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oxides, sulfur dioxide, and some may also include heavy metals. With the prospect of gaseous material being released into the atmosphere, several organizations (RCRA, TSCA, HSWA, CERCLA) developed an identification scale in which hazardous materials and wastes are categorized in order to be able to quickly identify and mitigate potential leaks. F-List materials were identified as non-specific industrial practices waste, K-List materials were wastes generated from specific industrial processes - pesticides, petroleum, explosive industries, and the P & U list were commercially used generated waste and shelf stable pesticides. Not only can mismanagement of hazardous wastes cause adverse direct health consequences through air pollution, mismanaged waste can also contaminate groundwater and soil. In an
Austrian study, people who live near industrial sites are "more often unemployed, have lower education levels, and are twice as likely to be immigrants." This creates disproportionately larger issues for those who depend heavily on the land for harvests and streams for drinking water; this includes Native American populations. Though all lower-class and/or social minorities are at a higher risk for being exposed to toxic exposure, Native Americans are at a multiplied risk due to the facts stated above (Brook, 1998). Improper disposal of hazardous waste has resulted in many extreme health complications within certain tribes. Members of the Mohawk Nation at Akwesasne have suffered elevated levels of PCB in their bloodstreams leading to higher rates of cancer.
1356:
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1815:(EPA) to create regulations to manage hazardous waste. Under this mandate, the EPA has developed strict requirements for all aspects of hazardous waste management, including treating, storing, and disposing of hazardous waste. In addition to these federal requirements, states may develop more stringent requirements that are broader in scope than the federal regulations. Furthermore, RCRA allows states to develop regulatory programs that are at least as stringent as RCRA, and after review by EPA, the states may take over responsibility for implementing the requirements under RCRA. Most states take advantage of this authority, implementing their own hazardous waste programs that are at least as stringent and, in some cases, stricter than the federal program.
255:
1512:. Hazardous wastes must often be stabilized and solidified in order to enter a landfill and must undergo different treatments in order to stabilize and dispose of them. Most flammable materials can be recycled into industrial fuel. Some materials with hazardous constituents can be recycled, such as lead acid batteries. Many landfills require countermeasures against groundwater contamination. For example, a barrier has to be installed along the foundation of the landfill to contain the hazardous substances that may remain in the disposed waste. Currently,
1736:. A 1995 petition by the Research Foundation for Science, Technology, and Natural Resource Policy spurred the Supreme Court to create the High Powered Committee (HPC) of Hazardous Waste, since data from pre-existing government boards was not usable. This committee found studies linking pollution and improper waste treatment with higher amounts of hexavalent chromium, lead, and other heavy metals. Industries and regulators were effectively ignoring these studies. In addition, the state was also not acting in accordance with the
3703:
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1228:
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1302:, among other traits. As of 2022, humanity produces 300-500 million metric tons of hazardous waste annually. Some common examples are electronics, batteries, and paints. An important aspect of managing hazardous waste is safe disposal. Hazardous waste can be stored in hazardous waste landfills, burned, or recycled into something new. Managing hazardous waste is important to achieve worldwide
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state governments did not make these rules effective. There was around a decade delay between when hazardous waste landfills were requested and when they were built. During this time, companies disposed hazardous waste in various "temporary" hazardous waste locations, such as along roads and in canal pits, with no immediate plan to move it to proper facilities.
1612:
this technology is termed Plasma not pyrolysis. Plasma technology produces inert materials and when cooled solidifies into rock like material. These treatment methods are very expensive but may be preferable to high temperature incineration in some circumstances such as in the destruction of concentrated organic waste types, including PCBs, pesticides and other
1679:
cleaning fluids or pesticides. In regulatory terms, RCRA hazardous wastes are wastes that appear on one of the four hazardous wastes lists (F-list, K-list, P-list, or U-list), or exhibit at least one of the following four characteristics; ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity. in the US, Hazardous wastes are regulated under the
1611:
in a high temperature not necessarily through electrical arc but starved of oxygen to avoid combustion. However, when electrical arc is used to generate the required ultra heat (in excess of 3000 degree C temperature) all materials (waste) introduced into the process will melt into a molten slag and
1723:
raised environmental awareness in India. In response, the Indian government produced the
Environmental Act in 1986, followed by the Hazardous Waste Rules in 1989. With these rules, companies are only permitted by the state to produce hazardous waste if they are able to dispose of it safely. However,
1594:
Hazardous waste may be sequestered in a hazardous waste landfill or permanent disposal facility. "In terms of hazardous waste, a landfill is defined as a disposal facility or part of a facility where hazardous waste is placed or on land and which is not a pile, a land treatment facility, a surface
1375:
Household
Hazardous Waste (HHW), also referred to as domestic hazardous waste or home generated special materials, is a waste that is generated from residential households. HHW only applies to waste coming from the use of materials that are labeled for and sold for "home use". Waste generated by a
1629:
Hazardous waste management and disposal comes with consequences if not done properly. If disposed of improperly, hazardous gaseous substances can be released into the air resulting in higher morbidity and mortality. These gaseous substances can include hydrogen chloride, carbon monoxide, nitrogen
1740:, an international treaty on the transport of hazardous waste. The Supreme Court modified the Hazardous Waste Rules and began the Supreme Court Monitoring Committee to follow up on its decisions. With this committee, the Court has been able to force companies polluting hazardous wastes to close.
