149:
2095:(16 & 17 Vict. c. 99), substituted penal servitude for transportation to a distant British colony, except in cases where a person could be sentenced to transportation for life or for a term not less than fourteen years. Section 2 of the Penal Servitude Act 1857 (20 & 21 Vict. c. 3) abolished the sentence of transportation in all cases and provided that in all cases a person who would otherwise have been liable to transportation would be liable to penal servitude instead. Section 1 of the Penal Servitude Act 1891 makes provision for enactments which authorise a sentence of penal servitude but do not specify a maximum duration. It must now be read subject to section 1(1) of the
205:
2197:
2845:. The prison was constructed in 1816 and prison labor was used to produce common goods like combs, shoes, animal harnesses, carpets, buckets, and barrels. Goods were originally produced and made for use inside the prison only, but expanded to produce products for outside sale in the 1820s to increase the prison's profits and support the prison financially. As historian Robin Bernstein demonstrates, this system of for-profit prison labor expanded to other state prisons throughout the United States within the next fifteen years, well before the convict-leasing system of the post-Civil War era.
2241:
2696:, but on a larger scale. The kulaks were some of the first victims of the Soviet Union's forced labour system. Starting in 1930, nearly two million kulaks were taken to camps in unpopulated regions of the Soviet Union and forced to work in very harsh conditions. Most inmates in the Gulag were ordinary criminals: between 1934 and 1953 there were only two years, 1946 and 1947, when the number of counter-revolutionary prisoners exceeded that of ordinary criminals, partly because the Soviet state had
2856:
2049:
2852:, enacted in 1865, explicitly allows penal labour as it states that "neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction". Unconvicted detainees awaiting trial cannot be forced to participate in forced rehabilitative labour programs in prison as it violates the Thirteenth Amendment.
165:
50:
2110:. After sentencing, convicts would be classified according to the seriousness of the offence of which they were convicted and their criminal record. First time offenders would be classified in the Star class; persons not suitable for the Star class, but without serious convictions would be classified in the intermediate class. Habitual offenders would be classified in the
2953:
2279:. Every enactment which operated to empower a court to pass a sentence of penal servitude in any case now operates so as to empower that court to pass a sentence of imprisonment for a term not exceeding the maximum term of penal servitude for which a sentence could have been passed in that case immediately before the commencement of that Act.
2260:. Every enactment conferring power on a court to pass a sentence of penal servitude in any case must be construed as conferring power to pass a sentence of imprisonment for a term not exceeding the maximum term of penal servitude for which a sentence could have been passed in that case immediately before the commencement of that Act.
2742:, only 6,000 survived the Gulag and returned home. Many of these prisoners, however, had died of illness contracted during the siege of Stalingrad and in the forced march into captivity. More than half of all deaths occurred in 1941–1944, mostly as a result of the deteriorating food and medicine supplies caused by wartime shortages.
2964:
In a number of penal systems, inmates have the possibility of getting jobs. This may serve several purposes. One goal is to give an inmate a meaningful way to occupy their prison time and a possibility of earning some money. It may also play an important role in resocialisation as inmates may acquire
2883:
In 1934, federal prison officials concerned about growing unrest in prisons lobbied to create a work program. Private companies got involved again in 1979, when
Congress passed a law establishing the Prison Industry Enhancement Certification Program which allows employment opportunities for prisoners
2711:
The Gulags constituted a large portion of the Soviet Union's overall economy. Over half of the tin produced in the Soviet Union was produced by the Gulags. In 1951, the Gulags extracted over four times as much gold as the rest of the economy. Gulag camps also produced all of the diamonds and platinum
2499:
In the case of any enactment in force on 5 August 1891 (the date on which section 1 of the Penal
Servitude Act 1891 came into force) whereby a court had, immediately before the commencement of the Criminal Law Act 1997, power to pass a sentence of penal servitude, the maximum term of imprisonment may
2442:
Forced labour was widely used in the
African colonies. One of the most emblematic projects, the construction of the Congo-Ocean railway (140 km or 87 miles) cost the lives of 17,000 indigenous workers in 1929. In Cameroon, the 6,000 workers on the Douala-Yaoundé railway line had a mortality rate
2192:
by hand which in turn forced four large cups or ladles through sand inside a drum, doing nothing useful. Male prisoners had to turn the handle 6,000–14,400 times over the period of six hours a day (1.5–3.6 seconds per turn), as registered on a dial. The warder could make the task harder by tightening
2983:
Many businesses, large and small, already make use of prison workshops to produce high quality goods and services and do so profitably. They are not only investing in prisons but in the future of their companies and the country as a whole. I urge others to follow their lead and seize the opportunity
2173:
for punishment were used for decades in
British prisons beginning in 1818; they often took the form of large paddle wheels some 20 feet in diameter with 24 steps around a six-foot cylinder. Prisoners had to work six or more hours a day, climbing the equivalent of 5,000 to 14,000 vertical feet. While
2430:
Prison inmates can work either for the prison (directly, by performing tasks linked to prison operation, or for the Régie
Industrielle des Établissements Pénitentiaires, which produces and sells merchandise) or for a private company, in the framework of a prison/company agreement for leasing inmate
2969:
function: reducing the monotony of prison life for the inmate, keeping inmates busy on productive activities, rather than, for example, potentially violent or antisocial activities, and helping to increase inmate fitness, and thus decrease health problems, rather than letting inmates succumb to a
2495:
Every enactment conferring a power on a court to pass a sentence of penal servitude in any case must be treated as an enactment empowering that court to pass a sentence of imprisonment for a term not exceeding the maximum term of penal servitude for which a sentence could have been passed in that
2305:
Every enactment conferring power on a court to pass a sentence of penal servitude in any case must be construed as conferring power to pass a sentence of imprisonment for a term not exceeding the maximum term of penal servitude for which a sentence could have been passed in that case immediately
2224:
As late as 1885, 75% of all prison inmates were involved in some sort of productive endeavour, mostly in private contract and leasing systems. By 1935, the portion of prisoners working had fallen to 44%, and almost 90% of those worked in state-run programmes rather than for private contractors.
2011:
or in a prison workshop. In such cases, the pursuit of income from their productive labour may even overtake the preoccupation with punishment or reeducation as such of the prisoners, who are then at risk of being exploited as slave-like cheap labour (profit may be minor after expenses, e.g. on
2973:
The classic occupation in 20th-century
British prisons was sewing mailbags. This has diversified into areas such as engineering, furniture making, desktop publishing, repairing wheelchairs and producing traffic signs, but such opportunities are not widely available, and many prisoners who work
2833:(BOP) to produce goods and services. FPI is restricted to selling its products and services, which include clothing, furniture, electrical components and vehicle parts, to federal government agencies and has no access to the commercial market so as not to compete against private employment.
2731:. There were at least 476 separate camp complexes, each one comprising hundreds, even thousands of individual camps. It is estimated that there may have been 5–7 million people in these camps at any one time. In later years the camps also held victims of Joseph Stalin's purges as well as
2475:
do not have sufficient demand for prison labour. In the Indian Penal Code prior to 1949, Many sections prescribed penal servitude for life as a viable punishment. This was removed by Act No. XVII of 1949, Simply known as the
Criminal Law (Removal of Racial Discriminations) Act, 1949
2708:'s death just over one-quarter. In the 1930s, many ordinary criminals were guilty of crimes that would have been punished with a fine or community service in the 1920s. They were victims of harsher laws from the early 1930s, driven, in part, by the need for more prison camp labour.
2686:, political opponents of these governments were often sentenced to forced labour camps. These forced labour camps are called Gulags, an acronym for the government organisation that was in charge of them. The Soviet Gulag camps were a continuation of the punitive labour system of
2875:
former slaves were often arrested and worked in much the same way as before the war. Since the impoverished state governments could not afford penitentiaries, they leased out prisoners to work at private firms. Reformers abolished convict leasing in the 20th-century
2435:, the prison system has been governed by a new penal code. Some prisons became quasi-factories, in the nineteenth century, many discussions focused on the issue of competition between free labour and prison labour. Prison work was temporarily prohibited during the
2000:, is a form of forced labour used in both the past and the present as an additional form of punishment beyond imprisonment alone. Punitive labour encompasses two types: productive labour, such as industrial work; and intrinsically pointless tasks used as primitive
2974:
perform routine prison maintenance tasks (such as in the prison kitchen) or obsolete unskilled assembly work (such as in the prison laundry) that is argued to be no preparation for work after release. Classic 20th-century
American prisoner work involved making
1703:
2648:(Kyo-hwa-so in Korean). According to human rights organisations, the prisoners face forced hard labour in all North Korean prison camps. The conditions are harsh and life-threatening and prisoners are subject to torture and inhumane treatment.
2180:
involved stooping without bending the knees, lifting a heavy cannonball slowly to chest height, taking three steps to the right, replacing it on the ground, stepping back three paces, and repeating, moving cannonballs from one pile to another.
