953:... After returning from a chigger-infested area, launder the field clothes in soapy, hot water (50 °C (125 °F).) ... As soon as possible, take a good hot bath or shower and soap repeatedly. The chiggers may be dislodged, but you will still have the stylostomes, causing the severe itch. Scratching deep to remove stylostomes can cause secondary infections. For temporary relief of itching, apply ointments of benzocaine, hydrocortisone, calamine lotion, New Skin, After Bite, or others recommended by your pharmacist or medical doctor. ... (The sooner the treatment, the better the results.)
934:
104:
855:. They do not burrow into the skin or suck blood, as is commonly assumed. Itching from a chigger bite may not develop until 24–48 hours after the bite, so the victim may not associate the specific exposure with the bite itself. The red welt/bump on the skin is not where a chigger laid eggs, as is sometimes believed. The larvae remain attached to suitable hosts for three to five days before dropping off to begin their nymphal stage. They tend to attach where clothing has restrictions, such as belt lines, or behind the knees when wearing jeans.
1783:
125:
504:
822:
harvest mites winter in protected places such as slightly below the soil surface. Females become active in the spring, and once the ground temperature is regularly above 16 °C (60 °F), they lay eggs in vegetation, up to 15 eggs per day. The eggs are round and are dormant for about six days, after which the nonfeeding prelarvae emerge, with only three pairs of legs. After about six days, the prelarvae grow into their larval stage.
2146:
880:
814:
926:
839:
33:
821:
The length of the mite's cycle depends on species and environment, but normally lasts two to 12 months. The number of cycles in a year depends on the region. For example, in a temperate region, only three per year may occur, but in tropical regions, the cycle might be continuous all year long. Adult
680:
After feeding on their hosts, the larvae drop to the ground and become nymphs, then mature into adults, which have eight legs and are harmless to humans. In the postlarval stages, they are not parasitic and feed on plant material. The females lay three to eight eggs in a clutch, usually on a leaf or
830:
The larvae, commonly called chiggers, are about 170–210 μm (0.007–0.008 in) in diameter, normally light red in color, and covered in hairs; they move quickly relative to size. The larvae congregate in groups on small clods of soil, in matted vegetation, and even on low bushes and plants,
605:
Trombiculidae live in forests and grasslands and are also found in the vegetation of low, damp areas such as woodlands, berry bushes, orchards, along lakes and streams, and even in drier places where vegetation is low, such as lawns, golf courses, and parks. They are most numerous in early summer
870:
This stage consists of three phases, the protonymph, deutonymph, and tritonymph. The protonymph and tritonymph morphologies are unusual in species of
Trombiculidae. The protonymph phase combines larval and protonymph characteristics with deutonymph and tritonymph morphology. The protonymph is an
957:
Home remedies to "suffocate" the mite, such as applying clear nail polish, rubbing alcohol, or bleach, may have little benefit since the mites do not burrow into the skin. However, since the mite may still be attached for up to three days, these treatments could possibly kill the mite, reducing
945:
The chiggers' digestive enzymes in the saliva cause "the intensely itchy welts". The itching can be alleviated through use of over-the-counter topical corticosteroids and antihistamines. According to Mayo Clinic, the chiggers "fall off after a few days, leaving behind red, itchy welts", which
1898:
Ohio State
University Extension Fact Sheet, Entomology, Chiggers], HYG-2100-98 - Ohioline, --gives other "Control Measures" for chiggers, including: "Keep moving since the worst chigger infestations occur when sitting or laying down in a sunny spot at midday with temperatures above
834:
The larval stage is the only parasitic stage of the mite's lifecycle. They are parasites on many animals. About 30 of the many species in this family, in their larval stage, attach to various animals and feed on skin. This often causes intensely itchy, red bumps in humans.
941:
Because chigger wounds are a complex combination of enzymatic and the resulting mechanical damage, plus allergy and immune responses, plus possible secondary bacterial infection subject to local influences, no one remedy works equally well for most people.
858:
During the wet season, chiggers are usually found in tall grass and other vegetation. During dry seasons, chiggers are mostly found underneath brush and shady areas. Standing still or lying in tall grass gives them more time to climb onto a person.
768:
Trombiculid mites are found throughout the world. In Europe and North
America, they tend to be more prevalent in the hot and humid regions. In northern Europe, including the British Isles where they are called harvest mites, the species
946:
normally heal on their own within one to two weeks. Hot showers or baths also help reduce itching. In cases of severe dermatitis or secondary infection associated with chigger bites, a doctor should be consulted.
