942:... After returning from a chigger-infested area, launder the field clothes in soapy, hot water (50 °C (125 °F).) ... As soon as possible, take a good hot bath or shower and soap repeatedly. The chiggers may be dislodged, but you will still have the stylostomes, causing the severe itch. Scratching deep to remove stylostomes can cause secondary infections. For temporary relief of itching, apply ointments of benzocaine, hydrocortisone, calamine lotion, New Skin, After Bite, or others recommended by your pharmacist or medical doctor. ... (The sooner the treatment, the better the results.)
923:
93:
844:. They do not burrow into the skin or suck blood, as is commonly assumed. Itching from a chigger bite may not develop until 24–48 hours after the bite, so the victim may not associate the specific exposure with the bite itself. The red welt/bump on the skin is not where a chigger laid eggs, as is sometimes believed. The larvae remain attached to suitable hosts for three to five days before dropping off to begin their nymphal stage. They tend to attach where clothing has restrictions, such as belt lines, or behind the knees when wearing jeans.
1773:
114:
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harvest mites winter in protected places such as slightly below the soil surface. Females become active in the spring, and once the ground temperature is regularly above 16 °C (60 °F), they lay eggs in vegetation, up to 15 eggs per day. The eggs are round and are dormant for about six days, after which the nonfeeding prelarvae emerge, with only three pairs of legs. After about six days, the prelarvae grow into their larval stage.
2129:
869:
803:
915:
828:
22:
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The length of the mite's cycle depends on species and environment, but normally lasts two to 12 months. The number of cycles in a year depends on the region. For example, in a temperate region, only three per year may occur, but in tropical regions, the cycle might be continuous all year long. Adult
669:
After feeding on their hosts, the larvae drop to the ground and become nymphs, then mature into adults, which have eight legs and are harmless to humans. In the postlarval stages, they are not parasitic and feed on plant material. The females lay three to eight eggs in a clutch, usually on a leaf or
819:
The larvae, commonly called chiggers, are about 170–210 μm (0.007–0.008 in) in diameter, normally light red in color, and covered in hairs; they move quickly relative to size. The larvae congregate in groups on small clods of soil, in matted vegetation, and even on low bushes and plants,
594:
Trombiculidae live in forests and grasslands and are also found in the vegetation of low, damp areas such as woodlands, berry bushes, orchards, along lakes and streams, and even in drier places where vegetation is low, such as lawns, golf courses, and parks. They are most numerous in early summer
859:
This stage consists of three phases, the protonymph, deutonymph, and tritonymph. The protonymph and tritonymph morphologies are unusual in species of
Trombiculidae. The protonymph phase combines larval and protonymph characteristics with deutonymph and tritonymph morphology. The protonymph is an
946:
Home remedies to "suffocate" the mite, such as applying clear nail polish, rubbing alcohol, or bleach, may have little benefit since the mites do not burrow into the skin. However, since the mite may still be attached for up to three days, these treatments could possibly kill the mite, reducing
934:
The chiggers' digestive enzymes in the saliva cause "the intensely itchy welts". The itching can be alleviated through use of over-the-counter topical corticosteroids and antihistamines. According to Mayo Clinic, the chiggers "fall off after a few days, leaving behind red, itchy welts", which
1881:
Ohio State
University Extension Fact Sheet, Entomology, Chiggers], HYG-2100-98 - Ohioline, --gives other "Control Measures" for chiggers, including: "Keep moving since the worst chigger infestations occur when sitting or laying down in a sunny spot at midday with temperatures above
823:
The larval stage is the only parasitic stage of the mite's lifecycle. They are parasites on many animals. About 30 of the many species in this family, in their larval stage, attach to various animals and feed on skin. This often causes intensely itchy, red bumps in humans.
930:
Because chigger wounds are a complex combination of enzymatic and the resulting mechanical damage, plus allergy and immune responses, plus possible secondary bacterial infection subject to local influences, no one remedy works equally well for most people.
847:
During the wet season, chiggers are usually found in tall grass and other vegetation. During dry seasons, chiggers are mostly found underneath brush and shady areas. Standing still or lying in tall grass gives them more time to climb onto a person.
