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674:, but called white bronze for marketing purposes. Almost all, if not all, zinc grave markers were made by the Monumental Bronze Company of Bridgeport, CT, between 1874 and 1914. The company set up subsidiaries in Detroit, Philadelphia, New Orleans, and Des Moines; a Chicago subsidiary was named the American Bronze Company, while the St. Thomas White Bronze Monument Company was set up in Ontario, Canada. They are in cemeteries of the period all across the U.S. and Canada. They were sold as more durable than marble, about 1/3 less expensive and progressive.
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as a means of commemorating a number of members of the same family. In the 19th century, headstone styles became very diverse, ranging from plain to highly decorated, and often using crosses on a base or other shapes differing from the traditional slab. By this time popular designs were shifting from
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may follow national codes of practice or independently prescribe the size and use of certain materials, especially in a conservation area. Some may limit the placing of a wooden memorial to six months after burial, after which a more permanent memorial must be placed. Others may require stones of a
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to protect visitors is complicated because it often does not have any ownership rights over the dangerous marker. Authorities that have knocked over stones during testing or have unilaterally lifted and laid flat any potentially hazardous stones have been criticised, after grieving relatives have
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Was a common material for grave making in the
American Colonies during the 17th and 18th Century. While harder to Carve than Sandstone or Slate, lettering and symbols usually had to be carved deeper into the stone and therefore held up well over long periods of time. While not as durable as most
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and remembrance. The names of relatives are often added to a gravestone over the years, so that one marker may chronicle the passing of an entire family spread over decades. Since gravestones and a plot in a cemetery or churchyard cost money, they are also a symbol of wealth or prominence in a
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as indicators of language choices and language loyalty. For example, by studying cemeteries used by immigrant communities, some languages were found to be carved "long after the language ceased to be spoken" in the communities. In other cases, a language used in the inscription may indicate a
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can have a pleasing texture but is slightly porous and prone to delamination. Slate was commonly used by colonial New
England carvers, especially in Boston where elaborate slate markers were shipped down the Atlantic coast as far south as Charleston and Savanah. It takes lettering well, often
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to demarcate the foot end of the grave. This sometimes developed into full kerb sets that marked the whole perimeter of the grave. Footstones were rarely annotated with more than the deceased's initials and year of death, and sometimes a memorial mason and plot reference number. Many
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Over time a headstone may settle or its fixings weaken. After several instances where unstable stones have fallen in dangerous circumstances, some burial authorities "topple test" headstones by firm pressure to check for stability. They may then tape them off or flatten them.
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Some headstones use lettering made of white metal fixed into the stone, which is easy to read but can be damaged by ivy or frost. Deep carvings on a hard-wearing stone may weather many centuries exposed in graveyards and still remain legible. Those fixed on the inside of
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Gravestone cleaning is a practice that both professionals and volunteers can do to preserve gravestones and increase their life spans. Before cleaning any gravestones, permission must be given to the cleaner by a "descendant, the
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1779:, cemetery superintendent or the town, in that order. If unsure who to ask, go to your town cemetery keeper and inquire." A gravestone can be cleaned to remove human vandalism and graffiti, biological growth such as algae or
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and local authority guidance now restricts the force used in a topple test and requires an authority to consult relatives before moving a stone. In addition, before laying a stone flat, it must be recorded for posterity.
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symbols of death like Winged heads and Skulls to Urns and Willow trees. Marble also became overwhelmingly popular as a grave material during the 1800s in the United States. More elaborately carved markers, such as
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carvings of a religious nature or of a profile of the deceased can be seen on some headstones, especially up to the 19th century. Since the invention of photography, a gravestone might include a framed
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and crumbled to dust. Delamination occurs when moisture gets between the layers of the sandstone. As it freezes and expands the layers flake off. In the 17th century, sandstone replaced field stones in
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on gentle slopes, older headstones and footstones can often be found tilted at an angle. Over time, this movement can result in the stones being sited several metres away from their original location.
277:. Cemeteries require regular inspection and maintenance, as stones may settle, topple and, on rare occasions, fall and injure people; or graves may simply become overgrown and their markers lost or
1647:: Righteousness, for it is written "...to do righteousness and justice" (Gen 18:19) and "the doing of righteousness and justice is preferable to the Lord than sacrificial offering" (Proverbs 21:3).
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Gravestones may be simple upright slabs with semi-circular, rounded, gabled, pointed-arched, pedimental, square or other shaped tops. During the 18th century, they were often decorated with
288:. Even overgrowth removal requires care to avoid damaging the carving. For example, ivy should only be cut at the base roots and left to naturally die off, never pulled off forcefully. Many
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take carving well. Marble is a recrystallised form of limestone. The mild acid in rainwater can slowly dissolve marble and limestone over time, which can make inscriptions unreadable.