1686:
By definition, EPA determined that some specific wastes are hazardous. These wastes are incorporated into lists published by the Agency. These lists are organized into three categories: F-list (non-specific source wastes) found in the regulations at 40 CFR 261.31, K-list (source-specific wastes)
1678:
Hazardous wastes are wastes with properties that make them dangerous or potentially harmful to human health or the environment. Hazardous wastes can be liquids, solids, contained gases, or sludges. They can be by-products of manufacturing processes or simply discarded commercial products, like
1338:
Universal wastes are subject to somewhat less stringent regulatory requirements. Small quantity generators of universal wastes may be classified as "conditionally exempt small quantity generators" (CESQGs) which release them from some of the regulatory requirements for the handling and storage
1657:. Target 12.4 of this goal is to "achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle". One of the indicators for this target is: "hazardous waste generated per capita; and proportion of hazardous waste treated, by type of treatment".
3490:
1810:
A U.S. facility that treats, stores, or disposes of hazardous waste must obtain a permit under the RCRA. Generators and transporters of hazardous waste must meet specific requirements for handling, managing, and tracking waste. Through the RCRA, Congress directed the
1532:
in these types of ashes go through the proper treatment, they could bind to other pollutants and convert them into easier-to-dispose solids, or they could be used as pavement filling. Such treatments reduce the level of threat of harmful chemicals, like fly and
1322:
are a special category of hazardous wastes that (in the U.S.) generally pose a lower threat relative to other hazardous wastes, are ubiquitous and produced in very large quantities by a large number of generators. Some of the most common "universal wastes" are:
1355:
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The requirements of the RCRA apply to all the companies that generate hazardous waste and those that store or dispose of hazardous waste in the United States. Many types of businesses generate hazardous waste.
1008:
1187:
1706:" and provide for the clean-up and remediation of closed and abandoned hazardous waste sites. CERCLA addresses historic releases of hazardous materials, but does not specifically manage hazardous wastes.
1182:
1379:
The following list includes categories often applied to HHW. It is important to note that many of these categories overlap and that many household wastes can fall into multiple categories:
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2387:
1563:, liquids, and gases. An incinerator can be built directly at a hazardous waste site, or more commonly, waste can be transported from a site to a permanent incineration facility.
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1917:
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and join the gas emissions. The ash needs to be stored in a hazardous waste landfill, although it takes less space than the original waste. Incineration releases gases such as
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87:
1306:. Hazardous waste is regulated on national scale by national governments as well as on an international scale by the United Nations (UN) and international treaties.
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1860:. The US Federal Government funded this resource. TOXMAP's chemical and environmental health information was taken from NLM's Toxicology Data Network (TOXNET),
1849:
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958:
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The UN has a mandate on hazardous substances and wastes with recommendations to countries for dealing with hazardous waste. 199 countries signed the 1992
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1974:
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found in the regulations at 40 CFR 261.32, and P-list and the U-list (discarded commercial chemical products) found in the regulations at 40 CFR 261.33.
2590:
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1819:
2487:"Environmental inequality in Austria: do inhabitants' socioeconomic characteristics differ depending on their proximity to industrial polluters?"
1772:
1680:
1642:, seeking to stop the flow of hazardous waste from developed countries to developing countries with less stringent environmental regulations.
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provides several tools for mapping hazardous wastes to particular locations. These tools also allow the user to view additional information.
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RCRA's record keeping system helps to track the life cycle of hazardous waste and reduces the amount of hazardous waste illegally disposed.
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Incinerators burn hazardous waste at high temperatures (1600°-2500°F, 870°-1400°C), greatly reducing its amount by decomposing it into
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The ash and gases leftover from incineration can also be hazardous. Metals are not destroyed, and can either remain in the furnace or
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1599:, a salt dome formation, a salt bed formation, an underground mine, a cave, or a corrective action management unit (40 CFR 260.10)."
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63:
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1775:(RCRA). Hazardous wastes are defined under RCRA in 40 CFR 261 and divided into two major categories: characteristic and listed.
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2591:"Governments agree landmark decisions to protect people and planet from hazardous chemicals and waste, including plastic waste"
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2139:
Malviya, Rachana; Chaudhary, Rubina (2006). "Factors affecting hazardous waste solidification/Stabilization: A review".
