357:, a landscape architect graduate of Harvard Graduate School of Design who had worked as a research assistant at the Laboratory during 1968 and 1969. Scott Morehouse, the development lead for the Odyssey project, worked at the lab from 1977 to 1981. When revenues from Odyssey did not meet expectations, his team's resources started to dwindle, and Morehouse left to join Jack at Esri to build a next-generation GIS platform that was to be ArcInfo. Scott's intimate knowledge of the Odyssey geoprocessing model and code base, combined with Jack's insights into how to put the 'IS' in 'GIS' evolved the Laboratory's GIS prototype processors into a system that could effectively and interactively manage, process, edit, and display vector geodata and its scalar attributes that addressed evolving market needs for more robust GIS capabilities.
299:
1983, the
Laboratory hosted a popular annual Harvard Computer Graphics Week. Geoffrey Dutton, a research associate at the Laboratory from 1969 through 1984, created the first holographic thematic map, "America Graph Fleeting" in 1978. This rotating strip of 3,000 holograms depicted an animated sequence of 3d maps showing US population growth from 1790 to 1970, generated by the Laboratory's ASPEX program. Dutton also contributed the program DOT.MAP to the Laboratory's family of distributed software (1977). In 1977 James Dougenik, Duane Niemeyer, and Nicholas Chrisman developed contiguous area cartograms.
171:, the Ford Foundation provided $ 294,000 over three years to seed the Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics. Working with programmer Betty Benson, Fisher completed SYMAP for distribution in 1966. Also under Fisher's direction, SYMVU and GRID programs were developed. A 1968 reorganisation followed Fisher reaching Harvard's mandatory retirement age and led to renaming as the Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis. From 1972, the Laboratory was based in Graduate School's newly built Gund Hall.
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redeveloped
Odyssey functions rather than wait for licenses. Meanwhile, having carved out the potential commercial interests, from 1981 the Harvard Graduate School of Design sought less commercial work and an increased focus on research, though with reduced budgets. "But the timing of this burgeoning commercialism of the Lab's activities collided with the moment in history when Harvard's President
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The early period of the
Laboratory saw staff numbers grow to approximately 40 in 1970, but shrink to half a dozen by 1972 as grants expired. The Odyssey project grew the Laboratory from about 12 people in 1977 to forty people by 1981. The Laboratory shrank significantly back to approximately half a
328:
in 1987) for
Odyssey. However, the licensing agreements had weak to non-existent technology exploitation and non-compete clauses, so potential purchasers were frustrated in attempting to license from a competitor often preferentially positioning its proprietary software. Potential purchasers often
201:
SYMAP's ability to print cheap, albeit low quality, maps using readily available technology led to rapid adoption in the late 1960s. SYMVU software, developed in 1969 to illustrate surface displays, was another popular product. GRID, CALFORM, and POLYVRT products further explored the raster versus
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The
Laboratory distributed software, and later data, at cost, thus encouraging experimentation. The Laboratory conducted correspondence courses, hosted numerous conferences, and worked on environmental planning and architectural projects with the Harvard Graduate School of Design. From 1978 to
333:
set out to clarify the blurred lines between academic research and development on the one hand, and more clearly defined commercial activities on the other." Financial strain and the lack of commercial inspiration for projects led to the dispersal of many team members from 1981. Despite some
687:
Donald, Bruce, "BUILDER: A Database and
Display Program for Computer-aided Architectural Design" (a system for representation and display of design problems in architecture and urban design), Harvard Computer Graphics Conference, Session 17, Architectural Practice (27 July 27,
210:
Urban Atlas in 1975 inspired the
Laboratory to develop an integrated suite of programs beneath by a common user interface and common data manipulation software. In 1978 this suite became the Odyssey project. The Odyssey project's aim was to produce a vector GIS that provided
307:
also wrote the CALYPSO module for the commercial
Odyssey project and worked on the GLIB/LINGUIST table-driven language system in collaboration with Nick Chrisman and Jim Dougenik, which was based on automata theory and dynamic scoping. GLIB/LINGUIST provided an English-like
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303:, working at the Laboratory from 1978 to 1984, wrote BUILDER, a program for computer-aided architecture. BUILDER produced plan and shaded perspectives that popularised computer-aided-design in architecture.
