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1125:, the demonstrators invaded the station, captured a train and uncoupled the engine so that the train could not leave. Buses particularly those of the Gamini Bus Co. Ltd. and the High Level Road Bus Co. Ltd. were stopped, stoned and smashed by the demonstrators. The principal bus routes were blocked with trees and other barriers so that military escorts were required. Bridges had their planks removed and in a few cases were dynamited.
1856:
545:
852:(CPC), who gained a seat in the 1952 elections, together with their allied party the Viplavakari Lanka Sama Samaja Party (VLSSP), also gave verbal support to the idea of hartal, but there is disagreement on the degree of their involvement. The more than doubling of the cost of rice was the main reason for the organizers of the hartal.
1259:
ought to lead to the overthrow of the government in power. But still nursing gradualist illusions of ultimately seeking parliamentary power the LSSP leaders primarily did not envisage anything like such a scenario. In retrospect it has become the traditional wisdom to say that it was not the Old Left
744:
and over the 1940s had become a basis for the sustenance of the local population. The United
National Party had promised in the 1952 election campaign to maintain the price of rice at 25 cents a measure. Soon after the election, the government faced a sudden economic crisis. In July 1952, the food
719:
held in May later that year, Dudley
Senanayake's United National Party (UNP) secured a majority in Parliament giving him the premiership. However the Lanka Sama Samaja Party (LSSP), and others, complained about irregularities that took place during the election and felt it had lost the most during
1272:
offers this explanation: "Most important of all, it was the considered view of the LSSP (as well as we believe of the VLSSP-CP United Front) that the mass movement had reached only a stage of protest against the actions of the
Government in imposing the burdens it did on the masses, and not at a
883:
and demonstrations held throughout Ceylon, launched by the main non-communal trade unions, 90% of which were controlled by the leftist parties. However participation of employees of the health sector were discouraged knowing that it could affect the patients. The main complaint was the proposed
801:
The proposed cuts to social welfare measures, especially the increase in rice prices were met with strong public outcry. All political parties in the opposition agitated against these measures. J. R. Jayewardene as
Finance Minister in the afternoon of 23 July 1953, presented the fifth budget to
1312:
The
Communist parties did their best to avoid suggesting that the Ceylonese "mases" were united with Indian workers against the brown and white capitalists of the United National Party, but it was not difficult for the latter party to allege that the Communists wanted to swamp the country with
814:
made speeches condemning government policy. A segment of supporters and workers, who attended the meeting, marched towards the
Parliament screaming and gesticulating, in an attempt to storm the House. The police baton charged and tear gassed the unruly crowds. Small groups left a trail of
1279:
had identified 1953 Hartal as a class struggle. The long-term effect was for politicians in Ceylon, then Sri Lanka, to recognize that the labouring classes had power, and that in turn increased the coercive effect and hence political power of trade unions.
1200:
Prime
Minister Dudley Senanayake was badly affected by the crisis, having taken gravely ill at the height of the Hartal. He resigned as prime minister on the 12 October 1953 on health grounds, leaving politics and the public limelight. The
745:
subsidies were running at the rate of 300 million rupees, which was a third of the estimated revenue in the planned budget for the coming year. Ceylon depended heavily on rice exports and the global price of rice increased because of the
663:, and as such there were no exclusions based upon caste, ethnicity or religion. The protests saw much sabotage and destruction to public infrastructure, as a means of frightening and halting the government. This occurred mainly in the
1133:
With major civil unrest throughout the island and appearance of breakdown of law and order, the police struggled to bring the situation under control due to the sheer numbers of the crowds and rioters. The government panicked, and the
254:
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While those who later broke away from the LSSP have all complained in varying degrees of the LSSP's failure to mobilize after the hartal for a bigger onslaught against the state, the party's official historian
793:
measures were also cut down to save government expenditure. From 10 July onwards, the free mid-day meal for school children was withdrawn, postal fee and railway fares were also increased.
815:
hooliganism: damaged public property, stoned buses, an indication of the nastiest to come, as the leaders called a hartal on 12 August. Shortly, a strike was called in the
Colombo harbor.
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781:
On this backdrop, the government outlined its policy to cut down the food subsidy and Prime
Minister Dudley Sirisena stated that continuing the subsidy would ruin the country during his
1212:
took over as prime minister. The rice subsidy was partially restored, and various foreign policy initiatives were undertaken to brighten Ceylon's image abroad, including entry into the
675:
as well as other minor protests around the rest of the island. The demonstrations lasted only a day with at least 10 people killed, resulting in the resignation of the Prime
Minister
582:
789:(rice book) obsolete. This effectively increased the price of rice from 25 cents to 70 cents per measure with effect from 20 July. The price of sugar increased concurrently. Other
855:
The leftist parties took to agitating the working masses, with "factory gate meetings" and village level meetings in the rural areas. The two main private print-media of the day
773:. However, it did not help the government's financial position, with its trade surplus of 345 million rupees in 1951 turning into a trade deficit of 200 million rupees in 1952.