871:
inactive transitional stage. The active deutonymph develops an additional pair of legs (for a total of eight). Lastly, it re-enters inactivity during its transitional tritonymph phase before growing to adulthood.
1061:
Shatrov, Andrey B.; Kudryashova, Naina I. (2008). "Taxonomic ranking of major trombiculid subtaxa with remarks on the evolution of host-parasite relationships (Acariformes: Parasitengona: Trombiculidae)".
850:
Chiggers attach to the host, pierce the skin, inject enzymes into the bite wound that digest cellular contents, and then suck up the digested tissue through a tube formed by hardened skin cells called a
1033:
1722:
Kumlert, Rawadee; Chaisiri, Kittipong; Anantatat, Tippawan; Stekolnikov, Alexandr A.; Morand, Serge; Prasartvit, Anchana; Makepeace, Benjamin L.; Sungvornyothin, Sungsit; Paris, Daniel H. (2018).
606:
when grass, weeds, and other vegetation are heaviest. In their larval stage, they attach to various animals, including humans, and feed on skin, often causing itching. These relatives of
867:
Once the larva has gorged itself on skin and has fallen off its host, it develops to its nymph stage. The nymph is sexually immature, but more closely resembles the adult.
1724:"Autofluorescence microscopy for paired-matched morphological and molecular identification of individual chigger mites (Acari: Trombiculidae), the vectors of scrub typhus"
1097:
G. A. Smith; V. Sharma; J. F. Knapp; B. J. Shields (1998). "The summer penile syndrome: seasonal acute hypersensitivity reaction caused by chigger bites on the penis".
2465:
746:
References to chiggers, however, go as far back as sixth-century China, and by 1733, the first recognition of trombiculid mites in North
America was made. In 1758,
898:
microscopy were developed to enable identification of trombiculid mites to the species level on the basis of morphological traits without any special preparation.
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891:
and their eggs, and are also found to eat plant material. They live in soil, and are often found when digging in yards or gardens or in compost bins.
2439:
665:, they inject digestive enzymes into the skin that break down skin cells. They do not actually "bite", but instead form a hole in the skin called a
1896:
2478:
917:
Trombiculosis, also called trombiculiasis and trombiculidiasis, is the term coined for the rash or infestation caused by trombiculid mite larvae.
1931:
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and chew up tiny parts of the inner skin, thus causing irritation and swelling. The itching is accompanied by red, pimple-like bumps (
69:
1693:"Life cycle of Leptotrombidium pallidum (Acari: Trombiculidae), one of the vector mites of scrub typhus in Japan (Author abstract)"
1330:
2563:
2020:
1921:
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1412:
1980:
51:
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1870:
789:. They are not present, or barely found, in far northern areas, high mountains, and deserts. In North America, the species
2491:
1802:
1199:
Tideland treasure: the naturalist's guide to the beaches and salt marshes of Hilton Head Island and the southeastern coast
677:
and skin rash or lesions on a sun-exposed area. For humans, itching usually occurs after the larvae detach from the skin.
124:
933:
2348:
2325:
43:
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because they are common in August). In the United States, they are found mostly in the
Southeast, the South, and the
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of animals. The six-legged parasitic larvae feed on a large variety of creatures, including humans, rabbits, toads,
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625:
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1926:(4, illustrated, revised ed.). Published by Cambridge University Press, 2008. pp. 250–252 of 289 pages.
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2431:
1009:
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stage bite their animal host and by embedding their mouthparts into the skin cause "intense irritation", or "a
103:
1288:
695:
2596:
1428:
791:
620:
1782:
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1797:
992:
760:). However, most information about chiggers came from problems that arose during and after World War II.
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1692:
973:
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457:
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in 1944. Then, when the family was first described, it included two subfamilies, Hemitrombiculinae and
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289:
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2387:
1735:
471:
464:
422:
408:
436:
415:
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2013:
1519:"The geographical distribution of the harvest mite Neotrombicula autumnalis (Acari: Trombiculidae)"
443:
2080:
2316:
1841:
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846:, or the hardened tube of dead cells formed by the larval form of the Trombiculidae when feeding.
