42:
468:
116:
294:
66:
474:
473:
470:
469:
475:
89:
472:
305:). This bird averaged 9 inches (22.86 cm) in length. It was mostly black with bright yellow feathers on its rump, undertail coverts, shoulders, and legs. There was a white patch on the primaries. It had small, black eyes and was the centerpiece of portraits. It had a slightly decurved blackish bill, some three inches long. Juveniles may have been brown.
1217:
Apart from the few 'o'o that were killed for specific purposes, the birds caught with bird lime were plucked of their yellow feathers without harm and set free to maintain a future supply. As the duller black feathers of the mamo were not used, it is probable that they were never killed
486:
European settlers changed the mamo's habitat to support agriculture and cattle ranching, which damaged the bird's food source. Cattle roamed loose in the forests, destroying the understory ecosystem. Small Indian mongooses were introduced to control
1200:
471:
502:
in 1892. This bird has been reported as tame and unafraid when captured; Palmer's specimen fed on "sugar and water eagerly", and would stay perched on a twig in the tent. The last confirmed sighting dates to July 1898 near
402:, and would lure it by imitating its call. The call is said to be "a single rather long and plaintive note" so this may have been a song rather than a call. The Hawaiian recipe for their sticky birdlime consisted of
1177:
berries became birdlime, as already noted. Otto
Degener says " fruit of plants belonging to the groups called lobelia" (p. 129), where he cross-references to his explanation of "lobelia" known by the Hawaiian names
1137:
Illustrated Guide to the More Common Or
Noteworthy Ferns and Flowering Plants of Hawaii National Park: With Descriptions of Ancient Hawaiian Customs and an Introduction to the Geologic History of the Islands
1212:
1329:
Pratt, citing
Henshaw (1902). Henshaw writes that a year after his own sighting, a native catcher reported hearing the bird's call, but nevertheless did not lead to capture, thus dating the extinction to
912:
Cf. Palmer also wrote that a forest with "beautiful ohia-trees" might be a likely place to find the mamo (Drepanis pacifica), though the spelling does not match. (Resume of diary, January 1892,
437:) had developed (at the behest of King Kamehameha) the practice of sparing and releasing any birdlime-caught birds with only a few (yellow) feathers to be harvested, namely the
498:. There are many specimens of this bird in American and European museums. The bird had not been particularly scarce until the 1880s. The last live specimen was obtained by
1612:
1740:
1710:
1586:
1625:
1424:
508:
491:, but they also preyed on native birds. Even though this was discovered early and was well known to the Hawaiians, the mamo quickly disappeared.
1705:
572:
and it likely opportunistically fed on other plants. Palmer also mentions attempts to find the bird feeding on an "aku" plant. Emerson writes "
1730:
1453:
1412:"Revised List of the Hawaiian Names of Plants Native and Introduced, with brief descriptions and notes as to medicinal or other values"
1368:
1257:
1095:
1056:
775:
730:
41:
1430:
The
Avifauna of Laysan and the Neighbouring Islands : with a complete history to date of the birds of the Hawaiian possessions
1339:
W. H. Henshaw, correspondence to
Rothschild dated 9 October 1899, concerning the mamo sighting in July the year before, printed in
459:
has confirmed. Henshaw attributes the acceleration towards extinction to adoption of shotgun-hunting over traditional birdliming.
1735:
1725:
1720:
1428:
100:
1630:
511:
revealed that when he spotted and he stalked a family of them, he actually shot and wounded one of them, though it escaped.
451:
against killing mamo and ʻōʻō was not being strictly observed and these birds were being eaten by natives, as ornithologist
992:
Birds of the
Hawaiian Islands: Being a Complete List of the Birds of the Hawaiian Possessions, with Notes on Their Habits
792:
687:
115:
1389:
1249:
761:
395:
is estimated to have taken the reigns of eight monarchs and the golden feathers of 80,000 birds to complete.