962:
in particular participated fully in the work-stoppage, although there was no noteworthy violence reported. There were also widespread demonstrations in the 24 divisions of the
1169:. The armed forces were deployed to assist the police to bring the situation under control. Senanayake took ill, and Goonetilleke took command of the security forces from the
1235:" slogan. Dudley Senanayake return to politics and went on to serve as prime minister on two other occasions, for four months in 1960, and a full term from 1965 to 1970.
955:, railway wagons carrying fuel were set on fire. In Peradeniya, university students clashed with the police. San Sebastian saw police coming under attack by protesters.
947:, where there were widespread riots and extensive damage to communications and transportation facilities. Some of the damage was deliberate anti-government sabotage. In
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in the 1952 election as well as other election irregularities. Some commentators suggest that the hartal only occurred in one-third of the country.
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reported on pro-government and anti-hartal propaganda. The leftist countered with the publication of special hartal editions of weekly news sheets.
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The hartal was scheduled for only one day, but in some cases the crowds were so worked up that they continued until the morning of the 13th.
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640:. This event is of historical significance because it was the first people's struggle against an elected government in the country.
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On 12 August many civil disobedience acts took place in certain localities along the western and south-western coast, e.g.
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led by the LSSP called for the hartal, mobilizing the masses to resist the direct attack on their standard of living. The
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but the SLFP which benefited from the hartal in the form of the popular upsurge of 1956 which felled the UNP and brought
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All political parties in the opposition agitated against these measures brought on by the government, but only the
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The hartal would eventually shake the apparent invincibility of the UNP government which would go on to lose the
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without affecting its foreign reserves. The pact came into effect despite the opposition of the Finance Minister
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but those who called the hartal never intended to take it beyond that stage, whereas in the Marxist playbook a
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1157:. There they had several sessions, including sessions with senior offices of the police and the armed forces.
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was an occasion for rousing speeches by the Left. It was an application of the classic Marxist thesis of the
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848:(CIC) supported protests against the elimination of the rice subsidy, but did not support a hartal. The
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1536:"63rd Anniversary of Hartal August 12,1953 Hartal! 'Shoot on sight' Reds re-claiming rice rations ,."
1460:"63rd Anniversary of Hartal August 12,1953 Hartal! 'Shoot on sight' Reds re-claiming rice rations ,."
1291:, who had leftist parties in its cabinet. Ironically Bandaranaike received aid from the west and the
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suggested that the demonstrators were ready to go on only if the leadership had given them a signal.
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government. It was the first mass political action in Ceylon and the first major social crisis after
519:
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on 7 July 1953. The government proposed to cut the rice subsidy, making the ration cards called the
2210:
1986:
1288:
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987:
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632:) on 12 August 1953. It was organized to protest against the policies and actions of the incumbent
491:
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Paradise Poisoned: Learning About Conflict, Terrorism and Development from Sri Lanka's Civil Wars
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were torn up for over a mile, and the telegraph posts toppled over along the whole stretch. In
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Acts of sabotage occurred throughout the country. For instance on the railways, the rails and
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Blows against the empire: Trotskyism in Ceylon : the Lanka Sama Samaja Party, 1935–1964
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held the view that there was no intent to continue the demonstrations after the 12th, while
959:
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168:
1697:
Balakrishnan, N. (1976). "Sri Lanka in 1975: Political Crisis and Split in the Coalition".
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704:
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102:
1396:"'Hartal' effective political tool if handled by efficient leaders – Prof. Carlo Fonseka"
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In many areas the police and demonstrators clashed and at least ten people were killed.
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in which the Emergency Regulations were longest maintained. These areas consisted of
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951:, police opened fire killing two persons who were preventing buses operating. In
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which was engaged in bitter fighting with the People's Republic of China in the
733:
810:, the Leader of the Opposition. Leaders of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party and the
2107:
1150:
1095:
1055:
892:
770:
757:, a barter systems which allowed Ceylon to trade its rubber for rice from the
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699:. In March 1952 Senanayake died which began a violent tussle between his son
1855:
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1083:
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The 1953 hartal is the central event of its history to which Sri Lanka's
1087:
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1063:
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836:(CP-VLSSP) United Front and the Federal Party called for resistance. The
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in consultation with Prime Minister Senanayake placed the country under
1718:
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1173:. The army began to suppress riots and hartal was eventually stopped.