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As deutonymphs and adults, trombiculid mites are independent predators that feed on small
776:
646:
615:
583:
578:, but also known as berry bugs, bush-mites, red bugs or scrub-itch mites, are a family of
401:
1739:
879:
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and adult stages. The best known species of chigger in North
America is the hard-biting
2426:
2413:
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2006:
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338:
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1985:
1947:
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Mayo Clinic, Healthy
Lifestyle, Slide show: Poison ivy and other summer skin irritants
1572:
1304:
1012:. Symptoms of scrub typhus in humans include fever, headache, muscle pain, cough, and
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611:
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Bowman, Dwight D.; Hendrix, Charles M.; Lindsay, David S.; Barr, Stephen C. (2002).
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1970:
1523:
Zoologische
Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Okologie und Geographie der Tiere
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345:
268:
86:
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813:
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The distribution of trombiculid species, which is nearly everywhere in the world.
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2043:
1000:, which is known alternatively as the Japanese river disease, scrub disease, or
275:
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166:
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1815:
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passed down from parent to offspring before eggs are laid in a process called
888:
852:
843:
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for the genus and subfamily, having six genera; they have a pair of submedian
729:. Womersley added another, Leeuwenhoekiinae, which at the time contained only
666:
654:
599:
485:
248:
240:
1981:
Ohio State
University Extension Fact Sheet, Entomology, Chiggers, HYG-2100-98
1757:
1708:
1534:
1075:
2400:
2201:
2052:
1586:
1261:(23, illustrated, revised ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1032.
802:
366:
156:
136:
17:
1886:
Affecting
Military Operations: Identification, Biology, Symptoms, Treatment
1823:
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are nearly microscopic, measuring 400 μm (1/60 of an inch) and have a
1998:
1118:
838:
781:
2361:
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2295:
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1993:
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hue. There is a marked constriction in the front part of the body in the
206:
176:
2366:
1873:- Chiggers "fall off after a few days, leaving behind red, itchy welts."
1449:
987:
2457:
1971:
Iowa State University Department of Entomology Insect Information Note
1413:"Notes on trombiculid mites with descriptions of Walchiinae n. subf.,
707:
1691:
Takahashi, M; Misumi, H; Urakami, H; Misumi, M; Matsumoto, I (2003).
1662:
721:("gnat" or "midge"), was first described as an independent family by
670:
633:
146:
2444:
2272:
1441:
2405:
2540:
1561:
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
932:
924:
878:
837:
812:
674:
658:
591:
112:
89:, similar in name and appearance, but a different family of mites.
1630:
929:
Chigger-caused lesions on human skin showing characteristic welts
2392:
2192:
2034:
2030:
740:
607:
587:
579:
2276:
2002:
642:, which is distributed through Western Europe to Eastern Asia.
1842:
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/trombiculiasis
1236:(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone.
1154:"produces a wheal, usually with severe itching and dermatitis"
562:
26:
1884:
Field Guide to Venomous and Medically Important Invertebrates
1291:..." Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web. 10 Aug. 2011.
949:
According to an Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet:
550:
532:
556:
541:
645:
Trombiculid mites go through a lifecycle of egg, larva,
1390:. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 122.
1232:
Mandell, Gerald L.; Bennett JE; Dolin R (2005). "294".
1554:
Sambon) — a possible carrier of tropical pseudotyphus"
547:
1289:
from the Atlantic coast to the Midwest and southward
986:
is considered a dangerous pest in East Asia and the
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526:
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2153:
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1305:
http://www.vetstream.com/lapis/Content/Bug/bug00357
972:Although the harvest mite chigger usually does not
661:, and even some insects. After crawling onto their
544:
535:
1196:
831:where they have more access to prospective hosts.
636:. In the UK, the most prevalent harvest mite is
1948:"CDC - Scrub Typhus Reemergence in the Maldives"
1652:About.com: Chiggers Pediatric Dermatology Basics
1363:"Invisible Itches: Insect and Non-Insect Causes"
1356:
1354:
1352:
1303:"has not been found in the Nearctic region...."
1550:"On the "scrub itch mite" of North Queensland (
937:A trombiculid mite larva attached to human skin
681:among the roots of a plant, and die by autumn.
649:, and adult. The larval mites feed on the skin
46:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
1361:Potter, M. F.; P. G. Koehler (February 2000).
1234:Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases
1184:http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/chigger
2014:
1648:
1646:
1587:"ACES Publications : CHIGGERS: ANR-1109"
1368:. University of Florida, Depart. pp. 1–4
1335:(3rd ed.). Academic Press. p. 458.
1257:Goldman, Lee; Dennis Arthur Ausiello (2007).
1140:Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary, chiggers
805:and are commonly called the scrub-itch mite.