986:
448:
241:
1537:
1477:
1515:
1081:
282:
266:
221:
665:
1524:
1154:
832:
507:
on the Island of Hawaiʻi, as reported by a collector, Henry W. Henshaw, Henshaw in correspondence to
499:
361:
937:
916:, p. (Di.) 6 and the "tree on which the Mamo chiefly feeds" apparently refers to this "Ohia" (
611:
556:
495:
55:
1656:
1393:
110:
1135:
391:) for royalty. Feather collecting contributed to the bird's decline. The famous yellow cloak of
1617:
722:
Art and
Artifacts of the 18th Century: Objects in the Leverian Museum as Painted by Sarah Stone
527:
Authorities in the 20th century refer to the plants as "lobelias". Thus
Degener construed Oha (
1715:
1664:
1643:
1560:
1364:
1253:
1243:
1158:
1091:
1085:
1052:
1046:
771:
765:
726:
411:
293:
1669:
1354:
990:
660:
603:
As additional testament of frugivorous habit, bird-catchers used the fruit of the banana or
1542:
439:
1529:
1407:
302:
274:
1005:
Henshaw reported seeing a pair (before extinction) chasing insects, also quoted by Pratt
642:
1360:
1281:
Pratt: "by a native collector, working for Henry Palmer" in 1892". citing Munro (1960).
1196:
933:
334:
1699:
1638:
651:
452:
360:. There is anecdotal evidence they may have been partly insectivorous. According to
76:
1682:
1565:
1131:
942:. New York: American Committee for International Wild Life Protection. p. 418.
860:
504:
421:
392:
317:
278:
1552:
793:"Notes on early illustrations and the juvenile plumage of the extinct Hawaii Mamo
483:
Due to their bright colors, the birds were also popular with
European collectors.
720:
17:
1651:
1599:
1509:
1439:
590:
388:
187:
1677:
1239:
588:" were by bird catchers to attract the mamo, as well as fruits. Greenway adds
456:
407:
340:
94:
70:
1500:
1463:
167:
127:
1272:
Though Force&Force (1968) writes that it became extinct by the 1880's.
1494:
416:
399:
270:
197:
147:
1163:. Agriculture Handbook 679. U.S. Department of Agriculture. p. 100.
1591:
568:
Pratt comments that the mamo's diet was probably not restricted to the
372:
321:
262:
1604:
1314:
16 April 1892, captured by Ahulau, who set snare and birdlime on the
384:
313:
309:
137:
1578:
1471:
1411:
1573:
1048:
The Song of the Dodo: Island
Biogeography in an Age of Extinctions
466:
292:
177:
387:
society. Its yellow feathers were used to create capes and hats (
157:
1475:
488:
403:
368:, and ironically the berry juice could be made into birdlime.
1013:
1011:
494:
Introduced disease may have killed any birds that survived
383:
The mamo was one of the most honored birds in pre-European
350:
and other authorities refer to the mamo's feeding plant as
1201:"The Local Evolution of Hawaiian Feather Capes and Cloaks"
301:
The bird's natural habitat was limited to the Big Island (
1109:
1107:
896:
894:
547:". However, all the plants named ʻōhā are now classed as
1356:
A Gap in Nature: Discovering the World's Extinct Animals
881:
879:
877:
344:
spp. of lobelioids, but these are also commonly called
1160:
Common Forest Trees of Hawaii (Native and Introduced)
1032:
The call was demonstrated to Perkins (1903), p. 399).
714:
712:
1252:. Honolulu: Hawaiian Gazette. pp. 63, 106–107.
1484:
1028:
1026:
719:Force, Roland W.; Yapp, William Brunsdon (1968).
666:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720848A94686625.en
928:
926:
364:, the bird was also fond of the berries of the
281:, mosquitoes, introduced predators such as the
1400:. Honolulu: Thomas G. Thrum. pp. 101–111.
1315:
1126:
1124:
1122:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
538:
528:
355:
345:
326:
432:
8:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
804:Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club
1149:
1147:
1140:. Honolulu Star-Bulletin. pp. 129–130.
1051:. New York, NY, US: Scribner. p. 318.
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
604:
551:, and none retain the genus classification
398:The natives caught the bird by noose or by
1472:
1340:
1302:
1290:
1040:
1038:
1017:
964:
917:
913:
820:
87:
64:
40:
31:
995:. Honolulu: Thomas G. Thrum. p. 418.
664:
324:. The mamo was said to favor feed on the
939:Extinct and Vanishing Birds of the World
791:Storrs L. Olson; Julian P. Hume (2009).