757:
Trombiculid mites are found throughout the world. In Europe and North
America, they tend to be more prevalent in the hot and humid regions. In northern Europe, including the British Isles where they are called harvest mites, the species
935:
normally heal on their own within one to two weeks. Hot showers or baths also help reduce itching. In cases of severe dermatitis or secondary infection associated with chigger bites, a doctor should be consulted.
860:
inactive transitional stage. The active deutonymph develops an additional pair of legs (for a total of eight). Lastly, it re-enters inactivity during its transitional tritonymph phase before growing to adulthood.
1050:
Shatrov, Andrey B.; Kudryashova, Naina I. (2008). "Taxonomic ranking of major trombiculid subtaxa with remarks on the evolution of host-parasite relationships (Acariformes: Parasitengona: Trombiculidae)".
839:
Chiggers attach to the host, pierce the skin, inject enzymes into the bite wound that digest cellular contents, and then suck up the digested tissue through a tube formed by hardened skin cells called a
1022:
1712:
Kumlert, Rawadee; Chaisiri, Kittipong; Anantatat, Tippawan; Stekolnikov, Alexandr A.; Morand, Serge; Prasartvit, Anchana; Makepeace, Benjamin L.; Sungvornyothin, Sungsit; Paris, Daniel H. (2018).
595:
when grass, weeds, and other vegetation are heaviest. In their larval stage, they attach to various animals, including humans, and feed on skin, often causing itching. These relatives of
856:
Once the larva has gorged itself on skin and has fallen off its host, it develops to its nymph stage. The nymph is sexually immature, but more closely resembles the adult.
1714:"Autofluorescence microscopy for paired-matched morphological and molecular identification of individual chigger mites (Acari: Trombiculidae), the vectors of scrub typhus"
1086:
G. A. Smith; V. Sharma; J. F. Knapp; B. J. Shields (1998). "The summer penile syndrome: seasonal acute hypersensitivity reaction caused by chigger bites on the penis".
2448:
735:
References to chiggers, however, go as far back as sixth-century China, and by 1733, the first recognition of trombiculid mites in North
America was made. In 1758,
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microscopy were developed to enable identification of trombiculid mites to the species level on the basis of morphological traits without any special preparation.
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880:
and their eggs, and are also found to eat plant material. They live in soil, and are often found when digging in yards or gardens or in compost bins.
2422:
654:, they inject digestive enzymes into the skin that break down skin cells. They do not actually "bite", but instead form a hole in the skin called a
1879:
2461:
906:
Trombiculosis, also called trombiculiasis and trombiculidiasis, is the term coined for the rash or infestation caused by trombiculid mite larvae.
1914:
1506:
Vater, G. (2006). "The geographical distribution of the harvest mite
Neotrombicula autumnalis (Acari: Trombiculidae)" (in German). CABI: 1–2.
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and chew up tiny parts of the inner skin, thus causing irritation and swelling. The itching is accompanied by red, pimple-like bumps (
58:
1683:"Life cycle of Leptotrombidium pallidum (Acari: Trombiculidae), one of the vector mites of scrub typhus in Japan (Author abstract)"
1319:
2546:
2003:
1904:
1539:
1401:
1963:
40:
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32:
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778:. They are not present, or barely found, in far northern areas, high mountains, and deserts. In North America, the species
2474:
1792:
1188:
Tideland treasure: the naturalist's guide to the beaches and salt marshes of Hilton Head Island and the southeastern coast
666:
and skin rash or lesions on a sun-exposed area. For humans, itching usually occurs after the larvae detach from the skin.
113:
922:
2331:
2308:
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because they are common in August). In the United States, they are found mostly in the
Southeast, the South, and the
642:
of animals. The six-legged parasitic larvae feed on a large variety of creatures, including humans, rabbits, toads,
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1264:
614:
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1909:(4, illustrated, revised ed.). Published by Cambridge University Press, 2008. pp. 250–252 of 289 pages.
2414:
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stage bite their animal host and by embedding their mouthparts into the skin cause "intense irritation", or "a
92:
1277:
684:
2579:
1417:
780:
609:
1772:
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749:). However, most information about chiggers came from problems that arose during and after World War II.
