1057:
the
British Parliament as it applied in the dominion. This power, so the argument went, had been granted to a Parliament consisting of two separate houses acting with simple majorities, and this power could be exercised to amend the entrenched clauses without regard to the supermajority requirement. Again the court disagreed, ruling that the "Parliament" to which the amendment power had been granted was the Parliament constituted by the South Africa Act, and that this definition of Parliament included the procedural requirement that certain bills be passed by two-thirds majority in joint session. This did not affect the doctrine of
1053:
the South Africa Act (which was itself an act of the
British Parliament) and therefore would be impermissible under the Colonial Laws Validity Act; and that once that act no longer applied the entrenchment was not enforceable. The court disagreed, noting that section 152 of the South Africa Act specifically empowered the South African Parliament to amend the South Africa Act, and that the Colonial Laws Validity Act had no application and therefore its repeal had no effect.
1140:, as chairman. The opposition members resigned before the first meeting of the committee on 21 July 1952. After three days of hearings the committee recommended the reversal of the Appellate Division's ruling and the validation of the Separate Representation of Voters Act. The High Court of Parliament, which consisted only of Nationalist members of Parliament due to an opposition boycott, approved this recommendation on 27 August.
4157:
635:
1106:, which would constitute the members of Parliament into a High Court with the power to review and overturn any ruling of the Appellate Division declaring an act of Parliament to be invalid. This court was described as a "court of law"; it would have a "Judicial Committee" of ten members which could make recommendations, but the decision of the "court" would be determined by a majority vote of members present.
1166:"). Parliament, therefore, could not remove this power from the courts of law, and the High Court of Parliament was not a court of law but rather Parliament functioning under another name. As such, it had only the powers given to it by the South Africa Act, and these did not include the power to amend the entrenched clauses without a two-thirds majority in a joint sitting.
856:
53:
1274:. This act declared the original Separate Representation of Voters Act to be valid, and repealed the parts of section 35 of the South Africa Act entrenching the Cape franchise as well as the parts of section 152 entrenching section 35. (There remained one unrelated entrenched clause guaranteeing the equality of the English and Afrikaans languages.)
1253:
reconstituted the Senate along new lines and expanded it to eighty-nine members. The number of nominated senators was doubled to sixteen. The number of elected senators was increased to be, for each province, one-fifth of the size of that province's electoral college, with a minimum of eight senators
1032:
The government's first contention was that the act did not disqualify voters on the basis of race, as all voters previously qualified were still able to vote, albeit in segregated constituencies. The court dismissed this argument as untenable. The government then argued that the entrenched clauses in
1056:
The second theory was that, by expanding the legislative powers of the dominion parliaments, the
Statute of Westminster had abolished the requirement for a two-thirds majority in joint session. Section 2 of the Statute of Westminster gave a dominion parliament the power to repeal or amend any act of
1052:
to South Africa. The
Colonial Laws Validity Act provided that any act of a colonial parliament would be valid within the colony unless it contradicted a British act applying to the colony. The argument was that an alteration of the Cape franchise without a two-thirds majority would have contradicted
1169:
This was the height of the constitutional crisis. A general election was due to be held in 1953; if the government refused to accept the rulings of the
Appellate Division and conducted the election on the basis of separate representation for white and coloured voters, the system of government could
1282:
in which it ruled that
Parliament had the power to alter the composition of the Senate, a power explicitly granted by the South Africa Act, and that its motivation was irrelevant. The Senate Act was therefore valid, and thus a joint sitting of the House of Assembly and the reconstituted Senate had
921:
was against it both because he saw it as a breach of commitments given by earlier
National Party leaders and because he believed it would lead coloured people to form political alliances with black and Indian groups opposed to the white control of South Africa. A group of coloured activists formed
1262:
twenty-seven, and the other two provinces eight each. The four
Senators elected under the Representation of Natives Act and four representing South-West Africa remained. The Senate Act also changed the system for electing provincial senators from STV to simple majority voting, meaning that the
1277:
The government's opponents returned to the courts to have this new act also declared invalid, arguing that the Senate Act was passed as part of a deliberate scheme to circumvent the entrenched clauses. This time, however, the court disagreed. On 9 November the
Appellate Division handed down a
1263:
majority party in each electoral college could choose all the senators for that province. The result was that the
National Party was able to control seventy-seven Senatorial seats: the sixteen nominated by the Governor-General, the fifty-seven elected for the Cape, Transvaal and the
937:
The National Party did not have enough seats in Parliament to pass the bill with the two-thirds majority in joint sitting that would be required if the entrenchment of sections 35 and 152 was still valid. Based on the ruling in Ndlwana's case (see above) and the principle of
899:
voting rights in a speech to Parliament, claiming that coloured voters were corrupt and immature and that they posed a threat to white control in South Africa. The government then sought to echo the 1936 Representation of Natives Act by introducing, in 1951, the
963:
1174:
from the courts, or to follow the court's ruling and risk sanctions from the administration. There was the possibility that the courts could invalidate the entire election in the Cape Province and therefore the existence of the Parliament elected in 1953.
