397:
545:
759:
342:
31:
563:(to track foraging). The Hawaiian hoary bat occupies all the Hawaiian Islands. The habitat encompasses multiple altitudes and location types. This habitat ranges from sea level to 2,288 m (7,507 ft). The bats occupy human populated areas, forests, agricultural fields, pastures, and near mountain summits (almost 4,000 meters or 13,000 feet). During the warmer months, bats travel to lowland environments where they are more active. During the colder months, the bats travel to highland environments where they are not as active.
95:
433:
patterns differ according to their hunting environment and their prey. In open environments (i.e. pastures or above the canopy) where larger prey is more abundant, they fly faster, sacrificing maneuverability. When hunting in closed environments (i.e. dese forests) where smaller prey is more abundant, they fly slower for more maneuverability. Foraging, bats can travel up to 12 miles in a night.
437:
70:
50:
422:), and includes crickets, mosquitoes, termites, and many other insects. The bat's moth preference causes them to be attracted to light, which results in bats encroaching into towns. A high proportion of bats feed in pastures, where beetles are abundant due to the cattle dung. These bats prey on both native and invasive insect species. This protects crops from pest infestations.
374:, about 1.4 million years ago, marking them as distinct species. However, the study also found evidence for two different colonizations of Hawaii by hoary bats; one during the Pleistocene by the ancestors of the Hawaiian hoary bat, along with a more recent colonization event by the mainland hoary bat, and thus posited that the islands were inhabited by both species, living in
217:
482:
season (and winter months) approaches, bats move to highland environments. Changes in the habitat distribution are linked to the energy abundance within an environment, influenced by temperature, rainfall, and food availability. While the bats occupy all of the
Hawaiian Islands, one study reporting no breeding on Ni'ihau and Kaho'olawe.
770:(HCPs). Requirements for approval include minimizing bat death, determining impacts, providing benefits to the species, and avoiding other specified impacts. It also states that the mitigation framework should be repeatedly updated. This should happen, at last every five years. It also outlines recommendations in the following areas:
338:. They are a solitary subspecies and roost individually rather than in colonies. They are found throughout a range of habitats - forests, agricultural fields, and human-populated areas. Due to their solitary nature, knowledge on their ecology or life history is limited. Population sizes are unknown, which hampers recovery plans.
350:
ears retaining a black edging around their perimeter. On average, these bats weigh approximately 14 to 18 g (0.49 to 0.63 oz) and have a wingspan of approximately 10.5 to 13.5 in (27 to 34 cm), making them one of the larger bat species. Females are typically larger than males. The
349:
The common name of the hoary bat was inspired by the hoary, or frosty, coloration of its coat. The
Hawaiian hoary bat is distinguished by a silver tint along its brown back fur. More pronounced silver bands are found along the neck as the fur transitions to a yellowish brown along the face, with the
571:
Due to their elusive and solitary nature, little research addresses their life history. In 2005 it was estimated that population size ranged from a few hundred to a few thousand specimens, based on inadequate data. As of
January 2020, population sizes and estimates were still unknown. Mating occurs
481:
are born at the end of August and remain in the nest until they become independent at 6 to 7 weeks. Mothers usually give birth to twins. This seasonal reproductive cycle changes their habitat distribution. From pregnancy until fledgling birth, the bats remain in lowland environments. As the mating
714:
The largest contributor to bat mortality is collisions with man-made objects such as barbed wire fences, communication towers, and wind turbines. Barb wire fences are the leading cause of mortality. Two hypotheses attempt to explain bats' attraction to wind turbines: turbines may look like trees;
754:
Acoustic monitoring is used for tracking and defining the species' range. This type of information has been used in various research projects. For example, a study was commissioned by Auwahi Wind Energy for their permit. Gathering information contributes to either down-listing the species or to
325:
Hawaiian hoary bats are brown in color. They are distinguished by the silver coloration that ‘frosts’ the fur on their back, ears, and neck. They typically weigh between 14 and 18 g (0.49 and 0.63 ounces), and have a wingspan of about 10.5 to 13.5 inches. Females are larger than males. They are
432:
The
Hawaiian hoary bat is a nocturnal hunter, usually hunting before sunset and returning to its nest before sunrise. Like other bats, they capture and eat their prey in flight. Bats use echolocation to spot their prey. Echolocation allows bats to catch their target in flight. The bats’ flight
485:
The
Hawaiian hoary bat roosts individually rather than in a colony. The bats remember their roosts and foraging locations and repeatedly return to them. The bats prefer to roost in forest vegetation less than 4.5 meters (15 feet) tall. These bats usually find roosting in a multitude of plants
425:
The bat's diet fluctuates depending on its environment. The bats mainly forage for food on forest edges, in open pastures, or above the canopy. In open environments, moths form a majority of their diet. In cluttered environments, their diet is distributed across multiple insect species.
