152:. So it is necessary to avoid situations in which employees working in coal-fired power plants or public members living close to coal ash landfills will be exposed to high coal ash dust concentrations. Coal ash dust health effects can be considered as a particular case of exposure to particulate matter (particle pollution). Accordingly the health risk of the smallest coal ash particles (respirable particles) has to be evaluated, since they can enter into the lungs. In order to evaluate this risk, levels of exposure of workers or members of the public to particulate matter are compared with "safe threshold levels". Regarding the health of workers, the ACGIH publishes annually a booklet with tables presenting
17:
820:
provided more flexibility to state agencies in determining compliance with standards. The 2018 regulation was challenged in litigation and remanded by the court to EPA for further revision. The court ruled that EPA failed to adequately address the problems with unlined ponds, many of which continue to leak into groundwater. In 2019, the court agreed to a voluntary remand while allowing the 2020 compliance deadline for unlined ponds to stay in effect, pending further rulemaking.
637:: The direct exposure to high levels of cadmium is hazardous to the health. More specifically, the lungs directly absorb cadmium into the bloodstream. When humans are exposed to cadmium over a long period of time, kidney disease and lung disease can occur. In addition, cadmium exposure can be associated with hypertension. Lastly, chronic exposure of cadmium can cause bone weakness which increases the risk of bone fractures and osteoporosis.
731:
649:: When high amounts of arsenic is inhaled or ingested through coal ash waste, diseases such as bladder cancer, skin cancer, kidney cancer and lung cancer can develop. Ultimately, exposure of arsenic over a long period of time can cause mortality. Furthermore, low levels of arsenic exposure can cause irregular heartbeats, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, peripheral neuropathy and vision impairment.
193:
631:: The direct exposure to lead can cause major damage to the nervous system. Lead exposure can lead to kidney disease, hearing impairment, high blood pressure, delays in development, swelling of the brain, hemoglobin damage, and male reproductive problems. Both low levels and high levels of lead exposure can cause harm to the human body.
667:: When molybdenum is inhaled from coal ash dust, discomfort of the nose, throat, skin and eye can occur. As a result, short-term molybdenum exposure can cause an increase of wheezing and coughing. Furthermore, chronic exposure of molybdenum can cause loss of appetite, tiredness, headaches and muscle soreness.
704:
There are two forms of coal ash recycling: “encapsulated” and “unencapsulated." When coal ash is bound to other materials it is encapsulated. For example, coal ash can be reused in making concrete, bricks and wallboards. On the other hand, unencapsulated use of coal ash is when the ash is not bound
827:
In response to litigation on the 2015 regulation, EPA published a final RCRA regulation on August 28, 2020 requiring all unlined ash ponds to retrofit with liners or close by April 11, 2021. Some facilities may apply to obtain additional time—up to 2028—to find alternatives for managing ash wastes
708:
Even though reusing coal ash minimizes health effects in humans, health problems can still occur when coal ash is recycled. Specifically, workers drilling or cutting encapsulated coal ash increase their risk of inhaling coal ash dust. In addition, when unencapsulated coal ash is scattered on snowy
819:
the "early closure" provisions in the regulation at 40 CFR 257.100. EPA then extended the compliance date for inactive ponds that attempted to utilize the early closure provisions. In 2018, at the request of industry, EPA extended the compliance date for unlined ash ponds from 2019 to 2020, and
679:: When silica is inhaled from coal ash dust, fetal lung disease or silicosis can develop. Furthermore, chronic exposure of silica can cause lung cancer. In addition, exposure to silica over a period of time can cause loss of appetite, poor oxygen circulation, breathing complications and fever.
673:: The exposure of thallium in coal ash dust can cause peripheral neuropathy when inhaled. Furthermore, when coal ash is ingested, thallium exposure can cause diarrhea and vomiting. In addition, thallium exposure is also associated with heart, liver, lung and kidney complications.
823:
EPA published a proposed rule on August 14, 2019 that would use location-based criteria, rather than a numerical threshold (i.e. impoundment or landfill size) that would require an operator to demonstrate minimal environmental impact so that a site could remain in operation.
643:: The direct exposure to chromium (VI) is hazardous to health. High levels of chromium (VI) in drinking water can cause ulcers in the small intestine and stomach when ingested. Lastly, skin ulcers can also occur when the exposure to chromium (VI) occurs through the skin.
135:
and has contaminated surrounding land and water bodies. In the United States approximately 110 million tons of coal ash were generated in 2012. More than half of the coal ash produced in the US was dumped into ash ponds (surface impoundments; wet disposal) or
80:). In the composition of coal, there are many potentially hazardous substances that, if found at elevated concentration in inhaled particles, can cause major health problems in humans. Such constituents that are found at various concentrations in coal ash are
55:
gypsum, and other kinds of flue gas desulfurization residues. Depending on the type of coal that was burned, the chemical composition found in coal ash can vary. Coal ash obtained from the combustion of bituminous coal is constituted principally of
31:(CCRs), is the mineral residue that remains from burning coal. Exposure to coal ash and to the toxic substances it contains may pose a health risk to workers in coal-fired power plants and residents living near coal ash disposal sites.