5327:
2941:, are considered the largest in the country's history. In particular, inmates objected to being excluded from the 13th Amendment which forces them to work for pennies a day, a condition they assert is tantamount to "modern-day slavery".
2439:. Prison labour then specialised in the production of goods sold to government departments (and directly to prisons, for example guards' uniforms), or in small low-skilled manual labour (mainly subcontracting to small local industries).
2212:
between 1788 and 1868 provide a major historical example of convict labour, as described above: during that period, Australia received thousands of transported convict labourers, many of whom had received harsh sentences for minor
1949:
used as a means to secure labour, and labour as providing occupation for convicts. These scenarios can be applied to those imprisoned for political, religious, war, or other reasons as well as to criminal convicts.
5046:
2156:(Inveraray was a busy herring port); those with skills were often employed where their skills could be used, such as shoemaking, tailoring or joinery. Female prisoners picked oakum, knitted stockings or sewed.
3057:
2894:
Over the years, the courts have held that inmates may be required to work and are not protected by the constitutional prohibition against involuntary servitude. Correctional standards promulgated by the
3853:
2926:. The prison labour industry makes over $ 1 billion per year selling products that inmates make, while inmates are paid very little or nothing in return. In California, 2,500 incarcerated workers fight
5149:
3547:
4622:(2004), pp. 17 & 34. "It rendered all clauses directly dealing with slavery null and altered the meaning of other clauses that had originally been designed to protect the institution of slavery."
2837:
also use penal labour and have their own penal labour divisions. This has changed over time since the beginning of for-profit prisons in the United States. One of the first for-profit prisons was
2678:, especially in totalitarian regimes since the 20th century where millions of convicts were exploited and often killed by hard labour and bad living conditions. For much of the history of the
1824:
5013:
2622:
abolished the distinction between imprisonment with and without hard labour and replaced 'reformative detention' with 'corrective training', which was later abolished on 30 June 2002.
2022:. In some cases, it was productive labour to grind grain (an example of using convict labour to meet costs); in others, it served no purpose. Similar punishments included turning the
2849:
2422:
represent a major source of penal labour in China according to controversial expert, Adrien Zenz. Since 2002, some prisoners have been eligible to receive payment for their labour.
1688:
1219:
4982:
2944:
Prison industries today are often operating at a loss, with much of the labour undertaken by prisoners actually constituting "prison housework" rather than productive activity.
1573:
945:
682:
1309:
950:
148:
3273:
5225:
Wood, Phillip J. (1 September 2007). "Globalization and Prison
Privatization: Why Are Most of the World's For-Profit Adult Prisons to Be Found in the American South?".
5056:
642:
4508:
2117:
Penal servitude included hard labour as a standard feature. Although it was prescribed for severe crimes (e.g. rape, attempted murder, wounding with intent, by the
3906:
997:
3879:"The Hidden Gulag – Part Two: Kwan-li-so political panel-labor colonies (page 25 – 82), Part Three: Kyo-hwa-so long-term prison-labor facilities (page 82 – 110)"
4050:
Getty, J.; Rittersporn, T.; Zemskov, V. (1993). "Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Pre-War Years: A First
Approach on the Basis of Archival Evidence".
1543:
5138:
4482:
1693:
4902:
2606:) is one of the primary punishments which can be imposed on a convicted offender. The maximum punishment is 240 hours, according to article 22c, part 2 of
2410:. They were intended not only for criminals, but also for those deemed to be counter-revolutionary (political and/or religious prisoners). According to an
1024:
4709:
3536:
2414:
special report on slavery, China has the largest penal labour system in the world today. Often these prisoners are used to produce products for export to
2306:
before 12 June 1950. But this does not empower any court, other than the High Court, to pass a sentence of imprisonment for a term exceeding three years.
4323:
1770:
522:
3006:, where roughly 7% of the prison population are within privately owned institutions. Goods produced through this penal labour are regulated through the
2938:
972:
3565:
2777:
to remote areas of the Soviet Union. The fatality rate was as high as 80% during the first months in many camps. Immediately after the start of the
1743:
1563:
736:
5354:
5172:
2661:
1901:
5023:
4297:
2774:
2712:
in the Soviet Union, and forced labourers in the Gulags constituted approximately one fifth of all construction labourers in the Soviet Union.
2444:
1007:
425:
4684:
3131:
4573:
4222:
3693:
3342:
3248:
2107:
1585:
1262:
1034:
3713:
3268:
2834:
2118:
2081:
1777:
1738:
1381:
4254:
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of 61.7% according to a report by the authorities. Forced labour was officially abolished in the colonies in 1946 under pressure from the
4990:
3282:
1819:
1456:
1116:
967:
763:
672:
4876:
4835:
4941:
4166:
3968:
1839:
1533:
1287:
3013:
The advent of automated production in the 20th and 21st century has reduced the availability of unskilled physical work for inmates.
2550:
4405:
4193:
4131:
4096:
3999:
3683:
2896:
2610:. The labour must be done in their free time. Reclassering Nederland keeps track of those who were sentenced to community services.
2209:
2196:
1661:
1538:
962:
731:
598:
133:
2918:, protesting for better pay, better conditions and for the end of forced labour. Strike leaders have been punished with indefinite
1508:
204:
3761:
2276:
2810:
1792:
1002:
987:
933:
618:
608:
603:
432:
288:
3739:
2348:
2645:
2637:
1787:
1558:
364:
1698:
4563:
4349:
2229:
2174:
the purpose was mainly punitive, the mills could have been used to grind grain, pump water, or operate a ventilation system.
1257:
1245:
825:
637:
283:
71:
4465:
3486:
2322:
2314:
5315:
Employment Focused Programs for Ex-Prisoners: What Have We Learned, What Are We Learning, and Where Should We Go From Here?
3149:
114:
4518:
2738:. It is possible that approximately 10% of prisoners died each year. Out of the 91,000 German soldiers captured after the
2380:
2299:
1829:
1612:
473:
67:
2133:
deemed harmful to the fabric of society. Notable recipients of hard labour under British law include the prolific writer
86:
4548:
3832:
2927:
2903:, be required to work and be paid for that work. Some states require, as with Arizona, all able-bodied inmates to work.
2665:
2069:
1834:
1678:
1548:
1209:
977:
957:
517:
485:
3917:
5347:
3709:
3457:
3032:
2900:
2395:
1894:
1844:
1568:
1486:
613:
394:
214:
38:
2583:
5261:
2998:
A significant amount of controversy has arisen with regard to the use of prison labour if the prison in question is
93:
3522:
Patricia O'Brien, The Promise of Punishment: Prisons in Nineteenth-century France, Princeton University Press, 1982
2975:
2888:
2338:
2085:
1753:
1605:
1590:
1481:
677:
347:
5390:
60:
2830:
2815:
2436:
2419:
2342:
2257:
2096:
1849:
1748:
1279:
1267:
857:
830:
335:
3592:
3172:
4713:
2411:
2372:
2092:
1629:
1498:
1051:
840:
325:
226:
4327:
3531:
Guilbaud, Fabrice. "To Challenge and Suffer: The Forms and Foundations of Working Inmates' Social Criticism",
3498:
505:
100:
5180:
4565:
Federal Prison Industries, Inc: Hearing Before the Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. House of Representatives
4324:"The National Archives | Heroes & Villains | Stalin & industrialisation | Background"
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2907:
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2240:
1814:
1553:
1503:
1431:
1204:
982:
926:
909:
340:
5203:
2465:
Only convicts sentenced to "rigorous imprisonment" have to undertake work during their prison term. A 2011
1102:
5340:
4777:
3067:
2826:
2631:
2607:
2448:
2295:
2245:
1887:
1856:
1361:
1014:
862:
586:
552:
547:
173:
31:
5287:
Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black People in America from the Civil War to World War II
4934:
3609:
2934:; the voluntary participation of prisoners in this work saves the state as much as $ 100 million a year.
82:
5441:
3355:
2931:
2801:
Inmates in Taiwan are required to work during their stay in prison but receive a wage for their labour.
2562:
2512:
2403:
2053:
1723:
1578:
1491:
1476:
1158:
1146:
892:
877:
662:
437:
359:
4954:"A New Form of Slavery? Meet Incarcerated Firefighters Battling California's Wildfires for $ 1 an Hour"
3356:"CNN In-Depth Specials – Visions of China – Red Giant: Labor camps reinforce China's totalitarian rule"
3016:
2855:
2048:
4850:
3550:[Colonial forced labor in the French empire must be recognized as a crime against humanity].