698:
In 2009, a 5-year-review was initiated for 103 species in Hawaii, including the
Hawaiian hoary bat. In 2011, a summary and evaluation of the 5-year review determined that, due to lack of data on population size and trends, the species could not be either down-listed nor delisted.
317:, collisions with man-made structures such as wind turbines and barbed wire, pesticide impacts on primary food sources, predation and competition with invasive species, roost disturbance, and tree cover reduction.
396:
544:
1790:
472:
cycle. The pre-pregnancy months span
November to April, after which they breed with a single mate. The bats have a new mate each season. The pregnancy period begins in May and ends in June, followed by the
758:
370:
Prior to 2015, the
Hawaiian hoary bat was considered an isolated subspecies of the American hoary bat. However, a 2015 study reported significant phylogenetic divergence between dating to the mid-
341:
294:. The Hawaiian hoary bat occupies the major Hawaiian islands, making it the only extant and native terrestrial mammal in the islands. Some studies report that the mainland hoary bat lives in
385:
supported the divergence between
Hawaiian and mainland hoary bats, but found no evidence that both species were sympatric on Hawaii, and attributed the previous studies' findings to
414:
The
Hawaiian hoary bat is a generalist insectivore. A generalist is a species that preys on a wide variety of, in this case, insects. The bat's main food source consists of moths (
1478:
902:
Baird, Amy B.; Braun, Janet K.; Engstrom, Mark D.; Holbert, Ashlyn C.; Huerta, Maritza G.; Lim, Burton K.; Mares, Michael A.; Patton, John C.; Bickham, John W. (2017).
751:
calls. Because this is the only known bat in Hawaii, any bat echolocation signals come from this subspecies. This monitoring method does not interfere with the animal.
904:"Nuclear and mtDNA phylogenetic analyses clarify the evolutionary history of two species of native Hawaiian bats and the taxonomy of Lasiurini (Mammalia: Chiroptera)"
1189:
1946:
572:
from October to November. The breeding season consists of the pregnancy stage from May to June, and the lactation stage, from June to August. According to the
576:, females often bear twins, as seen in American hoary bat species. Based on one study, the average number of pups per female that survives to weaning is 1.8.
725:
Insects account for a large part of their diet. Increased use of pesticides decreases the insect populations that are a major part of the bats’ food supply.
673:(ESA) on October 13, 1970. The exact number of Hawaiian hoary bats was unknown, and the addition of the species to the list may have been precautionary.
429:
Surveys indicate that the bat is opportunistic and can forage over many habitat types, including native and non-native vegetation and the open ocean.
2000:
1881:
1528:
Fenton, M.B.; Rautenbach, I.L.; Smith, S.E.; Swanepoel, C.M.; Grosell, J.; Van Jaarsveld, J. (1994). "Raptors and bats: Threats and opportunities".
2013:
1907:
766:
In January 2020, the Hawaiian hoary bat Guidance for Renewable Wind Energy Proponents was updated. It provides a framework for the development of
573:
298:
on the Hawaiian Islands alongside the Hawaiian hoary bat, although this is disputed. The Hawaiian hoary bat was officially named the state land
2041:
1616:"Potential citric acid exposure and toxicity to Hawaiian hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus semotus) associated with Eleutherodactylus frog control"
2081:
1224:
Baird, Amy B.; Braun, Janet K.; Mares, Michael A.; Morales, Juan Carlos; Patton, John C.; Tran, Christina Q.; Bickham, John W. (2015-09-24).
1709:
733:
frog species was reported to be unlikely to have a negative effect on the bats. Beyond this, the use of pesticides is not well understood.
2071:
1331:
744:
The largest contributor to the endangered listing is a lack of information. Specifically, its range and population are not well known.