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who called on the public to resist the government and demonstrate
729:
1825:
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took a SLFP government led by S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike's widow
1273:
stage where it was aiming at the overthrow of the Government".
1345:
University of Central Arkansas Department of Political Science
715:
arbitrated in favour of the late Prime Minister's son. In the
884:
elimination of the subsidy on rice, but it also included the
1514:. Kandy: International Ctr for Ethic Studies. p. 133.
93:
Portions of the country placed under Emergency Regulations
1090:, even the Roman Catholics participated, notably in the
1315:
Jennings, Ivor (1954) "Politics in Ceylon Since 1952"
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parliament. A large public gathering was organized at
1787:
Sri Lanka: Third World Democracy: 3rd World Democracy
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of the island. Dating back from the rationing during
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2004:
1954:
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1247:looks back with heroic nostalgia. For many years
1078:, and as such there were no exclusions based upon
687:In 1948 Ceylon had gained independence becoming a
958:Because of the disenfranchisement of Tamils, the
753:, Minister of Trade and Commerce negotiated the
1812:The 1971 Ceylonese Insurrection - Fred Halliday
1672:. New York: Cornell University Press. pp.
1370:. Colombo: Gunaratne & Co. pp. 42–48.
1481:
1479:
1477:
1368:A short history of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party
1837:
1295:to crush the insurrection with brutal force.
1205:remained in control of the government, while
576:
37:
8:
1852:Coups, rebellions, and revolts in Sri Lanka
1074:. The hartal was primarily a protest of the
659:, the hartal was primarily a protest of the
27:
2042:2015 alleged Sri Lankan coup d'état attempt
1389:
1387:
1385:
2091:Protests against the Vietnam War in Ceylon
2021:1966 alleged Ceylonese coup d'état attempt
1872:
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1830:
1822:
1766:We were making history: the Hartal of 1953
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1421:
583:
569:
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777:Social welfare cuts and the price of rice
1566:. London: Porcupine Press. p. 152.
1488:"The History of the LSSP in Perspective"
875:12 August 1953 saw the start of planned
806:by opposition parties, presided over by
1332:
1304:
126:
108:The rice subsidy was partially restored
616:) was a country-wide demonstration of
2241:Riots and civil disorder in Sri Lanka
2047:2018 Sri Lankan constitutional crisis
1454:
1452:
1450:
728:The people had been accustomed for a
7:
1915:Second Polonnaruwa War of Succession
2169:2019 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka
2164:2018 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka
2159:2014 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka
1891:First Polonnaruwa War of Succession
1740:Trade Unions and Politics in Ceylon
1631:Trade Unions and Politics in Ceylon
1594:Trade Unions and Politics in Ceylon
834:Viplavakari Lanka Sama Samaja Party
1790:. London: Frank Cass and Company.
1668:The politics of Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
740:, the rice subsidy was issued for
25:
2149:2005 Inuvil shooting and protests
1769:. A Young Socialist Publication.
1763:Muthiah & Wanasinghe (2002).
1434:"The 1971 Ceylonese Insurrection"
1341:"Ceylon/Sri Lanka (1948-Present)"
1022:, and the Urban Council areas of
2102:Burning of Jaffna Public Library
1964:Sri Lankan independence movement
1854:
1347:. University of Central Arkansas
1167:provincial emergency regulations
620:and strike, commonly known as a
543:
136:
2251:1953 labor disputes and strikes
1746:University of California Press
1637:University of California Press
1600:University of California Press
1:
2216:Economic history of Sri Lanka
1921:Kandyan independence movement
1366:Goonewardene, Leslie (1960).
1319:27(4): pp. 338–352, page 341
863:, along with the state owned
755:Ceylon-China Rubber-Rice Pact
2221:Labour disputes in Sri Lanka
1969:Great Rebellion of 1817–1818
1283:Nearly two decades later, a
1264:to power as prime minister.
996:Colombo Mudaliyars' Division
886:disenfranchisement of Tamils
230:Ministries of the Government
2016:1962 Ceylonese coup attempt
1817:Hartal! - Colvin R de Silva
1736:Kearney, Robert N. (1971).
1664:Kearney, Robert N. (1973).
1627:Kearney, Robert N. (1971).
1590:Kearney, Robert N. (1971).