3548:"le travail forcé colonial dans l'empire français doit être reconnu comme un crime contre l'humanité"
2919:
2778:
2739:
2570:
2521:
parts which are then sold cheaply to private Japanese companies. This practice has raised charges of
2471:
article reported that 99% of convicts that receive such sentences rarely undertake work because most
2077:
2001:
1970:
1861:
1765:
1728:
1656:
1600:
1469:
1426:
1240:
1170:
845:
625:
527:
411:
318:
4953:
4301:
4513:
3878:
3404:
3135:
3037:
3007:
2485:
2043:
1966:
1349:
1329:
1214:
1199:
1068:
1039:
1029:
919:
867:
835:
632:
490:
458:
453:
406:
263:
4648:
Adamson, Christopher (1983). "Punishment after Slavery: Southern State Penal Systems, 1865–1890".
3201:
2152:
from 1839 prisoners worked up to ten hours a day. Most male prisoners made herring nets or picked
2012:
security). This is sometimes not the case, and the income goes to defray the costs of the prison.
5118:
4665:
4540:
4214:
4067:
3809:
3381:
3377:
2868:
2671:
2522:
2407:
2352:
2114:
class. Care was taken to ensure that convicts in one class did not mix with convicts in another.
1595:
1441:
1416:
1406:
1371:
1366:
1334:
1299:
1292:
1233:
1226:
1083:
902:
897:
887:
657:
510:
468:
463:
416:
384:
374:
311:
157:
5047:"As prison strikes heat up, former inmates talk about horrible state of labor and incarceration"
4631:
532:
478:
5332:
4258:
2700:
1 million ordinary criminals as part of the victory celebrations in 1945. At the height of the
5242:
4937:
4569:
4462:"The Gulag Collection: Paintings of the Soviet Penal System By Former Prisoner Nikolai Getman"
4401:
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4228:
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3338:
3307:
3244:
3238:
3224:
3047:
2599:
2537:
2432:
2364:
2302:
on 12 June 1950, and imprisonment with hard labour was abolished by section 16(2) of the act.
2253:
2189:
2142:
2126:
1683:
1401:
1396:
1339:
1324:
1304:
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1121:
1056:
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852:
818:
647:
500:
389:
268:
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3652:
3212:
5234:
5110:
4657:
4059:
4024:
3976:
2762:
2758:
2745:
Probably the worst of the camp complexes were the three built north of the Arctic Circle at
2619:
2472:
2460:
2272:
2130:
1873:
1451:
1446:
1436:
1411:
1376:
1344:
1314:
1187:
1175:
1153:
1131:
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914:
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184:
5144:
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4236:
3942:
3409:
3295:
3264:
2877:
2687:
2683:
2467:
2360:
2318:
2310:
2160:
2138:
2019:
1782:
1673:
1668:
1421:
1391:
1386:
1109:
1073:
872:
790:
495:
241:
107:
4279:
2598:(Hard) penal labour does not exist in the Netherlands, but a light variant consisting of
2899:
provide that sentenced inmates, who are generally housed in maximum, medium, or minimum
2757:. Prisoners in Soviet labour camps were sometimes worked to death with a mix of extreme
5101:
Guilbaud, Fabrice (2010). "Working in Prison: Time as Experienced by Inmates-Workers".
4958:
3714:"Straffen en maatregelen voor volwassenen - Straffen en maatregelen - Rijksoverheid.nl"
3319:
2965:
skills that would help them to find a job after release. It may also have an important
2923:
2431:
labour. Work ceased being compulsory for sentenced inmates in France in 1987. From the
2376:
2149:
2102:
Sentences of penal servitude were served in convict prisons and were controlled by the
1962:
1945:. The term may refer to several related scenarios: labour as a form of punishment, the
1930:
1866:
1760:
652:
330:
293:
251:
4444:
4357:
5435:
5363:
5301:
Twice the Work of Free Labor: The Political Economy of Convict Labor in the New South
5238:
4378:
3431:
3200:"An Act to substitute, in certain Cases, other Punishment in lieu of Transportation",
3052:
3003:
2990:
2915:
2872:
2864:
2838:
2823:
2705:
2566:
2518:
2415:
2164:
2023:
2015:
1946:
1926:
1918:
1804:
1733:
1180:
1163:
938:
768:
758:
542:
192:
169:
3622:
2704:
in the 1930s political prisoners made up 12% of the camp population; at the time of
5375:
4804:
3062:
2842:
2782:
2732:
2728:
2716:
2679:
2073:
2072:", which authorised prisoners being put to work on improving the navigation of the
1954:
1809:
1646:
1622:
1528:
1521:
1252:
780:
753:
716:
694:
581:
298:
256:
246:
236:
231:
221:
164:
3405:"Expert Estimates China Has More Than 1,000 Internment Camps For Xinjiang Uyghurs"
1061:
4461:
4183:
4156:
3685:
Crime and Punishment around the World [4 volumes]: [Four Volumes]
3333:
5420:
4928:
2720:
2701:
2214:
2134:
2103:
2008:
1974:
1958:
1651:
1639:
992:
795:
785:
743:
557:
49:
5079:
4606:
Freeman's Challenge: The Murder That Shook America's Original Prison for Profit
4591:
Freeman's Challenge: The Murder That Shook America's Original Prison for Profit
3481:
Guilbaud, Fabrice. "Working in Prison: Time as Experienced by Inmate-Workers",
2769:
and the harsh elements. In all, more than 18 million people passed through the
5395:
5385:
3805:
3197:
3042:
2999:
2819:
2675:
2368:
2356:
2111:
1799:
1096:
800:
667:
5246:
4422:
4232:
2060:
Imprisonment with hard labour was first introduced into English law with the
5051:
4141:
4106:
2529:
2201:
2065:
1044:
709:
571:
153:
5380:
4756:
4735:
4240:
726:
17:
3023:
in Britain, has proposed the development of in-house prison call centres.
2789:
about 100,000 prisoners who awaited deportation either to NKVD prisons in
2517:
Most Japanese prisoners are required to engage in prison labour, often in
2503:
Imprisonment with hard labour was abolished by section 11(3) of that Act.
5400:
5114:
4983:"Major prison strike spreads across US and Canada as inmates refuse food"
4813:
4121:
4086:
2966:
2937:
The prison strikes of 2018, sponsored by Jailhouse Lawyers Speak and the
2641:
2533:
2291:
2282:
Imprisonment with hard labour was abolished by section 1(2) of that Act.
2263:
Imprisonment with hard labour was abolished by section 1(2) of that Act.
2031:
1922:
1634:
1192:
1136:
1088:
748:
593:
448:
354:
5122:
5014:"U.S. Inmates Plan Nationwide Prison Strike To Protest Labor Conditions"
3762:"wetten.nl – Wet- en regelgeving – Wetboek van Strafrecht – BWBR0001854"
3740:"wetten.nl – Wet- en regelgeving – Wetboek van Strafrecht – BWBR0001854"
2952:
5415:
5410:
5294:
One Dies, Get Another: Convict Leasing in the American South, 1866–1928
4877:"US inmates stage nationwide prison labor strike over 'modern slavery'"
4071:
2754:
2750:
2724:
2697:
2692:
2500:
not exceed five years or any greater term authorised by the enactment.
2496:
case immediately before the commencement of the Criminal Law Act 1997.
2218:
1617:
699:
379:
196:
5308:"Worse than Slavery": Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice
4903:"US inmates sent to solitary confinement over 'prison slavery' strike"
4669:
3854:"4 Custodial sentences and remands – Ministry of Justice, New Zealand"
3623:"On Business History of Hokkaido Coal Mining and Shipping Corporation"
2670:
Another historically significant example of forced labour was that of
2367:
from 1938 to 1949. Young activists and students accused of supporting
3072:
2957:
2790:
2766:
2746:
2558:
2334:
1319:
1141:
721:
704:
566:
401:
369:
4063:
1929:. The work may be light or hard, depending on the context. Forms of
168:
Female convicts chained together by their necks for work on a road.
4685:"How US prison labour pads corporate profits at taxpayers' expense"
4661:
4126:(First Anchor books ed.). New York: Anchor Books. p. 98.
4091:(First Anchor books ed.). New York: Anchor Books. p. 19.
2007:
Sometimes authorities turn prison labour into an industry, as on a
4836:"The Largest Prison Strike in U.S. History Enters its Second Week"
2951:
2854:
2770:
2657:
2387:
2239:
2195:
2153:
2122:
2047:
2027:
576:
562:
537:
3969:"2009 Human Rights Report: Democratic People's Republic of Korea"
3092:
Secretariat, United Nations. (1962). "Yearbook on Human Rights".
2978:; the task is still being performed by inmates in certain areas.
4280:"Politics, economics and time bury memories of the Kazakh gulag"
3058:
Coproduction of public services by service users and communities
443:
273:
5336:
4851:"America's prisoners are going on strike in at least 17 states"
3171:
Emsley, Clive; Hitchcock, Tim; Shoemaker, Robert (March 2015).
