484:
465:
83:
408:
Kahl (2008) attempts a symbolological interpretation of the "sedge" and the "bee" as representing Upper and Lower Egypt, respectively. According to Kahl, the "seal of the sprouting reed", reveals a "rather maternal and protecting function" of the king, and the "seal of the defensive bee" represents
791:
and the
Ramesside king lists, such as the Abydos King List, the Saqqara Table and the Turin Canon. Whilst Manetho referred to the nomen, the Ramesside king lists used the prenomen. Another reason is that many rulers of later periods used the cartouche versions of their nomen and prenomen separately
786:
introduced the new name and it was also placed in a cartouche. During later times, pharaohs often used both names, prenomen and nomen, in cartouches, which sometimes led to confusion amongst
Egyptologists in the past. The reason for the confusion was differences between the royal names presented by
186:, on the other hand, more properly referred to the ephemeral holder of the position. In this way, both the divine and the mortal were referenced in the phrase, along with the obvious dual division of the northern and southern lands. For these reasons, the translation "Dual King" is preferred today.
554:
Secondly, both sign groups could be used either alone or together to designate the personal property of the pharaoh or an order of him. The former usage is similar to that of the hieroglyph of the sitting falcon while an example of the latter is found in a rock inscription in Sinai dating to the
439:
for "seal bearer of the bjtj-king". A military interpretation, depicting the bee in reference to its sting, has also been proposed. The strongest evidence supporting this conclusion comes from the pyramid texts of king
594:
however, the titles for son or daughter of the king became honorific and were given to high officials and courtiers alike. Indirect kinships and mere acquaintances with the king were expressed with titles such as
286:
title is recorded from the time of the First
Dynasty. It is conventionally paraphrased as "Dual King" or "King of Upper and Lower Egypt", but its literal interpretation would be " sedge bee". The
527:
group of signs, both titles actually mean "sealbearer of the king". However, when used separately and in mere economic contexts, the titles could have a more specific meaning, for example
503:
group of signs are known. First, they represented the highest level of command, for the king himself as well for his subjects. Thus, every title of an official containing the
483:
387:
in this position is preserved in Coptic, and would not have been omitted in cuneiform. Schenkel and Peust (2007) have also questioned the derivation of
630:-king" was - alongside the direct relatives of the king - the only one allowed to touch, count and seal the personal possessions of the pharaoh.
431:
and as an important trade ware. Additionally, the bee sign might have had the meaning of "wealth, affluence". This might explain as to why the
792:
in different inscriptions. Only in inscriptions that depict both names side by side is it obvious that the two names belong to the same king.
1210:
1180:
1150:
1118:
1086:
876:
827:
641:
received advanced meanings in
Egyptian heraldry, especially when connected with administrative and/or economic institutions. The sign group
1262:
731:
was already in use under king Djer, the third king of the dynasty and maybe even under king Hor-Aha, his predecessor. The sign group
180:, seems to have referred to the eternal institution of kingship itself. It was, in fact, the word for "king" in expressions The word
1057:
931:
1257:
671:(meaning "the two lords") seemed to include the wrong gender. Semerkhet seemed to seek for a "female" crest and thus changed the
49:
373:
pronunciation of approximately . Schenkel (1986) cites a reconstruction of an older
Egyptian form, based on the cuneiform, as
144:
1238:
1019:
723:, the fifth ruler of the First Dynasty, and was then adopted by all subsequent kings. At the time of the introduction of the
54:
56:
51:
1267:
123:
735:
appeared slightly later, during the reign of Den. An interesting background is the symbolic implementation of
343:
is used in reference to the king, but not as a title placed before a royal name. A rare variant form spells
556:
205:
100:
645:, for example, meaning "house of the king", represented the royal household and/or the palace of the king.
652:
591:
536:
449:
370:
263:
160:
237:
136:
559:. The inscription, which names the "administrator of the desert and general Ankhenity", further reads
603:
for "favorite of the king". This kind of expression dates back to the First
Dynasty, with the titles
34:
1234:
1206:
1176:
1146:
1114:
1082:
1053:
1015:
927:
872:
823:
763:
359:
535:
as "seal bearer of the king of Upper Egypt". A unique case seems to be the birth name of the
246:
During the first three dynasties, the prenomen was depicted either alone or in pair with the
578:
lies in its use to express and accentuate relationships in the royal family. Originally the
435:
crest is used when describing offices that were responsible for economic duties such as the
958:
762:"son of Rē"). This title followed the cartouche as an emendation of the birth name. King
377:, where V is an unknown vowel. This would seem to cast doubt on the widespread reading of
699:(possibly Nynetjer's direct successor) was the first to separate the crests and use the
1196:
862:
17:
1142:
Zeichen aus dem Sand: Streiflichter aus Ägyptens
Geschichte zu Ehren von Günter Dreyer
1110:
Zeichen aus dem Sand: Streiflichter aus Ägyptens
Geschichte zu Ehren von Günter Dreyer
1078:
Zeichen aus dem Sand: Streiflichter aus Ägyptens
Geschichte zu Ehren von Günter Dreyer
1046:
Zeichen aus dem Sand: Streiflichter aus Ägyptens
Geschichte zu Ehren von Günter Dreyer
920:
Zeichen aus dem Sand: Streiflichter aus Ägyptens Geschichte zu Ehren von Günter Dreyer
409:"a rather power and strength seeking character". The earliest instances of the use of
1251:
1166:
720:
696:
615:. Both titles are rare and might point to elite positions held by the title bearers.