8:
1798:"New treatment for harvest mite infestation"
590:. Several species of Trombiculidae in their
570:), commonly referred to in North America as
775:are found during the summer and autumn (in
715:
705:
693:
2273:
2159:
2048:
2021:
2007:
1999:
502:
102:
93:
1765:
1747:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
70:Learn how and when to remove this message
1025:
1272:Eutrombicula (Trombicula) alfreddugesi
1681:University of Florida: IFAS Extension
1608:"University of MD Chigger Fact sheet"
1475:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 385–386.
7:
2546:C84D87CD-8363-D247-FF18-137D6476FB4C
2520:d44684df-7192-42ec-abe3-f730a99a5b29
2432:ab59d91c-232d-474c-9022-f20edd3d4e9f
1388:Medical and Biological Terminologies
1034:"Trombiculidae Ewing, 1929 (Family)"
1858:Missouri Department of Conservation
582:. Chiggers are often confused with
1205:University of South Carolina Press
894:Recently (2018), methods based on
598:, usually with severe itching and
25:
1332:Medical and veterinary entomology
1287:"Eutrombicula alfreddugesi." "...
996:, the tiny bacterium that causes
2144:
1781:
1111:10.1097/00006565-199804000-00007
1004:. The mites are infected by the
817:The life cycle of a harvest mite
798:Trombicula (eutrombicula) hirsti
522:
123:
31:
1923:Medical Entomology for Students
1499:(in French). Vulgaris - medical
735:. Later, he erected the family
602:". Humans are possible hosts.
1:
1803:Archives of Internal Medicine
1573:10.1016/S0035-9203(29)90067-5
743:present on the dorsal plate.
1749:10.1371/journal.pone.0193163
1473:Feline clinical parasitology
1203:. Columbia, South Carolina:
1173:American Heritage Dictionary
1152:chigger: Medical dictionary:
750:described a single species,
82:Family of trombidiform mites
962:Chiggers as disease vectors
779:, harvest mites are called
2613:
1816:10.1001/archinte.161.5.769
1606:Finke, D.L. (1998-10-01).
1386:Scarborough, John (1998).
965:
910:
626:Southeastern United States
84:
2142:
1992:Taxonomic information at
1329:Durden, Lance A. (2002).
1195:Ballantine, Todd (1991).
1182:chigger: Dictionary.com,
1014:gastrointestinal symptoms
1010:transovarial transmission
990:because it often carries
694:
510:
501:
264:
259:
246:
239:
120:Scientific classification
118:
110:
101:
96:
1796:Baumann T (March 2001).
1142:cause intense irritation
1099:Pediatric Emergency Care
1076:10.3161/000345408X326591
983:Leptotrombidium deliense
772:Neotrombicula autumnalis
639:Neotrombicula autumnalis
85:Not to be confused with
1429:Journal of Parasitology
1038:SysTax - database query
883:Adult trombiculid mite.
792:Trombicula alfreddugesi
621:Trombicula alfreddugesi
1920:Service, Mike (2008).
1836:An "infestation" with
1697:Ohara Sogo Byoin Nenpo
993:Orientia tsutsugamushi
955:
938:
930:
884:
847:
818:
716:
706:
1987:Trombicula autumnalis
1663:"ArmaXX Pest Control"
966:Further information:
951:
936:
928:
882:
841:
816:
801:, which are found in
723:Henry Ellsworth Ewing
2427:Fauna Europaea (new)
1529:(3). CABI: 329–356.
1497:"Aoûtat: Definition"
1419:Eutrombicula defecta
1411:H. E. Ewing (1946).
689:Trombiculidae, from
1740:2018PLoSO..1393163K
700:("to tremble") and
1994:UniProt Consortium
1840:mites (chiggers).
1548:Hirst, A. (1929).
1517:Vater, G. (1982).
1278:in North America."
1169:2012-09-26 at the
978:temperate climates
976:in North American
939:
931:
885:
848:
819:
795:, and the species
757:Trombicula batatas
574:and in Britain as
458:Pseudoschoengastia
50:You can assist by
2579:
2578:
2528:Open Tree of Life
2279:Taxon identifiers
2270:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2250:Opilioacariformes
2140:
2139:
1933:978-0-521-70928-6
1895:William F. Lyon,
1552:Trombicula hirsti
1482:978-0-8138-0333-3
1397:978-0-8061-3029-3
1342:978-0-12-510451-7
1243:978-0-443-08686-1
1218:978-0-87249-795-5
1064:Annales Zoologici
842:A diagram of the
515:
514:
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111:Trombiculid mite
80:
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16:(Redirected from
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958:further damage.