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From 1979 the
Laboratory was encouraged to develop external software sales and entered into licensing agreements for this purpose, most notably with Synercom and ISSCO Corporation (sold to
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vector approach to mapping. The
Laboratory gained a reputation for solid output leading to several commercially successful projects and significant budgetary independence for a
155:. Fisher conceived a computer mapping software program, SYMAP (Synergistic Mapping), to produce conformant, proximal, and contour maps on a line printer. Fisher applied for a
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Odyssey became the template for subsequent GIS software, cited as an inspiration by numerous commercial efforts in mapping and architecture, such as M&S Computing (later
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that served as a milestone in the development of integrated mapping systems. The Laboratory influenced numerous computer graphic, mapping and architectural systems such as
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206:. Some struggles with restructuring Geographic Base Files - Dual Independent Map Encoding (GBF-DIME files, an early vector and polygonal data structure) for the
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Hunt, Anne M, "A New ODYSSEY Begun", Context #10", Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis, Harvard College (1979), pages 10-13.
107:(GIS). Some of the Laboratory's influential programs included SYMAP, SYMVU, GRID, CALFORM, and POLYVRT. The Laboratory's Odyssey project created a
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678:"Context 1982-83", Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis, Harvard University Graduate School of Design, Harvard College (1982).
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The 1982 release of Odyssey included seven programs for geographical analysis: Like most of the Laboratory's software, it was written in
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As of 1980, in addition to early Odyssey modules, the Laboratory sold the following programs for display and analysis of spatial data
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GIMMS (Geographic Information Management and Mapping System) - a general purpose mapping system written by Tom Waugh at the
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1975:
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880:", Communications of Harvard Computer Graphics Week, Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis (1982).
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1958:
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Teicholz, Eric, "Notes On Leaving Harvard: An Insider's View", Computer Graphics News (November/December 1981), page 12.
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and operated on several platforms. The POLYPS and PRISM modules could draw maps on a variety of vector display devices.
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To distribute the resulting software to governmental agencies, educational organizations and interested professionals.
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grant to explore thematic mapping based on early SYMAP outputs, which was awarded in 1965. In association with
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SYMAP - line printer mapping producing conformant (areas), contour, trend surface, and proximal (also known as
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Schmidt, Allan H, "Shareable Data Bases Key For Effective Mapmaking", Computerworld, 8 May 1978, page 36.
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349:. The Laboratory was an enormous influence on the commercial Environmental Systems Research Institute,
650:
Proceedings of the 4th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques - SIGGRAPH '77
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LAB-LOG 1978, Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis, Harvard University (1978).
743:"Bruce R. Donald: Selected Manuals, Software Documentation, Technical Reports, and Design Exhibitions"
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853:"2015 CGA Conference: The Lab for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis (1965-1991) and Its Legacy"
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374:"Stratified, Destratified, and Hybrid GIS: Organizing a Cross-Disciplinary Territory for Design"
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To conduct research concerning the definition and analysis of spatial structure and process."
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To design and develop computer software for the analysis and graphic display of spatial data.
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LAB-LOG 1977, Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis, Harvard College (1976).
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LAB-LOG 1980, Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis, Harvard College (1980).
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MDS(X) - a multidimensional pattern detection and scaling system under the direction of
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Dutton, Geoffrey (1977). "An extensible approach to imagery of gridded data".
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SYMAP - comparison of conformant, contour, proximal, and trend surface outputs
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2010:
2005:
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PROTEUS - editing, projections, generalization, aggregation, simple display;
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577:"History of the Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics:a Poster Exhibit"
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KWIC - key-word-in-context programs for indexing bibliographic references;
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CYCLOPS - topological checking of polygons, produce graphics shape files;
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further research during the late 1980s, the Laboratory closed in 1991.