767:The Hawaiian Honeycreepers: Drepanidinae
1113:
952:
900:
885:
633:
520:
1363:. Atlantic Monthly Press. p. 88.
1245:Hawaiian Antiquities: (Moolelo Hawaii)
320:from the tree-plant's curved, tubular
1741:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin
1416:Ethnobotany Research and Applications
1320:. cf. also resumé of Palmer's diary.
1229:Little & Skolmen, citing Degener.
1205:The Journal of the Polynesian Society
7:
1711:NatureServe presumed extinct species
1398:Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1895
447:. However by the 19th century, the
844:
725:. Bishop Museum Press. p. 46.
652:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1408:Gon, Samuel M. ʻOhukaniʻōhiʻa, III
859:spp. Members of the Lobeliaceae (=
25:
770:. OUP Oxford. pp. 269–270.
455:suspected, and native historian
114:
1353:Flannery, Tim Fridtjof (2001).
641:BirdLife International (2016).
371:Its call was a long, plaintive
312:canopy and fed particularly on
308:This shy species lived in the
1:
1706:IUCN Red List extinct species
463:Settler impact and extinction
1186:)(p. 288) as aforementioned.
1157:; Skolmen, Roger G. (1949).
1090:. Tokyo: Tuttle Publishing.
431:The native feather-hunters (
1731:Bird extinctions since 1500
692:. NatureServe Explorer 2.0"
277:. It became extinct due to
1757:
1454:Naturalis.nl: 3D view of
1442:@ biodiversitylibrary.org
1250:Emerson, Nathaniel Bright
433:
227:
220:
111:Scientific classification
109:
85:
62:
53:
48:
39:
34:
835:'s diary, 13 April 1892.
696:explorer.natureserve.org
659:: e.T22720848A94686625.
1736:Birds described in 1788
1726:Extinct birds of Hawaii
1721:Endemic birds of Hawaii
1458:specimen (RMNH 110.030)
1436:. London: R. H. Porter.
1316:
1211:(1): 10. Archived from
1045:Quammen, David (1996).
863:) are usually known as
539:
529:
415:
356:
346:
327:
27:Extinct species of bird
1394:"Ancient Bird-Hunters"
1155:Little, Elbert L., Jr.
615:) to attract the bird.
605:
480:
298:
285:, and overcollecting.
1173:Palmer's noting that
478:
296:
283:small Indian mongoose
267:Hawaiian honeycreeper
332:plant, encompassing
920:, p. (Di.) 8).
823:, pp. 160–161.
612:Freycinetia arborea
557:Hawaiian lobelioids
496:habitat destruction
379:In Hawaiian culture
56:Conservation status
1425:Rothschild, Walter
1343:, pp. 161–162
1305:, p. (Di.) 7.
967:, p. (Di.) 8.
934:Greenway, James C.
481:
354:, synonymous with
299:
1693:
1692:
1683:Drepanis-pacifica
1665:Open Tree of Life
1530:Drepanis_pacifica
1516:Drepanis pacifica
1486:Drepanis pacifica
1478:Taxon identifiers
1456:Drepanis pacifica
1359:. Illustrated by
1341:Rothschild (1900)
1303:Rothschild (1900)
1291:Rothschild (1900)
1018:Rothschild (1900)
965:Rothschild (1900)
918:Rothschild (1900)
914:Rothschild (1900)
821:Rothschild (1900)
795:Drepanis pacifica
762:Pratt, H. Douglas
690:Drepanis pacifica
645:Drepanis pacifica
537:" and Oha Kepau (
515:Explanatory notes
476:
258:Drepanis pacifica
249:
248:
234:Drepanis pacifica
104:
80:
18:Hawai'i mamo
16:(Redirected from
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1248:. Translated by
1236:
1230:
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1193:
1187:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1151:
1142:
1141:
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1117:
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1102:
1101:
1082:Munro, George C.
1078:
1063:
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1042:
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479:Turnaround video
477:
453:Henry W. Henshaw
436:
435:
359:
349:
330:
261:) is an extinct
236:
232:
213:D. pacifica
119:
118:
98:
91:
90:
74:
68:
67:
44:
32:
21:
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1466:browser plugin)
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1271:
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1238:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1215:on 2008-10-14.