902:Effect on humans
896:autofluorescence
737:Leeuwenhoekiidae
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2212:Nuttalliellidae
2186:
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2090:
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1967:
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1042:Universität Ulm
1032:
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970:
964:
923:
915:
909:
904:
877:
865:
828:
811:
766:
687:
525:
521:
472:Schoutedenichia
465:Schoengastiella
423:Neoschoengastia
409:Microtrombicula
402:Leptotrombidium
255:
252:
229:
122:
90:
83:
76:
65:
59:
56:
49:
36:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
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5:
2610:
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2597:Acari families
2594:
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2560:
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2258:Opilioacaridae
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2166:
2157:
2155:Parasitiformes
2151:
2150:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2132:Sphaerolichida
2129:
2123:
2121:
2119:Trombidiformes
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2098:
2096:Sarcoptiformes
2092:
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2018:
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2003:
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1965:External links
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1578:
1567:(5): 451–452.
1540:
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1436:(5): 435–440.
1415:Speotrombicula
1403:
1396:
1378:
1348:
1341:
1308:
1293:
1280:
1276:most familiar
1264:
1259:Cecil Medicine
1249:
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1105:(2): 116–118.
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911:Main article:
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2230:Monogynaspida
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2110:
2107:
2105:
2104:Endeostigmata
2102:
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2097:
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2086:Parhyposomata
2084:
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1525:(in German).
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1301:N. autumnalis
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1029:
1026:
1019:
1017:
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1007:
1003:
1002:tsutsugamushi
999:
995:
994:
989:
988:South Pacific
985:
984:
979:
975:
969:
961:
959:
954:
950:
947:
943:
935:
927:
920:
918:
914:
913:Trombiculosis
907:Trombiculosis
906:
901:
899:
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890:
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773:
763:
761:
759:
758:
753:
749:
748:Carl Linnaeus
744:
742:
738:
734:
733:
732:Leeuwenhoekia
728:
727:Trombiculinae
724:
720:
718:
712:
710:
709:
703:
697:
692:
684:
682:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
643:
641:
640:
635:
631:
627:
623:
622:
617:
613:
612:chrome-orange
609:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
576:harvest mites
573:
567:
519:
518:Trombiculidae
509:
505:
500:
495:
494:
490:
488:
487:
483:
481:
480:
476:
474:
473:
469:
467:
466:
462:
460:
459:
455:
453:
452:
448:
446:
445:
444:Ornithogastia
441:
439:
438:
434:
432:
431:
430:Neotrombicula
427:
425:
424:
420:
418:
417:
413:
411:
410:
406:
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278:
277:
273:
271:
270:
266:
265:
263:
258:
254:Berlese, 1905
251:
250:
245:
242:
238:
233:
228:
227:Trombiculidae
225:
222:
221:
218:
217:Trombidioidea
215:
213:Superfamily:
212:
211:
208:
205:
202:
201:
198:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
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117:
114:
109:
105:
100:
95:
92:
88:
74:
71:
63:
53:
47:
45:
40:This article
38:
29:
28:
19:
2286:
2240:Trigynaspida
2222:Mesostigmata
2177:Holothyridae
2172:Allothyridae
2081:Palaeosomata
2066:Enarthronota
2061:Brachypylina
1986:
1951:. Retrieved
1942:
1922:
1915:
1904:
1891:
1878:
1866:
1857:
1848:
1837:
1832:
1807:
1801:
1791:
1731:
1727:
1717:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1677:
1666:. Retrieved
1657:
1634:. Retrieved
1625:
1614:. Retrieved
1601:
1590:. Retrieved
1581:
1564:
1560:
1551:
1543:
1526:
1522:
1512:
1501:. Retrieved
1491:
1472:
1466:
1433:
1427:
1418:
1414:
1406:
1387:
1381:
1370:. Retrieved
1331:
1300:
1296:
1283:
1271:
1267:
1258:
1252:
1233:
1227:
1198:
1190:
1178:
1159:
1147:
1135:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1045:. Retrieved
1037:
1028:
1005:
1001:
998:scrub typhus
991:
981:
971:
968:Scrub typhus
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
916:
893:
886:
869:
866:
857:
849:
833:
829:
820:
796:
790:
780:
770:
767:
764:Distribution
755:
751:
745:
730:
714:
704:
688:
679:
644:
637:
619:
604:
586:– a type of
575:
571:
517:
516:
491:
484:
477:
470:
463:
456:
449:
442:
435:
428:
421:
414:
407:
400:
393:
386:
379:
372:
365:
358:
351:
346:Eutrombicula
344:
337:
330:
323:
316:
309:
302:
295:
288:
281:
274:
269:Acomatacarus
267:
247:
226:
203:Infraorder:
91:
87:Trombidiidae
66:
57:
44:copy editing
42:may require
41:
18:Harvest mite
2453:iNaturalist
2311:Wikispecies
2182:Neothyridae
2164:Holothyrida
2127:Prostigmata
2109:Psoroptidia
2044:Acariformes
1417:n. g., and
1207:. pp.
