DC was

481:

as lieutenant governor in New York. In 1689 many of the locally recruited

4452: 4306:

History of the City of New York in the Seventeenth Century: New Amsterdam

3120:

The Political Prisoners.; A Day At Fort Lafayette. List Of The Prisoners.

2224: 2157: 2072: 1887:. These included heavy earth-covered concrete bunkers for ammunition and 1873: 1730: 1453:

against moving targets, and the weapon was abandoned in the early 1900s.

1411: 1339: 1131: 977: 930: 707: 617: 3619: 3338: 3984:

Gaines, William C., Coast Artillery Organizational History, 1917-1950,

1970: 1565:, on 30 July 1916. It broke windows in lower Manhattan and damaged the 1402: 1150:

center. Paradoxically, by late 1864 the city was also a center for the

1075: 769:. The Americans insisted on retaining independence as expressed in the 482: 408:

in 1667, which made the English takeover official. In 1673, during the

4443:

Insignia of the Coast Artillery Corps at the Coast Defense Study Group

3479: 2245:

indicating a general officer, the arm with sword the power of command.

4447: 2020:

guns was emplaced in Greater New York in the late 1940s, followed by

1992:

regiments were effectively disestablished, and on 7 October 1944 the

1123: 680:. In late August the British landed in Brooklyn and on 27 August the 368: 4458: 1130:) was not begun until 1862, and only one of a planned four tiers of 367:

colony along the Delaware River. In that same year, several hundred

292:. This was the first permanent Dutch settlement in the area, by the 4276:

Governors Island: Its Military History Under Three Flags, 1637–1913

3350: 1066:

chart of New York Bay and Harbor, showing most of the city's forts.

972:. It was joined on Governors Island by the unique, mostly circular 246:. In 1542 the French established a fortified trading post known as 2031: 1847: 1662: 1654: 1485:, four 6-inch guns, two 4.72-inch guns, and fourteen 3-inch guns. 1279: 1271: 1262: 1259:

12-inch mortars, similar to those at Fort Hancock and Fort Slocum.

1254: 1246: 1238: 1078:

forts, larger than previous US forts, was proposed and became the

1057: 710:, also from Connecticut. Lee reported that he attempted to attack 318: 251: 2133:

was demolished in 1854; the North Battery also no longer exists.

1033:

was built in 1812 near the west end of 12th Street in Manhattan.

1794:, was stationed at Fort Hancock in 1940 and sent detachments to 1207:, where the US Engineer Battalion was stationed in 1866 and the 898: 868:

on the Hudson. Clinton's expedition also raided as far north as

359:

was added for protection from potential English attack. In 1655

339:

began with a colony on Noten Eylandt (Nut or Nutten Island, now

183: 3317:, Vol. 7, pp. 3778–3780, Washington: Government Printing Office 3135:. National Academy of Sciences, 1929. Retrieved 24 August 2017. 1647:(NYNG), and CD Sandy Hook was 24 companies, including 12 NYNG. 744:

During the Long Island battle the British had captured General

3235:. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. 2005 1180: 1158:

of 13–16 July 1863, sparked by the implementation of military

785:, successfully repulsing a British attack the next day in the 343:). The next year the colony moved to Manhattoes (now southern 3315:

Report of the Commission on the Conduct of the War with Spain

3084:. York State Books. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. 1211:

was established in 1868. The school's first commander, Major

1102:

was built 1833-1856, defending the approach to the city from

3910:

Conn, Stetson; Engelman, Rose C.; Fairchild, Byron (2000) .

3788:"Coat of Arms for the Harbor Defenses of Southern New York, 2559:

Indian Affairs in Colonial New York: The Seventeenth Century

2210:

has been placed on display at one of the 16-inch casemates.