176:. Now, all three terms ("stele", "tombstone" or "gravestone") are also used for markers set (usually upright) at the head of the grave. Some graves in the 18th century also contained
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have removed those extra stones to ease grass cutting by machine mower. In some UK cemeteries, the principal, and indeed only, marker is placed at the foot of the grave.
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706:. Trees or shrubs, particularly roses, may be planted, especially to mark the location of ashes. This may be accompanied by a small inscribed metal or wooden marker.
136:. With greater literacy, more markers began to include inscriptions of the deceased's name, date of birth, and date of death, often along with a personal message or
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community. Some gravestones were even commissioned and erected to their own memory by people who were still living, as a testament to their wealth and status. In a
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1985:
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of the deceased; photographic images or artwork (showing the loved one, or some other image relevant to their life, interests or achievements) are sometimes now
727:. Larger cemeteries may require a discreet reference code as well to help accurately fix the location for maintenance. The cemetery owner, church, or, as in the
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and elsewhere. Some could be very ornate, although few survive beyond 50–100 years due to natural decomposition or termites and other wood boring insects. In
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is durable, yet soft enough to carve easily. Some sandstone markers are so well preserved that individual chisel marks are discernible, while others have
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over a rubber stencil. Leaving the letters, numbers and emblems exposed on the stone, the blaster can create virtually any kind of artwork or epitaph.
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897:" when still-living people, as many as 500,000 in the United States alone, pre-purchased headstones with pre-carved death years beginning with 19–.
719:. The information on the headstone generally includes the name of the deceased and their date of birth and death. Such information can be useful to
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Some form of simple decoration may be employed. Special emblems on tombstones indicate several familiar themes in many faiths. Some examples are:
744:". In a few instances the inscription is in the form of a plea, admonishment, testament of faith, claim to fame or even a curse –
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304:. In many cultures markers for graves other than enclosed areas, such as planted with characteristic plants particularly in northern Europe the
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also became popular during this time. Simple curb surrounds, sometimes filled with glass chippings, were popular during the mid-20th century.
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was a type of limestone commonly used in
England – after weathering, fossiliferous deposits tend to appear on the surface.
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frequently offer similar alternatives to families who do not have a grave to mark, but who want a focus for their mourning and for
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is a hard stone and requires skill to carve by hand. Modern methods of carving include using computer-controlled rotary bits and
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message "KFC tortures birds". The group placed its grave marker to promote its contention that KFC is cruel to chickens.
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Islamic headstones are traditionally more a rectangular upright shaft, often topped with a carved topknot symbolic of a
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Marker inscriptions have also been used for political purposes, such as the grave marker installed in
January 2008 at
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2649:. (Details the beginning of the mass production of cemetery stones and the increased use of the sand blast process.)
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2017:
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2655:(a video created by the United States National Park Service on how to clean gravestones and other monuments)
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2013:
1119:, or even some event from the life of the deceased (particularly how they died). Large tomb chests, false
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and may be removable for greater protection between rituals. Ancient grave markers typically incorporated
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426:, a tombstone with an Arabic inscription dated 1174 on a reused Roman marble block. Now exhibited at the
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2016:, burial practice of all religious communities until mid to late 16th century, probably spread through
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Tombstone topped with orb symbolizing a celestial body and the reward of resurrection, churchyard of
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One of the most important tenets of gravestone cleaning is "do no harm." In the United States, the
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2044:. The headstone is columnar, which is a particularly common configuration for headstones in Japan.
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as the actual remains were in the earth below, or smaller coped chests were commonly used by the
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2645:, Association for Gravestone Studies, 2011, pp. 15–55. (Reprinted with permission of the
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Grave marker for
Horatio Nelson Ball and father, Joseph Ball, Jr., Grandville Cemetery, MI, US
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2639:"Memorializing the Civil War Dead: Modernity and Corruption under the Grant Administration"
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1939:. Tree stump headstones in U.S. cemeteries are often associated with fraternal organization
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has published a list of guidelines that outline the best practices of gravestone cleaning:
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or winged skulls, winged cherub heads, heavenly crowns, or the picks and shovels of the
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536:(Devon, England) showing a skull sprouting flowering shoots, as a symbol of resurrection
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140:. The presence of a frame for photographs of the deceased is also increasingly common.
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became popular from the early 19th century, though its extra cost limited its appeal.