2076:
1475:
1265:
974:
982:
Endangered Species Recovery Committee and State of Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources Division of Forestry and Wildlife
358:("half-leaf", also the shape of a traditional Hawaiian sail), refers to the outline of the bat's body, which is shaped like half a
2061:
2046:
1362:
Pinzari, C.A.; Peck, R.W.; Zinn, T.; Gross, D.; Montoya-Aiona, K.; Brinck, K.W.; Gorresen, P.M.; Bonaccorso, F.J. (June 2019).
555:
Their habitat distribution is observed by detecting the frequency of echolocation using acoustic detectors, as well as through
57:
1925:
670:
2018:
1912:
1593:
1286:"Foraging range movements of the endangered Hawaiian hoary bat, Lasiurus cinereus semotus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)"
1131:
1000:"Foraging range movements of the endangered Hawaiian hoary bat, Lasiurus cinereus semotus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)"
1186:
646:
According to the 1998 Recovery Plan, the populations were thought to be largest on the islands of Kauaiʻi and Hawaiʻi.
1920:
1795:
1951:
1044:"Analysis of Genomic Sequence Data Reveals the Origin and Evolutionary Separation of Hawaiian Hoary Bat Populations"
1042:
Pinzari, Corinna A; Kang, Lin; Michalak, Pawel; Jermiin, Lars S; Price, Donald K; Bonaccorso, Frank J (2020-08-27).
30:
2066:
1162:
800:
386:
767:
519:
94:
2056:
1226:"Molecular systematic revision of tree bats (Lasiurini): doubling the native mammals of the Hawaiian Islands"
1206:
488:
1811:
1677:
310:
79:
381:. A 2017 study affirmed these findings. However, a 2020 genetic study of a much wider sample of Hawaiian
1731:"Two Tickets to Paradise: Multiple Dispersal Events in the Founding of Hoary Bat Populations in Hawai'i"
189:
1849:
676:
The FWS issued a recovery plan for the bat in 1998, with the goal of moving the bat from endangered to
1868:
1742:
1627:
915:
708:
620:
1574:(Report). Honolulu, Hawaii: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office
748:
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events have not been detailed. Fossil evidence supports the bats' early presence on the islands of
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39:
1938:
2051:
1702:
1659:
1545:
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303:
229:
89:
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1800:
1791:
Creature Feature: The Hawaiian Hoary Bat (‘ōpe‘ape‘a) is Hawaii’s Only Native Terrestrial Mammal
1501:
1330:
Montoya-Aiona, K.M.; Pinzari, C.A.; Peck, R.W.; Brinck, K.W.; Bonaccorso, F.J. (January 2020).
1987:
1770:
1651:
1643:
1307:
1284:
Bonaccorso, Frank J.; Todd, Christopher M.; Miles, Adam C.; Gorresen, P. Marcos (2015-02-15).
1247:
1081:
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1021:
998:
Bonaccorso, Frank J.; Todd, Christopher M.; Miles, Adam C.; Gorresen, P. Marcos (2015-02-15).
943:
711:. Factors such as predation and competition may affect the species but have not been studied.
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1193:
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Hawaiian hoary bat inventory in national parks on the islands of Hawaii, Maui and Molokai.
999:
722:
a threat. Clearing trees for development leaves bats unable to find places to reproduce.
680:
status, and eventually to de-list it. Threats to the subspecies include deforestation and
624:
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514:
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1336:) Acoustic Monitoring at Hawai'i Army National Guard (HIARNG) Installations Statewide
1196:
Technical Report 140. Pacific Coopertive Studies Unit. University of Hawaii at Mānoa.
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populations on Hawaii, Kauai, and Maui are stable or increasing for at least 5 years.
662:
1663:
1549:
1992:
1978:
719:
681:
469:
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is indeed the only bat, and overall the only native land mammal, endemic to Hawaii.
331:
314:
612:
1755:
928:
736:
Recordings from 1978 indicate that the bats may have been present on Kaho'olawe.
669:. Within the US, the Hawaiian hoary bat was first listed as endangered under the
1933:
1894:
1843:
1363:
726:
532:
415:
371:
327:
1834:
436:
1639:
527:
1647:
1614:
Pitt, William C.; Witmer, Gary W.; Jojola, Susan M.; Sin, Hans (April 2014).