1204:
During 1953 and 1954, the National Party tried to re-validate the Separate Representation of Voters Act by convincing enough opposition members to support it to obtain a two-thirds majority; this effort was not successful. In 1955 the new Prime Minister
1074:
case, in which it had ruled that Parliament can adopt any procedure it sees fit and the courts have no power to question the validity of its acts. The court ruled that it was entitled to overrule its own previous decisions if they were clearly wrong. In
1129:
was rejected and the bill was assented to on 3 June. The Speaker of the House of Assembly was nominated as President of the High Court of Parliament, and he appointed a Judicial Committee of six government members and four opposition members, with
1192:
1290:, expanding the Appellate Division to eleven judges, thus allowing the appointment of six new judges presumed to support the Nationalist position. This proved to have been unnecessary, as only one judge, the notoriously liberal
1109:
Dönges, in introducing the bill, argued that it would restore the power of the "sovereign will of the electorate" to determine which laws were valid, and would relieve the Appellate Division of accusations of political bias.
1124:
Despite the opposition, the High Court of Parliament Bill was forced through Parliament. It was passed by the House of Assembly on 15 May 1952 and by the Senate on 27 May. A petition asking the Governor-General to withhold
1114:
of the opposition denounced the bill as establishing a "political court a bogus court set up in order to express the will of the Caucus of the National Party". The bill was attacked in the English-language press, with the
904:, whereby coloured voters would also lose the right to vote for ordinary constituency members of the House of Assembly and instead elect four members at separate elections. Besides the Nationalists' ideological belief in
1159:
The court ruled that the existence of the entrenched clauses in the South Africa Act necessarily implied that those protected by the clauses had the right to have any law affecting them tested for validity by a court
1097:
The response of Malan's government was immediate: the Prime Minister immediately declared the decision unacceptable, that he refused to abide by it, and that he would take steps to have it overturned. In April 1952
1182:
with coloured voters in the Cape voting alongside white voters. Despite this, the National Party was returned in government with a larger majority: 94 seats out of 156, as opposed to 79 seats out of 153 in 1948.
1151:
ruled that the act had the effect of altering the entrenched clauses, and that as it had not been passed by a two-thirds majority in joint session it was invalid. The government's appeal, under the title of
1028:
to rule that it had no authority to question the validity of an act of Parliament promulgated and published by the proper authority. This decision was immediately taken on appeal to the Appellate Division.
3966:
761:. This meant that the right to vote was limited to men meeting property and literacy qualifications, but not restricted on the basis of race. This differed from the other South African colonies: in
785:, unified these four colonies to form the Union but preserved their franchise arrangements unchanged. Section 35 of the South Africa Act provided that no law could disenfranchise voters in the
2130:
1325:
In 1960, a new Senate Act reduced the size of the Senate and restored the single transferable vote system of election of the provincial senators. In 1961 South Africa became a republic under
2760:
1082:
The resulting order of the Appellate Division was that the Separate Representation of Voters Act was "invalid, null and void and of no legal force and effect". The ruling, authored by
922:
the National Convention Co-ordinating Committee to oppose the bill within constitutional limits. The Franchise Action Council, a multi-racial organisation, led a campaign of rallies,
3533:
1307:
1079:
there had been no discussion of the Statute of Westminster nor any argument for or against the conclusion drawn by the court, and the court therefore felt free to overrule it.
819:
such as South Africa and gave those dominions the power to repeal or amend British laws in force within their territories. In 1936, the South African Parliament enacted the
2042:
2991:
2711:
4136:
4070:
4143:
163:
1215:(the upper house of Parliament) would be packed with National Party members to ensure the government would have the necessary two-thirds majority in a joint sitting.
4206:
3638:
2911:
2718:
2123:
3952:
3931:
3792:
2725:
3554:
2904:
1219:
943:
130:
1156:, was heard in the Appellate Division on 27–29 October, and on 13 November the court handed down a unanimous decision upholding the ruling of the Cape court.
3470:
3386:
2841:
2820:
1048:
The government's claim regarding the Statute of Westminster was based on two principal theories. The first was based on the repeal of the application of the
1222:, and thus effectively by the government of the day. For each province eight senators were elected by an electoral college consisting of the members of the
3924:
2767:
2959:
4161:
3603:
2116:
2596:
1332:
In 1994, with the end of apartheid, a new constitution was introduced which guarantees the right to vote for all adult citizens. This right, along with
4191:
4186:
3987:
3848:
3771:
3061:
843:. The challenge was rejected for a number of reasons, of which the most significant was the Appellate Division's ruling that because Parliament was a
65:
4129:
3917:
3652:
2984:
1319:
934:
was founded by white Second World War veterans in response to the bill but expanded into a more general movement against the government's policies.
220:
2478:
2416:
3910:
3715:
3463:
3344:
2927:
1311:
1013:
972:
605:
3757:
808:
by section 152, which provided that neither section 35 nor section 152 itself could be amended without a similar supermajority in joint session.
908:, the bill was also motivated by the electoral power of coloured voters to swing a number of Cape constituencies from the National Party to the
4008:
3973:
3491:
2704:
2425:
521:
270:
255:
2559:
4201:
3882:
3449:
1504:
901:
942:, Malan's government decided to enact it by following the normal parliamentary procedure of a simple majority in each house separately. The
4098:
3889:
3799:
3421:
1337:
1271:
1170:
be imperilled. The officials responsible for voter registration would be forced to follow either the government's instructions and risk an
733:) and the power of the Appellate Division to overturn the amendment as unconstitutional. The crisis ended when the government enlarged the
75:
295:
4035:
3980:
3896:
3743:
3407:
2970:
2653:
2623:
1303:
1287:
1179:
883:
664:
175:
2536:
3994:
3959:
3903:
3428:
3393:
3082:
2547:
1326:
1137:
1103:
746:
638:
205:
3778:
3645:
3624:
3582:
3124:
2056:
2028:
1227:
1223:
828:
710:
280:
250:
120:
115:
1121:
calling it "an insult to the intelligence of the judiciary". It even met with opposition from a number of prominent Nationalists.