3732:"Coat of Arms for the Harbor Defenses of Eastern New York, 3700:

Coast Defense Study Group newsletter, August 2017, pp. 5-18

1509:. Fort Wadsworth and Fort Hamilton each received a pair of 1401:, which would remain concealed behind a concrete-and-earth 396:

the next year. The colony was named for its nominal ruler,

3616:"List of US 1950s AA gun sites and units at Ed-Thelen.org" 3397:. Chapel Hill, N.C.: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 1989. 1868:. This was Battery 116, built in 1942-43 with two ex-Navy 937:, along with some small batteries on Oyster Island (later 748:. Admiral Howe convinced him to deliver a message to the 288:

or fortified trading post, was established at what is now

4279:(1st ed.), New York: Edmund Banks Smith, p. 178 1697:

During World War I, in response to rapid improvements in

1198:

was introduced during the war. However, the Civil War's

856:, at Freeman's Farm on 19 September. Shortly after this, 2087:

has been fully converted to office space as part of the

1825:). This led to a greater concern for ammunition safety. 1734:

York received two (of seven total) of these weapons, at

1553:

prevented trade with the Central Powers after 1915. The

1163:

executed on 25 November. Fires were set at some hotels,

3894:

Coats of Arms and Badges of the Coast Artillery Corps,

3563:

Indicator loop stations at Fort Tilden and Fort Hancock

3409:"Men of Secrets: Teddy Roosevelt and Winston Churchill" 2852:

American Foreign Relations, Volume 1: A History to 1920

1883:

The 16-inch batteries were supplemented by new two-gun

1251:

Drawing of the unique Gun Lift Battery at Fort Hancock.

1106:. Forts Richmond and Tompkins (in the area later named 595:

in northwestern Manhattan and Fort Constitution (later

519:

New York City was a base for British operations in the

383:. In 1664 an English expedition arrived in what is now 355:

to protect themselves. In 1653 the wall at what is now

300:. This colony was established primarily to exploit the 4071:

Saratoga: Turning Point of America's Revolutionary War

3133:'Biographical Memoir of Henry Larcom Abbot, 1831–1927' 2810:

War for America: The Fight for Independence, 1775–1783

1973:

also participated in defending the New York area with

1946:

harbor defense commands subordinate to it, along with

929:. In New York this was initially limited to the large 505:. On 19 March 1691 the newly appointed royal governor 392:

from the former New Netherland, also establishing the

3993:

Hainsworth, David Roger; Churches, Christing (1998).

3932:

Duchesneau, John T.; Troost-Cramer, Kathleen (2014).

1727:

400 mm (15.75 inch) Modèle 1916 railway howitzer

876:

in Paris on 4 December, and negotiations resulted in

335:. Also in that year, Dutch settlement of what became 3586:

Army Lineage Series: Air Defense Artillery, CMH 60-5

4156:, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, archived from 3604:

Cold War AAA sites in NYC at American Forts Network

3491:

Fort Tilden mortar battery, archived from Geocities

2952:. Annapolis: Leeward Publications. pp. 26–27. 2516:

Early New York City forts at American Forts Network

2383:

List of coastal fortifications of the United States

1915:(along with two relocated 3-inch guns), AMTB 19 at 1670:, similar to the first emplacements at Fort Tilden. 137: 123: 102: 92: 82: 72: 54: 46: 29: 4364:American Breechloading Mobile Artillery, 1875-1953 4100: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 2556: 2505:. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 357–361. 1705:(406 mm). The first of these was deployed at 1701:, the Coast Artillery developed a new weapon, the 375:and caused significant damage and loss of life in 4506:Military units and formations in New York (state) 2669:NYC Revolutionary forts at American Forts Network 2545:, compiled and translated by E.B. Callaghan, 1868 1243:Typical US disappearing gun battery for two guns. 587:forces captured Boston. Their commander, General 388:city "New York" at this time and established the 3879:(Third ed.). McLean, Virginia: CDSG Press. 3368:H. R. Balkhage and A. A. Hahling (August 1964). 3019:Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections 2655:Fort Lee Historic Park at Palisades park website 1381:and Forts Schuyler, Totten, and Slocum were the 4303:Van Rensselaer, Mary Griswold Schuyler (1909). 4216:The U. S. Army in World War I: Orders of Battle 3461: 3459: 2993:Fort Richmond at New York State Military Museum 2543:Laws and Ordinances of New Netherland 1638-1674 2095:has been mostly demolished; however, a 15-inch 1686:During and after World War I two- or three-gun 1334:). Another renaming occurred in 1904 as one of 1227:was established near the abandoned, incomplete 623:On 3 July 1776 the British landed unopposed on 551:". In November of that year a committee of the 351:, which has been settled ever since, and built 4455:at the Coast Defense Study Group, Inc. website 4021:Jackson, Kenneth T.; Dunbar, David S. (2005). 2664: 2662: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2435:Coast Artillery Organization: A Brief Overview 1942:three months later) was established, with all 825:, where they remained for nearly three years. 4459:FortWiki, lists most CONUS and Canadian forts 3877:American Seacoast Defenses, A Reference Guide 3591:United States Army Center of Military History 3475: 3473: 3339:Battery Duane, Fort Wadsworth at FortWiki.com 3230:"Fort Jay Governors Island National Monument" 3195: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3187: 2601: 2599: 2563:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. 2474: 2472: 2089:State University of New York Maritime College 1834:State University of New York Maritime College 1806:, two batteries of which were transferred to 1187:, killed in the Civil War the previous year. 8: 4390:Seacoast Fortifications of the United States 4141:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4131:. Washington: US Government Printing Office. 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3452:Coast Artillery Corps Units in France in WWI 3297:National Archives and Records Administration 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 2950:Seacoast Fortifications of the United States 2932: 2930: 2928: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2137:was demolished in 1960 to make room for the 797:on 12 October, but overcoming opposition at 635:. The British forces were under General Sir 603:. Both forts were just south of the current 278:/trading post in Manhattan by 1612. In 1614 4511:Military units and formations in New Jersey 4438:Map of HD Southern New York at FortWiki.com 4023:Empire City: New York Through the Centuries 3913:Guarding the United States and its Outposts 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3268:information pamphlet. Accessed 2008-02-22.) 3213: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 2973:Fort Masonic at the Queens Masonic District 2725:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships 2502:The Discoveries of America to the year 1525 2462: 2460: 2458: 1608:(a.k.a. Navesink Military Reservation), in 1029:accelerated fort construction in New York. 197:as an Artillery District(s) and became the 4453:List of all US coastal forts and batteries 4433:Map of HD Eastern New York at FortWiki.com 4107:. New York: Simon and Schuster Paperback. 