1197:Hiroa, Te Rangi
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1190:
1172:
1168:
1153:
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1145:
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1120:
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1087:Birds of Hawaii
1080:
1079:
1066:
1059:
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1043:
1036:
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1016:
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1004:
1000:
985:
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671:
669:
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625:
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619:
602:
598:
567:
563:
543:) as "Hawaiian
533:) as "Hawaiian
526:
522:
517:
500:Henry C. Palmer
467:
465:
381:
362:Henry C. Palmer
291:
245:
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1448:External links
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1390:Emerson, N. B.
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1384:
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1361:Peter Schouten
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1293:, p. 161.
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1274:
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1231:
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1143:
1118:
1116:, p. 106.
1114:Emerson (1894)
1103:
1096:
1064:
1057:
1034:
1022:
1020:, p. 162.
1007:
998:
987:Henshaw, H. W.
969:
957:
953:Degener (1930)
945:
922:
905:
903:, p. 288.
901:Degener (1930)
890:
888:, p. 109.
886:Emerson (1894)
873:
837:
825:
813:
797:(Drepanidini)"
783:
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1427:(1893–1900).
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1132:Degener, Otto
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871:or ‘ōhāwai".
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297:Illustration
279:habitat loss
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178:Fringillidae
29:
1652:NatureServe
1600:iNaturalist
1510:Wikispecies
1240:Malo, David
672:13 November
591:Pritchardia
389:featherwork
289:Description
188:Carduelinae
184:Subfamily:
101:NatureServe
1700:Categories
1678:Xeno-canto
1462:(requires
1218:wittingly.
857:Clermontia
845:Gon (2008)
623:References
549:Clermontia
545:Clermontia
540:ʻōhā kēpau
509:Rothschild
457:David Malo
434:poe kawili
422:lobelioids
408:breadfruit
341:Clermontia
318:lobelioids
1464:QuickTime
1084:(2012) .
628:Citations
269:. It was
206:Species:
134:Kingdom:
128:Eukaryota
93:Presumed
49:Specimen
1716:Drepanis
1657:2.100624
1644:22720848
1618:10198723
1543:22720848
1538:BirdLife
1495:Wikidata
1410:(2008),
1392:(1894).
1242:(1903).
1199:(1944).
1134:(1930).
989:(1902).
936:(1931).
764:(2005).
443:and the
412:Hawaiian
400:birdlime
385:Hawaiian
199:Drepanis
174:Family:
148:Chordata
144:Phylum:
138:Animalia
124:Domain:
77:IUCN 3.1
1670:3597464
1592:5231611
1579:hawmam1
1553:hawmam1
1501:Q990174
1438:; also
606:ʻie.ʻie
553:Lobelia
535:Lobelia
505:Kaumana
373:whistle
322:flowers
271:endemic
263:species
244:, 1788)
231:†
210:†
194:Genus:
164:Order:
154:Class:
99: (
95:Extinct
75: (
71:Extinct
1631:179566
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1256:
1094:
1055:
853:Cyanea
833:Palmer
774:
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594:palms.
586:mamane
420:) and
357:ʻōhāhā
335:Cyanea
314:nectar
310:forest
242:Gmelin
1613:IRMNG
1605:10581
1574:eBird
1566:37MFS
1550:BOW:
1434:(PDF)
1330:1899.
847:s.v.
800:(PDF)
701:1 May
582:lehua
555:(cf.
406:from
1639:IUCN
1626:ITIS
1587:GBIF
1440:copy
1365:ISBN
1317:hāhā
1254:ISBN
1184:ʻōhā
1175:hāhā
1092:ISBN
1053:ISBN
869:‘ōhā
865:hāhā
855:and
849:Hāhā
772:ISBN
727:ISBN
703:2023
674:2021
657:2016
584:and
574:ke'a
570:hāhā
530:ʻōhā
489:rats
449:kapu
445:mamo
440:ʻōʻō
426:ʻōhā
417:ʻulu
366:hāhā
352:‘ōhā
347:‘ōhā
338:and
328:hāhā
251:The
158:Aves
1561:CoL
1525:ADW
1180:oha
867:or
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661:doi
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316:of
273:to
265:of
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1460:—
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