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that must be handled properly to avoid damaging human health or the environment. Waste can be hazardous because it is
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centers may all generate hazardous waste. Some hazardous waste generators are larger companies such as chemical
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In the United States, the treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous waste are regulated under the
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1911:
1901:
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2004:
1943:
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1574:, nitrogen oxides, ammonia, and volatile organic compounds. Reactions in the furnace can also form
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706:
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348:
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3222:
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1481:
1232:
993:
869:
631:
413:
353:
323:
270:
2203:"Chemical stabilization of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash: a review"
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has defined the responsible management of hazardous waste and chemicals as an important part of
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3217:
3185:
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2222:
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1871:(EPA) "Where You Live" allows users to select a region from a map to find information about
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1732:
The
Supreme Court stepped in to prevent damage from hazardous waste in order to protect the
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1038:
978:
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are classified as radioactive waste because they contain very small amounts of radioactive
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3015:
3010:
2326:
Incineration, National
Research Council (US) Committee on Health Effects of Waste (2000),
1984:
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in those gases, modern incinerators are designed with systems to capture these emissions.
1319:
926:
886:
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653:
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358:
17:
2858:
2090:"Sustainable Development Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns"
2218:
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3521:
3195:
3175:
3085:
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2866:
2758:
2725:
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2062:
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1848:(NLM) that used maps of the United States to help users visually explore data from the
1800:
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343:
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2028:
Martínez, Johann H.; Romero, Sergi; Ramasco, José J.; Estrada, Ernesto (2022-03-29).
1733:
1496:
1063:
553:
548:
543:
301:
3531:
3237:
3115:
3095:
3040:
2005:"Hazardous-waste management | Types, Examples, Treatment, & Facts | Britannica"
1804:
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1780:
1702:(CERCLA) was enacted in 1980. The primary contribution of CERCLA was to create a "
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1529:
1445:
1096:
1058:
1043:
874:
839:
784:
503:
363:
2152:
2616:
2485:
Glatter-Götz, Helene; Mohai, Paul; Haas, Willi; Plutzar, Christoph (2019-07-01).
2461:
3562:
3212:
3050:
2965:
2928:
2803:"Vandana Shiva | Indian Environmentalist, Activist & Scientist | Britannica"
2327:
1886:
1457:
1422:
1404:
1018:
716:
696:
333:
139:
2503:
2451:
2226:
2045:
3714:
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Some hazardous wastes can be recycled into new products. Examples may include
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1068:
824:
328:
2749:
2685:
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2512:
2234:
2202:
2053:
3597:
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2889:
1964:
1959:
1872:
1703:
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and gases. Incineration works with many types of hazardous waste, including
1509:
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1412:
1408:
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1299:
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1091:
1053:
1003:
938:
844:
308:
288:
278:
3060:
2767:
2703:
2242:
2160:
2071:
1759:
2676:
1359:
Large debris pile near to EPA's 'Household
Hazardous Waste' collection PAD
27:
Ignitable, reactive, corrosive and/or toxic unwanted or unusable materials
3120:
3080:
3000:
2741:
1473:
1437:
1291:
508:
2852:
2645:
3090:
2201:
Zhao, Xin-yue; Yang, Jin-yan; Ning, Ning; Yang, Zhi-shan (2022-06-01).
1583:
1489:
1387:
1339:
hazardous wastes. Universal wastes must still be disposed of properly.
259:
3035:
2990:
1861:
1826:
1700:
Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
1694:
Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
1560:
1426:
1146:
1126:
1033:
1023:
731:
3030:
2893:
1758:
1383:
1354:
1346:
1287:
1156:
1101:
493:
253:
1508:
Historically, some hazardous wastes were disposed of in regular
1131:
378:
373:
338:
2862:
1552:
133:
70:
29:
2837:
2617:"Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017"
2528:"Environmental Genocide:: Native Americans and Toxic Waste"
2842:
1719:
In 1984, a deadly methyl isocyanate gas leak known as the
2848:
The U.S. EPA's
Hazardous Waste Cleanup Information System
1834:
1767:, a toxic waste dump in northern Bullitt County, Kentucky
2450:
Marfe, Gabriella; Di
Stefano, Carla, eds. (2020-08-23).
1467:(e.g. lithium, nickel cadmium, or button cell batteries)
2726:"By Order of the Court: Environmental Cleanup in India"
1351:
Household Hazardous Waste separated for proper disposal
95:
2847:
3679:
2791:. Ministry of Environment and Forests. July 28, 1989.
2413:"Microsoft PowerPoint - ESM of pesticide POPs part 3"
1582:. To avoid releasing hazardous gases and solid waste
1918:
Gade v. National Solid Wastes Management Association
3540:
3509:
3419:
3271:
3068:
2904:
2328:"Incineration Processes and Environmental Releases"
1607:Some hazardous waste types may be eliminated using
164:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3548:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
2660:"The Bhopal disaster and its aftermath: a review"
2838:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
1376:company or at an industrial setting is not HHW.
2646:“Waste Management: A Half Century of Progress.”