3708:
3547:
2732:
2646:
2589:
782:
595:
225:
1242:
added four senators indirectly elected to represent black people. In 1949 another four were added to represent the territory of
3938:
3701:
3617:
3498:
3484:
3456:
2739:
2683:
1990:
1086:
1049:
1008:
967:
585:
210:
105:
2876:
4196:
4181:
3687:
3596:
3351:
3110:
1314:, which had limited legislative powers. The council was in turn dissolved in 1980. In 1984 a new constitution introduced the
1061:, as Parliament was fully sovereign over South Africa, and merely obliged to follow certain procedures to pass certain laws.
887:
865:
275:
3841:
3827:
3750:
3631:
3589:
3568:
3442:
3005:
2883:
2667:
2389:
1333:
1270:
With the new Senate, the National Party commanded a two-thirds majority in a joint sitting, and thus was able to pass the
1246:. In 1955, then, there were 26 senators supporting the government and 21 supporting the opposition (and one vacant seat).
1239:
1083:
995:
873:
820:
714:
694:
428:
305:
290:
265:
4105:
4049:
3875:
3764:
3736:
3673:
3365:
3223:
1264:
1178:
The government, therefore, while continuing to insist that the court's rulings were wrong, accepted them. The elections
1038:
570:
185:
2890:
1218:
As originally constituted by the South Africa Act, the Senate consisted of forty senators. Eight were nominated by the
4042:
3945:
3820:
3729:
3575:
2934:
1235:
1207:
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909:
812:
443:
285:
230:
140:
135:
1147:
case returned to the ordinary courts to challenge the validity of the High Court of Parliament Act. On 29 August the
3512:
3033:
2941:
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2690:
2568:
2467:
917:
797:
718:
473:
145:
4056:
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3191:
3138:
3026:
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2774:
2432:
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1907:
1058:
939:
878:
393:
240:
235:
215:
190:
170:
3868:
3131:
2799:
1231:
1148:
1017:
758:
580:
200:
2439:
891:
860:
403:
847:
legislative body, courts could not invalidate one of its Acts on the basis of the procedure used to pass it.
3505:
3400:
3267:
3117:
2998:
2746:
2529:
657:
610:
378:
3075:
3040:
2258:
1212:
1132:
734:
310:
3610:
3540:
3435:
3330:
3184:
2834:
2630:
2543:
2338:
2158:
1315:
750:
690:
686:
575:
565:
260:
180:
125:
2073:
Scher, D. M. (1988). "'The Court of Errors': A study of the High Court of Parliament crisis of 1952".
3358:
3244:
3012:
2948:
2697:
2460:
2453:
2405:
2188:
542:
343:
300:
150:
90:
994:, four voters affected by the Separate Representation of Voters Act, challenged its validity in the
827:) voters from the common voters' rolls and allowing them to elect, separately, three members of the
3813:
3785:
3659:
3177:
3170:
3103:
3068:
3019:
2515:
2322:
770:
620:
2094:
Wade, H. W. R. (1957). "The Senate Act case and the entrenched sections of the South Africa Act".
2522:
2082:
2007:
1976:
1959:
1942:
1925:
1893:
1259:
1021:
927:
650:
85:
36:
17:
328:
915:
The bill attracted much opposition both inside and outside Parliament. The United Party leader
4091:
4077:
3414:
3230:
3054:
2660:
2250:
2180:
2052:
2024:
2021:
By Due Process of Law?: Racial Discrimination and the Right to Vote in South Africa, 1855–1960
1874:
1510:
1500:
1243:
805:
790:
778:
722:
531:
245:
4015:
3379:
3089:
2869:
2575:
2330:
2298:
2234:
1999:
1968:
1934:
1883:
1291:
1250:
1162:
774:
766:
726:
483:
433:
363:
1024:, with whom Newton Thompson and Gawie Steyn concurred. The court followed the precedent of
3337:
3251:
3145:
2813:
2753:
2674:
2398:
2282:
2274:
2266:
2242:
905:
600:
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100:
4084:
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3680:
3323:
3237:
2920:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2582:
2508:
2354:
2314:
1954:
1920:
1888:
1869:
1034:
931:
737:
and altered its method of election, allowing the amendment to be successfully enacted.
706:
463:
453:
423:
408:
388:
383:
373:
348:
4175:
4001:
3722:
2827:
2806:
2792:
2785:
2494:
1255:
1066:
923:
836:
801:
793:
786:
702:
615:
488:
438:
110:
95:
2108:
3666:
3275:
3096:
3047:
2226:
2140:
1340:
has the explicit power to invalidate acts of Parliament that are unconstitutional.
1126:
962:
951:
947:
824:
765:
the franchise was limited to white men in practice though not in law, while in the
762:
730:
516:
478:
468:
458:
358:
1045:
case precluded the courts from questioning the validity of an act of Parliament.
3259:
2218:
2038:
844:
832:
754:
418:
413:
398:
333:
1329:; this constitution repealed the now-unnecessary High Court of Parliament Act.
839:
supermajority, its validity was challenged by an affected voter in the case of
3834:
3372:
2501:
2446:
2306:
2290:
2046:
1306:. Even this limited representation did not last, being ended from 1970 by the
1171:
1117:
526:
493:
368:
353:
338:
195:
1514:
3293:
3284:
3215:
2637:
2614:
2603:
855:
547:
511:
448:
52:
44:
1905:
Cowen, Denis V. (1953). "The Entrenched Sections of the South Africa Act".