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in 1944. Then, when the family was first described, it included two subfamilies, Hemitrombiculinae and
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835:, or the hardened tube of dead cells formed by the larval form of the Trombiculidae when feeding.
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As deutonymphs and adults, trombiculid mites are independent predators that feed on small
765:
635:
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572:
567:, but also known as berry bugs, bush-mites, red bugs or scrub-itch mites, are a family of
390:
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and adult stages. The best known species of chigger in North
America is the hard-biting
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1989:
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Mayo Clinic, Healthy
Lifestyle, Slide show: Poison ivy and other summer skin irritants
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1001:. Symptoms of scrub typhus in humans include fever, headache, muscle pain, cough, and
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Bowman, Dwight D.; Hendrix, Charles M.; Lindsay, David S.; Barr, Stephen C. (2002).
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The distribution of trombiculid species, which is nearly everywhere in the world.
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989:, which is known alternatively as the Japanese river disease, scrub disease, or
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185:
155:
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1805:
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passed down from parent to offspring before eggs are laid in a process called
877:
841:
832:
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for the genus and subfamily, having six genera; they have a pair of submedian
718:. Womersley added another, Leeuwenhoekiinae, which at the time contained only
655:
643:
588:
474:
237:
229:
1964:
Ohio State
University Extension Fact Sheet, Entomology, Chiggers, HYG-2100-98
1747:
1698:
1064:
2383:
2184:
2035:
1576:
1250:(23, illustrated, revised ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1032.
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355:
145:
125:
1869:
Affecting
Military Operations: Identification, Biology, Symptoms, Treatment
1813:
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are nearly microscopic, measuring 400 μm (1/60 of an inch) and have a
1981:
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827:
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1976:
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hue. There is a marked constriction in the front part of the body in the
195:
165:
2349:
1856:- Chiggers "fall off after a few days, leaving behind red, itchy welts."
1438:
976:
2440:
1954:
Iowa State University Department of Entomology Insect Information Note
1402:"Notes on trombiculid mites with descriptions of Walchiinae n. subf.,
696:
1681:
Takahashi, M; Misumi, H; Urakami, H; Misumi, M; Matsumoto, I (2003).
1652:
710:("gnat" or "midge"), was first described as an independent family by
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622:
135:
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2255:
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Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
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101:
78:, similar in name and appearance, but a different family of mites.
1620:
918:
Chigger-caused lesions on human skin showing characteristic welts
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2175:
2017:
2013:
729:
596:
576:
568:
2259:
1985:
631:, which is distributed through Western Europe to Eastern Asia.
1832:
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/trombiculiasis
1225:(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone.
1143:"produces a wheal, usually with severe itching and dermatitis"
551:
15:
1867:
Field Guide to Venomous and Medically Important Invertebrates
1280:..." Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web. 10 Aug. 2011.
938:
According to an Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet:
539:
521:
545:
530:
634:
Trombiculid mites go through a lifecycle of egg, larva,
1379:. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 122.
1221:
Mandell, Gerald L.; Bennett JE; Dolin R (2005). "294".
1544:
Sambon) — a possible carrier of tropical pseudotyphus"
536:
1278:
from the Atlantic coast to the Midwest and southward
975:
is considered a dangerous pest in East Asia and the
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518:
515:
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2145:
2136:
2100:
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2034:
2025:
1294:
http://www.vetstream.com/lapis/Content/Bug/bug00357
961:Although the harvest mite chigger usually does not
650:, and even some insects. After crawling onto their
533:
524:
1185:
820:where they have more access to prospective hosts.
1892:https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/chiggers/index.html
625:. In the UK, the most prevalent harvest mite is
1931:"CDC - Scrub Typhus Reemergence in the Maldives"
1642:About.com: Chiggers Pediatric Dermatology Basics
1352:"Invisible Itches: Insect and Non-Insect Causes"
1345:
1343:
1341:
1292:"has not been found in the Nearctic region...."
1540:"On the "scrub itch mite" of North Queensland (
926:A trombiculid mite larva attached to human skin
670:among the roots of a plant, and die by autumn.