2566:"Special rapporteur on toxics and human rights"
2532:The American Journal of Economics and Sociology
2177:GCSE Applied Business for Edexcel: Double Award
2570:United Nations Human Rights Special Procedures
2376:Land Disposal Restrictions for Hazardous Waste
2115:"Hazardous Waste Management - Smoke Detectors"
262:household hazardous waste collection facility.
2874:
2305:The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2277:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1850:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1813:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1681:Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
1674:Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
1331:(e.g. lithium or lead containing batteries),
1264:
84:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
2853:Waste Management: A Half Century of Progress
2624:United Nations Statistics Division - UN-GGIM
2207:Environmental Science and Pollution Research
1929:List of Superfund sites in the United States
1835:Division of Specialized Information Services
2453:Hazardous Waste Management and Health Risks
1715:Environmental Act and Hazardous Waste Rules
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2881:
2867:
2859:
1975:Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure
1924:List of solid waste treatment technologies
1846:United States National Library of Medicine
1537:, while also recycling the safe product.
1271:
1257:
1161:
287:
265:
2757:
2693:
2675:
2502:
2061:
242:Learn how and when to remove this message
224:Learn how and when to remove this message
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
2855:, a report by the EPA Alumni Association
2088:Our World in Data team (July 18, 2023).
3686:
3578:High-level radioactive waste management
2388:"Scheduled Wastes - Plasma Arc Systems"
2174:Carysforth, Carol; Neild, Mike (2002).
1996:
1200:
1164:
277:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2332:Waste Incineration & Public Health
1773:Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
1298:violently with other chemicals, or is
2719:
2717:
2715:
2713:
1897:Brownfield Regulation and Development
7:
3593:Sewage regulation and administration
2644:Horinko, Marianne, Cathryn Courtin.
2595:United Nations Environment Programme
2264:
2262:
2260:
2083:
2081:
1755:Hazardous waste in the United States
1371:Hazardous waste in the United States
162:adding citations to reliable sources
2648:EPA Alumni Association. March 2016.
2270:"A Citizen's Guide to Incineration"
1949:Mixed waste (radioactive/hazardous)
1662:
499:Radium and radon in the environment
2782:"The Hazardous Wastes Rules, 1989"
2544:10.1111/j.1536-7150.1998.tb03260.x
2298:"Emission From Waste Incineration"
1934:List of waste management companies
1869:US Environmental Protection Agency
1864:, and other authoritative sources.
1335:, and mercury-containing devices.
25:
2730:Environmental Health Perspectives
45:This article has multiple issues.
3713:
3701:
3689:
3643:
3642:
3631:
3573:Extended producer responsibility
3059:
2658:Broughton, Edward (2005-05-10).
1858:Superfund Basic Research Program
1238:
1226:
138:
75:
34:
3131:Mechanical biological treatment
2724:Sharma, Dinesh C. (June 2005).
2425:from the original on 2022-10-09
2334:, National Academies Press (US)
1939:List of waste management topics
1655:Sustainable Development Goal 12
319:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
149:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
3746:Occupational safety and health
2843:The EPA's hazardous waste page
2526:Brook, Daniel (July 3, 2006).
2491:Environmental Research Letters
2456:. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS.
2141:Journal of Hazardous Materials
1188:Least polluted cities by PM2.5
1:
2153:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.01.065
2122:Municipal Utilities Authority
1980:Triad (environmental science)
1831:Geographic Information System
1625:Management and health effects
1614:persistent organic pollutants
659:Electrical resistance heating
2462:10.2174/97898114547451200101
1595:impoundment, an underground
1451:Aerosols / Propane cylinders
369:Persistent organic pollutant
293:Air pollution from a factory
3583:History of waste management
2352:"Hazardous Waste Landfills"
98:, discuss the issue on the
3762:
3171:fluorescent lamp recycling
2227:10.1007/s11356-022-19649-2
2046:10.1038/s41467-022-28810-x
2030:"The world-wide waste web"
1752:
1544:
1454:Caustics / Cleaning agents
1368:
1362:
18:Hazardous Waste Management
3626:
3057:
1907:Environmental remediation
1787:repair shops, hospitals,
1526:electronic circuit boards
1365:Household Hazardous Waste
1343:Household Hazardous Waste
914:War and environmental law
534:Health effects from noise
384:Volatile organic compound
3553:China's waste import ban
2504:10.1088/1748-9326/ab1611
1954:National Priorities List
1854:Toxics Release Inventory
1392:Automotive wastes (used
539:Marine mammals and sonar
2914:Agricultural wastewater
1833:(GIS) service from the
1651:sustainable development
1647:international community
1325:fluorescent light bulbs
1014:Freshwater salinization
934:Agricultural wastewater
3741:Environment and health
3638:Environment portal
3316:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3206:water recycling shower
1970:Retail hazardous waste
1768:
1460:-containing appliances
1360:
1352:
1233:Environment portal
263:
3006:Municipal solid waste
2986:Industrial wastewater
2677:10.1186/1476-069X-4-6
2034:Nature Communications
1875:sites in that region.