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DOT.MAP - contour, shaded, and dot-distribution maps from gridded data;
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67:(1965-1968), William Warnitz (1968-1970), Allan H Schmidt (1970-1976),
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870:
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Geographic data and information organizations in the United States
516:"Charting the Unknown: How Computer Mapping at Harvard Became GIS"
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June 15, Jennifer Horowitz on; Summer 2020, 2020 in (2020-06-15).
398:"Charting the Unknown: How Computer Mapping At Harvard Became GIS"
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WHIRLPOOL - planar enforcement: overlay, error detection of input;
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and architectural computer applications that led to integrated
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Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis
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Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis
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CYCLONE - topological checking of nodes, error correction;
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POLYVRT - data conversion and analysis of polygonal data;
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CALYPSO - attribute manipulations (areal interpolation);
601:"Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis"
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dozen people from 1982 until its closure in June 1991.
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Geodat: A Cartographic Data Base for Petroleum Mapping
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The Laboratory's original and continuing goals were:
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215:of many different forms within a single system.
312:for Odyssey, BUILDER, and other HLCG software.
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492:"Harvard Graduate School of Design - Homepage"
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652:. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 159–169.
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474:"Howard Fisher, GSD Proffessor, Dies at 75"
458:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
131:In 1963, during a training session held at
54:thematic mapping, cartography, architecture
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725:"Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics"
704:"Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics"
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163:providing facilities in Robinson Hall in
151:produced by Edgar Horwood's group at the
71:(1976-1981), Daniel L Schodek (1981-1991)
2353:Science and technology in Massachusetts
2157:Institute for Advanced Theater Training
1796:Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review
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436:"The Enduring Legacy of Howard Fisher"
764:"Bruce Randall Donald - Publications"
7:
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1949:Collection of Scientific Instruments
1737:Center for Nonprofit Organizations
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2193:List of Harvard University people
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2162:Nieman Foundation for Journalism
1927:Archaeology and Ethnology Museum
286:POLYPS - planar choropleth maps;
1988:Museum of the Ancient Near East
1810:Journal of Law & Technology
416:. Cga-download.hmdc.harvard.edu
99:(1965 to 1991) pioneered early
1590:Baker Library/Bloomberg Center
105:geographic information systems
1:
289:PRISM - raised 3d prism maps.
225:CALFORM - shaded vector maps;
222:ASPEX - 3d data perspectives;
143:encountered computer maps on
109:geographic information system
89:Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
1742:Center for Public Leadership
1560:Ukrainian Research Institute
2145:Harvard Radcliffe Institute
1609:Harvard Business School RFC
1595:Harvard Business Publishing
1540:Center for Hellenic Studies
1530:Center for European Studies
1397:Lyman Laboratory of Physics
1292:Bright-Landry Hockey Center
1152:Undergraduate organizations
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1976:Comparative Zoology Museum
1966:General Artemas Ward House
1875:Program in Health Sciences
1732:Center for Housing Studies
1647:Center for Housing Studies
1525:Center for Chinese Studies
320:Later period and influence
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1880:School of Dental Medicine
1803:International Law Journal
1762:The Journalist's Resource
1157:Hasty Pudding Theatricals
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891:"Scott Morehouse - UCGIS"
827:"The GIS History Project"
706:. Cs.duke.edu. 1982-07-27
169:Graduate School of Design