453:
355:
156:
140:
707:
crest separately, too, but peculiarly, the name "Peribsen" was used in all crests.
511:
signs gave the holder the highest executive authority. Examples of such titles are
399:-graph to be a borrowed sound rather than the emblem of Upper Egypt. In this case,
295:
1200:
1170:
1140:
1108:
1076:
866:
817:
911:
582:
crest expressed a direct blood link with the pharaoh, for example in the titles
492:
213:
198:
167:
417:'s possible rule, between the reigns of Djet and Den in the mid First Dynasty.
456:
is described as a "swarm of bees, encircling and devouring the king's enemy".
324:
255:
247:
130:
91:
67:
567:
king". A similar factum is found in words describing royal actions. The word
193:
The term "of the Sedge and Bee" is written by the hieroglyphs representing a
648:
476:
464:
362:
271:
267:
251:
190:
Others think that it originally represented the birth name of the rulers.
747:
688:
655:, introduced the famous Nebty name as a complementary counterpart to the
626:
crest also expressed royal authority. For example, a "seal-bearer of the
414:
96:
766:, the third ruler of the Fifth Dynasty, was the first who separated the
727:
crest both groups were already in use separately. The single sign group
788:
680:
660:
152:
148:
1012:
The Quest for the Perfect Hive: A History of Innovation in Bee Culture
611:, "living for and beloved by the king", appearing during the reign of
684:
428:
424:
182:
176:
82:
482:
463:
420:
194:
612:
445:
441:
259:
423:
was used in Ancient Egypt as food, medicine, table offering in
209:
893:
Großes Handwörterbuch Ägyptisch-Deutsch: (2800 - 950 v. Chr.)
774:
crest and turned them into two different, independent names:
313:
in the Old Kingdom was initially interpreted as representing
81:
531:
can be read as "sealbearer of the king of Lower Egypt" and
405:
would simply be a combination of two words meaning "king".
1139:
Engel, Evamaria; Müller, Vera; Hartung, Ulrich (2008).
1107:
Engel, Evamaria; Müller, Vera; Hartung, Ulrich (2008).
1075:
Engel, Evamaria; Müller, Vera; Hartung, Ulrich (2008).
750:, the third ruler of the Fourth Dynasty, combined the
254:
was the first pharaoh who devoted his prenomen to the
400:
378:
314:
308:
299:
413:
date back to the time period corresponding to queen
41:
590:for "mother of the king". At some point during the
331:as "belonging to the Sut-plant". The prepositional
166:Most Egyptologists believe that the prenomen was a
32:
984:Peust, Carsten, "Zur Bedeutung und Etymologie von
633:When used singly or combined with other symbols,
1233:, vol. 165). Clarendon Press, Oxford (UK) 1961,
1145:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 307–27ff.
819:The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary
574:A third symbolic and also practical meaning of
172:
1044:In: Eva-Maria Engel, Vera Müller and others:
918:In: Eva-Maria Engel, Vera Müller and others:
691:(the third ruler of the Second Dynasty), the
365:transliteration of the title is recorded, as
8:
695:crest appeared in pair with the Nebty name.
220:L2), each combined with the feminine ending
871:. Routledge. pp. 63, 163, 171, 176–7.
599:meaning "friend/courtier of the king" and
491:crest, here introducing a cartouche name (
298:the transliteration of the title would be
266:onward, the prenomen was encircled by the
45:
1113:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 325.
1081:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 314.
1052:, vol. 5). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2008,
926:, vol. 5). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2008,
962:(1986). University of Heidelberg, p. 64.
754:crest for the first time with the title
739:with the White Crown of Upper Egypt and
719:was introduced during the reign of king
547:meaning "utterance" or "appointment" or
801:
290:hieroglyph (X1) is archaically read as
1227:Egypt of the Pharaohs: An Introduction
1172:Egypt of the Pharaohs: An Introduction
1014:. University Press, Oxford (UK) 2010,
29:
1205:. Routledge. pp. 112, 174, 176.