638:, and adult. The larval mites feed on the skin
35:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
1350:Potter, M. F.; P. G. Koehler (February 2000).
1223:Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases
1173:http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/chigger
1997:
1638:
1636:
1577:"ACES Publications : CHIGGERS: ANR-1109"
1357:. University of Florida, Depart. pp. 1–4
1324:(3rd ed.). Academic Press. p. 458.
1246:Goldman, Lee; Dennis Arthur Ausiello (2007).
1129:Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary, chiggers
794:and are commonly called the scrub-itch mite.
8:
1788:"New treatment for harvest mite infestation"
579:. Several species of Trombiculidae in their
559:), commonly referred to in North America as
764:are found during the summer and autumn (in
704:
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682:
2256:
2142:
2031:
2004:
1990:
1982:
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91:
82:
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1305:
1303:
1301:
59:Learn how and when to remove this message
1014:
1520:
1509:
1261:Eutrombicula (Trombicula) alfreddugesi
1671:University of Florida: IFAS Extension
1598:"University of MD Chigger Fact sheet"
1464:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 385–386.
7:
2529:C84D87CD-8363-D247-FF18-137D6476FB4C
2503:d44684df-7192-42ec-abe3-f730a99a5b29
2415:ab59d91c-232d-474c-9022-f20edd3d4e9f
1377:Medical and Biological Terminologies
1023:"Trombiculidae Ewing, 1929 (Family)"
1843:Missouri Department of Conservation
571:. Chiggers are often confused with
1194:University of South Carolina Press
883:Recently (2018), methods based on
587:, usually with severe itching and
14:
1321:Medical and veterinary entomology
1276:"Eutrombicula alfreddugesi." "...
985:, the tiny bacterium that causes
2127:
1771:
1100:10.1097/00006565-199804000-00007
993:. The mites are infected by the
806:The life cycle of a harvest mite
787:Trombicula (eutrombicula) hirsti
511:
112:
20:
1906:Medical Entomology for Students
1488:(in French). Vulgaris - medical
724:. Later, he erected the family
591:". Humans are possible hosts.
1:
1793:Archives of Internal Medicine
1563:10.1016/S0035-9203(29)90067-5
732:present on the dorsal plate.
1739:10.1371/journal.pone.0193163
1462:Feline clinical parasitology
1192:. Columbia, South Carolina:
1162:American Heritage Dictionary
1141:chigger: Medical dictionary:
739:described a single species,
71:Family of trombidiform mites
951:Chiggers as disease vectors
768:, harvest mites are called
2596:
1806:10.1001/archinte.161.5.769
1596:Finke, D.L. (1998-10-01).
1375:Scarborough, John (1998).
954:
899:
615:Southeastern United States
73:
2125:
1975:Taxonomic information at
1318:Durden, Lance A. (2002).
1184:Ballantine, Todd (1991).
1171:chigger: Dictionary.com,
1003:gastrointestinal symptoms
999:transovarial transmission
979:because it often carries
683:
499:
490:
253:
248:
235:
228:
109:Scientific classification
107:
99:
90:
85:
1786:Baumann T (March 2001).
1131:cause intense irritation
1088:Pediatric Emergency Care
1065:10.3161/000345408X326591
972:Leptotrombidium deliense
761:Neotrombicula autumnalis
628:Neotrombicula autumnalis
74:Not to be confused with
1418:Journal of Parasitology
1027:SysTax - database query
872:Adult trombiculid mite.
781:Trombicula alfreddugesi
610:Trombicula alfreddugesi
1903:Service, Mike (2008).
1826:An "infestation" with
1687:Ohara Sogo Byoin Nenpo
1519:Cite journal requires
982:Orientia tsutsugamushi
944:
927:
919:
873:
836:
807:
705:
695:
1970:Trombicula autumnalis
1653:"ArmaXX Pest Control"
955:Further information:
940:
925:
917:
871:
830:
805:
790:, which are found in
712:Henry Ellsworth Ewing
2410:Fauna Europaea (new)
1486:"Aoûtat: Definition"
1408:Eutrombicula defecta
1400:H. E. Ewing (1946).