661:: When coal ash dust is inhaled, the exposure of boron can cause discomfort in the throat, nose and eye. Moreover, when coal ash waste is ingested, boron exposure can be associated with kidney, liver, brain, and intestine impairment.
655:: Chronic exposure of mercury from coal ash can cause harm to the nervous system. When mercury is inhaled or ingested various health effects can occur such as vision impairment, seizures, numbness, memory loss and sleeplessness.
1437:
EPA. "Hazardous and Solid Waste
Management System: Disposal of Coal Combustion Residuals from Electric Utilities; Enhancing Public Access to Information; Reconsideration of Beneficial Use Criteria and Piles; Proposed Rule."
700:
may benefit the environment by reducing the production of greenhouse gas and reducing the need to use virgin materials. In addition, when coal ash is recycled, costs related to coal ash disposal sites are avoided.
813:
1388:
1458:
EPA. "Hazardous and Solid Waste
Management System: Disposal of Coal Combustion Residuals From Electric Utilities; A Holistic Approach to Closure Part A: Deadline To Initiate Closure." 85
791:
EPA published a Coal
Combustion Residuals (CCR) regulation in 2015. The agency continued to classify coal ash as non-hazardous (thereby avoiding strict permitting requirements under
709:
streets in the winter, the loose ash can come in contact with ditches on the side of the road. As a result, the toxins from coal ash can leach into surface water bodies as well as
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In the United States, when coal ash is disposed into surface impoundments and landfills, the ash is regulated as a "Special Waste" (i.e., non-hazardous) under the
469:
43:. Coal is pulverized and then burned to generate electricity. The particles that remain after burning coal are called coal ash, principally consisting of
1475:
156:(TLV's) - maximal concentrations allowed - for a wide range of substances and materials. Particles of coal ash belong to a category called "PNOS -
705:
to other materials (loose particulate or sludge form). An example of unencapsulated coal ash is distributing the ash on icy roads in the winter.
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Coal ash contains many toxic substances that may affect human health, if people are exposed to them above a certain concentration in the form of
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sources. Therefore, both forms of recycled coal ash (encapsulated and unencapsulated) can cause serious health issues in humans.
309:
1334:
EPA. "Hazardous and Solid Waste
Management System; Disposal of Coal Combustion Residuals From Electric Utilities; Final rule."
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753:
329:
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140:(dry disposal). As of 2020 there are 310 active on-site landfills and 735 active on-site surface impoundments in the US.
157:
864:
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EPA. "Extension of
Compliance Deadlines for Certain Inactive Surface Impoundments; Response to Partial Vacatur." 81
802:
Existing ash ponds and landfills must comply with structural and location restrictions, where applicable, or close.
605:
1153:
1101:
ACGIH 2012, Threshold limit values and biological exposure indices for chemical substances & physical agents,
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Existing ash ponds that are contaminating groundwater must stop receiving CCR, and close or retrofit with a liner.
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40:
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A pond no longer receiving CCR is still subject to all regulations unless it is dewatered and covered by 2018.
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New ponds and landfills must include a geomembrane liner over a layer of compacted soil.
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164:", the TLV value is 3 mg/m3 for respirable particles (smaller than 10 micrometers).
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1476:"Revisions to the Coal Combustion Residuals (CCR) Closure Regulations; Fact sheet"
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EPA. "Amendments to the
National Minimum Criteria (Phase One, Part One)." 83
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853:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2020-06-04.
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1060:"Fed up with fly ash, India villagers fight back against power plants"
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93:
814:
United States Court of
Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
459:
15:
1298:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 11 December 2014
912:
893:"Coal Ash: Characteristics, Management and Environmental Issues"
454:
242:
184:
101:
1182:"Arsenic Toxicity What are the Routes of Exposure for Arsenic?"
724:
449:
1406:"DC Circuit Rules EPA Dropped Ball on Coal Ash Storage Rules"
1389:"EPA eases rules on how coal ash waste is stored across U.S."
1029:
Gottlieb, Barbara; Gilbert, Steven G.; Evans, Lisa Gollin.
1421:"D.C. Circuit Court Remands CCR Deadline Extension to EPA"
1103:
American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
1031:"Coal Ash The toxic threat to our health and environment"
749:
51:. Other coal combustion by-products are boiler slag,
941:"How Breathing Coal Ash Is Hazardous To Your Health"
1419:Green, Douglas H.; Houlihan, Michael (2019-04-24).
1084:. Knoxville, TN: Southern Alliance for Clean Energy
845:
843:
841:
625:Different constituents can be found in coal ash.
1154:"Lead and compounds (inorganic); CASRN 7439-92-1"
1186:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1387:Eilperin, Juliet; Dennis, Brady (2018-07-17).
1255:"Right to Know Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet"
1249:
1247:
1245:
1238:. United States National Library of Medicine.
1161:United States Environmental Protection Agency
887:
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738:The examples and perspective in this section
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1427:. Washington, DC: American Bar Association.