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p. 42. Kara VanDam. 2009. Dutch–American language shift: evidence from the grave.
830:
664:, Sweden, iron crosses instead of stones have been popular since the 18th century.
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1931:
Unconventional tombstone in the
Cemetery Park of the "Freireligiöse Gemeinde" in
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as possible) may last much longer: such memorials were often embellished with a
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156:), as it is called in an archaeological context, is one of the oldest forms of
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590:, Gwa'sala Kwakwaka'wakw (Native American), late 19th century, wood, pigment,
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1373:" ("Jesus, savior of mankind"); alternatively treated as an initialism for "
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This procedure has proved controversial in the UK, where an authority's
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The choice of language and/or script on gravestones has been studied by
37:"Tombstone" and "Headstone" redirect here. For the city in Arizona, see
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1013: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
801:"Many – like us – sat here by this spring
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in praise of the deceased or quotations from religious texts, such as "
735:
693:
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327:
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2440:
Understanding cemetery symbols: a field guide for historic graveyards.
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certain shape or position to facilitate grass-cutting. Headstones of
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2604:
1833:
Don’t sand blast or use harsh mechanical methods such as power tools
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discovered that their relative's marker has been moved. Since 2007
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Operative
Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association
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Captain Andrew Drake (1684–1743) sandstone gravestone from the
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Do perform small test patches before cleaning the entire stone
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tombstone dated 1795, carved by Josiah
Manning in Mansfield CT
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Photographs of memorial inscriptions plus free surname search
1802:
Do select the gentlest cleaning method to accomplish the task
1143:; but in Western countries more local styles are often used.
809:
We captured the whole world through our courage and strength,
787:
Gravestone in Canada with indigenous language inscription in
2217:"A Survey of White Bronze Mortuary Monuments in St. Johns's"
660:
often only survives in a rusted or eroded state. In eastern
89:. An especially old or elaborate stone slab may be called a
2610:
228:
inside the crematorium for example may serve this purpose.
3070:
International Union of
Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers
889:
Information in
English, Bible verse in German (Dallas, TX)
2491:"Advice and guidance from The Local Government Ombudsmen"
2385:
Doris Francis, Georgina Neophytu, Leonie Kellaher. 2005.
1045:
Typical Death’s Head design, often used on tombstones in
2331:
Robert Fisk: "An urge to smash history into tiny pieces"
1377:": "In this sign you shall conquer." Commonly indicates
120:, as well as other traditions. In East Asia, the tomb's
85:. A marker set at the head of the grave may be called a
1919:
Winged skull & winged soul effigies, Morristown, NJ
160:. Originally, a tombstone was the stone lid of a stone
2607:
Project to transcribe content from historic headstones
1871:
Saints Peter and Paul Catholic Church (Sherrill, Iowa)
636:
grave markers and decorations were popular during the
2540:"Cleaning Grave Markers (U.S. National Park Service)"
1718:
1683:
798:
Carved on a stone near a spring of water these words:
624:
Wooden grave markers stored at Heidal Church, Norway
409:
slate, most have held up well against the elements.
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3011:
2948:
2882:
2772:
2696:
27:
Stele or marker, usually stone, placed over a grave
1727:
1692:
644:and elsewhere, often being produced by specialist
1615:: Eternal life if upturned, death if extinguished
466:Slate vestige of a Jewish gravestone depicting a
199:Graves and any related memorials are a focus for
164:, or the coffin itself, and a gravestone was the
2253:Hungarian Cinema: From Coffee House to Multiplex
1743:): The first letters spelling the name of Christ
963:. The grave marker is located near the grave of
819:Or a simpler warning of inevitability of death:
383:was a common sandstone material used in England.
273:are usually created, installed, and repaired by
216:rather than having simply external gravestones.
1991:A late-19th-century headstone adorned with the
2629:How to clean a Grave marker by Ralf Heckenbach
1393:: Faithfulness, memory, and undying friendship
316:and others decorated or incised using a metal
2674:
1827:Don’t use bleach or other salt laden cleaners
1319:: A relation or partnership (see Reference 3)
813:Yet could take nothing with us to our grave."
772:poetry carved on an ancient tombstone in the
656:headstones have lasted for generations while
101:. The use of such markers is traditional for
8:
2215:Jarvis, Dale Gilbert; Drover, Kelly (2018).
1783:, and other minerals, soiling, or staining.
700:is a traditional carved wooden grave marker.