1594:"Focal Species: Hawaiian Hoary Bat or Ōpea'ape'a.(Lasiurus cinereus semotus)"
1311:
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1016:
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1368:) Activity, Diet and Prey Availability at the Waihou Mitigation Area, Maui
1059:
1972:
1828:
1678:"Hawaiian Hoary Bat Confirmed on Kaho'olawe Island - Island Conservation"
1370:(Report). Hawai‘i Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai‘i at Hilo
1043:
556:
548:
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Foraging is most frequent on Hawaiʻi island, with additional activity on
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2005:
1886:
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832:
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604:
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1899:
1132:"Hawaiian Hoary Bat - Hakalau Forest - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service"
588:
478:
419:
299:
136:
116:
1805:
1703:
Echolocation survey of the distribution of the Hawaiian hoary bat (
975:"Hawaiian Hoary Bat Guidance for Renewable Wind Energy Proponents"
757:
691:
determination of actual population status and habitat requirements
640:
543:
445:
435:
395:
340:
1873:
715:
turbine blades may resemble the flight pattern of another bat.
666:
636:
632:
600:
596:
453:
449:
359:
1809:
1274:
Endangered Species in the Pacific Islands. USFWS Pacific. 2012.
879:"Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database"
611:. Breeding populations have been reported everywere except for
146:
1163:"'Ōpe'ape'a or Hawaiian Hoary Bat, Lasiurus cinereus semotus"
1444:
Gonzalez, E.; Barquez, R. & Arroyo-Cabrales, J. (2016).
1410:(2nd edition). Honolulu, Hawaii: Bishop Museum Press. 1986.
1729:
Russel; Pinzari; Vonhof; Olival; Bonaccorso (June 2015).
309:
The Hawaiian hoary bat is listed as endangered under the
878:
747:
A useful method of population estimating is monitoring
1962:
1818:
440:Depiction of the mechanism of echolocation in bats
313:. The Hawaiian hoary bat faces threats including
1796:Hawaiian Hoary Bat — Our Only Native Land Mammal
1523:
1521:
302:of Hawaiʻi in 2015. It is a federally listed
8:
897:
895:
707:The primary threats to their population are
687:Recovery criteria of the 1998 plan include:
492:(most common Hawaiian tree), coconut palms (
1806:
1801:Origins of the Hawaiian Hoary Bat Revealed
1424:"Recovery Plan for the Hawaiian Hoary Bat"
718:Bats require treetops for roosting making
468:The Hawaiian hoary bat follows a seasonal
215:
68:
48:
29:
20:
1764:
1754:
1301:
1241:
1075:
1015:
937:
927:
877:Simmons, Nancy; Cirranello, A.L. (2020).
843:. United States Fish and Wildlife Service
762:Scientist monitoring a Hawaiian hoary bat
345:Hawaiian hoary bat with "frosty-hued fur"
1476:`Ope`ape`a: Hawaii's elusive native bat.
1378:– via USGS Publications Warehouse.
1181:
1179:
841:Environmental Conservation Online System
224:Distributed throughout Hawaiian islands
1418:
1416:
792:
1569:) 5-Year Review Summary and Evaluation
1037:
1035:
827:
825:
1563:US Fish and Wildlife Service (2011).
1496:
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961:
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1451:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
587:occurs on all the major islands of
456:. No foraging activity is found on
1207:"Hawaiian hoary bat - Keālia Pond"
14:
1565:Ōpe'ape'a or Hawaiian Hoary Bat (
1390:"Hawaiian Hoary Bat — 'Ope'ape'a"
1213:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
755:further efforts to conserve it.
93:
1185:Frasher, H. R., et al. (2007).
574:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
1:
2042:NatureServe imperiled species
2082:Taxa named by Harrison Allen
1756:10.1371/journal.pone.0127912
1048:Genome Biology and Evolution
929:10.1371/journal.pone.0186085
684:, as well as pesticide use.
805:. NatureServe Explorer 2.0"
619:. The timing and origin of
400:Depicts wingspan of the bat
389:. This would indicate that
252:Lasiurus (lasiurus) semotus
2098:
2072:Endangered fauna of Hawaii
1707:) on the island of Kaua'i.