907:
905:
903:
901:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
811:
809:
807:
805:
679:name, the crest of the "Two Ladies" (
571:, for example, means "royal decree".
327:later proposed the interpretation of
7:
973:Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen
959:Das Wort für König (von Oberägypten)
945:Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen
743:with the Red Crown of Lower Egypt.
667:name as a heraldic emendation. But
25:
539:king Huni: his name contains the
155:to have a Sedge and Bee name was
659:crest. Semerkhet's predecessor,
262:, the probable last king of the
1175:. Clarendon Press. p. 52.
703:crest alone again. He used the
243:is not represented in writing.
452:. In these texts, the goddess
1:
607:, "beloved of the king", and
499:Three different uses for the
236:respectively; the adjectival
174:The first part of the title,
816:Leprohon, Ronald J. (2013).
715:The final form of the title
551:for "smiting" or "beating".
448:of the late Fifth and early
401:
379:
315:
309:
300:
27:Ancient Egyptian regnal name
651:, the seventh ruler of the
543:crest beside the signs for
475:crest (top row; here: king
335:is omitted in the spelling
270:(the elongated form of the
72:" of the Sedge and the Bee"
1284:
1103:Nsw und Bit - Die Anfänge.
1071:Nsw und Bit - Die Anfänge.
1042:Nsw und Bit - Die Anfänge.
916:Nsw und Bit - Die Anfänge.
618:Finally, similarly to the
586:for "son of the king" and
563:meaning " by order of the
127:
1263:Ancient Egyptian language
1225:Alan Henderson Gardiner:
822:. SBL Press. p. 17.
395:"sedge", considering the
80:
76:
40:
711:Introduction and history
471:crest combined with the
1258:Ancient Egyptian titles
18:He of the Sedge and Bee
992:(2007), 213, pp. 59-62
971:Jürgen von Beckerath,
943:Jürgen von Beckerath,
787:the ancient historian
496:
480:
188:
86:
687:). From Semerkhet to
663:, had introduced the
487:Later example of the
486:
467:
89:Early example of the
85:
1202:Early Dynastic Egypt
1031:Kahl (2008:325-327).
868:Early Dynastic Egypt
519:. Despite using the
990:Göttinger Miszellen
956:Wolfgang Schenkel,
1268:Egyptian mythology
934:, p. 315–340
497:
481:
323:(now deprecated).
87:
1212:978-1-134-66420-7
1182:978-0-19-500267-6
1152:978-3-447-05816-2
1120:978-3-447-05816-2
1088:978-3-447-05816-2
878:978-1-134-66420-7
829:978-1-58983-736-2
764:Neferirkare Kakai
369:, representing a
143:, was one of the
108:
107:
64:
63:
60:
59:
16:(Redirected from
1275:
1242:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1067:
1061:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1008:
1002:
1001:Kahl (2008:324).
999:
993:
982:
976:
969:
963:
954:
948:
941:
935:
909:
896:
889:
883:
882:
859:
834:
833:
813:
782:. Now the title
479:of 1st dynasty).
404:
382:
318:
312:
303:
145:five royal names
134:
124:Ancient Egyptian
104:
46:
42:
30:
21:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1197:Wilkinson, Toby
1195:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1138:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1106:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1074:
1068:
1064:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
983:
979:
970:
966:
955:
951:
942:
938:
910:
899:
895:(2006), p. 261.
891:Rainer Hannig,
890:
886:
879:
863:Wilkinson, Toby
861:
860:
837:
830:
815:
814:
803:
798:
713:
462:
380:n(j)-sw.t bj.tj
280:
258:. From Pharaoh
227:
219:
212:, representing
204:
197:, representing
95:crest: Pharaoh
88:
71:
65:
55:
50:
33:"dual king" in
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1281:
1279:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1218:
1211:
1188:
1181:
1167:Gardiner, Alan
1158:
1151:
1126:
1119:
1094:
1087:
1062:
1033:
1024:
1010:Gene Kritsky:
1003:
994:
977:
975:(1999), p. 16.
964:
949:
936:
897:
884:
877:
835:
828:
800:
799:
797:
794:
712:
709:
675:name into the
557:Second Dynasty
461:
458:
279:
276:
225:
217:
202:
116:cartouche name
114:, also called
106:
105:
101:Second Dynasty
78:
77:
74:
73:
62:
61:
58:
57:
52:
38:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1280:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1214:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1184:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1154:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1133:Jochem Kahl:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1101:Jochem Kahl:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1069:Jochem Kahl:
1066:
1063:
1060:, p. 338-340.