4063:
3561:
3206:
2346:
2203:
896:
816:
698:
2086:
1191:
2487:
2011:
1988:
Kirkwood, Kenneth (1952). "The Constitutional Crisis in South Africa".
1980:
1946:
1897:
1302:
Separate representatives for coloured voters were first elected in the
709:. It developed into a dispute between the judiciary (in particular the
1957:(1953). "The Demise of the High Court of Parliament in South Africa".
3198:
2370:
2149:
537:
2003:
1972:
1938:
1310:. Instead, all coloured adults were given the right to vote for the
2362:
1190:
961:
854:
2112:
2043:"Chapter Five: Judicial Attitudes towards Race in South Africa"
1070:
bound the Appellate Division to follow the precedent of the
721:
and the executive) over the power of Parliament to amend an
815:
ended the power of the British Parliament to legislate for
1379:
1377:
1286:
To ensure its success, the government had also passed the
1497:
Bar, bench & bullshifters : Cape tales 1950-1990
1430:
1428:
835:) instead. Although this Act was passed by the required
789:
on the basis of race, unless that law was passed by an
1308:
Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act, 1968
1923:(1952). "The 'Coloured Vote Case' in South Africa".
693:
during the 1950s as the result of an attempt by the
4119:
4025:
3858:
3313:
3304:
3162:
2958:
2613:
2558:
2477:
2415:
2388:
2381:
2147:
773:the franchise was limited by law to white men. The
1499:. Cape Town, South Africa: Siber Ink. p. 49.
1226:representing that province and the members of the
1089:and handed down on 20 March 1952, was unanimous.
2051:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
2912:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
1267:, and the four representing South-West Africa.
796:of two-thirds of the members of both Houses of
2124:
1064:The final argument was that the principle of
658:
8:
1495:Friedman, Gerald; Gauntlett, Jeremy (2013).
1283:the power to amend the entrenched clauses.
27:1950s constitutional crisis in South Africa
3310:
2385:
2131:
2117:
2109:
1016:. Initially the case was dismissed by the
665:
651:
31:
2081:. University of the Western Cape: 23–40.
1887:
1336:, is entrenched in the constitution. The
1143:Meanwhile, the plaintiffs from the first
2985:Reconstruction and Development Programme
1731:
1719:
1659:
1635:
1623:
1575:
1527:
1482:
1470:
1458:
1434:
1407:
1383:
1368:
1230:. These elections were conducted by the
717:) and the other branches of government (
2597:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
1827:
1815:
1803:
1349:
1312:Coloured Persons Representative Council
606:Music in the movement against apartheid
43:
4207:Democratic backsliding in South Africa
3062:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
902:Separate Representation of Voters Bill
851:Separate Representation of Voters Bill
1791:
1779:
1767:
1755:
1743:
1707:
1695:
1683:
1671:
1647:
1611:
1599:
1587:
1563:
1551:
1539:
1446:
1419:
1395:
1356:
1318:in which coloured voters elected the
7:
1851:
1839:
1272:South Africa Act Amendment Act, 1956
2992:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
2654:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis
1288:Appellate Division Quorum Act, 1955
1200:, Prime Minister from 1954 to 1958.
757:were conducted on the basis of the
679:Coloured vote constitutional crisis
81:Coloured vote constitutional crisis
1889:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1957.tb02718.x
1280:Collins v Minister of the Interior
958:Judgment of the Appellate Division
25:
4144:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
3779:South African Party (Cape Colony)
1154:Minister of the Interior v Harris
1004:Harris v Minister of the Interior
18:Harris v Minister of the Interior
4192:South African constitutional law
4187:Events associated with apartheid
4156:
4155:
1041:, and that the precedent of the
950:on 15 June 1951 and the act was
783:Parliament of the United Kingdom
634:
633:
596:Internal resistance to apartheid
51:
3793:South African Party (1977–1980)
3786:South African Party (1911–1934)
3702:Progressive Party (Cape Colony)
3499:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
1087:Albert van der Sandt Centlivres
1020:in a ruling by Judge President
998:in a case that became known as
876:, campaigning on a platform of
106:Church Street, Pretoria bombing
3111:2019 service delivery protests
3097:#FeesMustFall student protests
2842:1983 constitutional referendum
1033:the South Africa Act had been
1:
3569:Johannesburg Reform Committee
2207:
2192:
2169:
2162:
1294:, dissented from the ruling.
1258:had twenty-two Senators, the
1240:Representation of Natives Act
1104:High Court of Parliament Bill
821:Representation of Natives Act
4202:Election law in South Africa
3224:Black Consciousness Movement
2978:Government of National Unity
1278:decision under the title of
884:that year's general election
571:Apartheid in popular culture
2935:Saint James Church massacre
2821:Weapons of mass destruction
2023:. Oxford: Hart Publishing.
1236:proportional representation
141:Saint James Church massacre
136:Assassination of Chris Hani
4223:
2691:1957 Alexandra bus boycott
2569:South West Africa campaign
2468:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
2433:French Huguenot settlement
1870:"The South African Senate"
1180:were held on 15 April 1953
1050:Colonial Laws Validity Act
895:addressed the question of
146:1994 Bophuthatswana crisis
4153:
4130:African National Congress
3590:Liberal Party (1953–1968)
2928:1992 apartheid referendum
2097:South African Law Journal
1908:South African Law Journal
1059:parliamentary sovereignty
940:parliamentary sovereignty
394:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela
3583:Labour Party (1969–1994)
3576:Labour Party (1910–1958)
3132:2020 Phala Phala Robbery
3090:#RhodesMustFall protests
2705:1960 republic referendum
1320:House of Representatives
1304:general election of 1958
1232:single transferable vote
1211:adopted a new plan: the
1149:Cape Provincial Division
1093:High Court of Parliament
1018:Cape Provincial Division
1014:Minister of the Interior
973:Minister of the Interior
581:Cape Qualified Franchise
4028:terrorist organisations
3118:2019 Johannesburg riots
2747:Constructive engagement
2712:International isolation
2530:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
2048:Justice in South Africa
1035:repealed by implication
611:Nostalgia for apartheid
3041:Attack on Kennedy Road
2668:Congress of the People
2259:South African Republic
2019:Loveland, Ian (1999).