1266:"Lasirus cinereus semotus"
768:Habitat Conservation Plans
387:incomplete lineage sorting
2077:Mammals described in 1890
1820:Lasiurus cinereus semotus
1705:Lasiurus cinereus semotus
1640:10.1007/s10646-014-1208-8
1567:Lasiurus cinereus semotus
1366:Lasiurus cinereus semotus
1334:Lasiurus cinereus semotus
835:Lasiurus cinereus semotus
259:Lasiurus cinereus semotus
235:
228:
223:
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90:Scientific classification
88:
66:
46:
37:
28:
23:
1601:Pacific Rim Conservation
809:explorer.natureserve.org
2062:Endemic fauna of Hawaii
1701:Fullard, J. H. (1989).
1474:Fullard, J. H. (1989).
489:Metrosideros polymorpha
2047:ESA endangered species
1542:10.1006/anbe.1994.1207
1303:10.1093/jmammal/gyu003
1243:10.1093/jmammal/gyv135
1017:10.1093/jmammal/gyu003
783:In-lieu fee approaches
780:Research as mitigation
763:
671:Endangered Species Act
552:
551:the Hawaiian hoary bat
441:
401:
346:
311:Endangered Species Act
306:of the United States.
286:, is a species of bat
1394:National Park Service
833:"Hawaiian hoary bat (
761:
547:
524:Styphelia tameiameiae
439:
399:
344:
1717:Journal of Mammalogy
1364:Hawaiian Hoary Bat (
1332:Hawaiian Hoary Bat (
1290:Journal of Mammalogy
1230:Journal of Mammalogy
1004:Journal of Mammalogy
540:Habitat distribution
533:Cryptomeria japonica
405:Ecology and behavior
262:Hall and Jones, 1961
1747:2015PLoSO..1027912R
1682:Island Conservation
1632:2014Ecotx..23..429P
1446:"Lasiurus cinereus"
1060:10.1093/gbe/evaa137
920:2017PLoSO..1286085B
774:Habitat restoration
661:) is classified as
500:Aleurites moluccana
334:, and forage using
40:Conservation status
24:Hawaiian hoary bat
1712:2006-11-07 at the
1481:2014-04-08 at the
1192:2014-04-09 at the
764:
657:(with subspeicies
553:
442:
402:
347:
290:to the islands of
272:Hawaiian hoary bat
2067:Mammals of Hawaii
2029:
2028:
1812:Taxon identifiers
1502:"Species Profile"
1408:Mammals in Hawaii
1103:"Species Profile"
731:Eleutherodactylus
729:used on invasive
655:Lasiurus cinereus
561:insect collection
530:, and Sugi pine (
512:), shower trees (
506:, avocado trees (
504:Prosopis pallida)
280:), also known as
268:
267:
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255:Trouoessart, 1904
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1268:. Archived from
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1236:(6): 1255–1274.
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803:Lasiurus semotus
797:
777:Land acquisition
526:), fern clumps,
509:Persea americana
304:endangered taxon
277:Lasiurus semotus
261:
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245:Lasiurus semotus
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199:Lasiurus semotus
157:Vespertilionidae
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2057:Bats of Oceania
2032:
2031:
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2017:
2012:
2004:
1999:
1991:
1986:
1977:
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1964:Atalapha semota
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1741:(6): e0127912.
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1433:. May 11, 1998.
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515:Cassia javanica
466:
418:) and beetles (
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238:Atalapha semota
210:
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1785:External links
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1626:(3): 429–436.
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1406:Tomich, P. Q.
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16:Species of bat
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1686:. Retrieved
1684:. 2017-08-03
1681:
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1619:
1609:
1600:
1588:
1576:. Retrieved
1566:
1558:
1533:
1529:
1509:. Retrieved
1506:ecos.fws.gov
1505:
1488:7(3), 10-13.
1485:
1470:
1459:. Retrieved
1455:
1449:
1439:
1430:
1407:
1402:
1393:
1384:
1372:. Retrieved
1365:
1340:. Retrieved
1333:
1296:(1): 64–71.
1293:
1289:
1279:
1270:the original
1260:
1233:
1229:
1219:
1210:
1201:
1169:
1139:. Retrieved
1135:
1110:. Retrieved
1107:ecos.fws.gov
1106:
1051:
1047:
1010:(1): 64–71.