1762:
1358:
1350:
974:Industrial wastewater
742:Municipal solid waste
664:Soil guideline values
257:
3201:water heat recycling
3106:Garden waste dumping
2789:Government of Punjab
2742:10.1289/ehp.113-a394
2664:Environmental Health
1912:Environmental racism
1902:Environmental hazard
1728:Supreme Court action
1669:In the United States
1431:fluorescent lighting
1421:-containing wastes (
1183:Most polluted cities
835:Overhead power lines
158:improve this article
104:create a new article
96:improve this article
86:may not represent a
3568:Eco-industrial park
3156:appliance recycling
3076:Anaerobic digestion
3021:Post-consumer waste
2919:Biodegradable waste
2219:2022ESPR...2940384Z
2213:(27): 40384–40402.
1944:List of waste types
1765:Valley of the Drums
1653:by including it in
1522:lead–acid batteries
999:Ocean acidification
909:Unexploded ordnance
830:Advertising clutter
762:Post-consumer waste
707:Foam food container
692:Biodegradable waste
349:Global distillation
3613:Waste minimisation
3558:Cleaner production
3223:Reusable packaging
3136:Mechanical sorting
2939:Construction waste
2807:www.britannica.com
2128:on April 14, 2007.
2009:www.britannica.com
1840:2019-03-21 at the
1769:
1482:Radioactive wastes
1361:
1353:
1245:Ecology portal
870:Herbicidal warfare
414:Introduced species
354:Indoor air quality
324:Chlorofluorocarbon
264:
3677:
3676:
3608:Waste legislation
3517:Sanitation worker
3491:London Convention
3427:Bamako Convention
3218:Resource recovery
3186:textile recycling
3181:plastic recycling
3161:battery recycling
3101:Ecological design
3026:Radioactive waste
2471:978-981-14-5474-5
2094:Our World in Data
1892:Bamako Convention
1576:hydrochloric acid
1557:contaminated soil
1333:cathode ray tubes
1327:, some specialty
1281:
1280:
1216:
1215:
882:Nuclear holocaust
805:Urban heat island
619:Radioactive waste
404:Biological hazard
314:Air quality index
252:
251:
244:
234:
233:
226:
208:
173:"Hazardous waste"
132:
131:
124:
106:, as appropriate.
68:
16:(Redirected from
3753:
3718:
3717:
3706:
3705:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3685:
3646:
3645:
3636:
3635:
3501:OSPAR Convention
3432:Basel Convention
3243:Waste collection
3233:Sewage treatment
3191:timber recycling
3166:bottle recycling
3146:Reclaimed lumber
3141:Photodegradation
3063:
2981:Industrial waste
2949:Electronic waste
2944:Demolition waste
2924:Biomedical waste
2898:waste management
2883:
2876:
2869:
2860:
2826:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2786:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2761:
2736:(6): A394–A397.
2721:
2708:
2707:
2697:
2679:
2655:
2649:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2621:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2506:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2447:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2424:
2417:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2390:. Archived from
2384:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2354:. Archived from
2348:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2302:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2279:. September 2012
2274:
2266:
2255:
2254:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2124:. Archived from
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2085:
2076:
2075:
2065:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2001:
1793:photo processing
1744:Country examples
1738:Basel Convention
1664:
1640:Basel Convention
1320:Universal wastes
1315:Universal wastes
1273:
1266:
1259:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1231:
1230:
1162:
865:Chemical warfare
767:Waste management
727:Industrial waste
702:Electronic waste
687:Advertising mail
669:Phytoremediation
644:Land degradation
584:Depleted uranium
469:Overillumination
419:Invasive species
291:
281:
266:
247:
240:
229:
222:
218:
215:
209:
207:
166:
142:
134:
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
79:
78:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3736:Hazardous waste
3726:
3725:
3724:
3712:
3700:
3690:
3688:
3680:
3678:
3673:
3649:Category: Waste
3630:
3622:
3603:Waste hierarchy
3536:
3527:Waste collector
3505:
3496:Oslo Convention
3415:
3267:
3263:Waste-to-energy
3258:Waste treatment
3228:Right to repair
3126:Landfill mining
3111:Illegal dumping
3064:
3055:
3016:Packaging waste
3011:Open defecation
2971:Hazardous waste
2900:
2887:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2811:
2809:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2723:
2722:
2711:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2627:
2626:. July 10, 2017
2619:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2598:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2574:
2572:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2449:
2448:
2437:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2397:
2395:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2370:
2361:
2359:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2337:
2335:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2310:
2308:
2307:. March 5, 2014
2300:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2282:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2258:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2098:
2096:
2087:
2086:
2079:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2013:
2011:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1985:Vapor intrusion
1882:
1842:Wayback Machine
1820:U.S. government
1803:companies, and
1757:
1751:
1746:
1730:
1721:Bhopal disaster
1717:
1712:
1696:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1636:
1627:
1622:
1605:
1592:
1549:
1543:
1518:
1506:
1486:smoke detectors
1463:Some specialty
1373:
1367:
1345:
1317:
1312:
1284:Hazardous waste
1277:
1239:
1237:
1225:
1218:
1217:
1117:
1109:
1108:
1082:
1074:
1073:
1009:Pharmaceuticals
989:Nonpoint source
929:
919:
918:
887:Nuclear fallout
860:
850:
849:
820:
810:
809:
800:
790:
789:
780:
772:
771:
757:Packaging waste
722:Hazardous waste
682:
674:
673:
634:
624:
623:
594:Nuclear fallout
589:Nuclear fission
569:
559:
558:
524:
514:
513:
489:
481:
480:
454:
452:Electromagnetic
444:
443:
434:
426:
425:
399:
389:
388:
359:Ozone depletion
304:
294:
279:
248:
237:
236:
235:
230:
219:
213:
210:
167:
165:
155:
143:
128:
117:
111:
108:
93:
80:
76:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3759:
3757:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3710:
3698:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3640:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3522:Street sweeper
3519:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3434:
3429:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3406:United Kingdom
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3277:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3196:tire recycling
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3176:land recycling
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3086:Biodegradation
3083:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3046:Surface runoff
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2934:Chemical waste
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2833:
2832:External links
2830:
2828:
2827:
2818:
2794:
2773:
2709:
2650:
2637:
2608:
2597:. May 12, 2019
2582:
2557:
2538:(1): 105–113.
2518:
2477:
2470:
2435:
2404:
2379:
2368:
2343:
2318:
2289:
2256:
2193:
2186:
2166:
2147:(1): 267–276.
2131:
2106:
2077:
2020:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1865:
1805:oil refineries
1801:electroplating
1753:Main article:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1729:
1726:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1695:
1692:
1683:, Subtitle C.
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1659:
1635:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1604:
1601:
1597:injection well
1591:
1588:
1580:sulfur dioxide
1572:carbon dioxide
1568:convert to gas
1545:Main article:
1542:
1539:
1517:
1514:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1479:
1476:
1471:
1468:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1434:
1416:
1401:
1390:
1363:Main article:
1344:
1341:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1304:sustainability
1279:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1235:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1178:Law by country
1175:
1167:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1049:Surface runoff
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
949:Eutrophication
946:
941:
936:
930:
925:
924:
921:
920:
917:
916:
911:
906:
904:Scorched earth
901:
900:
899:
897:Nuclear winter
894:
892:Nuclear famine
889:
879:
878:
877:
867:
861:
856:
855:
852:
851:
848:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
821:
816:
815:
812:
811:
808:
807:
801:
796:
795:
792:
791:
788:
787:
781:
778:
777:
774:
773:
770:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
683:
680:
679:
676:
675:
672:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
649:Bioremediation
646:
641:
635:
630:
629:
626:
625:
622:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
579:Bioremediation
576:
570:
565:
564:
561:
560:
557:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
529:Transportation
525:
520:
519:
516:
515:
512:
511:
506:
501:
496:
490:
487:
486:
483:
482:
479:
478:
476:Radio spectrum
473:
472:
471:
466:
455:
450:
449:
446:
445:
442:
441:
435:
432:
431:
428:
427:
424:
423:
422:
421:
411:
406:
400:
395:
394:
391:
390:
387:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
344:Global dimming
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
305:
300:
299:
296:
295:
292:
284:
283:
275:
274:
250:
249:
232:
231:
146:
144:
137:
130:
129:
90:of the subject
88:worldwide view
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3758:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3697:
3687:
3683:
3670:
3669:Organizations
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3641:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3628:
3625:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3588:Landfill fire
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3437:EU directives
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3411:United States
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3248:Waste sorting
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2996:Marine debris
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2879:
2877:
2872:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2822:
2819:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2790:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2625:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2497:(7): 074007.
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2408:
2405:
2394:on 2009-10-05
2393:
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2358:on 2019-05-14
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2197:
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2187:9780435447205
2183:
2180:. Heinemann.