1201:
1039:Statute of Westminster
976:
886:. The following year,
869:
813:Statute of Westminster
800:sitting together in a
701:voters in the Union's
586:Disinvestment campaign
311:State Security Council
4197:Constitutional crises
4182:1950s in South Africa
3611:Natal Indian Congress
3331:Afrikaner Broederbond
3185:Afrikaner nationalism
2971:1994 general election
2942:Bophuthatswana crisis
2835:Church Street bombing
2631:Apartheid legislation
2624:1948 general election
2544:South Africa Act 1909
2339:Union of South Africa
2159:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
2139:Political history of
1991:International Affairs
1578:, pp. 1366–1367.
1530:, pp. 1363–1364.
1410:, pp. 1370–1371.
1371:, pp. 1362–1363.
1316:Tricameral Parliament
1254:per province; so the
1194:
1187:Packing of the Senate
965:
858:
823:, removing "native" (
751:Union of South Africa
697:government to remove
691:Union of South Africa
689:that occurred in the
687:constitutional crisis
576:Apartheid legislation
566:Afrikaner nationalism
126:Cape Town peace march
116:Trojan Horse Incident
76:1948 general election
3245:Greater South Africa
3083:2014 platinum strike
2949:Shell House massacre
2877:Transkei coup d'Ă©tat
2698:Sharpeville massacre
2461:Battle of Blaauwberg
2454:Battle of Muizenberg
2406:Battle of Salt River
2189:Mthethwa Paramountcy
1868:Beinart, B. (1957).
1338:Constitutional Court
1163:ubi jus ibi remedium
681:, also known as the
474:Eugène Terre'Blanche
344:Mangosuthu Buthelezi
151:Shell House massacre
121:Khotso House bombing
91:Sharpeville massacre
4137:Democratic Alliance
3314:Civic and political
3178:Afrikaner Calvinism
3171:African nationalism
3020:African Renaissance
2726:UNSC Resolution 591
2647:Internal resistance
2548:National Convention
2516:Transvaal Civil War
2440:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
2323:Orange River Colony
1854:, pp. 162–163.
1830:, pp. 559–560.
1818:, pp. 558–559.
1806:, pp. 550–552.
1734:, pp. 867–869.
1626:, pp. 301–302.
1602:, pp. 262–263.
1590:, pp. 257–259.
1554:, pp. 255–256.
1485:, pp. 262–268.
1473:, pp. 269–271.
1461:, pp. 268–269.
1422:, pp. 250–251.
1359:, pp. 143–145.
1138:Minister of Justice
771:Orange River Colony
759:qualified franchise
753:, elections in the
621:Sullivan Principles
2884:Ciskei coup d'Ă©tat
2719:UN Resolution 1761
2684:Women's March 1956
2537:South African Wars
2523:Mineral Revolution
1960:Harvard Law Review
1955:Griswold, Erwin N.
1926:Harvard Law Review
1921:Griswold, Erwin N.
1327:a new constitution
1298:Later developments
1228:provincial council
1202:
977:
975:from 1948 to 1958.
928:civil disobedience
870:
868:from 1948 to 1954.
711:Appellate Division
683:Coloured vote case
206:Conservative Party
86:1956 Treason Trial
4169:
4168:
4122:political parties
4115:
4114:
4092:Orde van die Dood
3709:Progressive Party
3415:Congress Alliance
3231:Cape Independence
3163:Political culture
3158:
3157:
3125:COVID-19 pandemic
3055:Marikana massacre
2891:Venda coup d'Ă©tat
2661:Defiance Campaign
2251:Orange Free State
2181:Dutch Cape Colony
1875:Modern Law Review
1746:, pp. 37–38.
1710:, pp. 33–34.
1698:, pp. 30–31.
1674:, pp. 29–30.
1650:, pp. 25–26.
1614:, pp. 23–24.
1506:978-1-920025-69-4
1334:many other rights
1265:Orange Free State
1244:South West Africa
1224:House of Assembly
1026:Ndlwana v Hofmeyr
841:Ndlwana v Hofmeyr
829:House of Assembly
804:. Section 35 was
723:entrenched clause
675:
674:
532:South-West Africa
16:(Redirected from
4214:
4159:
4158:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4026:Paramilitary and
4018:
4016:Umkosi Wezintaba
4011:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3861:social movements
3859:Trade unions and
3851:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3380:Boerestaat Party
3375:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3311:
3297:
3288:
3279:
3270:
3263:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3210:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3151:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2870:Dakar Conference
2865:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2761:Sporting boycott
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2733:Academic boycott
2728:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2590:Great Depression
2585:
2578:
2576:Maritz rebellion
2571:
2551:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2426:Dutch settlement
2408:
2401:
2399:Bantu migrations
2386:
2374:
2366:
2358:
2350:
2342:
2334:
2331:Transvaal Colony
2326:
2318:
2310:
2302:
2299:Nieuwe Republiek
2294:
2286:
2278:
2270:
2262:
2254:
2246:
2238:
2235:Natalia Republic
2230:
2222:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2204:Ndwandwe Kingdom
2199:
2197:
2194:
2184:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2110:
2105:
2090:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2034:
2015:
1984:
1950:
1933:(8): 1361–1374.