678:Trombiculidae, from
1730:2018PLoSO..1393163K
689:("to tremble") and
1977:UniProt Consortium
1830:mites (chiggers).
1538:Hirst, A. (1929).
1267:in North America."
1158:2012-09-26 at the
967:temperate climates
965:in North American
928:
920:
874:
837:
808:
784:, and the species
746:Trombicula batatas
563:and in Britain as
447:Pseudoschoengastia
39:You can assist by
2562:
2561:
2511:Open Tree of Life
2262:Taxon identifiers
2253:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2233:Opilioacariformes
2123:
2122:
1916:978-0-521-70928-6
1878:William F. Lyon,
1542:Trombicula hirsti
1471:978-0-8138-0333-3
1386:978-0-8061-3029-3
1331:978-0-12-510451-7
1232:978-0-443-08686-1
1207:978-0-87249-795-5
1053:Annales Zoologici
831:A diagram of the
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100:Trombiculid mite
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947:further damage.
891:Effect on humans
885:autofluorescence
726:Leeuwenhoekiidae
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279:Ascoschoengastia
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454:Schoengastiella
412:Neoschoengastia
398:Microtrombicula
391:Leptotrombidium
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2138:Parasitiformes
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2115:Sphaerolichida
2112:
2106:
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2102:Trombidiformes
2098:
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2079:Sarcoptiformes
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1557:(5): 451–452.
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1425:(5): 435–440.
1404:Speotrombicula
1392:
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1265:most familiar
1253:
1248:Cecil Medicine
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2087:Endeostigmata
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896:Trombiculosis
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748:
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738:
737:Carl Linnaeus
733:
731:
727:
723:
722:
721:Leeuwenhoekia
717:
716:Trombiculinae
713:
709:
707:
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673:
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629:
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602:
601:chrome-orange
598:
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582:
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574:
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566:
565:harvest mites
562:
556:
508:
507:Trombiculidae
498:
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463:
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456:
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451:
449:
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442:
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437:
435:
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433:Ornithogastia
430:
428:
427:
423:
421:
420:
419:Neotrombicula
416:
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243:Berlese, 1905
240:
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217:
216:Trombiculidae
214:
211:
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206:Trombidioidea
204:
202:Superfamily:
201:
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98:
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89:
84:
81:
77:
63:
60:
52:
42:
36:
34:
29:This article
27:
18:
17:
2269:
2223:Trigynaspida
2205:Mesostigmata
2160:Holothyridae
2155:Allothyridae
2064:Palaeosomata
2049:Enarthronota
2044:Brachypylina
1969:
1934:. Retrieved
1925:
1905:
1898:
1887:
1874:
1861:
1849:
1838:
1827:
1822:
1797:
1791:
1781:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1667:
1656:. Retrieved
1647:
1624:. Retrieved
1615:
1604:. Retrieved
1591:
1580:. Retrieved
1571:
1554:
1550:
1541:
1533:
1512:cite journal
1501:
1490:. Retrieved
1480:
1461:
1455:
1422:
1416:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1376:
1370:
1359:. Retrieved
1320:
1289:
1285:
1272:
1260:
1256:
1247:
1241:
1222:
1216:
1187:
1179:
1167:
1148:
1136:
1124:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1034:. Retrieved
1026:
1017:
994:
990:
987:scrub typhus
980:
970:
960:
957:Scrub typhus
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
905:
882:
875:
858:
855:
846:
838:
822:
818:
809:
785:
779:
769:
759:
756:
753:Distribution
744:
740:
734:
719:
703:
693:
677:
668:
633:
626:
608:
593:
575:– a type of
564:
560:
506:
505:
480:
473:
466:
459:
452:
445:
438:
431:
424:
417:
410:
403:
396:
389:
382:
375:
368:
361:
354:
347:
340:
335:Eutrombicula
333:
326:
319:
312:
305:
298:
291:
284:
277:
270:
263:
258:Acomatacarus
256:
236:
215:
192:Infraorder:
80:
76:Trombidiidae
55:
46:
33:copy editing
31:may require
30:
2436:iNaturalist
2294:Wikispecies
2165:Neothyridae
2147:Holothyrida
2110:Prostigmata
2092:Psoroptidia
2027:Acariformes
1406:n. g., and
1196:. pp.