5018:
4929:
Caught: The Prison State and the Lockdown of American Politics
3783:
3653:"Building Industrial Relations System in Hokkaido (1872-1940)"
2880:. At the same time, labour has been required at many prisons.
2735:
2121:) it was also widely applied in cases of minor crime, such as
43:
3499:"Prison labour: a vehicle for reintegration or exploitation?"
3593:"Criminal Law (Removal of Racial Discriminations) Act, 1949"
2386:
After the communists took power in 1949 and established the
2026:
or carrying cannonballs. Semi-punitive labour also included
3010:
which criminalises the interstate transport of such goods.
2867:" system became popular throughout the South following the
2406:) was (and still is in some cases) used as a way to punish
3002:. Many of these privatised prisons exist in the Southern
2232:, prisoners are excluded from the national minimum wage.
30:"Penal servitude" redirects here. For the 1928 film, see
3111:, vol. 25, H.M. Stationery Office, 1855, p. 52
2859:
Convicts leased to harvest timber in Florida, circa 1915
3833:"Paparua men's prison: a social and political history"
2887:
Penal labour is sometimes used as a punishment in the
2525:
since the prisoners' wages are far below market rate.
4255:"Gulag: Understanding the Magnitude of What Happened"
4211:
The Economics of Forced Labor : The Soviet Gulag
4000:"Survivors Report Torture in North Korea Labor Camps"
3337:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press
2636:
North Korean prison camps can be differentiated into
5173:"Colorado inmates: Making license plates since 1926"
4158:
Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953
4025:"North Korea: Torture, death penalty and abductions"
3107:
Parliament, Great Britain. House of Commons (1855),
2565:, which were severe. It was thought to be a form of
1953:
Large-scale implementations of penal labour include
1574:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
3322:
of the Criminal Justice Act (Northern Ireland) 1953
3173:"Crime and Justice – Punishments at the Old Bailey"
74:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5137:
4608:. The University of Chicago Press. p. 15, 19.
4757:"Perspectives on Paying the Federal Minimum Wage"
4736:"Perspectives on Paying the Federal Minimum Wage"
4638:, Library of Congress. Retrieved 15 February 2007
3274:Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies
2922:. Forced prison labour occurs in both public and
37:"Hard labor" redirects here. For other uses, see
4712:. Military.com. 2 September 2009. Archived from
4397:The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia
4209:Gregory, Paul R.; Lazarev, Valery, eds. (2003).
4185:The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia
3916:, pp. 406–428, 15 July 2011, archived from
3764:(in Dutch). Wetten.overheid.nl. 27 December 2012
3742:(in Dutch). Wetten.overheid.nl. 27 December 2012
2829:created in 1934 that uses penal labour from the
1689:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
152:Male convicts sewing at the Văcărești prison in
4509:"Stalin's forgotten victims stuck in the gulag"
3716:[Punishments and measures for adults].
3132:"Inveraray Jail and County Court, Life in Jail"
2981:
2574:
2541:
2375:were arrested and re-educated in the spirit of
2030:-picking: teasing apart old tarry rope to make
2581:
2548:
5348:
5045:Bozelko, Chandra; Lo, Ryan (25 August 2018).
4620:The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom
3914:Database Center for North Korean Human Rights
3907:"Political Prison Camps in North Korea Today"
3886:The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea
1895:
8:
3932:Chapter 4 Current Status of Compulsory Labor
2871:and continued into the 20th century. During
2277:Criminal Justice Act (Northern Ireland) 1953
2159:Forms of labour for punishment included the
1694:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
27:Type of forced labour performed by prisoners
5080:"How to Create American Manufacturing Jobs"
4779:Constituent Services Informational Handbook
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3118:
5355:
5341:
5333:
5148:. London: Independent News and Media Ltd.
5139:"More to prison work than sewing mailbags"
2451:. In fact, it lasted well into the 1950s.
1902:
1888:
179:
3842:. University of Canterbury, Christchurch.
3269:"Using the Private Sector to Deter Crime"
2939:Incarcerated Workers Organizing Committee
2841:, located in Auburn, New York, along the
2084:, which had become impossible due to the
134:Learn how and when to remove this message
3566:"How rigorous is rigorous imprisonment?"
3485:, vol. vol. 51, no. 5, 2010, pp. 41–68.
3432:"Beijing Prisons First to Pay Prisoners"
2638:internment camps for political prisoners
2536:many prisoners were forced to engage in
1699:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1564:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1544:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
163:
147:
3084:
2662:Population transfer in the Soviet Union
191:
4710:"'Malingerer' Gets 90 Days Hard Labor"
4423:"Gulag: A History of the Soviet Camps"
4326:. Learningcurve.gov.uk. Archived from
3458:"Factbox: China's use of prison labor"
2323:Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995
2315:Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1975
5084:Tennessee Journal of Law & Policy
4636:Primary Documents in American History
4295:Anne Applebaum. "Inside the Gulag".
3943:"North Korea: Political Prison Camps"
3812:from the original on 14 November 2021
3784:"Home :: Reclassering Nederland"
3682:Newman, Graeme R. (19 October 2010).
3384:from the original on 14 November 2021
3298:of the National Minimum Wage Act 1998
2850:13th Amendment of the US Constitution
2822:UNICOR since 1977) is a wholly owned
1933:involving penal labour have included
1586:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1263:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
7:
4354:The World War II Multimedia Database
4298:"Anne Applebaum -- Inside the Gulag"
3998:Nicholas D. Kristof (14 July 1996).
3806:"Werkstraf – Reclassering Nederland"
3334:Criminal Justice in China: A History
2300:Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1949
2119:Offences against the Person Act 1861
1778:Slave marriages in the United States
1382:Human trafficking in the Middle East
72:adding citations to reliable sources
5262:"Prison call centre plans revealed"
4785:. Corrections ADC. 2013. p. 16
3497:Alouti, Feriel (31 December 2014).
3378:"Al Jazeera slavery debate in full"
3283:National Center for Policy Analysis
2930:for $ 1 an hour through the CDCR's
2445:Rassemblement démocratique africain
2210:British penal colonies in Australia
2004:, punishment, or physical torment.
1925:are required to perform, typically
1117:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
5317:New York: National Poverty Center.
5177:The Gazette (Colorado Springs, CO)
4933:Princeton University Press, 2014.
4901:Fryer, Brooke (5 September 2018).
4593:. The University of Chicago Press.
3621:OBA, Yoshirō (25 September 2012).
3403:Lipes, Joshua (12 November 2019).
3150:"Public Act, 16 George III, c. 43"
2271:Penal servitude was abolished for
2252:Penal servitude was abolished for
2228:According to section 45(1) of the
1771:last survivors of American slavery
25:
5227:International Political Sociology
5012:Corley, Cheryl (21 August 2018).
4981:Pilkington, Ed (23 August 2018).
4875:Pilkington, Ed (21 August 2018).
3456:Wu, Huizhong (24 December 2019).
3240:The A-Z of Punishment and Torture
2897:American Correctional Association
2484:Penal servitude was abolished in
2290:Penal servitude was abolished in
1981:Punitive versus productive labour
732:Field slaves in the United States
599:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
5239:10.1111/j.1749-5687.2007.00015.x
5152:from the original on 25 May 2022
4849:Lopez, German (22 August 2018).
3310:of the Criminal Justice Act 1948
2811:Penal labor in the United States
2148:Labour was sometimes useful. In
609:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
604:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
433:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
203:
48:
5328:McGarry v. Pallito 2nd Cir 2012
5136:Simon, Frances (6 March 1999).
4568:. DIANE Publishing. p. 1.
4481:Merritt, Steven (11 May 2003).
3227:of the Penal Servitude Act 1891
3215:of the Penal Servitude Act 1857
3179:. Old Bailey Proceedings Online
2906:From 2010 to 2015 and again in
2674:and other persecuted people in
2351:, a system of labour camps for
1917:is a term for various kinds of
1559:Committee of Experts on Slavery
1110:East, Southeast, and South Asia
59:needs additional citations for
5366:relationships and institutions
5202:Cameron, David (24 May 2005).
5171:Brown, Andrea (5 March 2006).
5078:Gleissner, John Dewar (2013).
4356:. 26 July 2011. Archived from
4052:The American Historical Review
3243:. BeWrite Books. p. 134.
2773:, with further millions being
2230:National Minimum Wage Act 1998
2052:Prisoners at the treadmill in
2034:material for sailing vessels.
1258:Slave raiding in Easter Island
1:
5260:Malik, Shiv (9 August 2012).
5103:Revue Française de Sociologie
4507:Parfitt, Tom (1 March 2003).
4400:. W. W. Norton Company, Inc.
4350:"German POWs in Allied Hands"
4188:. W. W. Norton Company, Inc.
3710:Ministerie van Algemene Zaken
3483:Revue française de sociologie
3380:. YouTube. 25 November 2011.