1923:, and a battery of unknown designation at 1919:(along with four 3-inch guns), AMTB 12 at 1557:occurred at an ammunition storage area in 1501:. A number of batteries of medium-caliber 1330:(with the previous Fort Wadsworth renamed 1322:, and the entire Signal Hill area (except 1080:third system of US seacoast fortifications 927:first system of US seacoast fortifications 791:landing in southeastern Westchester County 371:briefly occupied New Amsterdam during the 304:, and grew over the next forty years with 4407:Morgan, Mark L.; Berhow, Mark A. (2010). 4194:. Washington: Government Printing Office. 3898:, August 1923, vol. 59 no. 2, pp. 123-142 3665:Morgan, Mark L.; Berhow, Mark A. (2002). 2849:Paterson, Thomas G.; et al. (2009). 2482:US Army Order of Battle 1919–1941, vol. 2 2429: 2427: 2425: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2129:remains intact and is used for concerts. 1219:at Willets Point, and pioneered a modern 607:. Fort Lee was named for Patriot general 4531:United States Army Coast Artillery Corps 4366:. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing, Ltd. 2606:Fort Wadsworth at American Forts Network 2532:Fort Amsterdam at American Forts Network 2437:at the Coast Defense Study Group website 1725:(especially the French-made French-made 1513:, purchased from the United Kingdom, 40 158:United States Army Coast Artillery Corps 77:United States Army Coast Artillery Corps 2799:Duchesneau and Troost-Cramer, pp. 16-19 2678: 2676: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2393: 1139:New York City in the American Civil War 1006:in 1806; the site was eventually named 4134: 3667:Rings of Supersonic Steel, 2nd Edition 2040:, Virginia, similar to the display at 1086:during his tenure as post engineer at 1014:Fort Richmond (on the site now called 655:convoying the British invasion force. 363:led an expedition that subjugated the 171:from 1895 to 1950, beginning with the 26: 2373:Seacoast defense in the United States 2239:(If you want peace, prepare for war). 881:and Washington successfully forced a 7: 4209:. New York: Published by the author. 3995:The Anglo-Dutch Naval Wars 1652-1674 3736:, April 1928, vol. 68 no. 4, p. 347" 3015:"1864 Presidential Election Results" 2855:. Cengage Learning. pp. 13–15. 2250:Harbor Defenses of Southern New York 1952:Harbor Defenses of Long Island Sound 1532:In 1907, with the completion of the 453:History of New York City (1665–1783) 258:on an island in a lake later called 215:Harbor Defenses of Long Island Sound 18:Harbor Defenses of Southern New York 4392:. Annapolis: Leeward Publications. 4173:The Turning Point of the Revolution 3432:US Army Railway Guns in World War I 3299:, Record Group 156, Records of the 2644:NYC park website on Fort Washington 2573:Hainsworth and Churches, pp. 95-110 2219:Harbor Defenses of Eastern New York 1819:Lake Denmark Naval Ammunition Depot 1711:Coast Defenses of Long Island Sound 1534:Coast Defenses of Long Island Sound 1379:Coast Defenses of Southern New York 523:(the North American theater of the 211:Harbor Defenses of Eastern New York 203:Coast Defenses of Southern New York 4153:Origins of the American Revolution 3988:, vol. 23, issue 2, pp. 6-8, 25-27 3792:, July 1928, vol. 69 no. 1, p. 73" 3082:The Man Who Tried to Burn New York 2734:Naval History and Heritage Command 2081:Governors Island National Monument 1383:Coast Defenses of Eastern New York 1145:New York in the American Civil War 901:government in March 1782. The new 631:on Signal Hill, later the site of 199:Coast Defenses of Eastern New York 25: 4526:Military history of New York City 4191:American Coast Artillery Materiel 4175:. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat. 4128:Railway Artillery, Vols. I and II 3466:Highlands Mil Res at FortWiki.com 2117:remains as the foundation of the 1511:4.72-inch (120 mm) Armstrong guns 1002:acquired the Signal Hill site on 651:), fired into one of the British 4188:Ordnance Corps, US Army (1922). 4125:Miller, H. W., LTC, USA (1921). 4004:The War of American Independence 3313:Congressional serial set, 1900, 3262:Gateway National Recreation Area 3218:Fort Hancock, NJ at FortWiki.com 3146:"A place to try out new weapons" 2357: 2343: 2329: 2065:Gateway National Recreation Area 2036:16-inch Mark 7 gun displayed at 1430:" arrangement, pioneered at the 1318:, the Fort at Sandy Hook became 1045:, a fraternal society that many 702:, an inventor from Connecticut. 