1231:, who contested under the "
992:Alutgam and Panawal Korales
612:
465:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
225:Ministers of the Government
2267:
2037:1987–1989 JVP insurrection
1285:leftist youth armed revolt
838:Sri Lankan leftist parties
759:People's Republic of China
105:succeeds as Prime Minister
99:resigned as Prime Minister
82:Sri Lankan leftist parties
2154:2012 Welikada prison riot
1945:Nikapitiye Bandara Revolt
1508:Richardson, John (2005).
1012:Bentota Walalawiti Korale
850:Communist Party of Ceylon
812:Communist Party of Ceylon
604:
445:Grama Niladhari divisions
80:Sri Lankan public led by
38:
2236:Revolutions in Sri Lanka
2180:2022 Sri Lankan protests
2114:Welikada prison massacre
1939:2nd Kuruvita rala Revolt
1933:1st Kuruvita rala Revolt
1262:S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike
1229:S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike
808:S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike
707:for his succession. The
697:Prime Minister of Ceylon
418:Administrative geography
265:Leader of the Opposition
158:Previous constitutions:
2246:General strikes in Asia
2231:Rebellions in Sri Lanka
1927:Kangara arachchi Revolt
1560:Richardson, Al (1997).
1394:Kaviratne, W. T. J. S.
1225:Sri Lanka Freedom Party
1159:Sir Oliver Goonetilleke
842:Sri Lanka Freedom Party
830:Lanka Sama Samaja Party
732:subsidy, which was the
645:Lanka Sama Samaja Party
2120:1987 Trincomalee riots
1897:Queen Sugala rebellion
1486:Goonewardene, Leslie.
1277:Dr. Colvin R. de Silva
1028:Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia
1020:Colombo Municipal area
972:Sabaragamuwa Provinces
846:Ceylon Indian Congress
693:Don Stephen Senanayake
673:Sabaragamuwa Provinces
480:Diplomatic missions of
285:Constitutional Council
2226:Protests in Sri Lanka
2125:Kalutara prison riots
2097:1977 Sri Lankan riots
2076:1953 Ceylonese Hartal
2026:1971 JVP insurrection
1203:United National Party
976:Alutkuru Korale South
634:United National Party
129:Politics of Sri Lanka
2131:Bindunuwewa massacre
2086:1958 Ceylonese riots
2081:1956 Ceylonese riots
2071:1915 Ceylonese riots
2031:Sri Lankan Civil War
1993:Cocos Islands mutiny
1784:Jupp, James (1978).
1136:Cabinet of Ministers
550:Sri Lanka portal
270:Member of Parliament
220:Cabinet of Ministers
1987:Suriya-Mal Movement
1981:Temperance movement
1289:Sirima Bandaranaike
1270:Leslie Goonewardene
1210:Sir John Kotelawala
1129:Government response
1113:the rails with the
695:becoming the first
347:Election Commission
317:Magistrate's Courts
260:Leader of the House
29:
2174:Mahara prison riot
1909:Rajarata Rebellion
1182:Edmund Samarakkody
1178:Shaun Goonewardene
877:civil disobedience
653:civil disobedience
618:civil disobedience
61:Dominion of Ceylon
43:1953 வேலைநிறுத்தம்
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1989: (1933–1939)
1971: (1817–1818)
1947: (1616–1617)
1941: (1616–1619)
1917: (1186–1187)
1899: (1157–1158)
1893: (1110-1153)
1776:978-955-9150-03-9
1755:978-0-520-01713-9
1683:978-0-8014-0798-7
1650:978-0-520-01713-9
1613:978-0-520-01713-9
1573:978-1-899438-26-6
1521:978-955-580-094-5
1239:Long-term effects
1196:Immediate outcome
1109:were removed. In
1008:Kalutara Totamune
1004:Panadura Totamune
763:J. R. Jayewardene
717:General Elections
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677:Dudley Senanayake
647:(LSSP) and other
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458:Foreign relations
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351:Recent elections
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67:Also known as
65:
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55:
51:
47:
35:
31:
19:
2176: (2020)
2145: (2002)
2139: (2001)
2133: (2000)
2127: (1997)
2116: (1983)
2110: (1983)
2104: (1981)
2075:
1995: (1942)
1983: (1895)
1977: (1848)
1935: (1603)
1929: (1603)
1911: (1168)
1905: (1160)
1887: (1084)
1786:
1765:
1739:
1702:
1699:Asian Survey
1698:
1692:
1667:
1659:
1630:
1622:
1593:
1562:
1555:
1543:. Retrieved
1539:Daily Mirror
1538:
1530:
1510:
1503:
1491:. Retrieved
1464:. Retrieved
1462:Daily Mirror
1437:. Retrieved
1408:. Retrieved
1404:the original
1399:
1367:
1361:
1349:. Retrieved
1344:
1335:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1293:Soviet Union
1282:
1275:
1266:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1233:Sinhala only
1218:
1199:
1186:
1175:
1142:Newfoundland
1141:
1132:
1104:
980:Meda Pattuwa
957:
890:
874:
865:Radio Ceylon
854:
832:(LSSP), the
827:
800:
786:
780:
765:who was pro-
742:ration cards
738:World War II
727:
711:at the time
686:
642:
638:independence
596:
594:
484:in Sri Lanka
393:
369:
277:
237:
174:Human rights
152:Constitution
77:Participants
71:53 Varjanaya
70:
1876:Monarchical
1639:. pp.