1916:
1901:
1891:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1292:Oliver Schreiner
1251:Senate Act, 1955
1234:(STV) system of
1220:Governor-General
1210:
1199:
1135:
1113:
1112:J. G. N. Strauss
1101:
1012:was at the time
1011:
993:
989:
985:
981:
970:
944:Governor-General
920:
918:J. G. N. Strauss
894:
863:
775:South Africa Act
727:South Africa Act
705:from the common
667:
660:
653:
637:
636:
434:Albertina Sisulu
429:Benjamin Moloise
364:Arthur Goldreich
55:
32:
21:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4149:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4121:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4021:
4014:
4007:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3527:HNP (Herstigte)
3525:
3520:HNP (Herenigde)
3518:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3338:Afrikaner Party
3336:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3306:
3300:
3291:
3282:
3273:
3266:
3257:
3252:Honorary whites
3250:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3213:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3154:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3013:Soweto bombings
3011:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2814:Soweto Uprising
2812:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2754:Tar Baby Option
2752:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2675:Freedom Charter
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2554:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2377:
2369:
2361:
2353:
2345:
2337:
2329:
2321:
2313:
2305:
2297:
2289:
2281:
2275:Griqualand West
2273:
2267:Griqualand East
2265:
2257:
2249:
2241:
2233:
2225:
2217:
2210:
2202:
2195:
2187:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2157:
2143:
2137:
2093:
2072:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2037:
2031:
2018:
2004:10.2307/2604173
1987:
1973:10.2307/1337174
1953:
1939:10.2307/1336655
1919:
1904:
1867:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1610:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1507:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1426:
1418:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1394:
1390:
1386:, p. 1364.
1382:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1300:
1206:
1195:
1189:
1131:
1111:
1102:introduced the
1099:
1095:
1007:
1000:Harris v Dönges
991:
987:
983:
979:
966:
960:
916:
906:white supremacy
890:
859:
853:
777:, which was an
743:
671:
626:
625:
601:Kairos Document
591:Freedom Charter
561:
553:
552:
536:
507:
499:
498:
329:Vernon Berrangé
324:
316:
315:
276:Security Branch
166:
156:
155:
101:Soweto uprising
71:
70:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4220:
4218:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4174:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4125:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4085:Ossewabrandwag
4081:
4074:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4046:
4039:
4031:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3872:
3864:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3828:Unionist Party
3824:
3817:
3810:
3807:Torch Commando
3803:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3681:Orde Boerevolk
3677:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3457:DP (1989–2000)
3453:
3450:DP (1973–1977)
3446:
3443:Dominion Party
3439:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3324:Afrikaner Bond
3319:
3317:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3289:
3280:
3271:
3264:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3238:Day of the Vow
3234:
3227:
3220:
3211:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3006:Floor crossing
3002:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2966:
2964:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2921:Bisho massacre
2917:
2916:
2915:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2863:Operation Vula
2859:
2856:Rubicon speech
2852:
2849:Langa massacre
2845:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2771:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2627:
2619:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2583:Rand Rebellion
2579:
2572:
2564:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2509:Boer Republics
2505:
2498:
2491:
2483:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2421:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2402:
2394:
2392:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2367:
2359:
2355:Bophuthatswana
2351:
2343:
2335:
2327:
2319:
2315:Klein Vrystaat
2311:
2303:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2200:
2185:
2177:
2154:
2152:
2145:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2091:
2070:
2057:
2035:
2029:
2016:
1998:(4): 432–444.
1985:
1967:(5): 864–872.
1951:
1917:
1902:
1882:(6): 549–565.
1863:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1844:
1842:, p. 162.
1832:
1820:
1808:
1796:
1784:
1772:
1760:
1748:
1736:
1724:
1722:, p. 866.
1712:
1700:
1688:
1676:
1664:
1662:, p. 304.
1652:
1640:
1638:, p. 302.
1628:
1616:
1604:
1592:
1580:
1568:
1566:, p. 257.
1556:
1544:
1542:, p. 253.
1532:
1520:
1505:
1487:
1475:
1463:
1451:
1449:, p. 252.
1439:
1437:, p. 260.
1424:
1412:
1400:
1398:, p. 247.
1388:
1373:
1361:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1299:
1296:
1238:. In 1936 the
1208:J. G. Strijdom
1197:J. G. Strijdom
1188:
1185:
1094:
1091:
959:
956:
932:Torch Commando
888:Prime Minister
874:National Party
866:Prime Minister
852:
849:
742:
739:
673:
672:
670:
669:
662:
655:
647:
644:
643:
642:
641:
628:
627:
624:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
562:
560:Related topics
559:
558:
555:
554:
551:
550:
545:
540:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
508:
505:
504:
501:
500:
497:
496:
491:
486:
484:H. F. Verwoerd
481:
476:
471:
466:
464:Adelaide Tambo
461:
456:
454:Robert Sobukwe
451:
446:
444:J. G. Strijdom
441:
436:
431:
426:
424:Raymond Mhlaba
421:
416:
411:
409:Nelson Mandela
406:
401:
396:
391:
389:Albert Luthuli
386:
384:Ahmed Kathrada
381:
376:
374:Bantu Holomisa
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
349:F. W. de Klerk
346:
341:
336:
331:
325:
322:
321:
318:
317:
314:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
266:National Party
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
167:
162:
161:
158:
157:
154:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
72:
69:
68:
62:
61:
60:
57:
56:
48:
47:
41:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4219:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4164:
4163:
4152:
4145:
4141:
4138:
4134:
4131:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4118:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4082:
4079:
4075:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4024:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4003:
4002:Die Spoorbund
3999:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3901:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3857:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3842:Workers Party
3839:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3723:Radio Freedom
3720:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3674:Oranjewerkers
3671:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3316:organisations
3312:
3309:
3307:organisations
3303:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3150:
3148:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3104:Tshwane riots
3101:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2957:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2828:Project Coast
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2807:Mafeje affair
2804:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2793:Durban Moment
2790:
2787:
2786:Rivonia Trial
2783:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2740:Disinvestment
2737:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2495:1820 Settlers
2492:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2205:
2201:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2104:(2): 160–166.