2381:Northwestern Youth Labor Camp
2068:. c. 43), also known as the "
1943:imprisonment with hard labour
4284:International Herald Tribune
3591:Government, (India) (1949).
2984:that working prisons offer.
2666:Katorga labor (Soviet Union)
2188:was a device which turned a
2086:American War of Independence
2018:inmates commonly worked the
1549:Temporary Slavery Commission
1210:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
4483:"The Other Killing Machine"
3808:. YouTube. 31 August 2012.
3608:The Criminal Law Act 1997,
3554:(in French). 10 April 2019.
3033:Slavery in the 21st century
2914:, some prisoners in the US
2781:of the Soviet Union during
2715:Between 1930 and 1960, the
2575:
2542:
2396:Re-education through labour
2244:Prisoners picking oakum at
1569:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
614:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
39:Hard labor (disambiguation)
5458:
4632:"The Thirteenth Amendment"
4562:McCollum, William (1996).
4155:Roberts, Geoffrey (2008).
2948:Non-punitive prison labour
2808:
2655:
2629:
2510:
2458:
2339:Re-education through labor
2332:
2137:(after his conviction for
2041:
1754:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1591:Anti-Slavery International
1356:North Africa and West Asia
36:
29:
5371:
4604:Bernstein, Robin (2024).
4589:Bernstein, Robin (2024).
4161:. Yale University Press.
3651:Hippoh, Yasuyuki (1971).
3358:. Cnn.com. 9 October 1984
2932:Conservation Camp Program
2831:Federal Bureau of Prisons
2816:Federal Prison Industries
2620:Criminal Justice Act 1954
2582:
2549:
2437:French Revolution of 1848
2433:French Revolution of 1789
2420:Xinjiang internment camps
2343:Xinjiang internment camps
2258:Criminal Justice Act 1948
2204:in the early 20th century
2097:Criminal Justice Act 1948
1850:Emancipation Proclamation
1522:Opposition and resistance
1280:Sex trafficking in Europe
1268:Blackbirding in Polynesia
831:Trans-Saharan slave trade
4809:"America's Slave Empire"
4215:Hoover Institution Press
4120:Applebaum, Anne (2004).
4085:Applebaum, Anne (2004).
3973:U.S. Department of State
3331:Mühlhahn, Klaus (2009).
2488:by section 11(1) of the
2093:Penal Servitude Act 1853
1630:Compensated emancipation
841:Indian Ocean slave trade
5204:"A message from the PM"
4683:Walshe, Sadhbh (2012).
4394:Overy, Richard (2004).
4182:Overy, Richard (2004).
3840:Department of Sociology
3533:Sociétés contemporaines
3177:www.oldbaileyonline.org
3152:. The National Archives
2884:in some circumstances.
2275:by section 1(1) of the
2256:by section 1(1) of the
2082:North American colonies
1554:1926 Slavery Convention
1310:Germany in World War II
927:North and South America
449:Contract of manumission
4123:Gulag : a history
4088:Gulag : a history
3021:Prison Industries Unit
2986:
2961:
2860:
2827:government corporation
2632:Prisons in North Korea
2608:Wetboek van Strafrecht
2490:Criminal Law Act, 1997
2449:French Communist Party
2249:
2246:Coldbath Fields Prison
2205:
2163:, shot drill, and the
2062:Criminal Law Act 1776
2057:
1035:British Virgin Islands
587:Circassian slave trade
553:Safavid imperial harem
548:Ottoman Imperial Harem
177:
161:
32:Penal Servitude (film)
5285:Douglas A. Blackmon.
4029:Amnesty International
3947:Amnesty International
3202:Short Titles Act 1853
2970:sedentary lifestyle.
2955:
2858:
2569:. It was replaced by
2563:railroad construction
2513:Penal system of Japan
2404:Reform through labour
2333:Further information:
2248:in London, circa 1864
2243:
2200:Convict labourers in
2199:
2051:
2042:Further information:
1935:involuntary servitude
1274:Europe and North Asia
1234:Australia and Oceania
934:Pre-Columbian America
506:Slave raid of Suðuroy
438:Slavery in al-Andalus
360:Black Sea slave trade
289:21st-century jihadism
167:
151:
5292:Matthew J. Mancini.
5115:10.3917/rfs.515.0041
4838:. 16 September 2016.
4468:22 July 2009 at the
4445:"Gulag – Infoplease"
3831:SYMON, TONI (2012).
3718:www.rijksoverheid.nl
3138:on 12 February 2015.
3109:Parliamentary Papers
2956:Inmates sewing in a
2920:solitary confinement
2835:State prison systems
2740:Battle of Stalingrad
2719:regime created many
2571:indentured servitude
2193:an adjusting screw.
2131:victimless behaviour
2108:Prison Commissioners
2002:occupational therapy
1971:penal transportation
1967:penal military units
1729:Indentured servitude
1657:Underground Railroad
1457:United Arab Emirates
846:Zanzibar slave trade
813:By country or region
626:Atlantic slave trade
528:Ma malakat aymanukum
412:Venetian slave trade
68:improve this article
5306:David M. Oshinsky.
5299:Alex Lichtenstein.
5206:. ONE3ONE Solutions
4962:. 12 September 2018
4549:Ministry of Justice
4514:The Daily Telegraph
4330:on 7 September 2008
3923:on 28 February 2013
3858:www.justice.govt.nz
3265:Reynolds, Morgan O.
3038:Ashurst-Sumners Act
3008:Ashurst-Sumners Act
2993:, UK Prime Minister
2775:deported and exiled
2672:political prisoners
2408:political prisoners
2363:existed during the
2353:political prisoners
2044:Penal Servitude Act
1815:Slave Route Project
946:Americas indigenous
836:Red Sea slave trade
826:Contemporary Africa
689:Topics and practice
459:Crimean slave trade
454:Bukhara slave trade
407:Genoese slave trade
284:Contemporary Africa
264:Forced prostitution
5313:Bloom, D. (2006).
5183:on 23 January 2013
5059:on 4 February 2021
5026:on 4 February 2021
4993:on 9 February 2021
4926:Marie Gottschalk.
4551:. 15 January 2020.
4449:www.infoplease.com
4304:on 15 October 2008
4004:The New York Times
2962:
2869:American Civil War
2861:
2523:unfair competition
2250:
2206:
2058:
2054:Pentonville Prison
1596:Blockade of Africa
903:Somali slave trade
819:Sub-Saharan Africa
511:Turkish Abductions
469:Khivan slave trade
464:Khazar slave trade
417:Balkan slave trade
375:Prague slave trade
178:
162:
5429:
5428:
4575:978-0-7567-0060-7
4425:. Arlindo-Correia
4421:Applebaum, Anne.
4224:978-0-8179-3943-4
3786:. Reclassering.nl
3695:978-0-313-35134-1
3343:978-0-674-03323-8
3250:978-1-906609-43-6
3237:Thompson, Irene.
3048:Community service
3017:ONE3ONE Solutions
2820:doing business as
2793:or to the Gulag.
2759:production quotas
2646:reeducation camps
2600:community service
2538:road construction
2528:During the early
2365:Chinese Civil War
2254:England and Wales
2236:England and Wales
2141:), imprisoned in
1912:
1911:
1862:Freedmen's Bureau
1684:Third Servile War
1679:International law
1246:Human trafficking
1008:Human trafficking
683:Thirteen colonies
501:Sack of Baltimore
269:Human trafficking
144:
143:
136:
118:
16:(Redirected from
5449:
5357:
5350:
5343:
5334:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5188:
5179:. Archived from
5168:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5157:
5141:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5075:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5055:. Archived from
5042:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5022:. Archived from
5009:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4989:. Archived from
4978:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4950:
4944:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4913:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4872:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4832:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4821:
4807:(22 June 2015).
4801:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4784:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4761:
4753:
4747:
4746:
4740:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4680:
4674:
4673:
4645:
4639:
4629:
4623:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4521:on 20 April 2008
4517:. Archived from
4504:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4478:
4472:
4459:
4453:
4452:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4391:
4385:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4360:on 12 April 2012
4346:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4300:. Archived from
4293:
4287:
4286:, 1 January 2007
4277:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4257:. Archived from
4251:
4245:
4244:
4213:. Stanford, CA:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4058:(4): 1017–1049.
4047:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4010:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3979:on 24 March 2010
3975:. Archived from
3965:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3939:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3922:
3911:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3883:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3837:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3712:(11 June 2012).