583:in Massachusetts. In March 1776 571:New York and New Jersey campaign 266:, an Englishman working for the 175:, some of which were located in 59: 35: 4536:Port of New York and New Jersey 4388:Lewis, Emanuel Raymond (1979). 2948:Lewis, Emanuel Raymond (1979). 2912:Castle Williams at FortWiki.com 2154:12"/45 caliber Mark V Mod 8 gun 1880:, were proposed but not built. 1574:American entry into World War I 1221:controlled underwater minefield 878:France declaring war on Britain 549:taxation without representation 485:in both cities revolted as the 4046:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. 3997:. Sutton Publications Limited. 2937:Fort Wadsworth at FortWiki.com 2200:Highlands Military Reservation 2046:Highlands Military Reservation 1960:265th Coast Artillery Regiment 1866:Highlands Military Reservation 1606:Highlands Military Reservation 1567:Statue of Liberty's raised arm 1519:6-inch (152 mm) Armstrong guns 1389:in 1913, and again renamed as 1357:, new batteries were built at 1297:William Crowninshield Endicott 1209:Engineer School of Application 1126:opposite Fort Schuyler, later 767:Staten Island Peace Conference 1: 4347:. McLean, VA: Redoubt Press. 4025:. Columbia University Press. 3875:Berhow, Mark A., ed. (2015). 3150:The Sandy Hook Proving Ground 3122:Published: September 24, 1861 3071:. Published: January 17, 1865 1823:Rockaway Township, New Jersey 1683:harbor defense command post. 941:) and Bedloe's Island (later 883:battle at Monmouth Courthouse 555:was established in New York. 516:is named for was dismantled. 461:" of 1688, being replaced by 431:, was first fortified with a 404:in 1665. This ended with the 191: 4286:World War II Order of Battle 4273:Smith, Edmund Banks (1913), 4214:Rinaldi, Richard A. (2004). 4171:Nickerson, Hoffman (1967) . 3867:. New York: William Abbatt. 3583:McKenney, Janice E. (1985). 3501:Miller 1921, Vol. II, p. 109 3374:The American Legion Magazine 2499:Weise, Arthur James (1884). 2279:Coast Defenses of Sandy Hook 1729:) was used to develop a new 1539:Coast Defenses of Sandy Hook 862:Forts Clinton and Montgomery 778:landed in southern Manhattan 776:On 15 September the British 230:Early forts in New York City 207:Coast Defenses of Sandy Hook 4343:Weaver II, John R. (2018). 4284:Stanton, Shelby L. (1991). 4233:Roberts, Robert B. (1988). 4069:Ketchum, Richard M (1997). 4040:Ketchum, Richard M (1973). 3480:Fort Tilden at FortWiki.com 3328:Fort Slocum at FortWiki.com 2754:Ketchum (1973), pp. 116-117 2616:Van Rensselaer, pp. 472-489 2555:Trelease, Allan W. (1960). 1292:was convened in 1885 under 771:Declaration of Independence 599:) across the Hudson in the 219:Harbor Defenses of New York 154:Harbor Defenses of New York 30:Harbor Defenses of New York 4552: 4411:. Hole in the Head Press. 4002:Higginbotham, Don (1983). 3864:The Battle of Pell's Point 3669:. Hole in the Head Press. 3266:U.S. National Park Service 3254:The Defenses of Sandy Hook 3040:"Mr. Lincoln and New York" 2237:Sic Vis Pacem, Para Bellum 2109:Fort Totten Officers' Club 1821:(now Picatinny Arsenal in 1804:8-inch Mk. VI railway guns 1770:regiment (tractor-drawn) ( 1680:Naval Air Station Rockaway 1142: 1136: 1064:United States Coast Survey 833: 827: 721:, brother of the general. 717:, flagship of Admiral Sir 568: 565:American Revolutionary War 562: 477:as governor in Boston and 450: 4252:Schecter, Barnet (2002). 4006:. Northeastern Classics. 3370:"The Black Tom Explosion" 2893:Wade, pp. 18, 28, 236-237 2830:Ketchum 1997, pp. 360-368 2821:Higginbotham, pp. 181-188 2781:Jackson and Dunbar, p. 20 2337:American Civil War portal 2208:16"/50 caliber Mark 7 gun 1885:6-inch (152 mm) batteries 1792:8-inch M1888 railway guns 1790:regiment, initially with 1692:M1917 3-inch (76 mm) guns 1225:Sandy Hook Proving Ground 815:capturing Fort Washington 725:was equipped to attach a 437:David Pieterszen de Vries 190:. The command originated 34: 4362:Williford, Glen (2016). 4322:Wade, Arthur P. (2011). 4150:Miller, John C. (1943), 4073:. New York: Henry Holt. 3861:Abbatt, William (1901). 3295:Gun and Carriage cards, 2479:Clay, Steven E. (2010). 2139:Verrazano-Narrows Bridge 2071:and open to the public. 