2103:
2099:
2098:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2060:
2058:9780520026247
2054:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2030:9781841130491
2026:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1915:(3): 238–265.
1914:
1910:
1909:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1853:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1797:
1794:, p. 40.
1793:
1788:
1785:
1782:, p. 39.
1781:
1776:
1773:
1770:, p. 38.
1769:
1764:
1761:
1758:, p. 35.
1757:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1732:Griswold 1953
1728:
1725:
1721:
1720:Griswold 1953
1716:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1689:
1686:, p. 29.
1685:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1660:Loveland 1999
1656:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1636:Loveland 1999
1632:
1629:
1625:
1624:Loveland 1999
1620:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1576:Griswold 1952
1572:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1528:Griswold 1952
1524:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1483:Loveland 1999
1479:
1476:
1472:
1471:Loveland 1999
1467:
1464:
1460:
1459:Loveland 1999
1455:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1435:Loveland 1999
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1408:Griswold 1952
1404:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1384:Griswold 1952
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1369:Griswold 1952
1365:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1350:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1275:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1256:Cape Province
1252:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1209:
1198:
1193:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1176:
1173:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1157:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1107:
1105:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:Chief Justice
1080:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1067:stare decisis
1062:
1060:
1054:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
996:Supreme Court
988:W. D. Collins
974:
969:
964:
957:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
935:
933:
929:
925:
919:
913:
911:
907:
903:
898:
893:
889:
885:
881:
880:
875:
872:In 1948, the
867:
862:
857:
850:
848:
846:
842:
838:
837:joint-session
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
811:In 1931, the
809:
807:
803:
802:joint session
799:
795:
794:supermajority
792:
788:
787:Cape Province
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
740:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
715:Supreme Court
712:
708:
707:voters' rolls
704:
703:Cape Province
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
668:
663:
661:
656:
654:
649:
648:
646:
645:
640:
632:
631:
630:
629:
622:
619:
617:
616:Project Coast
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
563:
557:
556:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
522:Robben Island
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
509:
503:
502:
495:
492:
490:
489:B. J. Vorster
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
439:Walter Sisulu
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
326:
320:
319:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
168:
165:
164:Organisations
160:
159:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
111:Vaal uprising
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
96:Rivonia Trial
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
73:
67:
64:
63:
59:
58:
54:
50:
49:
46:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
4160:
4120:Histories of
3821:United Party
3730:Reform Party
3667:Orangia Unie
3292:
3283:
3276:Swart gevaar
3274:
3258:
3214:
3205:
3146:
3048:Blikkiesdorp
2390:Pre-colonial
2243:Natal Colony
2227:Zulu Kingdom
2141:South Africa
2101:
2095:
2078:
2074:
2062:. Retrieved
2047:
2039:Sachs, Albie
2020:
1995:
1989:
1964:
1958:
1930:
1924:
1912:
1906:
1879:
1873:
1847:
1835:
1828:Beinart 1957
1823:
1816:Beinart 1957
1811:
1804:Beinart 1957
1799:
1787:
1775:
1763:
1751:
1739:
1727:
1715:
1703:
1691:
1679:
1667:
1655:
1643:
1631:
1619:
1607:
1595:
1583:
1571:
1559:
1547:
1535:
1523:
1496:
1490:
1478:
1466:
1454:
1442:
1415:
1403:
1391:
1364:
1352:
1331:
1324:
1301:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1269:
1248:
1217:
1203:
1177:
1168:
1161:
1158:
1153:
1144:
1142:
1123:
1116:
1108:
1100:T. E. Dönges
1096:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1055:
1047:
1042:
1031:
1025:
1009:T. E. Dönges
1003:
999:
978:
968:T. E. Dönges
954:on 18 June.