1059:
1058:3-447-05816-1
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1040:Jochem Kahl:
1037:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1004:
998:
995:
991:
987:
981:
978:
974:
968:
965:
961:
960:
953:
950:
946:
940:
937:
933:
932:3-447-05816-1
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
908:
906:
904:
902:
898:
894:
888:
885:
880:
874:
870:
869:
864:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
836:
831:
825:
821:
820:
812:
810:
808:
806:
802:
795:
793:
790:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
710:
708:
706:
702:
698:
697:Seth-Peribsen
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
653:First Dynasty
650:
646:
644:
640:
636:
631:
629:
625:
621:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
593:
592:Fifth Dynasty
589:
585:
581:
577:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:Third Dynasty
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
494:
490:
485:
478:
474:
470:
466:
459:
457:
455:
451:
450:Sixth Dynasty
447:
443:
438:
437:Khetemty-bity
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
416:
412:
406:
403:
402:nsw(t)-bjt(j)
398:
394:
390:
386:
381:
376:
375:*jinsiw-bījVt
372:
371:Late Egyptian
368:
364:
361:
357:
356:Amarna Period
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
317:
311:
307:The spelling
305:
302:
297:
294:, so that in
293:
289:
285:
277:
275:
273:
269:
265:
264:Third Dynasty
261:
257:
253:
249:
244:
242:
239:
235:
231:
228:X1), read as
223:
215:
211:
207:
200:
196:
191:
187:
185:
184:
179:
178:
171:
169:
164:
162:
161:First Dynasty
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
141:ancient Egypt
138:
137:Sedge and Bee
133:
132:
125:
121:
117:
113:
102:
98:
94:
93:
84:
79:
75:
70:
69:
53:
48:
47:
44:
43:
39:
36:
31:
19:
1231:Galaxy books
1230:
1226:
1221:
1201:
1191:
1171:
1161:
1141:
1134:
1129:
1109:
1102:
1097:
1077:
1070:
1065:
1050:Menes Series
1049:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1027:
1011:
1006:
997:
989:
988:'König'" in
985:
980:
972:
967:
957:
952:
947:(1999) p. 4.
944:
939:
924:Menes Series
923:
919:
915:
892:
887:
867:
818:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
759:
755:
751:
745:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
716:
714:
704:
700:
692:
676:
672:
668:
664:
656:
647:
642:
638:
634:
632:
627:
623:
619:
617:
608:
604:
600:
596:
587:
583:
579:
575:
573:
568:
564:
560:
553:
548:
544:
540:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
498:
488:
472:
468:
436:
432:
419:
410:
407:
396:
392:
388:
384:
383:, because a
374:
366:
353:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
320:
306:
301:nsw.tj-bj.tj
296:Old Egyptian
291:
287:
283:
281:
245:
240:
238:nisba ending
233:
229:
221:
192:
189:
181:
175:
173:
165:
151:. The first
129:
119:
115:
111:
109:
90:
66:
1241:, p. 50–51.
1135:Nsw und Bit
912:Jochem Kahl
758:(Egyptian:
622:crest, the
609:ꜥnḫ-mrr-nsw
533:sḏꜣwtj-nswt
529:sḏꜣwtj-bjtj
517:sḏꜣwtj-nswt
513:sḏꜣwtj-bjtj
493:Thutmose II
367:in-si-bi-ya
339:. The term
214:Lower Egypt
208:M23) and a
199:Upper Egypt
168:regnal name
159:during the
120:throne name
35:hieroglyphs
1252:Categories
1239:0195002679
1020:0199798958
796:References
770:- and the
325:Kurt Sethe
256:Two Ladies
248:Nebty name
768:nswt-bjtj
752:nswt-bjtj
725:nswt-bjtj
721:Horus Den
717:nswt-bjtj
701:nswt-bjtj
693:nswt-bjtj
657:nswt-bjtj
649:Semerkhet
561:wpwt nswt
501:nswt-bjtj
489:nswt-bjtj
477:Semerkhet
469:Nswt-bjtj
363:cuneiform
284:nswt-bjtj
272:shen ring
268:cartouche
252:Semerkhet
131:nswt-bjtj
92:nswt-bjtj
68:nswt-bjtj
1199:(2002).
1169:(1961).
865:(2002).
780:prenomen
748:Djedefre
689:Nynetjer
597:smr-nswt
588:mwt-nswt
415:Merneith
360:Akkadian
206:Gardiner
149:pharaohs
135:"of the
112:prenomen
97:Nubnefer
789:Manetho
681:Nekhbet
661:Anedjib
643:pr-nswt
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