713:, genitive
655:box turtles
388:Hirsutiella
311:Brunehaldia
304:Blankaartia
276:Afropolonia
197:Prostigmata
167:Chelicerata
163:Subphylum:
2586:Categories
2076:Mixonomata
2071:Holosomata
1953:2008-06-24
1854:"Chiggers"
1838:Trombicula
1810:(5): 769.
1668:2008-06-24
1636:2008-06-24
1631:"Chiggers"
1616:2007-05-25
1592:2008-06-24
1503:2009-05-19
1372:2009-05-22
1047:2009-03-06
1020:References
1006:Rickettsia
889:arthropods
853:stylostome
844:stylostome
809:Life cycle
667:stylostome
600:dermatitis
486:Trombicula
479:Speleocola
374:Hannemania
360:Guntherana
353:Gahrliepia
325:Cheladonta
297:Axiogastia
249:Trombicula
241:Type genus
193:Suborder:
157:Arthropoda
52:editing it
2202:Argasidae
2191:Ixodida (
2053:Oribatida
1758:1932-6203
1709:0285-3671
1703:: 19–30.
1535:0044-5193
921:Treatment
803:Australia
493:Whartonia
451:Parasecia
381:Heaslipia
367:Guntheria
283:Anahuacia
177:Arachnida
143:Kingdom:
137:Eukaryota
2362:BugGuide
2338:BioLib:
2302:Q7597354
2296:Wikidata
2207:Ixodidae
1824:11231715
1776:29494599
1728:PLOS ONE
1458:20277195
1167:Archived
1164:Chigger:
1127:37926004
1084:83569187
628:, humid
572:chiggers
332:Doloisia
223:Family:
207:Anystina
153:Phylum:
147:Animalia
133:Domain:
60:May 2024
2556:5535550
2393:3197988
2029:Acari (
1909:Unknown
1767:5832206
1736:Bibcode
1450:3272913
1274:is the
1119:9583392
787:Midwest
717:culicis
696:τρομειν
685:History
671:papules
630:Midwest
624:of the
584:jiggers
395:Kayella
260:Genera
183:Order:
173:Class:
2569:509945
2553:uBio:
2533:936904
2517:NZOR:
2484:895699
2471:109402
2458:245044
2406:1TROBF
2367:122149
2235:Sejina
1930:
1899:60°F."
1882:2006,
1822:
1774:
1764:
1756:
1707:
1533:
1479:
1456:
1448:
1421:n. sp"
1394:
1339:
1240:
1215:
1125:
1117:
1082:
782:aoûtat
777:French
634:Mexico
318:Chatia
234:, 1929
2564:WoRMS
2541:Plazi
2510:92251
2466:IRMNG
2419:15738
2380:8YQCL
2354:25093
2341:19243
2193:ticks
2035:mites
2031:ticks
1611:(PDF)
1557:(PDF)
1446:JSTOR
1424:(PDF)
1366:(PDF)
1123:S2CID
1080:S2CID
875:Adult
863:Nymph
826:Larva
754:(now
741:setae
708:culex
702:Latin
691:Greek
675:hives
673:) or
663:hosts
659:quail
651:cells
647:nymph
616:nymph
608:ticks
596:wheal
592:larva
580:mites
232:Ewing
113:larva
2505:NCBI
2479:ITIS
2445:2803
2440:GBIF
2401:EPPO
2349:BOLD
2033:and
1928:ISBN
1820:PMID
1772:PMID
1754:ISSN
1705:ISSN
1531:ISSN
1477:ISBN
1454:PMID
1392:ISBN
1337:ISBN
1238:ISBN
1213:ISBN
1115:PMID
632:and
588:flea
2492:NBN
2388:EoL
2375:CoL
2326:AFD
1812:doi
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