936:
914:
910:United Party
877:
871:
840:
810:
744:
731:constitution
682:
678:
676:
517:District Six
479:Desmond Tutu
469:Oliver Tambo
459:Helen Suzman
359:Bram Fischer
80:
29:
3260:Rooi gevaar
3139:2021 unrest
3069:Nkandlagate
2898:Third Force
2775:Rugby union
2373:(1981–1994)
2365:(1979–1994)
2357:(1977–1994)
2349:(1976–1994)
2341:(1910–1961)
2333:(1902–1910)
2325:(1902–1910)
2317:(1886–1891)
2309:(1885–1887)
2301:(1884–1888)
2293:(1882–1885)
2285:(1882–1883)
2277:(1870–1873)
2269:(1861–1879)
2261:(1856–1902)
2253:(1854–1902)
2245:(1843–1910)
2237:(1839–1843)
2229:(1816–1897)
2221:(1795–1910)
2219:Cape Colony
2211: 1780
2196: 1780
2183:(1652–1806)
2173: 1220
2166: 1075
1133:C. R. Swart
1022:de Villiers
992:E. A. Deane
984:E. Franklin
952:promulgated
892:D. F. Malan
861:D. F. Malan
833:lower house
755:Cape Colony
745:Before the
695:Nationalist
419:Thabo Mbeki
414:Govan Mbeki
404:D. F. Malan
399:Mac Maharaj
334:P. W. Botha
261:Broederbond
4176:Categories
4071:Greyshirts
3835:Volksparty
3373:Black Sash
3034:Xenophobia
3027:Travelgate
2800:Border War
2604:Bantustans
2502:Great Trek
2447:Xhosa Wars
2307:Upingtonia
2291:Stellaland
1862:References
1792:Scher 1988
1780:Scher 1988
1768:Scher 1988
1756:Scher 1988
1744:Scher 1988
1708:Scher 1988
1696:Scher 1988
1684:Scher 1988
1672:Scher 1988
1648:Scher 1988
1612:Scher 1988
1600:Cowen 1953
1588:Cowen 1953
1564:Cowen 1953
1552:Cowen 1953
1540:Cowen 1953
1447:Cowen 1953
1420:Cowen 1953
1396:Cowen 1953
1357:Sachs 1973
1118:Cape Times
806:entrenched
798:Parliament
741:Background
719:Parliament
527:Sophiatown
494:Jacob Zuma
379:Joel Joffe
369:Chris Hani
354:Ruth First
339:Steve Biko
196:Black Sash
3294:Volkstaat
3285:Uitlander
3216:Boerehaat
3192:Anarchism
2999:Arms Deal
2962:apartheid
2638:Pass laws
2615:Apartheid
2560:1910–1948
2479:1815–1910
2417:1652–1815
1852:Wade 1957
1840:Wade 1957
1515:846790131
1260:Transvaal
1172:interdict
980:G. Harris
946:gave his
879:apartheid
845:sovereign
817:dominions
767:Transvaal
548:Vlakplaas
512:Bantustan
449:Joe Slovo
45:Apartheid
4162:Category
4064:Boeremag
3562:Jeugkrag
3513:Het Volk
3207:Baasskap
3149:incident
2768:Olympics
2347:Transkei
2150:polities
2148:Defunct
2087:41056249
2041:(1973).
897:coloured
791:absolute
769:and the
747:creation
699:coloured
685:, was a
639:Category
543:Sun City
37:a series
35:Part of
3967:SAAPAWU
3305:Defunct
3268:Slavery
2488:Mfecane
2012:2604173
1981:1337174
1947:1336655
1898:1091091
1077:Ndlwana
1072:Ndlwana
1043:Ndlwana
1037:by the
924:strikes
781:of the
749:of the
725:in the
713:of the
3918:FOSATU
3772:SAYRCO
3744:SADECO
3660:Occupy
3199:Azania
3147:Lady R
3076:Racism
2905:CODESA
2382:Events
2371:Ciskei
2283:Goshen
2213:–1819)
2198:–1817)
2085:
2075:Kronos
2064:7 July
2055:
2027:
2010:
1979:
1945:
1896:
1513:
1503:
1213:Senate
1145:Harris
1136:, the
1127:assent
948:assent
930:. The
882:, won
735:Senate
538:Soweto
506:Places
323:People
271:COSATU
221:FOSATU
131:CODESA
66:Events
4099:PAGAD
3995:SATUC
3988:SARHU
3974:SACTU
3953:NURHS
3911:FNETU
3897:CTSWU
3890:CNETU
3883:BLATU
3765:SAYCO
3653:NUSAS
3534:IDASA
3345:AITUP
2960:Post-
2363:Venda
2083:JSTOR
2008:JSTOR
1977:JSTOR
1943:JSTOR
1894:JSTOR
1344:Notes
1006:, as
831:(the
825:black
763:Natal
729:(the
4106:SANF
4036:APLA
3981:SAIF
3960:PAWE
3946:NEUM
3939:MUSA
3904:FCWU
3849:WOSA
3800:TNIP
3758:SASO
3751:SAIC
3737:SABP
3688:PAVN
3422:COSG
3401:CTEG
3394:CNIP
2066:2012
2053:ISBN
2025:ISBN
1511:OCLC
1501:ISBN
1249:The
990:and
926:and
677:The
306:SACP
296:SAMA
291:SAIC
286:SADF
281:SACC
176:APLA
4057:BBB
4050:AWB
4043:ARM
4009:UDF
3932:IWW
3925:ICU
3876:BCM
3869:APF
3814:UFP
3716:PRP
3695:PFP
3646:NRP
3639:NPP
3625:NNP
3618:NLP
3604:NCP
3555:ISL
3506:GNP
3478:ECC
3471:DSM
3464:DPP
3436:DLF
3408:COD
3387:CDA
3366:BPC
3359:AVF
3352:APO
2000:doi
1969:doi
1935:doi
1884:doi
1002:or
779:Act
301:SAP
256:UDF
251:PAC
241:HNP
236:PFP
216:ECC
201:CCB
191:BBB
186:AWB
181:IFP
171:ANC
4178::
4078:MK
3632:NP
3597:NA
3548:IP
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3492:FD
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3429:CP
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2170:c.
2163:c.
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1996:28
1994:.
1975:.
1965:66
1963:.
1941:.
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1929:.
1913:70
1911:.
1892:.
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1878:.
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1427:^
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1322:.
1160:("
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864:,
246:MK
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