1977:and submarine-detecting 1640:in the naval arms race. 1434:twenty years earlier by 793:, initially thwarted at 787:Battle of Harlem Heights 605:George Washington Bridge 579:broke out full-scale at 419:The Signal Hill site on 329:Dutch West India Company 302:North American fur trade 268:Dutch East India Company 205:in 1913. Circa 1915 the 4309:. New York: Macmillan. 4255:The Battle for New York 4237:. New York: Macmillan. 3896:Coast Artillery Journal 3869:Battle of Pell's Point. 3848:Coats 1923, pp. 127-129 3790:Coast Artillery Journal 3734:Coast Artillery Journal 3152:. National Park Service 3131:Abbot, Charles Greeley 2875:Paterson, Vol. 1, p. 20 1940:Eastern Defense Command 1776:New York National Guard 1752:Harbor Defense Commands 1699:dreadnought battleships 1676:Aberdeen Proving Ground 1645:New York National Guard 1638:dreadnought battleships 1559:Jersey City, New Jersey 1525:guns on modified 1870s 1391:Harbor Defense Commands 1290:Board of Fortifications 706:was crewed by Sergeant 601:town later named for it 471:Dominion of New England 298:colony of the same name 115:Eastern Defense Command 4516:Forts in New York City 2839:Nickerson, pp. 348-351 2790:Schechter, pp. 259-263 2720:"Turtle I (Submarine)" 2634:Miller 1943, pp. 65-74 2405:Gaines, pp. 6-8, 25-27 2378:Harbor Defense Command 2049: 1964:Florida National Guard 1853: 1721:with howitzers on the 1671: 1660: 1387:Coast Defense Commands 1375:New Rochelle, New York 1285: 1277: 1269: 1260: 1252: 1244: 1067: 887:White Plains, New York 803:Battle of White Plains 737:and scuttled her near 647:(the Brooklyn side of 427:, eventually known as 402:Second Anglo-Dutch War 394:Province of New Jersey 324: 308:from the South River ( 294:New Netherland Company 240:Giovanni da Verrazzano 179:. These included both 161:harbor defense command 97:Harbor Defense Command 4482:40.60861°N 74.03222°W 3986:Coast Defense Journal 3938:. The History Press. 3935:Fort Adams: A History 3573:Stanton, pp. 489, 492 3510:Ordnance, pp. 147-149 2204:Hartshorne Woods Park 2162:Harbor Defense Museum 2103:is partly used as an 2069:National Park Service 2042:Hartshorne Woods Park 2035: 2007:Air Defense Artillery 1994:245th Coast Artillery 1851: 1784:245th Coast Artillery 1768:244th Coast Artillery 1715:disappearing carriage 1690:batteries armed with 1666: 1658: 1467:10-inch (254 mm) guns 1459:12-inch (305 mm) guns 1432:Fort at Willets Point 1345:In addition to Forts 1301:controlled minefields 1283: 1275: 1266: 1258: 1250: 1242: 1205:Fort at Willets Point 1192:siege of Fort Pulaski 1165:P. T. Barnum's museum 1120:Fort at Willets Point 1114:in New Jersey (later 1061: 945:). These were simple 830:Philadelphia campaign 823:Newport, Rhode Island 811:Battle of Bunker Hill 682:Battle of Long Island 581:Lexington and Concord 521:French and Indian War 416:that ended that war. 414:Treaty of Westminster 410:Third Anglo-Dutch War 322: 306:fortified settlements 188:underwater minefields 163:. It coordinated the 4258:. New York: Walker. 4218:. General Data LLC. 3969:. New York: Walker. 3442:Williford, pp. 92-99 3080:Brandt, Nat (1986). 2682:Roberts, pp. 596-605 2593:Roberts, pp. 587-589 2452:Rinaldi, pp. 165-166 2419:Stanton, pp. 455-481 2351:New York City portal 2294:Motto: The motto is 2150:John Paul Jones Park 1788:52nd Coast Artillery 1740:Far Rockaway, Queens 1618:Far Rockaway, Queens 1483:8-inch (203 mm) guns 1471:6-inch (152 mm) guns 1025:The outbreak of the 850:Battle of Brandywine 750:Continental Congress 739:Fort Lee, New Jersey 390:Province of New York 248:Fort d'Anormée Berge 217:were unified as the 4521:Forts in New Jersey 4487:40.60861; -74.03222 4478: / 4043:The Winter Soldiers 3286:Berhow, pp. 138–139 3277:Berhow, pp. 130–133 3199:Berhow, pp. 208-210 3100:Marshall, John A., 3003:Weaver, pp. 136–164 2625:Fowler, pp. 134-139 2466:Berhow, pp. 427-434 2316:7th Coast Artillery 2268:(Willing and Able). 