2260:Lionel de Jersey Harvard
2255:Harvard University Press
2243:Tercentenary celebration
2167:Real Colegio Complutense
1708:Dean Jeremy M. Weinstein
1362:Extension School history
153:University of Washington
2233:Graduate Students Union
2221:Commencement traditions
2135:Harvard Innovation Labs
1641:Harvard Design Magazine
1601:Harvard Business Review
1520:Center for Astrophysics
1177:The Harvard Independent
246:University of Edinburgh
133:Northwestern University
1971:Natural History Museum
1932:Busch–Reisinger Museum
1817:Journal on Legislation
1535:Center for Visual Arts
1478:Eleanor Elkins Widener
1317:Malkin Athletic Center
1274:Cornell hockey rivalry
241:or Thiessan polygonal)
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189:Major research outputs
50:Field of research
1910:Museums and arboretum
1901:Michelle Ann Williams
1747:Institute of Politics
1279:Yale football rivalry
997:President and Fellows
833:on September 18, 2015
658:10.1145/563858.563886
411:"CGA Conference 2015"
353:, founded in 1969 by
257:University of Cardiff
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2275:University Professor
1959:Mineralogical Museum
1790:Berkman Klein Center
1494:Centers, institutes,
1473:Harry Elkins Widener
1345:Continuing Education
1283:Stadiums and arenas
1163:The Harvard Advocate
1075:Freshman dormitories
869:Mainelli, Michael, "
794:"The History of GIS"
582:. Isites.harvard.edu
2198:Non-graduate alumni
2150:Schlesinger Library
2112:Smith Campus Center
1922:Harvard Art Museums
1752:Rappaport Institute
1184:The Harvard Lampoon
1170:The Harvard Crimson
326:Computer Associates
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2328:Harvard University
2270:Society of Fellows
2075:Massachusetts Hall
1757:Shorenstein Center
1689:Bridget Terry Long
1353:Dean Nancy Coleman
1262:Women's volleyball
1227:Women's ice hockey
1207:Women's basketball
1079:Upperclass houses
990:Board of Overseers
942:Harvard University
876:2014-08-09 at the
522:. 17 November 2009
204:research institute
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2102:President's House
1868:Anatomical Museum
1727:Center for Ethics
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1068:Radcliffe College
149:civil engineering
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2091:Night Wall I
2089:
2060:Harvard Yard
2043:Harvard Hall
2030:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1639:
1599:
1448:
1302:Jordan Field
1252:Men's squash
1247:Men's soccer
1182:
1175:
1168:
1161:
1007:John Manning
962:John Harvard
898:. Retrieved
894:
885:
865:
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847:
835:. Retrieved
831:the original
821:
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801:. Retrieved
788:
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768:. Retrieved
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683:
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368:
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301:Bruce Donald
297:
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165:Harvard Yard
130:
101:cartographic
96:
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2126:Centers and
1937:Fogg Museum
1722:Carr Center
1503:Asia Center
1323:Boathouses
1312:Ohiri Field
1237:Men's rugby
1133:Pforzheimer
983:Alan Garber
857:harvard.edu
747:cs.duke.edu
729:cs.duke.edu
496:Harvard.edu
26:Established
2322:Categories
2216:Alma mater
2128:institutes
2085:Meyer Gate
2032:Discobolus
1831:Law Review
1824:Law Record
1712:Ash Center
1700:Government
1418:Emma Dench
1269:Ivy League
900:2015-09-27
837:August 30,
803:2015-09-27
770:2015-09-16
710:2015-09-16
634:2015-09-27
610:2015-09-27
586:2015-09-27
526:2015-09-27
501:2015-09-27
445:2020-08-26
420:2015-09-27
383:2015-09-27
361:References
339:Intergraph
294:Activities
253:Tony Coxon
139:architect
113:Intergraph
2011:1881 Gate
2006:1857 Gate
1997:Cambridge
1679:Education
1427:Libraries
1192:Athletics
978:President
895:Ucgis.org
331:Derek Bok
60:Directors
2294:Category
2238:Heraldry
1981:Herbaria
1843:Medicine
1658:Divinity
1575:Business
1485:Grossman
1444:Houghton
1217:Football
1197:Baseball
1143:Winthrop
1118:Leverett
1113:Kirkland
1028:Sciences
1026:Arts and
874:Archived
666:17780581
454:cite web
127:Founding
86:Location
2306:Commons
2265:Math 55
1468:Widener
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1212:Fencing
1103:Dunster
1093:Currier
1053:College
1014:Library
1003:Provost
955:History
629:Mit.edu
265:FORTRAN
255:at the
161:Harvard
137:Chicago
39: (
37:to 1991
31: (
2186:People
1999:campus
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1390:Dean
1108:Eliot
1088:Cabot
1083:Adams
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1040:Dean
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662:S2CID
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20:LCGSA
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460:link
351:Esri
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