3706:
3700:
3699:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3544:
3538:
3529:
3523:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3494:
3488:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3436:www.china.org.cn
3428:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3352:
3346:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3299:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3134:. Archived from
3128:
3113:
3112:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3089:
2994:
2901:security prisons
2684:Communist states
2589:
2587:
2586:
2578:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2545:
2473:prisons in India
2461:Prisons in India
2355:operated by the
2349:pre-Maoist China
2273:Northern Ireland
2267:Northern Ireland
1988:, also known as
1904:
1897:
1890:
1874:Emancipation Day
1707:
1674:Slave Trade Acts
365:Byzantine Empire
207:
180:
139:
132:
128:
125:
119:
117:
76:
52:
44:
21:
5457:
5456:
5452:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5446:
5432:
5431:
5430:
5425:
5367:
5361:
5324:
5282:
5280:Further reading
5277:
5276:
5266:
5264:
5259:
5258:
5254:
5224:
5223:
5219:
5209:
5207:
5201:
5200:
5196:
5186:
5184:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5155:
5153:
5145:The Independent
5135:
5134:
5130:
5100:
5099:
5095:
5090:(3): Article 4.
5077:
5076:
5072:
5062:
5060:
5044:
5043:
5039:
5029:
5027:
5011:
5010:
5006:
4996:
4994:
4980:
4979:
4975:
4965:
4963:
4952:
4951:
4947:
4925:
4921:
4911:
4909:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4885:
4883:
4874:
4873:
4869:
4859:
4857:
4848:
4847:
4843:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4819:
4817:
4803:
4802:
4798:
4788:
4786:
4782:
4776:
4775:
4771:
4759:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4738:
4734:
4733:
4729:
4719:
4717:
4708:
4707:
4703:
4693:
4691:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4650:Social Problems
4647:
4646:
4642:
4630:
4626:
4617:
4613:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4576:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4539:
4538:
4534:
4524:
4522:
4506:
4505:
4501:
4491:
4489:
4480:
4479:
4475:
4470:Wayback Machine
4460:
4456:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4428:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4408:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4377:
4373:
4363:
4361:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4333:
4331:
4322:
4321:
4317:
4307:
4305:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4278:
4274:
4264:
4262:
4261:on 2 March 2010
4253:
4252:
4248:
4225:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4196:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4169:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4134:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4099:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4064:10.2307/2166597
4049:
4048:
4044:
4034:
4032:
4031:. 2 August 2009
4023:
4022:
4018:
4008:
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3997:
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3723:
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3703:
3696:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3666:
3664:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3635:
3633:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3607:
3603:
3595:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3575:
3573:
3570:Hindustan Times
3564:
3563:
3559:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3517:
3507:
3505:
3496:
3495:
3491:
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3476:
3466:
3464:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3440:
3438:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3415:
3413:
3410:Radio Free Asia
3402:
3401:
3397:
3387:
3385:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3361:
3359:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3330:
3326:
3318:
3314:
3306:
3302:
3294:
3290:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3223:
3219:
3211:
3207:
3196:
3192:
3182:
3180:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3155:
3153:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3130:
3129:
3116:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3029:
3019:, formerly the
2996:
2988:
2950:
2924:private prisons
2916:refused to work
2878:Progressive Era
2813:
2807:
2799:
2779:German invasion
2688:Imperial Russia
2668:
2656:Main articles:
2654:
2644:in Korean) and
2634:
2628:
2616:
2596:
2579:
2546:
2515:
2509:
2482:
2468:Hindustan Times
2463:
2457:
2428:
2388:Communist China
2361:Chiang Kai-shek
2345:
2331:
2288:
2269:
2238:
2139:gross indecency
2046:
2040:
1986:Punitive labour
1983:
1939:penal servitude
1908:
1879:
1878:
1783:Slave narrative
1739:Fugitive slaves
1719:
1711:
1710:
1701:
1669:Slave rebellion
1524:
1514:
1513:
1472:
1462:
1461:
1284:United Kingdom
1220:Yankee princess
814:
806:
805:
533:Avret Pazarları
479:Avret Pazarları
348:Medieval Europe
314:
304:
303:
242:Forced marriage
217:
140:
129:
123:
120:
77:
75:
65:
53:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5455:
5453:
5445:
5444:
5434:
5433:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5391:Haruwa–charuwa
5388:
5383:
5378:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5362:
5360:
5359:
5352:
5345:
5337:
5331:
5330:
5323:
5322:External links
5320:
5319:
5318:
5311:
5304:
5297:
5290:
5281:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5252:
5233:(3): 222–239.
5217:
5194:
5163:
5128:
5093:
5070:
5037:
5004:
4973:
4959:Democracy Now!
4945:
4942:978-0691170831
4919:
4893:
4867:
4841:
4827:
4796:
4769:
4764:Prisoner Labor
4748:
4743:Prisoner Labor
4727:
4716:on 10 May 2012
4701:
4675:
4662:10.2307/800272
4656:(5): 555–569.
4640:
4624:
4611:
4596:
4581:
4574:
4554:
4545:law.moj.gov.tw
4532:
4499:
4487:New York Times
4473:
4454:
4436:
4413:
4406:
4386:
4371:
4341:
4315:
4288:
4272:
4246:
4223:
4201:
4194:
4174:
4168:978-0300150407
4167:
4147:
4132:
4112:
4097:
4077:
4042:
4016:
3990:
3960:
3934:
3898:
3870:
3845:
3823:
3797:
3775:
3753:
3731:
3701:
3694:
3674:
3643:
3613:
3601:
3583:
3572:. 24 July 2011
3557:
3539:
3535:3/2012 (No 87)
3524:
3515:
3489:
3474:
3448:
3423:
3395:
3369:
3347:
3345:. pp. 132–133.
3324:
3312:
3300:
3288:
3256:
3249:
3229:
3217:
3205:
3190:
3163:
3141:
3114:
3099:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3028:
3025:
2980:
2976:license plates
2949:
2946:
2809:Main article:
2806:
2803:
2798:
2795:
2787:NKVD massacred
2653:
2650:
2630:Main article:
2627:
2624:
2615:
2612:
2595:
2592:
2511:Main article:
2508:
2505:
2481:
2478:
2459:Main article:
2456:
2453:
2427:
2424:
2377:anti-communism
2330:
2327:
2319:section 307(4)
2287:
2284:
2268:
2265:
2237:
2234:
2217:in Britain or
2150:Inveraray Jail
2078:transportation
2056:, London, 1895
2039:
2038:British Empire
2036:
1982:
1979:
1963:penal colonies
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1780:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1761:List of slaves
1758:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1712:
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1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
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1358:
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1353:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1305:Dutch Republic
1302:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
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1237:
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1223:
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1212:
1207:
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1149:
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1129:
1124:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1106:
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905:
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870:
865:
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849:
848:
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833:
828:
822:
821:
815:
812:
811:
808:
807:
804:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
777:
776:
772:
771:
766:
764:Child soldiers
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
740:
739:
729:
724:
719:
714:
713:
712:
707:
702:
691:
690:
686:
685:
680:
675:
673:Spanish Empire
670:
665:
660:
655:
653:Middle Passage
650:
645:
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635:
629:
628:
622:
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611:
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584:
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545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
515:
514:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
483:
482:
481:
474:Ottoman Empire
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
435:
429:
428:
422:
421:
420:
419:
409:
404:
399:
398:
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392:
387:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
351:
350:
344:
343:
338:
333:
328:
322:
321:
315:
310:
309:
306:
305:
302:
301:
296:
294:Sexual slavery
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
260:
259:
254:
252:Child marriage
249:
239:
234:
229:
227:Child soldiers
224:
218:
213:
212:
209:
208:
200:
199:
189:
188:
142:
141:
124:September 2013
83:"Penal labour"
56:
54:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5454:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5370:
5365:
5364:Unfree labour
5358:
5353:
5351:
5346:
5344:
5339:
5338:
5335:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5321:
5316:
5312:
5309:
5305:
5302:
5298:
5295:
5291:
5288:
5284:
5283:
5279:
5263:
5256:
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5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5221:
5218:
5205:
5198:
5195:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5167:
5164:
5151:
5147:
5146:
5140:
5132:
5129:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5097:
5094:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5074:
5071:
5058:
5054:
5053:
5048:
5041:
5038:
5025:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5008:
5005:
4992:
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4955:
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4943:
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4923:
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4908:
4904:
4897:
4894:
4882:
4878:
4871:
4868:
4856:
4852:
4845:
4842:
4837:
4831:
4828:
4816:
4815:
4810:
4806:
4805:Hedges, Chris
4800:
4797:
4781:
4780:
4773:
4770:
4765:
4758:
4752:
4749:
4744:
4737:
4731:
4728:
4715:
4711:
4705:
4702:
4690:
4686:
4679:
4676:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4644:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4628:
4625:
4621:
4615:
4612:
4607:
4600:
4597:
4592:
4585:
4582:
4577:
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4555:
4550:
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4533:
4520:
4516:
4515:
4510:
4503:
4500:
4488:
4484:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4458:
4455:
4450:
4446:
4440:
4437:
4424:
4417:
4414:
4409:
4407:9780141912240
4403:
4399:
4398:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4380:
4379:Antony Beevor
4375:
4372:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4342:
4329:
4325:
4319:
4316:
4303:
4299:
4292:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4276:
4273:
4260:
4256:
4250:
4247:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4220:
4217:. p. 8.