1602:. pp.
1123:Egoda Uyana
1107:fish plates
1072:Ambalangoda
1024:Avissawella
949:Kochchikade
925:Karandeniya
917:Koralawella
913:Katukurunda
909:Egoda Uyana
905:Kirillapone
901:Gangodawila
844:(SLFP) and
734:staple diet
643:Led by the
605:1953 වර්ජනය
597:Hartal 1953
502:Visa policy
307:High Courts
239:Legislature
39:1953 වර්ජනය
28:Hartal 1953
18:Hartal 1953
2211:1953 riots
2195:Categories
2108:Black July
1869:rebellions
1493:12 January
1466:4 December
1439:12 January
1410:12 January
1400:Daily News
1327:References
1249:Hartal Day
1151:Royal Navy
1119:Totagamuwa
1096:Wennappuwa
1056:Peliyagoda
937:Totagamuwa
893:Maharagama
797:Budget Day
771:Korean War
747:Korean War
683:Background
624:, held in
245:Parliament
196:Executive
192:Government
2061:Riots and
2006:Sri Lanka
1878:Sri Lanka
1867:coups and
1865:Attempted
1216:in 1955.
1191:Aftermath
1140:HMS
1111:Waskaduwa
1084:ethnicity
1040:Kolonnawa
941:Hikkaduwa
921:Waskaduwa
787:hal potha
630:Sri Lanka
613:Varjanaya
520:Civil War
430:Districts
425:Provinces
340:Elections
279:Judiciary
200:President
1376:12717638
1313:Indians.
1245:Old Left
1138:boarded
1115:sleepers
1088:religion
1068:Panadura
1064:Kalutara
1060:Beruwala
968:Southern
953:Panadura
859:and the
689:Dominion
669:Southern
525:Taxation
492:Passport
470:Minister
57:Location
1730:General
1719:2643141
1545:6 April
1223:to the
1207:Colonel
1149:of the
1102:areas.
1092:Negombo
1048:Wattala
1032:Gampaha
964:Western
933:Akurala
881:strikes
665:Western
657:strikes
601:Sinhala
250:Speaker
88:Outcome
2093:(1971)
1794:
1773:
1752:
1717:
1680:
1647:
1610:
1570:
1518:
1374:
1351:May 3,
1100:Ragama
1052:Mabola
1036:Ja-Ela
945:Ragama
943:, and
819:Hartal
626:Ceylon
622:hartal
115:Deaths
1715:JSTOR
1299:Notes
1080:caste
1044:Kotte
929:Dompe
628:(now
440:Wards
1792:ISBN
1771:ISBN
1750:ISBN
1678:ISBN
1645:ISBN
1608:ISBN
1568:ISBN
1547:2023
1516:ISBN
1495:2013
1468:2019
1441:2013
1412:2013
1372:OCLC
1353:2024
1145:, a
1098:and
1070:and
970:and
730:rice
720:it.
691:and
671:and
655:and
595:The
394:next
388:2020
383:2015
370:2024
364:2022
359:2019
214:List
204:List
164:1947
160:1931
49:Date
1707:doi
1674:194
1641:149
1604:148
1086:or
118:21+
2197::
1748:.
1713:.
1703:16
1701:.
1676:.
1643:.
1606:.
1582:^
1476:^
1449:^
1420:^
1398:.
1384:^
1343:.
1161:,
1094:,
1082:,
1066:,
1062:,
1058:,
1046:,
1042:,
1038:,
1034:,
1030:,
1026:,
1018:,
1014:,
1010:,
1006:,
1002:,
998:,
994:,
990:,
986:,
982:,
978:,
966:,
939:,
935:,
931:,
927:,
923:,
919:,
915:,
911:,
907:,
903:,
899:,
895:,
879:,
749:.
679:.
667:,
607:,
603::
482:/
162:·
1845:e
1838:t
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1779:.
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1709::
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1616:.
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1355:.
1054:-
1050:-
599:(
584:e
577:t
570:v
216:)
212:(
206:)
202:(
20:)
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