208:, the very wealthy often erected elaborate
2681:
2667:
2659:
2519:Cemetery Conservators for United Standards
2414:"PETA Takes Fight to Col. Sanders's Grave"
805:And left this life in the blink of an eye.
757:Blest be the man that spares these stones,
2625:includes gravestone imagery in New Jersey
1717:
1682:
1029:Learn how and when to remove this message
680:. This was a popular material during the
3080:Mason Contractors Association of America
2568:In Search Of Gravestones Old And Curious
1811:Do follow manufacturers’ safety guidance
1808:Do follow manufacturers’ recommendations
734:In addition, some gravestones also bear
3075:Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland
2452:National Federation of Cemetery Friends
2154:
1844:
1099:. Somewhat unusual were more elaborate
490:Gravestone showing death date of 1639,
412:
284:Restoration is a specialized job for a
2058:St. Peter's Church in the Great Valley
1272:: Salvation, bearer of souls to Heaven
759:And cursed be he that moves my bones.
450:(1679–1717), Hingham Center Cemetery,
2083:Personalized gravestone inscription,
1854:Typical late-20th-century headstone,
893:Headstone engravers faced their own "
753:Good friend, for Jesus' sake forbear,
509: – A headstone in the
507:HIS LAST MESSAGE: NO MORE WARS FOR ME
7:
2647:"Association for Gravestone Studies"
2420:from the original on 7 February 2009
1971:I. Städtischer Friedhof Eisackstraße
1830:Don’t power wash with high pressures
1011:adding citations to reliable sources
796:I heard that mighty Jamshed the King
2367:from the original on 11 August 2014
959:by Mathew Prescott, an employee of
866:Gurkha soldier's stone in Singapore
1673:Greek letters might also be used:
1525:: Awakening, courage and vigilance
688:, and almost certainly before, in
25:
2256:. Wallflower Press. p. 213.
1836:Don’t use strong acids or bases"
845:Prepare for death and follow me.
748:'s inscription famously declares
532:Elaborately carved grave slab at
2480:Re Keynsham Cemetery Gravestones
2412:Bedard, Paul (10 January 2008).
2280:Folk Art in Hungarian Cemeteries
2231:from the original on 1 July 2020
2133:The Devil's Chair (urban legend)
2076:
2049:
2025:
2002:
1984:
1958:(The Sleep), 1907, sculpture by
1948:
1924:
1912:
1889:
1877:
1862:
1847:
987:
563:
541:
525:
499:
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459:
454:, Plymouth County, Massachusetts
439:
415:
394:highlighted with white paint or
3111:Burial monuments and structures
2925:Non-explosive demolition agents
2353:Lynch, Michael W. (July 1999).
1869:19th-century marble headstone,
998:needs additional citations for
858:, Wales: Welsh, English, French
829:inscriptions on gravestones in
2611:Pennsylvania German tombstones
2184:"Histories of Malta, Volume 1"
1824:Don’t remove original surfaces
1693:{\displaystyle \alpha \omega }
841:As you are now, so once was I,
755:To dig the dust enclosèd here.
548:Tottering Victorian headstones
132:, especially details in stone
1:
3121:Stone monuments and memorials
2461:Safety in cemeteries guidance
2283:. Corvina KiadĂł. p. 52.
1656:: Old age, mourning if draped
1381:faith, the latter especially
789:Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
3090:Worshipful Company of Masons
2570:by W.T. Vincent, 1896, from
2195:Fondazzjoni Patrimonju Malti
1709:): The beginning and the end
1557:: Everlasting life in Heaven
1256:: Trials, victory and reward
916:onto smooth stone surfaces.
843:As I am now, so you will be,
240:A tombstone at the grave of
172:) that was laid flat over a
2601:Old New England gravestones
2471:Ecclesiastical Case Reports
1509:: a deathbed, eternal sleep
1369:, a Greek abbreviation of "
1349:: Time and its swift flight
1172:: Rejoined with partner in
854:Multilingual gravestone in
839:Remember me as you pass by,
292:have been used as markers.
192:Owing to soil movement and
32:Gravestone (disambiguation)
3142:
2641:, by Bruce S. Elliott, in
2605:Historic Headstones Online
1728:{\displaystyle \chi \rho }
1077:, with columnar headstones
478:(Karczew-Anielin), Poland.
428:Gozo Museum of Archaeology
47:Headstone (disambiguation)
43:Tombstone (disambiguation)
36:
29:
2915:Lewis (lifting appliance)
2634:Stone Quarries and Beyond
2457:25 September 2019 at the
2250:Cunningham, John (2004).