1007:
1003:
981:
911:
907:
882:. Retrieved
872:
857:
845:. Retrieved
840:
834:
812:. Retrieved
808:
802:
795:
765:
753:
749:echolocation
746:
743:
740:Conservation
735:
730:
724:
720:habitat loss
717:
713:
706:
697:
686:
682:habitat loss
675:
658:
654:
653:
650:Conservation
645:
584:
583:
570:
567:Life history
554:
531:
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487:
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470:reproductive
467:
464:Reproduction
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431:
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336:echolocation
324:
315:habitat loss
308:
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258:
251:
248:Thomas, 1902
244:
237:
236:
198:
196:
180:
179:
167:
18:
1934:NatureServe
1895:iNaturalist
1844:Wikispecies
1211:www.fws.gov
1136:www.fws.gov
884:October 20,
727:Citric acid
557:bat netting
549:Bat netting
416:Lepidoptera
372:Pleistocene
321:Description
241:Allen, 1890
58:NatureServe
2036:Categories
1979:Q109646850
1688:2018-01-12
1511:2020-04-20
1461:2020-05-06
1141:2020-04-20
1112:2020-04-20
788:References
678:threatened
659:L. semotus
617:Kahoʻolawe
591:including
528:Eucalyptus
502:), kiawe (
498:), kukui (
479:Fledglings
420:Coleoptera
391:L. semotus
356:ʻōpeʻapeʻa
283:ʻōpeʻapeʻa
147:Chiroptera
75:Endangered
54:Imperiled
2052:Lasiurini
1648:0963-9292
1312:0022-2372
1252:0022-2372
1068:1759-6653
1026:0022-2372
621:dispersal
585:L.semotus
475:lactation
332:nocturnal
175:Species:
113:Kingdom:
107:Eukaryota
1973:Wikidata
1939:2.102007
1926:13801899
1835:Q1830296
1829:Wikidata
1775:26083029
1735:PLOS ONE
1710:Archived
1664:10644573
1656:24526591
1578:30 April
1550:54360964
1536:: 9–18.
1479:Archived
1374:30 April
1342:30 April
1190:Archived
1086:32853363
948:29020097
908:PLOS ONE
847:30 April
814:24 April
629:Molokaʻi
605:Molokaʻi
477:period.
458:Molokaʻi
383:Lasiurus
379:sympatry
366:Taxonomy
352:Hawaiian
296:sympatry
230:Synonyms
168:Lasiurus
153:Family:
137:Mammalia
127:Chordata
123:Phylum:
117:Animalia
103:Domain:
2006:9147524
1952:1673614
1887:5218545
1874:1240400
1766:4471086
1743:Bibcode
1628:Bibcode
1396:. 2005.
1077:7543519
939:5636129
916:Bibcode
703:Threats
665:by the
625:Hawaiʻi
613:Niʻihau
609:Hawaiʻi
589:Hawaiʻi
520:pukiawe
376:cryptic
292:Hawaiʻi
288:endemic
209:, 1890)
163:Genus:
143:Order:
133:Class:
78: (
56: (
2019:946824
1913:202344
1900:236592
1858:ECOS:
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641:Kauaʻi
639:, and
607:, and
593:Kauaʻi
452:, and
446:Kauaʻi
362:leaf.
354:name,
300:mammal
1993:8L2LZ
1660:S2CID
1597:(PDF)
1572:(PDF)
1546:S2CID
1431:USFWS
1427:(PDF)
1338:(PDF)
1166:(PDF)
978:(PDF)
866:16047
637:Oʻahu
597:Oʻahu
580:Range
450:Oʻahu
207:Allen
2014:ITIS
2001:GBIF
1947:NCBI
1908:ITIS
1882:GBIF
1771:PMID
1652:PMID
1644:ISSN
1580:2023
1456:2016
1376:2023
1344:2023
1308:ISSN
1248:ISSN
1082:PMID
1064:ISSN
1022:ISSN
944:PMID
886:2021
849:2023
816:2023
667:IUCN
633:Maui
615:and
601:Maui
559:and
454:Maui
410:Diet
360:taro
270:The
1988:CoL
1921:MSW
1869:EoL
1861:770
1761:PMC
1751:doi
1636:doi
1538:doi
1298:doi
1238:doi
1072:PMC
1056:doi
1012:doi
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80:ESA
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