4216:
4212:
4205:
4202:
4197:
4195:9780141912240
4191:
4187:
4186:
4178:
4175:
4170:
4164:
4160:
4159:
4151:
4148:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4133:1-4000-3409-4
4129:
4125:
4124:
4116:
4113:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4098:1-4000-3409-4
4094:
4090:
4089:
4081:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4046:
4043:
4030:
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4020:
4017:
4005:
4001:
3994:
3991:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3964:
3961:
3948:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3919:
3915:
3908:
3902:
3899:
3887:
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3871:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3846:
3841:
3834:
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3811:
3807:
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3798:
3785:
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3735:
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3711:
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3675:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3647:
3644:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3610:section 11(1)
3605:
3602:
3594:
3587:
3584:
3571:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3528:
3525:
3519:
3516:
3504:
3500:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3478:
3475:
3463:
3459:
3452:
3449:
3437:
3433:
3427:
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3411:
3406:
3399:
3396:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3357:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3304:
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3297:
3292:
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3257:
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3209:
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3199:
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3167:
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3151:
3145:
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3137:
3133:
3127:
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3123:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3103:
3100:
3095:
3088:
3085:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3068:Trusty system
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3053:Convict lease
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3004:United States
3001:
2995:
2992:
2991:David Cameron
2985:
2979:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2959:
2954:
2947:
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2942:
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2909:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2865:convict lease
2857:
2853:
2851:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2839:Auburn Prison
2836:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2824:United States
2821:
2817:
2812:
2805:United States
2804:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2707:
2706:Joseph Stalin
2703:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2651:
2649:
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2625:
2623:
2621:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2593:
2591:
2585:
2577:
2576:Takobeya-rōdō
2572:
2568:
2567:unfree labour
2564:
2560:
2552:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2519:manufacturing
2514:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2462:
2454:
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2440:
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2413:
2409:
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2401:
2397:
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2384:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2296:section 16(1)
2293:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2247:
2242:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2215:misdemeanours
2211:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2186:crank machine
2182:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2166:
2165:crank machine
2162:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2129:, as well as
2128:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2024:crank machine
2021:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1948:
1947:prison system
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1927:manual labour
1924:
1920:
1919:forced labour
1916:
1905:
1900:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1848:
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1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1805:Slave catcher
1803:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1769:
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1762:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1734:Forced labour
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1705:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
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1611:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1579:Abolitionists
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
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1537:
1535:
1532:
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1527:
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1523:
1518:
1517:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
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1488:
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1484:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
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1443:
1440:
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1428:
1425:
1423:
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1418:
1415:
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1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
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1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1355:
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1351:
1348:
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1341:
1338:
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1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1289:
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1285:
1283:
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1278:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1181:comfort women
1179:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1164:Chukri System
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1052:Latin America
1050:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1003:interregional
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
988:prison labour
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
959:
958:United States
956:
952:
949:
948:
947:
944:
940:
937:
936:
935:
932:
931:
928:
925:
924:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
904:
901:
900:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
847:
844:
843:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
823:
820:
817:
816:
810:
809:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
778:
774:
773:
770:
769:White slavery
767:
765:
762:
760:
759:Slave raiding
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
738:
735:
734:
733:
730:
728:
727:Corvée labour
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
697:
696:
693:
692:
688:
687:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
630:
627:
624:
623:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
543:Abbasid harem
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
520:
519:
516:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
488:
487:
486:Barbary Coast
484:
480:
477:
476:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
439:
436:
434:
431:
430:
427:
424:
423:
418:
415:
414:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
382:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
352:
349:
346:
345:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
323:
320:
317:
316:
313:
308:
307:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
219:
216:
211:
210:
206:
202:
201:
198:
194:
193:Forced labour
190:
186:
182:
181:
175:
171:
170:Dar es Salaam
166:
159:
155:
150:
146:
138:
135:
127:
116:
113:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85: –
84:
80:
79:Find sources:
73:
69:
63:
62:
57:This article
55:
51:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
5442:Penal labour
5406:Penal labour
5405:
5376:Conscription
5314:
5307:
5300:
5293:
5286:
5265:. Retrieved
5255:
5230:
5226:
5220:
5208:. Retrieved
5197:
5185:. Retrieved
5181:the original
5176:
5166:
5154:. Retrieved
5143:
5131:
5109:(5): 41–68.
5106:
5102:
5096:
5087:
5083:
5073:
5063:13 September
5061:. Retrieved
5057:the original
5050:
5040:
5030:13 September
5028:. Retrieved
5024:the original
5017:
5007:
4997:13 September
4995:. Retrieved
4991:the original
4987:The Guardian
4986:
4976:
4966:13 September
4964:. Retrieved
4957:
4948:
4927:
4922:
4912:13 September
4910:. Retrieved
4906:
4896:
4886:13 September
4884:. Retrieved
4881:The Guardian
4880:
4870:
4860:13 September
4858:. Retrieved
4854:
4844:
4830:
4820:13 September
4818:. Retrieved
4812:
4799:
4787:. Retrieved
4778:
4772:
4763:
4751:
4742:
4730:
4718:. Retrieved
4714:the original
4704:
4692:. Retrieved
4689:The Guardian
4688:
4678:
4653:
4649:
4643:
4635:
4627:
4619:
4614:
4605:
4599:
4590:
4584:
4564:
4557:
4544:
4541:"Prison Act"
4535:
4523:. Retrieved
4519:the original
4512:
4502:
4490:. Retrieved
4486:
4476:
4457:
4448:
4439:
4427:. Retrieved
4416:
4396:
4389:
4382:
4374:
4362:. Retrieved
4358:the original
4353:
4344:
4332:. Retrieved
4328:the original
4318:
4306:. Retrieved
4302:the original
4291:
4283:
4275:
4263:. Retrieved
4259:the original
4249:
4210:
4204:
4184:
4177:
4157:
4150:
4122:
4115:
4087:
4080:
4055:
4051:
4045:
4033:. Retrieved
4028:
4019:
4007:. Retrieved
4003:
3993:
3981:. Retrieved
3977:the original
3972:
3963:
3951:. Retrieved
3949:. 4 May 2011
3946:
3937:
3925:, retrieved
3918:the original
3913:
3901:
3889:. Retrieved
3885:
3873:
3861:. Retrieved
3857:
3848:
3839:
3826:
3814:. Retrieved
3800:
3788:. Retrieved
3778:
3766:. Retrieved
3756:
3744:. Retrieved
3734:
3722:. Retrieved
3717:
3704:
3688:. ABC-CLIO.
3684:
3677:
3665:. Retrieved
3660:
3656:
3646:
3634:. Retrieved
3630:
3626:
3616:
3604:
3586:
3574:. Retrieved
3569:
3560:
3551:
3542:
3532:
3527:
3518:
3506:. Retrieved
3502:
3492:
3482:
3477:
3465:. Retrieved
3461:
3451:
3439:. Retrieved
3435:
3426:
3414:. Retrieved
3408:
3398:
3386:. Retrieved
3372:
3360:. Retrieved
3350:
3332:
3327:
3320:section 1(1)
3315:
3308:section 1(1)
3303:
3291:
3278:
3272:
3259:
3239:
3232:
3220:
3208:
3193:
3181:. Retrieved
3176:
3166:
3154:. Retrieved
3144:
3136:the original
3108:
3102:
3094:Civil Rights
3093:
3087:
3063:Galley slave
3015:
3012:
2997:
2987:
2982:
2972:
2963:
2943:
2936:
2905:
2893:
2886:
2882:
2862:
2847:
2843:Owasco River
2814:
2800:
2783:World War II
2744:
2733:World War II
2729:Central Asia
2721:labour camps
2714:
2710:
2691:
2680:Soviet Union
2676:labour camps
2669:
2652:Soviet Union
2635:
2617:
2603:
2597:
2527:
2516:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2483:
2466:
2464:
2441:
2429:
2399:
2391:
2385:
2346:
2308:
2304:
2289:
2281:
2270:
2262:
2251:
2227:
2223:
2207:
2185:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2158:
2147:
2143:Reading Gaol
2116:
2101:
2090:
2074:River Thames
2061:
2059:
2014:
2006:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1975:prison ships
1973:, or aboard
1959:prison farms
1955:labour camps
1952:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1915:Penal labour
1914:
1913:
1810:Slave patrol
1647:Freedom suit
1623:Sierra Leone
1613:Colonization
1529:Abolitionism
1509:Baháʼí Faith
1482:Christianity
1432:Saudi Arabia
1288:Penal Labour
1253:Blackbirding
1159:Debt bondage
1147:penal system
973:Contemporary
963:Field slaves
951:U.S. Natives
910:South Africa
781:Galley slave
754:Slave market
744:House slaves
717:Blackbirding
695:Conscription
619:21st century
582:Umm al-walad
426:Muslim world
395:Emancipation
299:Wage slavery
279:Penal labour
278:
257:Wife selling
247:Bride buying
232:Conscription
222:Child Labour
215:Contemporary
176:c.1890–1927.