2221:The Newfoundland Ancestor
1061:motif on an 11th-century
874:Serbian women's stone in
612:Iron cross on a grave in
2616:11 February 2021 at the
2442:Castle Azle Press, 2017.
2336:15 December 2007 at the
1481:: Forgiveness, and peace
1458: – fully
1311:: Deliverance from grief
601:Wood grave marker using
81:, that is placed over a
2476:12 October 2008 at the
2189:31 October 2022 at the
1493:, or victory over death
1087:(symbolic reminders of
948:religious affiliation.
715:Markers sometimes bear
2653:Cleaning Grave Markers
2579:, Sofi Hamid Cemetery
1729:
1694:
1371:Iesus Hominum Salvator
1357:: Stylized version of
1078:
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882:
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859:
848:
834:
817:
791:
762:
625:
617:
605:
594:
579:Metal, wood and plants
253:
66:
60:Stelton Baptist Church
41:. For other uses, see
1896:Headstone for a dog,
1788:National Park Service
1730:
1695:
1607:: Life lost in battle
1375:in Hoc Signo (Vinces)
1338:: Protection against
1072:
1056:
1044:
888:
873:
865:
853:
836:
825:
793:
786:
750:
670:. Actually sand cast
623:
611:
600:
586:
239:
226:commemorative plaques
77:is a marker, usually
57:
2739:Massive precut stone
2734:Post-tensioned stone
2503:on 7 September 2008.
2128:Scottish gravestones
1941:Woodmen of the World
1814:Do exercise patience
1716:
1681:
1623:: The beauty of life
1562:Square and Compasses
1303:: Victory over death
1073:Islamic cemetery in
1007:improve this article
957:Louisville, Kentucky
446:Slate gravestone of
126:ancestral veneration
30:For other uses, see
2935:Stonemason's hammer
2900:Ceramic tile cutter
2623:Stockton University
2599:A Very Grave Matter
2591:8 June 2010 at the
2387:The Secret Cemetery
2306:"Headstone Gallery"
2277:Kunt, Ernő (1983).
1770:Gravestone Cleaning
1101:allegorical figures
979:Form and decoration
932:(often as near the
764:Or a warning about
746:William Shakespeare
269:and other kinds of
2586:World Burial Index
2343:, 8 September 2007
2098:Gravestone rubbing
1996:square and compass
1725:
1690:
1264:: Reward and glory
1079:
1067:
1051:
953:Cave Hill Cemetery
891:
883:
868:
860:
835:
792:
741:requiescat in pace
626:
618:
606:
603:Canadian Syllabics
595:
254:
242:Paavo Ruotsalainen
67:
64:Edison, New Jersey
39:Tombstone, Arizona
3116:Monumental masons
3098:
3097:
3024:Hardstone carving
2971:Polygonal masonry
2795:Decorative stones
2572:Project Gutenberg
2400:LACUS Forum XXXIV
2290:978-963-13-1359-8
2263:978-1-903364-79-6
2180:Bonello, Giovanni
2163:"Memorial safety"
2138:Tombstone tourist
2020:funerary practice
1039:
1038:
1031:
895:year 2000 problem
856:Llangybi, Gwynedd
275:monumental masons
224:. Carved or cast
206:Christian context
124:is the focus for
16:(Redirected from
3133:
2930:Plug and feather
2780:Artificial stone
2683:
2676:
2669:
2660:
2582:
2581:(in Azerbaijani)
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2496:. Archived from
2495:
2487:
2481:
2468:
2462:
2449:
2443:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2409:
2403:
2396:
2390:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2350:
2344:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2308:. Archived from
2304:Fergus Wessell.
2301:
2295:
2294:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2212:
2206:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2169:on 11 June 2007.
2165:. Archived from
2159:
2080:
2053:
2029:
2006:
1988:
1979:
1968:
1952:
1928:
1916:
1893:
1881:
1866:
1851:
1763:Consistory Court
1734:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1599:: Life cut short
1548:: Life's brevity
1383:Society of Jesus
1156:: Steadfast hope
1047:Colonial America
1034:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1014:
991:
983:
938:monumental brass
876:Gornja Gorevnica
833:, Czech Republic
814:
810:
806:
802:
725:local historians
658:wrought ironwork
567:
545:
529:
503:
487:
463:
443:
419:
377:Colonial America
286:monumental mason
21:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3058:
3007:
2944:
2878:
2800:Dimension stone
2768:
2692:
2687:
2618:Wayback Machine
2593:Wayback Machine
2580:
2564:
2559:
2558:
2548:
2546:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2521:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2500:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2478:Wayback Machine
2469:
2465:
2459:Wayback Machine
2450:
2446:
2437:
2433:
2423:
2421:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2397:
2393:
2389:. Oxford: Berg.
