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combs. Generally three heckling combs are used; however, many more can be used. The finer the final heckling comb, the finer the yarn spun from that flax can be. An example of a progression of five combs is first using a heckling comb with four nails per square inch, then one with 12 per inch, then 25, next 48, and finally 80 nails per inch. The first three remove the straw, and the last two split and polish the fibers.
93:. If the heckle is fine enough, the tow can be carded like wool and spun, otherwise it can be spun like the other flax fibers. Tow produces a coarser yarn than the fibers pulled through the heckles because it will still have some straw in it. While this yarn is not suitable for fine linens, it can be used for bagging, rough sheets, cords or ropes.
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and heckling. After breaking, some of the straw is scraped from the fibers in the scutching process, then the fiber is pulled through various sized heckling combs, or hackles. Different sized heckling combs are used, progressing from coarser combs with only a few prongs or nails per inch, to finer
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Heckling was originally done by hand, but began in the nineteenth century to be undertaken mechanically, with rollers drawing the slivers of flax through the hackles. The machine used for this is called a gill. At first this was similar in form to traditional hackles, but later the
53:. It splits and straightens the flax fibers, as well as removes the fibrous core and impurities. Flax is pulled through heckling combs, which parts the locked fibers and makes them straight, clean, and ready to spin. After heckling and spinning, flax is ready to be
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The noun "heckle" is thought to be derived from Old
English, with Middle English forms hechele, hetchell (c1300), hekele (c1440), hakell (1485), and later hatchel. The terms "heckle," "hackle" and "hackel" are used interchangeably at present.
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Dressing is the broad term referring to removing the fibers from the straw and cleaning it enough to be spun. Dressing consists of three steps: breaking,
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174:. So popular was this song that the promotional literature originally referred incorrectly to a hackler as a maker of
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Prior to the industry becoming mechanised and moving to East Ulster, hackling was a rural based
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The shorter fibers that remain in the heckling comb after the flax has been combed are called
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310:, ed. by Derek Fraser (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1980), pp. 142-76 (at 157).
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281:"gill, n.8." OED Online. Oxford University Press, September 2016. Web. 26 September 2016.
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Combing process used to clean and straighten scutched flax or other bast fibers
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is an Irish song written in the late 1880s by a local man, Peter Smith, from
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The Weaver's Craft: Cloth, Commerce, and
Industry in Early Pennsylvania
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E. J. Connell and M. Ward, 'Industrial
Development, 1780-1914', in
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was invented. Key innovators in developing this technology were
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166:. In the 1990s a product known as The Hackler, an Irish
45:(or "hackling") is the last of three steps in dressing
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105:, Samuel Lawson (inventor of the screw-gill), and
73:A hatchel, also known as a heckling comb, from
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271:oxforddictionaries.com definition of "hackle"
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178:. This error was subsequently corrected.
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142:in Ireland as Ulster's largest market.
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239:Hood, Adrienne D. (July 2003).
37:Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum
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216:The Oxford English Dictionary
144:The Hackler from Grouse Hall
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536:Cotton-spinning machinery
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308:A History of Modern Leeds
35:and dressing flax at the
293:, 7th edn (1842), s.v.
291:Encyclopædia Britannica
556:Magnetic ring spinning
551:DREF friction spinning
154:. It has been sung by
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561:Mule spinners' cancer
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596:Wool combing machine
188:Hand processing flax
529:Industrial spinning
483:Hand spinning tools
170:, was developed by
65:Process of heckling
324:Flax trade weaving
130:In popular culture
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121:A hackle or heckle
103:Philippe de Girard
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546:Open-end spinning
172:Cooley Distillery
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591:Water frame
500:Niddy noddy
148:Stravicnabo
505:Nostepinne
469:Short draw
437:Techniques
214:"Heckle."
199:References
99:screw-gill
464:Scutching
459:Long draw
372:Materials
150:, Lavey,
140:Cootehill
113:Etymology
83:scutching
75:Minnesota
29:Threshing
611:Category
454:Heckling
365:Spinning
295:spinning
182:See also
43:Heckling
510:Spindle
495:Distaff
449:Combing
444:Carding
419:Worsted
260:Extract
160:Planxty
33:retting
414:Woolen
399:Staple
394:Sliver
389:Roving
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176:PoitĂn
168:poitin
384:Rolag
138:with
59:linen
57:into
55:woven
617:Flax
379:Noil
249:ISBN
162:and
51:spun
47:flax
409:Tow
404:Top
91:tow
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