145:
130:
121:
111:
104:
97:
90:
78:
66:Please help
61:verification
58:
5421:Truck wages
5396:Labour camp
4720:4 September
4525:6 September
4492:6 September
4429:6 September
4364:6 September
4334:6 September
3953:24 November
3891:11 November
3816:6 September
3790:6 September
3768:6 September
3746:6 September
3724:18 November
3657:北海道大學 經濟學研究
3552:Le Monde.fr
3508:19 November
3503:Equal Times
3467:26 February
3441:26 February
3416:13 November
3388:6 September
3362:6 September
3198:long titled
2967:penological
2889:US military
2626:North Korea
2614:New Zealand
2594:Netherlands
2543:Shūjin dōro
2311:section 221
2135:Oscar Wilde
2123:petty theft
2104:Home Office
2076:in lieu of
2009:prison farm
1998:hard labour
1996:labour, or
1825:court cases
1702: [
1652:Slave Power
1640:Manumission
1487:Catholicism
1362:Afghanistan
1103:Puerto Rico
1015:The Bahamas
993:Slave codes
796:Shanghaiing
786:Impressment
678:Slave Coast
558:Qajar harem
518:Concubinage
491:slave trade
18:Hard labour
5386:Encomienda
5187:7 December
5156:8 February
4766:: 2. 1993.
4745:: 4. 1993.
4383:Stalingrad
3927:7 February
3720:(in Dutch)
3627:北海学園大学学園論集
3296:Section 45
3079:References
3043:Chain gang
3000:privatised
2682:and other
2642:Kwan-li-so
2412:Al Jazeera
2373:communists
2369:Mao Zedong
2359:forces of
2357:Kuomintang
2178:Shot drill
2171:Treadmills
2112:Recidivist
1840:J.Q. Adams
1830:Washington
1800:Slave name
1749:convention
1724:Common law
1097:Encomienda
893:Seychelles
878:Mauritania
801:Slave ship
668:Panyarring
663:New France
312:Historical
174:Tanganyika
94:newspapers
5267:10 August
5247:1749-5687
5210:10 August
5052:USA Today
4935:pp. 59–61
4907:NITV News
4233:843883154
3863:1 January
3667:9 October
3636:6 October
3225:Section 1
3213:Section 2
2958:Brazilian
2928:wildfires
2763:brutality
2736:prisoners
2698:amnestied
2690:known as
2604:taakstraf
2530:Meiji era
2202:Australia
2161:treadmill
2070:Hulks Act
2066:16 Geo. 3
2020:treadmill
2016:Victorian
1923:prisoners
1835:Jefferson
1492:Mormonism
1427:Palestine
1241:Australia
1171:Indonesia
1062:Lei Áurea
1045:Code Noir
1025:Caribbean
998:Treatment
737:Treatment
710:Devshirme
572:Odalisque
390:In Russia
331:Babylonia
319:Antiquity
154:Bucharest
5436:Category
5150:Archived
5123:40731128
4814:Truthdig
4618:Tsesis,
4466:Archived
4241:9650930M
4142:55203139
4107:55203139
4009:3 August
3810:Archived
3382:Archived
3267:(1994).
3027:See also
2873:Jim Crow
2602:(Dutch:
2534:Hokkaido
2447:and the
2416:the West
2371:and his
2292:Scotland
2286:Scotland
2127:vagrancy
2106:and the
2032:caulking
1992:labour,
1931:sentence
1867:Iron bit
1857:40 acres
1820:breeding
1635:Freedman
1470:Religion
1330:Portugal
1215:Thailand
1205:Maldives
1200:Malaysia
1193:Kwalliso
1137:Booi Aha
1089:Restavek
1069:Colombia
1040:Trinidad
1030:Barbados
920:Zanzibar
868:Ethiopia
749:Saqaliba
643:Database
594:Saqaliba
355:Ancillae
185:a series
183:Part of
160:, 1930s.
5416:Slavery
5411:Serfdom
5310:(1996).
4308:16 July
4265:16 July
4072:2166597
3462:Reuters
3183:12 June
3156:12 June
2755:Vorkuta
2751:Norilsk
2725:Siberia
2693:katorga
2486:Ireland
2480:Ireland
2392:laojiao
2379:at the
2321:of the
2313:of the
2298:of the
2219:Ireland
2080:to the
1990:convict
1845:Lincoln
1718:Related
1618:Liberia
1504:Judaism
1442:Tunisia
1417:Morocco
1407:Lebanon
1372:Bahrain
1367:Algeria
1335:Romania
1300:Denmark
1293:Slavery
1227:Vietnam
898:Somalia
888:Nigeria
863:Comoros
791:Pirates
700:Ghilman
633:Bristol
523:history
496:pirates
385:History
274:Peonage
197:slavery
158:Romania
108:scholar
5381:Corvée
5303:(1996)
5296:(1996)
5289:(2008)
5245:
5121:
4940:
4789:14 May
4694:14 May
4670:800272
4668:
4572:
4404:
4239:
4231:
4221:
4192:
4165:
4140:
4130:
4105:
4095:
4070:
3692:
3341:
3247:
3096:: 102.
3073:UNICOR
2960:prison
2818:(FPI;
2797:Taiwan
2791:Moscow
2785:, the
2767:hunger
2747:Kolyma
2717:Soviet
2702:purges
2664:, and
2584:タコ部屋労働
2561:, and
2559:mining
2426:France
2400:laogai
2398:) and
2341:, and
2335:Laogai
1994:prison
1941:, and
1766:owners
1402:Kuwait
1397:Jordan
1350:Sweden
1340:Russia
1325:Poland
1320:Norway
1142:Laogai
1127:Brunei
1122:Bhutan
1084:revolt
1057:Brazil
1020:Canada
983:partus
968:female
853:Angola
722:Coolie
705:Mamluk
658:Nantes
638:Brazil
567:Cariye
402:Thrall
370:Kholop
336:Greece
110:
103:
96:
89:
81:
5401:Mit'a
5119:JSTOR
4783:(PDF)
4760:(PDF)
4739:(PDF)
4666:JSTOR
4068:JSTOR
4035:4 May
3983:4 May
3921:(PDF)
3910:(PDF)
3882:(PDF)
3836:(PDF)
3596:(PDF)
3576:4 May
3285:: 33.
3281:(2).
2863:The "
2771:Gulag
2658:Gulag
2532:, in
2507:Japan
2455:India
2329:China
2190:crank
2154:oakum
2028:oakum
1921:that
1793:songs
1788:films
1706:]
1662:songs
1499:Islam
1477:Bible
1452:Yemen
1447:Qatar
1437:Syria
1412:Libya
1377:Egypt
1345:Spain
1315:Malta
1188:Korea
1176:Japan
1154:India
1132:China
1079:Haiti
939:Aztec
915:Sudan
883:Niger
775:Naval
648:Dutch
577:Qiyan
563:Jarya
538:Harem
380:Serfs
326:Egypt
115:JSTOR
101:books
5269:2012
5243:ISSN
5212:2012
5189:2008
5158:2009
5065:2018
5032:2018
4999:2018
4968:2018
4938:ISBN
4914:2018
4888:2018
4862:2018
4822:2018
4791:2015
4722:2014
4696:2015
4570:ISBN
4527:2013
4494:2013
4431:2013
4402:ISBN
4366:2013
4336:2013
4310:2010
4267:2010
4229:OCLC
4219:ISBN
4190:ISBN
4163:ISBN
4138:OCLC
4128:ISBN
4103:OCLC
4093:ISBN
4037:2010
4011:2012
3985:2010
3955:2011
3929:2014
3893:2010
3865:2016
3818:2013
3792:2013
3770:2013
3748:2013
3726:2022
3690:ISBN
3669:2020
3638:2020
3578:2019
3510:2017
3469:2021
3443:2021
3418:2019
3390:2013
3364:2013
3339:ISBN
3245:ISBN
3185:2016
3158:2016
2912:2018
2910:and
2908:2016
2848:The
2753:and
2727:and
2618:The
2551:囚人道路
2317:and
2309:See
2208:The
2184:The
2125:and
2091:The
1744:laws
1606:U.S.
1601:U.K.
1539:U.S.
1534:U.K.
1422:Oman
1392:Iraq
1387:Iran
1074:Cuba
978:maps
873:Mali
858:Chad
444:Baqt
341:Rome
237:Debt
195:and
87:news
5235:doi
5111:doi
5019:NPR
4855:Vox
4658:doi
4060:doi
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3631:153
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