2384:
2380:
2370:
2368:
2355:"Grave Problem"
2352:
2351:
2347:
2341:The Independent
2338:Wayback Machine
2329:
2325:
2315:
2313:
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2191:Wayback Machine
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2087:
2081:
2072:
2054:
2045:
2030:
2021:
2007:
1998:
1989:
1980:
1973:
1962:
1960:Hermann Hosaeus
1953:
1944:
1937:Prenzlauer Berg
1929:
1920:
1917:
1908:
1894:
1885:
1882:
1873:
1867:
1858:
1852:
1843:
1772:
1750:
1714:
1713:
1679:
1678:
1671:
1517:: Eternal sleep
1424:: Victory, fame
1194:: Faith, wisdom
1035:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1004:
992:
981:
969:Harland Sanders
847:
844:
842:
840:
816:
812:
811:
808:
807:
804:
803:
800:
799:
797:
768:, such as this
761:
758:
756:
754:
713:
592:Brooklyn Museum
581:
574:
568:
559:
549:
546:
537:
530:
521:
504:
495:
494:, Kent, England
488:
479:
472:Jewish cemetery
464:
455:
444:
435:
420:
308:, were natural
298:
244:(1777–1852) in
234:
146:
50:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2724:Letter cutting
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2574:
2563:
2562:External links
2560:
2557:
2556:
2531:
2506:
2482:
2463:
2444:
2431:
2416:. Usnews.com.
2404:
2391:
2378:
2345:
2323:
2312:on 7 July 2013
2296:
2289:
2269:
2262:
2242:
2207:
2203:978-9993210016
2172:
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2110:
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2100:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2082:
2075:
2073:
2066:Chester County
2055:
2048:
2046:
2034:Uchida Hyakken
2031:
2024:
2022:
2012:tombstones in
2008:
2001:
1999:
1990:
1983:
1981:
1954:
1947:
1945:
1930:
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1661:Weeping willow
1657:
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1639:
1624:
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1608:
1604:Crossed swords
1600:
1591:
1580:
1569:
1558:
1549:
1541:
1526:
1518:
1510:
1502:
1501:: Eternal life
1494:
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1474:
1466:
1447:
1436:
1425:
1417:
1406:
1394:
1386:
1379:Roman Catholic
1350:
1342:
1331:
1320:
1312:
1304:
1296:
1295:: Eternal life
1288:
1273:
1265:
1257:
1241:
1230:
1218:
1210:
1195:
1187:
1176:
1165:
1161:Angel of grief
1157:
1148:
1103:, such as Old
1037:
1036:
995:
993:
986:
980:
977:
971:and bears the
945:sociolinguists
837:
794:
751:
712:
709:
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707:
701:
675:
665:
642:United Kingdom
580:
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531:
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498:
496:
489:
482:
480:
465:
458:
456:
448:Josiah Leavitt
445:
438:
436:
424:Maymūnah Stone
421:
414:
411:
410:
399:
384:
361:
354:Portland stone
335:
321:
297:
294:
233:
230:
194:downhill creep
145:
142:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:Organizations
3061:
3055:
3054:Machicolation
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3030:
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3025:
3022:
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3017:
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2999:
2998:
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2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2910:Diamond blade
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2890:Angle grinder
2888:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2872:
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2863:
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2858:
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2438:Snider, Tui.
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2035:
2032:The grave of
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1961:
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1856:Dubuque, Iowa
1850:
1845:
1841:Image gallery
1840:
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1573:Star of David
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1457:
1454:: Dualism of
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1435:
1432:: Purity and
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996:This section
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691:
690:Great Britain
687:
686:Victorian era
683:
679:
676:
673:
669:
666:
663:
659:
655:
651:
648:or the local
647:
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639:
638:Victorian era
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123:
122:spirit tablet
119:
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108:
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100:
96:
92:
91:funeral stele
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
65:
61:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
2986:Tuckpointing
2940:Straightedge
2874:Stone veneer
2690:Stonemasonry
2643:Markers XXVI
2642:
2547:. Retrieved
2543:
2534:
2522:. Retrieved
2518:
2509:
2498:the original
2485:
2466:
2447:
2439:
2434:
2422:. Retrieved
2407:
2399:
2394:
2386:
2381:
2369:. Retrieved
2358:
2348:
2326:
2314:. Retrieved
2310:the original
2299:
2279:
2272:
2252:
2245:
2233:. Retrieved
2227:(1): 27–38.