702:, genitive
644:box turtles
377:Hirsutiella
300:Brunehaldia
293:Blankaartia
265:Afropolonia
186:Prostigmata
156:Chelicerata
152:Subphylum:
2569:Categories
2059:Mixonomata
2054:Holosomata
1936:2008-06-24
1828:Trombicula
1800:(5): 769.
1658:2008-06-24
1626:2008-06-24
1621:"Chiggers"
1606:2007-05-25
1582:2008-06-24
1492:2009-05-19
1361:2009-05-22
1036:2009-03-06
1009:References
995:Rickettsia
878:arthropods
842:stylostome
833:stylostome
798:Life cycle
656:stylostome
589:dermatitis
475:Trombicula
468:Speleocola
363:Hannemania
349:Guntherana
342:Gahrliepia
314:Cheladonta
286:Axiogastia
238:Trombicula
230:Type genus
182:Suborder:
146:Arthropoda
41:editing it
2185:Argasidae
2174:Ixodida (
2036:Oribatida
1748:1932-6203
1699:0285-3671
1693:: 19–30.
910:Treatment
792:Australia
482:Whartonia
440:Parasecia
370:Heaslipia
356:Guntheria
272:Anahuacia
166:Arachnida
132:Kingdom:
126:Eukaryota
2345:BugGuide
2321:BioLib:
2285:Q7597354
2279:Wikidata
2190:Ixodidae
1814:11231715
1766:29494599
1718:PLOS ONE
1447:20277195
1156:Archived
1153:Chigger:
1116:37926004
1073:83569187
617:, humid
561:chiggers
321:Doloisia
212:Family:
196:Anystina
142:Phylum:
136:Animalia
122:Domain:
49:May 2024
2539:5535550
2376:3197988
2012:Acari (
1757:5832206
1726:Bibcode
1439:3272913
1263:is the
1108:9583392
776:Midwest
706:culicis
685:τρομειν
674:History
660:papules
619:Midwest
613:of the
573:jiggers
384:Kayella
249:Genera
172:Order:
162:Class:
2552:509945
2536:uBio:
2516:936904
2500:NZOR:
2467:895699
2454:109402
2441:245044
2389:1TROBF
2350:122149
2218:Sejina
1913:
1882:60°F."
1865:2006,
1812:
1764:
1754:
1746:
1697:
1468:
1445:
1437:
1410:n. sp"
1383:
1328:
1229:
1204:
1114:
1106:
1071:
771:aoûtat
766:French
623:Mexico
307:Chatia
223:, 1929
2547:WoRMS
2524:Plazi
2493:92251
2449:IRMNG
2402:15738
2363:8YQCL
2337:25093
2324:19243
2176:ticks
2018:mites
2014:ticks
1601:(PDF)
1547:(PDF)
1435:JSTOR
1413:(PDF)
1355:(PDF)
1112:S2CID
1069:S2CID
864:Adult
852:Nymph
815:Larva
743:(now
730:setae
697:culex
691:Latin
680:Greek
664:hives
662:) or
652:hosts
648:quail
640:cells
636:nymph
605:nymph
597:ticks
585:wheal
581:larva
569:mites
221:Ewing
102:larva
2488:NCBI
2462:ITIS
2428:2803
2423:GBIF
2384:EPPO
2332:BOLD
2016:and
1911:ISBN
1810:PMID
1762:PMID
1744:ISSN
1695:ISSN
1525:help
1466:ISBN
1443:PMID
1381:ISBN
1326:ISBN
1227:ISBN
1202:ISBN
1104:PMID
621:and
577:flea
2475:NBN
2371:EoL
2358:CoL
2309:AFD
1802:doi
1798:161
1752:PMC
1734:doi
1559:doi
1427:doi
1198:1–4
1096:doi
1061:doi
540:juː
2571::
2549::
2526::
2513::
2490::
2477::
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