1990:7th Coast Artillery 1870:16-inch Mark 2 guns 1764:7th Coast Artillery 1756:5th Coast Artillery 1555:Black Tom explosion 1551:blockade of Germany 1475:5-inch (127 mm) gun 1169:Robert Cobb Kennedy 1072:captured and burned 854:Battles of Saratoga 691:On 6 September the 577:American Revolution 499:raiding Schenectady 491:Leisler's Rebellion 459:Glorious Revolution 398:James, Duke of York 250:(Fort of the Grand 3961:Fowler, William M. 3903:2019-05-15 at the 3413:The New York Times 3068:The New York Times 2763:McCullough, p. 218 2700:McCullough, p. 191 2296:Obscurata Lucidior 2160:houses the Army's 2050: 1854: 1672: 1661: 1497:would bombard the 1436:Henry Larcom Abbot 1286: 1278: 1270: 1261: 1253: 1245: 1229:Fort at Sandy Hook 1213:Henry Larcom Abbot 1185:James S. Wadsworth 1112:Fort at Sandy Hook 1068: 982:Buttermilk Channel 956:Chesapeake–Leopard 953:In June 1807, the 783:Washington Heights 627:and soon captured 575:In April 1775 the 545:Stamp Act Congress 529:British Parliament 325: 132:Brooklyn, New York 4399:978-0-929521-11-4 4373:978-0-7643-5049-8 4354:978-1-7323916-1-1 4335:978-0-9748167-2-2 4288:. Galahad Books. 4097:McCullough, David 4080:978-0-8050-6123-9 4032:978-0-231-10909-3 4013:978-0-9303504-4-4 3886:978-0-9748167-3-9 3393:Witcover, Jules. 3301:Chief of Ordnance 2959:978-0-929521-11-4 2922:Wade, pp. 236-244 2902:Wade, pp. 115-120 2812:(1998) pp. 117–21 2736:. 19 October 2015 2691:Smith 1913, p. 49 2365:New Jersey portal 2264:Motto: The motto 2235:Motto: The motto 2119:Statue of Liberty 2067:, managed by the 2063:are parts of the 2000:Post World War II 1780:HD Chesapeake Bay 1758:regiment was the 1713:, on an improved 1703:16-inch gun M1919 1668:16-inch gun M1919 1582:railway artillery 1541:(CD Sandy Hook). 1440:railway artillery 1408:gun lift carriage 1399:disappearing guns 1217:16-mortar battery 1104:Long Island Sound 950:three locations. 891:Yorktown campaign 874:Benjamin Franklin 836:Saratoga campaign 759:Benjamin Franklin 589:George Washington 559:Revolutionary War 479:Francis Nicholson 442:Thirteen Colonies 435:by Dutch settler 312:) to what is now 147: 146: 16:(Redirected from 4543: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4489: 4488: 4483: 4479: 4476: 4475: 4474: 4471: 4422: 4418:978-09761494-0-8 4403: 4377: 4358: 4339: 4318: 4299: 4280: 4269: 4248: 4229: 4210: 4195: 4184: 4167: 4166: 4165: 4146: 4140: 4132: 4121: 4106: 4092: 4065: 4036: 4017: 3998: 3980: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3928: 3926: 3925: 3890: 3871: 3849: 3846: 3831: 3828: 3813: 3812: 3810: 3809: 3803: 3797:. 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Potter 1410:, essentially a 1312:Continental Army 1294:Secretary of War 1175:, and hanged at 1047:Founding Fathers 935:Governors Island 917:1783-War of 1812 864:, just north of 686:Brooklyn Heights 613:chevaux de frise 525:Seven Years' War 361:Peter Stuyvesant 341:Governors Island 290:Albany, New York 196: 193: 173:Endicott program 65: 63: 62: 39: 27: 21: 4551: 4550: 4546: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4541: 4540: 4496: 4495: 4486: 4484: 4480: 4477: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4464: 4429: 4419: 4406: 4400: 4387: 4384: 4382:Further reading 4374: 4361: 4355: 4342: 4336: 4321: 4302: 4296: 4283: 4272: 4266: 4251: 4245: 4232: 4226: 4213: 4198: 4187: 4170: 4163: 4161: 4149: 4133: 4124: 4115: 4095: 4081: 4068: 4054: 4039: 4033: 4020: 4014: 4001: 3992: 3977: 3959: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3931: 3923: 3921: 3909: 3905:Wayback Machine 3887: 3874: 3860: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3834: 3829: 3816: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3794: 3786: 3785: 3774: 3769: 3760: 3751: 3749: 3745: 3738: 3730: 3729: 3718: 3713: 3704: 3699: 3684: 3677: 3664: 3663: 3659: 3650: 3648: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3625: 3623: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3598: 3582: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3568: 3561: 3557: 3553:Stanton, p. 480 3552: 3548: 3544:Conn, pp. 33-35 3543: 3539: 3535:Stanton, p. 458 3534: 3530: 3523: 3514: 3509: 3505: 3500: 3496: 3489: 3485: 3478: 3471: 3464: 3457: 3450: 3446: 3441: 3437: 3430: 3426: 3417: 3415: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3392: 3388: 3378: 3376: 3367: 3366: 3362: 3349: 3348: 3344: 3337: 3333: 3326: 3322: 3311: 3307: 3294: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3276: 3272: 3252: 3248: 3238: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3227: 3223: 3216: 3203: 3198: 3165: 3155: 3153: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3130: 3126: 3118: 3114: 3099: 3095: 3079: 3075: 3062: 3058: 3049: 3047: 3038: 3037: 3033: 3023: 3021: 3012: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2998: 2991: 2987: 2983:Roberts, p. 586 2982: 2978: 2971: 2967: 