2224:
2220:
2210:
2194:
2175:
2167:the original
2157:
2118:Murder stone
2070:Pennsylvania
1955:
1818:
1817:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1773:
1758:duty of care
1755:
1751:
1712:
1677:
1672:
1659:
1650:
1645:box (pushke)
1641:
1626:
1618:
1610:
1602:
1593:
1582:
1571:
1560:
1551:
1543:
1539:resurrection
1528:
1520:
1512:
1504:
1496:
1484:
1478:Olive branch
1476:
1468:
1449:
1445:resurrection
1443:: Strength,
1438:
1434:resurrection
1427:
1419:
1408:
1396:
1388:
1374:
1370:
1352:
1344:
1333:
1322:
1314:
1306:
1298:
1290:
1275:
1267:
1259:
1243:
1232:
1220:
1217:: Noble life
1212:
1197:
1189:
1178:
1167:
1159:
1151:
1145:
1138:
1084:memento mori
1082:
1080:
1025:
1016:
1005:Please help
1000:verification
997:
950:
942:
928:, or on the
918:
899:
892:
838:
818:
795:
763:
752:
739:
733:
721:genealogists
717:inscriptions
714:
711:Inscriptions
703:
697:
677:
668:White bronze
667:
629:
588:Grave Marker
587:
519:Mount Scopus
517:Cemetery on
506:
468:tzedakah box
401:
386:
363:
341:
337:
332:sandblasting
323:
301:
283:
255:
198:
191:
170:ledger stone
158:funerary art
147:
130:funerary art
98:
94:
90:
86:
74:
70:
68:
51:
2895:Bush hammer
2830:Lime mortar
2709:Rustication
2544:www.nps.gov
2371:7 September
2316:5 September
2205:. pp. 9–11.
2123:Sarcophagus
2085:Berwick, PA
1974: [
1963: [
1898:Tatton Park
1799:"Do no harm
1567:Freemasonry
1555:in a circle
1415:Immortality
1405:, young age
1286:Holy Spirit
1234:Conch shell
1105:Father Time
1097:gravedigger
1049:(Boston MA)
1019:August 2011
776:capital of
515:World War I
372:delaminated
310:fieldstones
302:Fieldstones
222:remembrance
187:churchyards
3105:Categories
3049:Stone wall
2976:Repointing
2949:Techniques
2805:Fieldstone
2790:Cast stone
2744:Monumental
2515:"Cleaning"
2149:References
1956:Der Schlaf
1651:Shattered
1620:Tree trunk
1589:Motherhood
1473:: Strength
1280:: Purity,
1121:sarcophagi
1091:) such as
1065:gravestone
1059:equestrian
906:photograph
901:Bas-relief
650:blacksmith
556:Nottingham
279:vandalised
218:Crematoria
183:cemeteries
178:footstones
166:stone slab
71:gravestone
3044:Sculpture
3033:Footstone
3029:Headstone
2996:Brickwork
2981:Scabbling
2961:Flushwork
2857:Sandstone
2835:Limestone
2810:Flagstone
2773:Materials
2754:Sculpture
2719:Dry stone
2577:Azeri.org
2108:Mausoleum
1723:ρ
1720:χ
1688:ω
1685:α
1631:: Truth,
1491:Martyrdom
1403:Innocence
1346:Hourglass
1335:Horseshoe
1292:Evergreen
1202:: Divine
924:, on the
831:Sobědruhy
766:mortality
654:Cast iron
646:foundries
558:, England
511:Jerusalem
492:Wormshill
381:Yorkstone
368:Sandstone
364:Sandstone
346:limestone
342:limestone
290:materials
252:, Finland
232:Materials
210:memorials
152:(plural:
111:Christian
87:headstone
75:tombstone
18:Headstone
3012:Products
2966:Knapping
2759:Slipform
2614:Archived
2589:Archived
2474:Archived
2455:Archived
2424:19 April
2418:Archived
2365:Archived
2334:Archived
2229:Archived
2187:Archived
2182:(2000).
