92:("Hundius") flotilla. In the event, several boats were unavailable, so the operation was adjusted to form a single pack comprised six boats. This arrangement meant forming a unit of different type of vessel, who had not previously operated together. The whole force was commanded by Hartmann, flotilla commander of the Hundius flotilla.
195:. Hartman reported it was impossible to maintain an overview of the situation from his U-boat in the midst of the ocean and equally impossible to maintain contact with his charges. The experience was also soured by the continuing torpedo problems that the U-boat Arm suffered during the first years of the conflict.
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This first attempt at operating a wolf pack was, over all, not a success. In the course of the operation
Hartmann's skippers had sunk seven ships from two convoys and another four ships sailing alone (stragglers and independent sailings). However three of the six U-boats had been destroyed, some 10%
141:, met a freighter sailing independently; she attacked, but was counter-attacked by two destroyers that came to the scene and was destroyed. The attack on KJF 3 was an ad hoc affair (Blair describes it as "an uncoordinated free for all"); though four ships were sunk, one of the attacking boats,
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The first five boats sailed independently in
October 1939 from bases in NW Germany, sailing northabout around the coast of Scotland in order to reach the
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Following this, wolfpack tactics were shelved until the following year, when they were tried again with more success during the so-called "Happy Time".
72:. Unlike later packs which had specific code names this formation was left without an official designation. The original intent of the U-boat Command (
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The original pack tactic envisaged that command and co-ordination would be exercised at sea; however while this had worked on exercise in the
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and BdU instructed the pack to intercept. Three boats found the convoy and attacked, while a fourth failed to make contact. The fifth,
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The remaining five boats under
Hartmann’s command took station in the Western Approaches. The German signals intelligence branch,
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made contact and shadowed while the other two closed. The attack sank three ships without loss to the attackers.
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131:, which had penetrated British naval codes, was able to give notice of a convoy (KJF 3) from the
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of the available Type VII (sea-going) and Type IX (ocean-going) vessels the
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68:. The name "Hartmann" was unofficial, taken from that of its commander,
64:. Its operations were in October 1939, during the earliest stage of the
114:; this was more dangerous, but was deemed practicable. In the event
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during the Second World War in its wolfpack tactic against allied
76:) was to organize two packs of five boats each; one composed of
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Following this the boats were relieved, and returned home.
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and
Hartmann’s boats were again ordered to intercept.
122:; on 13 October she struck a mine and was destroyed.
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became trapped by the Allies' Channel defences, the
374:Military units and formations established in 1939
84:("Wegener") flotilla and the other of the larger
56:Hartmann’s wolfpack was the first essay by the
336:U-Boat Warfare: The Evolution of the Wolf-Pack
191:it was unworkable in the wider reaches of the
44:that operated during the early stages of the
8:
318:Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunters 1939–1942
274:
147:was destroyed by the convoy escorts.
7:
14:
16:WWII German submarine formation
369:1939 establishments in Germany
1:
150:A second convoy, HG 3 from
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359:Wolfpacks of World War II
248:German submarine
240:German submarine
232:German submarine
224:German submarine
216:German submarine
208:German submarine
46:Battle of the Atlantic
320:. London: Cassell.
22:was a formation of
20:Hartmann’s wolfpack
154:, was detected by
102:Western Approaches
263:Rösing's wolfpack
104:. The last boat,
66:Atlantic campaign
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334:Jak P M Showell
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202:U-boats involved
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70:Werner Hartmann
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58:Kriegsmarine
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34:World War II
29:Kriegsmarine
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24:Nazi Germany
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314:Blair, Clay
78:Type VIIB’s
353:Categories
307:References
299:Blair p115
290:Blair p114
281:Blair p113
189:North Seas
178:U-boat Arm
96:Operations
52:Background
171:Aftermath
152:Gibraltar
133:Caribbean
86:Type IX’s
316:(2000).
257:See also
193:Atlantic
156:B-dienst
128:B-Dienst
38:wolfpack
338:(2002)
112:Channel
62:convoys
42:U-boats
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185:Baltic
269:Notes
180:had.
80:from
40:" of
36:, a "
340:ISBN
322:ISBN
250:U-48
242:U-46
234:U-45
226:U-42
218:U-40
210:U-37
187:and
161:U-46
144:U-45
138:U-42
116:U–40
107:U-40
90:6th
88:of
82:7th
74:BdU
32:in
26:'s
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