2960: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2935: 2926: 2921: 2917: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2870: 2863: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2816: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2749: 2739: 2737: 2730:Navy Department 2718: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2674: 2667: 2660: 2653: 2649: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2611: 2604: 2597: 2592: 2577: 2572: 2568: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2541: 2537: 2530: 2521: 2514: 2510: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2485: 2478: 2477: 2470: 2465: 2456: 2451: 2442: 2432: 2423: 2418: 2409: 2404: 2395: 2391: 2363: 2358: 2356: 2349: 2344: 2342: 2335: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2281: 2252: 2221: 2216: 2131:Fort Gansevoort 2077:Castle Williams 2030: 2002: 1979:indicator loops 1846: 1653: 1620:. Two pairs of 1547: 1463:12-inch mortars 1237: 1235:Endicott period 1173:court-martialed 1152:Peace Democrats 1147: 1141: 1134:was completed. 1056: 1031:Fort Gansevoort 974:Castle Williams 962:New York Harbor 919: 907:Treaty of Paris 838: 832: 763:Edward Rutledge 593:Fort Washington 573: 567: 561: 553:Sons of Liberty 507:Henry Sloughter 455: 406:Treaty of Breda 385:New York Harbor 347:) to establish 296:as part of the 270:, for whom the 254:), in southern 237: 235:Colonial period 232: 227: 221:on 9 May 1942. 194: 181:coast artillery 150: 87:Coast artillery 60: 58: 42: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4549: 4547: 4539: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4498: 4497: 4462: 4461: 4456: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4428: 4427:External links 4425: 4424: 4423: 4417: 4404: 4398: 4383: 4380: 4379: 4378: 4372: 4359: 4353: 4340: 4334: 4328:. 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Lee 1081: 1077: 1073: 1065: 1060: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1021: 1020:Fort Tompkins 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1004:Staten Island 1001: 997: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 970:Fort Columbus 967: 963: 959: 957: 951: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 916: 914: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 879: 875: 871: 867: 866:Bear Mountain 863: 859: 858:Henry Clinton 855: 851: 847: 843: 842:John Burgoyne 837: 831: 826: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 807:Henry Clinton 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 779: 774: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 751: 747: 746:John Sullivan 742: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 715: 709: 705: 701: 697: 696: 689: 687: 683: 679: 675: 674: 668: 667: 661: 660: 654: 650: 646: 645:Fort Hamilton 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 625:Staten Island 621: 619: 618:Nutten Island 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 572: 566: 558: 556: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 517: 515: 510: 508: 504: 500: 496: 495:Jacob Leisler 492: 489:in April and 488: 487:Boston Revolt 484: 480: 476: 475:Edmund Andros 472: 468: 464: 460: 454: 449: 447: 446:Fort Tompkins 443: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 421:Staten Island 417: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 386: 382: 381:Staten Island 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 349:New Amsterdam 346: 342: 338: 337:New York City 334: 330: 321: 317: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 286: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 244:Estêvão Gomes 241: 234: 229: 224: 222: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 189: 185: 182: 178: 174: 170: 169:New York City 166: 162: 159: 155: 149:Military unit 143: 140: 136: 133: 129: 128:Fort Hamilton 126: 122: 116: 113: 110: 107: 106: 105: 101: 98: 95: 91: 88: 85: 81: 78: 75: 71: 68: 67:United States 57: 53: 49: 45: 38: 33: 28: 19: 4463: 4408: 4389: 4363: 4344: 4324: 4305: 4285: 4275: 4254: 4234: 4215: 4204: 4200:Riker, James 4190: 4172: 4162:, retrieved 4158:the original 4152: 4127: 4118: 4102: 4070: 4042: 4022: 4003: 3994: 3985: 3965: 3949:. 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Knowledge (XXG)

Harbor Defenses of New York

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