2143:Viewlogy
2113:Megalith
2103:Khachkar
2092:See also
1902:Cheshire
1666:Mourning
1643:Tzedakah
1635:and the
1633:equality
1628:Triangle
1545:Skeleton
1462:, fully
1329:Devotion
1226:: Early
1164:: Sorrow
1075:Sarajevo
973:acrostic
967:founder
922:churches
914:engraved
778:Dushanbe
736:epitaphs
704:Planting
682:Georgian
662:Värmland
616:cemetery
614:Ekshärad
552:Woolaton
534:Shebbear
513:British
314:unmarked
258:cemetery
214:churches
201:mourning
2956:Flaming
2820:Granite
2764:Snecked
2729:Masonry
2714:Carving
2235:28 June
2062:Malvern
2038:Okayama
1993:Masonic
1969:at the
1906:England
1668:, grief
1637:trinity
1594:Broken
1584:Swallow
1578:Judaism
1522:Rooster
1498:Peacock
1451:Mermaid
1300:Garland
1269:Dolphin
1221:Broken
1208:justice
1130:crosses
1109:emblems
1063:Swedish
770:Persian
698:kopjafa
694:Hungary
640:in the
452:Hingham
396:gilding
344:. Both
328:Granite
324:Granite
312:, some
263:granite
212:within
118:burials
115:Islamic
103:Chinese
3126:Stones
3039:Mosaic
3019:Castle
2991:Veneer
2920:Trowel
2905:Chisel
2852:Mortar
2840:Marble
2815:Gabion
2749:Rubble
2704:Ashlar
2549:9 July
2524:9 July
2402:33–42.
2360:Reason
2287:
2260:
2201:
2014:Bosnia
2010:Stećak
1933:Berlin
1781:lichen
1777:sexton
1748:Safety
1506:Pillow
1456:Christ
1421:Laurel
1308:Gourds
1249:anchor
1239:Wisdom
1223:column
1214:Column
1204:wisdom
1199:Cherub
1183:: The
1174:Heaven
1153:Anchor
1141:turban
1134:angels
1125:gentry
1117:status
1093:skulls
880:Serbia
827:Hebrew
774:Tajiki
696:, the
571:Schist
476:Otwock
406:Schist
402:Schist
358:Marble
350:marble
338:Marble
267:marble
250:Kuopio
246:Nilsiä
162:coffin
154:stelae
138:prayer
134:relief
113:, and
107:Jewish
3001:Wythe
2883:Tools
2869:Slate
2845:Types
2825:Grout
2785:Brick
2697:Types
2501:(PDF)
2494:(PDF)
2042:Japan
2018:Vlach
1978:]
1967:]
1819:Don't
1707:omega
1703:alpha
1612:Torch
1596:sword
1553:Snake
1535:Birth
1530:Shell
1514:Poppy
1486:Palms
1367:sigma
1324:Heart
1316:Hands
1261:Crown
1253:Bible
1245:Cross
1228:death
1180:Birds
1113:trade
1107:, or
1089:death
934:altar
930:floor
926:walls
910:cameo
554:, in
432:Malta
391:Slate
387:Slate
296:Stone
271:stone
174:grave
150:stele
97:, or
95:stela
83:grave
79:stone
2862:List
2551:2024
2526:2024
2426:2012
2373:2014
2318:2013
2285:ISBN
2258:ISBN
2237:2020
2199:ISBN
1705:and
1537:and
1440:Lion
1429:Lily
1410:Lamp
1398:Lamb
1359:iota
1340:evil
1284:and
1282:love
1277:Dove
1251:and
1191:Book
1185:soul
1169:Arch
961:PETA
723:and
684:and
678:Wood
672:zinc
634:Iron
630:Iron
422:The
348:and
340:and
185:and
168:(or
148:The
99:slab
45:and
2036:in
1741:rho
1738:chi
1653:urn
1470:Oak
1464:man
1460:God
1390:Ivy
1363:eta
1354:IHS
1206:or
1132:or
1115:or
1111:of
1057:An
1009:by
965:KFC
955:in
908:or
550:in
474:in
430:in
318:awl
306:yew
144:Use
73:or
62:in
3107::
2542:.
2517:.
2363:.
2357:.
2225:34
2223:.
2219:.
2197:.
2193:.
2068:,
2064:,
2060:,
2040:,
1976:de
1965:de
1935:,
1904:,
1900:,
1794:Do
1664::
1587::
1576::
1565::
1533::
1489::
1413::
1401::
1327::
1247:,
1237::
940:.
878:,
780:.
729:UK
652:.
632:.
470:.
404:.
389:.
379:.
366:.
326:.
281:.
265:,
256:A
248:,
109:,
105:,
93:,
69:A
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3031:(
2682:e
2675:t
2668:v
2553:.
2528:.
2428:.
2375:.
2320:.
2293:.
2266:.
2239:.
1943:.
1736:(
1701:(
1385:.
1365:-
1361:-
1032:)
1026:(
1021:)
1017:(
1003:.
434:.
398:.
49:.
34:.
20:)
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