2179:
2178:
2170:
2167:
2162:
2158:
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2142:
2135:
2132:
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2123:
2121:
2120:Morris County
2116:
2110:
2107:
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2091:
2084:
2082:
2078:
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2069:
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2035:
2031:
2024:
2021:
2010:
2006:
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1991:
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1828:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1797:manufacturers
1794:
1790:
1789:exterminators
1786:
1782:
1776:
1774:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1749:United States
1748:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1734:right to life
1727:
1725:
1722:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1684:
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1540:
1538:
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1531:
1527:
1523:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1503:
1498:
1497:americium-241
1494:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1478:Car batteries
1477:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1446:mobile phones
1443:
1439:
1436:Electronics (
1435:
1432:
1428:
1424:
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1399:
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1199:
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1103:
1100:
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1095:
1094:
1093:
1090:
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1078:
1077:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1064:Water quality
1062:
1060:
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1050:
1047:
1045:
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1037:
1035:
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876:
873:
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871:
868:
866:
863:
862:
859:
854:
853:
846:
843:
841:
840:Traffic signs
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
822:
819:
814:
813:
806:
803:
802:
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786:
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776:
775:
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765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
747:Nanomaterials
745:
743:
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735:
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730:
728:
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723:
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718:
715:
713:
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645:
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640:
637:
636:
633:
628:
627:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
609:Radioactivity
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
571:
568:
563:
562:
555:
554:Soundproofing
552:
550:
549:Noise control
547:
545:
544:Noise barrier
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
526:
523:
518:
517:
510:
507:
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502:
500:
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477:
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401:
398:
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228:
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217:
214:February 2010
206:
203:
199:
196:
192:
189:
185:
182:
178:
175: –
174:
170:
169:Find sources:
163:
159:
153:
152:
147:This article
145:
141:
136:
135:
126:
123:
115:
105:
101:
97:
91:
89:
82:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
3541:Other topics
3532:Waste picker
3459:incineration
3238:Urban mining
3116:Incineration
3096:Durable good
3041:Sharps waste
3001:Mining waste
2970:
2821:
2810:. Retrieved
2806:
2797:
2788:
2776:
2733:
2729:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2640:
2628:. Retrieved
2623:
2611:
2599:. Retrieved
2594:
2585:
2573:. Retrieved
2569:
2560:
2535:
2531:
2521:
2494:
2490:
2480:
2452:
2427:. Retrieved
2407:
2396:. Retrieved
2392:the original
2382:
2371:
2360:. Retrieved
2356:the original
2346:
2336:, retrieved
2331:
2321:
2309:. Retrieved
2304:
2292:
2281:. Retrieved
2276:
2210:
2206:
2196:
2176:
2169:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2126:the original
2118:
2109:
2097:. Retrieved
2093:
2037:
2033:
2023:
2012:. Retrieved
2008:
1999:
1916:
1817:
1809:
1781:Dry cleaners
1777:
1770:
1731:
1718:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1677:
1644:
1637:
1634:Global goals
1628:
1606:
1593:
1565:
1550:
1547:Incineration
1541:Incineration
1530:heavy metals
1519:
1507:
1423:thermometers
1405:insecticides
1403:Pesticides (
1378:
1374:
1337:
1318:
1283:
1282:
1152:Point source
1097:Heavy metals
1059:Urban runoff
1044:Sulfur water
1019:Septic tanks
875:Agent Orange
785:Space debris
721:
639:Agricultural
504:Volcanic ash
364:Particulates
238:
220:
211:
201:
194:
187:
180:
168:
156:Please help
151:verification
148:
118:
112:October 2011
109:
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
3708:Environment
3563:Downcycling
3510:Occupations
3479:waste water
3376:Switzerland
3366:South Korea
3356:New Zealand
3281:Afghanistan
3253:Waste trade
3213:Repurposing
3051:Toxic waste
3031:Scrap metal
2966:Green waste
2929:Brown waste
2906:Major types
2040:(1): 1615.
1956:(in the US)
1887:Toxic waste
1661:Regulatory
1484:(some home
1458:Refrigerant
1442:televisions
1122:Area source
964:Groundwater
717:Green waste
697:Brown waste
681:Solid waste
439:Information
334:Exhaust gas
3730:Categories
3720:Technology
3618:Zero waste
3420:Agreements
3351:Kazakhstan
3306:Bangladesh
3091:Composting
2976:Heat waste
2961:Food waste
2954:by country
2825:40 CFR 261
2812:2024-04-07
2429:2017-11-19
2398:2009-03-13
2362:2008-11-25
2338:2024-04-02
2283:2024-04-02
2014:2024-03-27
1992:References
1785:automobile
1620:In society
1535:bottom ash
1470:Ammunition
1413:fungicides
1409:herbicides
1398:antifreeze
1369:See also:
1209:By country
1201:Categories
1092:Pollutants
1069:Wastewater
1039:Stagnation
984:Monitoring
959:Freshwater
825:Air travel
712:Food waste
654:Defecation
464:Ecological
397:Biological
329:Combustion
269:Part of a
184:newspapers
50:improve it
3598:Upcycling
3464:landfills
3454:framework
3447:Recycling
3442:batteries
3371:Sri Lanka
3331:Hong Kong
3296:Australia
3273:Countries
3151:Recycling
3069:Processes
2890:Biosolids
2750:0091-6765
2686:1476-069X
2630:April 12,
2552:0002-9246
2513:1748-9326
2251:247683142
2235:1614-7499
2054:2041-1723
1965:Recycling
1960:Pollution
1873:Superfund
1852:'s (EPA)
1704:Superfund
1609:pyrolysis
1603:Pyrolysis
1584:suspended
1516:Recycling
1510:landfills
1493:americium
1465:batteries
1438:computers
1394:motor oil
1329:batteries
1300:corrosive
1137:Garbology
1054:Turbidity
1004:Oil spill
954:Firewater
939:Biosolids
845:Vandalism
604:Poisoning
599:Plutonium
574:Actinides
567:Radiation
309:Acid rain
280:Pollution
100:talk page
56:talk page
3659:Journals
3474:vehicles
3396:Thailand
3386:Tanzania
3121:Landfill
3081:Balefill
2768:15929881
2704:15882472
2670:(1): 6.