1125:"Coal Ash Toxics: Damaging to Human Health"
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828:before closing their surface impoundments.
1425:Environment, Energy, and Resources Section
756:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
613:
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405:Coal mining disasters in the United States
171:
160:". For this category, otherwise known as "
1496:Environmental impact of the coal industry
772:Learn how and when to remove this message
1286:
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183:
1408:. Courthouse News Service. 2018-08-22.
786:Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
1058:Hemalatha, Karthikeyan (2019-02-13).
131:Coal ash in India has been stored in
7:
1132:Physicians for Social Responsibility
1038:Physicians for Social Responsibility
948:Physicians for Social Responsibility
168:Health effects of toxic pollutants
14:
158:Particles Not Otherwise Specified
939:Lockwood, Alan H.; Evans, Lisa.
729:
420:Environmental problems involving
191:
1262:New Jersey Department of Health
901:Office of Management and Budget
795:), but with new restrictions:
20:A coal-fired power plant with
1:
871:. Charlotte, NC: Duke Energy
144:Occupational health concerns
752:, discuss the issue on the
1517:
721:Coal ash waste regulations
686:
1501:Health effects by subject
1211:World Health Organization
540:Coal pollution mitigation
435:coal mining in Appalachia
29:coal combustion residuals
440:Greenhouse gas emissions
233:Coal-fired power station
228:Coal combustion products
53:flue gas desulfurization
39:Coal ash is produced at
27:Coal ash, also known as
865:"Electricity from coal"
497:Problems in coal mining
41:coal-fired power plants
575:History of coal mining
470:the petroleum industry
337:Coal preparation plant
154:threshold level values
24:
560:Fossil fuel phase-out
19:
1207:"Mercury and health"
750:improve this section
740:may not represent a
570:Great Smog of London
1392:The Washington Post
1324:. EPA. 2018-11-29.
1082:Southeast Coal Ash
1078:"Coal Ash Storage"
565:Fossil fuels lobby
487:Hydrosulfuric acid
475:toxic heavy metals
395:Black lung disease
357:Metallurgical coal
315:Coal-mining region
150:particulate matter
25:
1478:. EPA. July 2020.
1440:Federal Register,
1336:Federal Register,
1105:, Cincinnati, OH.
913:National Archives
851:"Coal Ash Basics"
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698:Reuse of coal ash
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380:Asian brown cloud
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1318:"Special Wastes"
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1292:"Coal Ash Reuse"
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950:. Archived from
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869:How Energy Works
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514:Related articles
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1322:Hazardous Waste
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1134:. 6 August 2010
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793:RCRA Subtitle C
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723:
713:, which may be
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218:Bituminous coal
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5:
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957:on 6 July 2016
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683:Coal ash reuse
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545:Coal-seam fire
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535:Coal phase-out
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1465:. 2020-08-28.
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70:calcium oxide
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952:the original
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550:Energy lobby
445:human health
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278:South Africa
202:Economic use
147:
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1236:MedlinePlus
711:groundwater
585:War on coal
555:Fossil fuel
415:Coal slurry
410:Coal refuse
347:Coke (fuel)
295:Coal mining
1490:Categories
1088:2020-06-19
875:2020-06-19
832:References
687:See also:
665:Molybdenum
425:Appalachia
330:in the USA
320:Coal power
310:in the USA
213:Anthracite
114:molybdenum
72:(CaO) and
49:bottom ash
35:Background
1232:"Mercury"
1066:. Berlin.
762:June 2020
754:talk page
693:Pollution
689:Recycling
580:Peak coal
502:Whitedamp
492:Outbursts
400:Coal dust
390:Blackdamp
305:in the UK
248:Australia
138:landfills
133:ash ponds
22:ash ponds
1296:Coal Ash
788:(RCRA).
748:You may
671:Thallium
641:Chromium
530:Coal oil
482:Firedamp
430:coal ash
375:Ash pond
342:Coal tar
325:in China
300:in Chile
238:Coal gas
223:Charcoal
177:a series
175:Part of
122:thallium
118:selenium
90:chromium
1302:1 April
1267:3 March
1216:3 March
1191:3 March
1166:3 March
1138:3 March
1043:3 March
961:3 March
907:3 March
817:vacated
653:Mercury
647:Arsenic
635:Cadmium
288:Ukraine
243:Coal in
208:Ammonia
126:uranium
110:mercury
106:lithium
86:cadmium
82:arsenic
45:fly ash
677:Silica
385:Asthma
352:Coking
283:Turkey
273:Russia
268:Poland
258:Europe
253:Canada
98:copper
94:cobalt
1463:53516
1447:40353
1375:36435
1359:51802
1343:21301
1258:(PDF)
1157:(PDF)
1128:(PDF)
1034:(PDF)
955:(PDF)
944:(PDF)
896:(PDF)
659:Boron
460:smoke
263:India
1304:2016
1269:2016
1218:2016
1193:2016
1168:2016
1140:2016
1045:2016
963:2016
909:2016
691:and
629:Lead
455:smog
185:Coal
124:and
102:lead
76:(SiO
47:and
1442:84
1338:80
450:NOx
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