2601:April 7,
2575:April 7,
2420:Archived
2311:April 2,
2243:35338465
2161:16530943
2099:April 7,
2072:35351874
1880:See also
1838:Archived
1710:In India
1590:Landfill
1578:gas and
1504:Disposal
1474:Asbestos
1427:switches
1388:solvents
1193:Treaties
1173:Diseases
1029:Shipping
994:Nutrient
944:Diseases
509:Wildfire
94:You may
3696:Ecology
3682:Portals
3326:Georgia
3301:Belgium
3291:Armenia
3286:Albania
2759:1257623
2695:1142333
2215:Bibcode
2063:8964736
1844:of the
1663:history
1528:. When
1495:, e.g.
1490:isotope
1433:, etc.)
1419:Mercury
1415:, etc.)
1400:, etc.)
1087:History
969:Hypoxia
798:Thermal
752:Plastic
614:Uranium
488:Natural
433:Digital
409:Genetic
260:Seattle
198:scholar
3647:
3401:Turkey
3391:Taiwan
3361:Russia
3341:Israel
3311:Brazil
3036:Sewage
2991:Litter
2896:, and
2766:
2756:
2748:
2702:
2692:
2684:
2550:
2511:
2468:
2249:
2241:
2233:
2184:
2159:
2070:
2060:
2052:
1862:PubMed
1829:was a
1827:TOXMAP
1791:, and
1561:sludge
1384:Paints
1296:reacts
1147:Midden
1142:Legacy
1127:Debris
1081:Topics
1034:Sludge
1024:Sewage
979:Marine
818:Visual
737:Mining
732:Litter
271:series
258:North
200:
193:
186:
179:
171:
3664:Lists
3654:Index
3381:Syria
3346:Japan
3336:India
3321:Egypt
2894:waste
2785:(PDF)
2620:(PDF)
2423:(PDF)
2416:(PDF)
2301:(PDF)
2273:(PDF)
2247:S2CID
1310:Types
1292:toxic
1288:waste
1165:Lists
1157:Waste
1102:Paint
927:Water
779:Space
522:Noise
494:Ozone
459:Light
205:JSTOR
191:books
102:, or
3484:WEEE
3469:RoHS
2764:PMID
2746:ISSN
2700:PMID
2682:ISSN
2632:2024
2603:2024
2577:2024
2548:ISSN
2509:ISSN
2466:ISBN
2313:2024
2239:PMID
2231:ISSN
2182:ISBN
2157:PMID
2101:2024
2068:PMID
2050:ISSN
1867:The
1856:and
1818:The
1763:The
1698:The
1645:The
1386:and
1132:Dust
1116:Misc
632:Soil
379:Soot
374:Smog
339:Haze
177:news
2754:PMC
2738:doi
2734:113
2690:PMC
2672:doi
2540:doi
2499:doi
2458:doi
2223:doi
2149:doi
2145:137
2058:PMC
2042:doi
1553:ash
1524:or
1286:is
858:War
302:Air
160:by
3732::
2892:,
2805:.
2787:.
2762:.
2752:.
2744:.
2732:.
2728:.
2712:^
2698:.
2688:.
2680:.
2666:.
2662:.
2622:.
2593:.
2568:.
2546:.
2536:57
2534:.
2530:.
2507:.
2495:14
2493:.
2489:.
2464:.
2438:^
2418:.
2330:,
2303:.
2275:.
2259:^
2245:.
2237:.
2229:.
2221:.
2211:29
2209:.
2205:.
2155:.
2143:.
2117:.
2092:.
2080:^
2066:.
2056:.
2048:.
2038:13
2036:.
2032:.
2007:.
1807:.
1799:,
1783:,
1616:.
1559:,
1499:).
1444:,
1440:,
1429:,
1425:,
1411:,
1407:,
1396:,
1294:,
273:on
59:.
3684::
2882:e
2875:t
2868:v
2815:.
2770:.
2740::
2706:.
2674::
2668:4
2634:.
2605:.
2579:.
2554:.
2542::
2515:.
2501::
2474:.
2460::
2432:.
2401:.
2365:.
2315:.
2286:.
2253:.
2225::
2217::
2190:.
2163:.
2151::
2103:.
2074:.
2044::
2017:.
1448:)
1272:e
1265:t
1258:v
245:)
239:(
227:)
221:(
216:)
212:(
202:·
195:·
188:·
181:·
154:.
125:)
119:(
114:)
110:(
92:.
66:)
62:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
