618:). Their declaration stated that "in the absence of a trajectory toward extinguishing the outbreak, the opposite pathâsevere escalationâremains possible. The risk of the disease moving into nearby Goma, Congoâa city of 1 million residents with an international airportâor crossing into the massive refugee camps in South Sudan is mounting. With a limited number of vaccine doses remaining, either would be a catastrophe". Four days later, on 14 July 2019, a case of Ebola was confirmed in Goma, which has an international airport and a highly mobile population. Subsequently, the WHO announced a reconvening of a fourth EC meeting on 17 July 2019, when they officially announced it "a regional emergency, and by no means a global threat" and declared it as a PHEIC, without restrictions on trade or travel. In response to the declaration, the president of the DRC, together with an expert committee led by a virologist, took responsibility for directly supervising action, while in protest of the declaration health minister
574:(CIDRAP) responding with disappointment and describing the situation as "an Ebola gas can sitting in DRC that's just waiting for a match to hit it", while the WHO panel were unanimous in their decision that declaring it a PHEIC would not give any added benefit. The advice against declaring a PHEIC in October 2018 and April 2019, despite the criteria for doing so appearing to be met on both occasions, has led to the transparency of the IHR EC coming into question. The language used in the statements for the Kivu Ebola epidemic has been noted to be different. In October 2018, the EC stated "a PHEIC should not be declared at this time". In the 13 previously declined proposals for declaring a PHEIC, the resultant statements quoted "the conditions for a PHEIC are not currently met" and "does not constitute a PHEIC". In April 2019, they stated that "there is no added benefit to declaring a PHEIC at this stage", a notion that is not part of the PHEIC criteria laid down in the IHR.
474:. Within three hours on the same day, the WHO web site received almost two million visits, necessitating a dedicated web site for the swine influenza pandemic. At the time that H1N1 had been declared a PHEIC, it had occurred in only three countries. Therefore, it was argued that the declaration of the H1N1 outbreak as a PHEIC, was fueling public fear. A 2013 study sponsored by the WHO estimated that, although similar in magnitude to seasonal influenza, it cost more life-years than seasonal flu, due to a shift toward mortality among persons less than 65 years of age.
48:
685:
preparedness, and response. Proposals include the possibility of issuing intermediate public health alerts (short of PHEICs) and determining public health emergencies of regional concern. Notably, although COVID-19 is routinely referred to as a pandemic, this word is not used in the
International Health Regulations." With the emergency phase of the pandemic being regarded as having ended, more subtle and robust institutional responses and protocols are in the works for further iterations of this pandemic as well as global pandemics of whatever
846:
40:
585:(DRC) and the region, it did not meet all the three criteria for a PHEIC. Despite the number of deaths reaching 1,405 by 11 June 2019 and 1,440 by 17 June 2019, the reason for not declaring a PHEIC was that the overall risk of international spread was deemed to be low, and the risk of damaging the economy of the DRC high. Adhanom also stated that declaring a PHEIC would be an inappropriate way to raise money for the epidemic. Following a visit to the DRC in July 2019,
3482:
Ali; Ramos, Gabriela; Reddy, K. Srinath; Serageldin, Ismail; Thwaites, John; Vike-Freiberga, Vaira; Wang, Chen; Were, Miriam
Khamadi; Xue, Lan; Bahadur, Chandrika; Bottazzi, Maria Elena; Bullen, Chris; Laryea-Adjei, George; Amor, Yanis Ben; Karadag, Ozge; Lafortune, Guillaume; Torres, Emma; Barredo, Lauren; Bartels, Juliana G. E.; Joshi, Neena; Hellard, Margaret; Huynh, Uyen Kim; Khandelwal, Shweta; Lazarus, Jeffrey V.; Michie, Susan (14 September 2022).
157:(WHO) of "an extraordinary event which is determined to constitute a public health risk to other States through the international spread of disease and to potentially require a coordinated international response", formulated when a situation arises that is "serious, sudden, unusual, or unexpected", which "carries implications for public health beyond the affected state's national border" and "may require immediate international action". Under the 2005
638:
409:. The director-general takes the advice of the EC, following their technical assessment of the crisis using legal criteria and a predetermined algorithm after a review of all available data on the event. Upon declaration, the EC then makes recommendations on what actions the director-general and member states should take to address the crisis. The recommendations are temporary and require review every three months while in place.
804:
766:
439:
681:
the speed and scope of WHO's actions." They stated that the report "offers the best opportunity to insist that the failures and lessons from the past 3 years are not wasted but are constructively used to build more resilient health systems and stronger political systems that support the health and wellbeing of people and planet during the 21st century."
832:
818:
3481:
Sachs, Jeffrey D.; Karim, Salim S. Abdool; Aknin, Lara; Allen, Joseph; BrosbĂžl, Kirsten; Colombo, Francesca; Barron, Gabriela Cuevas; Espinosa, MarĂa
Fernanda; Gaspar, Vitor; Gaviria, Alejandro; Haines, Andy; Hotez, Peter J.; Koundouri, Phoebe; Bascuñån, Felipe LarraĂn; Lee, Jong-Koo; Pate, Muhammad
711:
On the date of the declaration, there were 17,186 cases reported globally, affecting 75 countries in all six WHO regions, with five deaths reported outside Africa and 72 deaths in
African countries. The WHO had previously held an EC meeting on 23 June 2022 regarding the outbreak, which had more than
680:
commission on COVID-19 published a report, calling the response to the pandemic "a massive global failure on multiple levels". The WHO responded by noting "several key omissions and misinterpretations in the report, not least regarding the public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) and
226:
are considered as PHEICs and thus do not require an IHR decision to declare them as such. A PHEIC is not only confined to infectious diseases, and may cover an emergency caused by exposure to a chemical agent or radioactive material. It can be seen as an "alarm system", a "call to action", and "last
2303:
672:
on 11 March 2020. The emergency committee convened its third meeting on 30 April 2020, fourth on 31 July, fifth on 29 October, sixth on 14 January 2021, seventh on 15 April 2021, ninth in
October 2021, tenth in January 2022, eleventh in April 2022, twelfth in July 2022, thirteenth in October 2022,
509:
Confirmed cases of Ebola were being reported in Guinea in
December 2013 and Liberia in March 2014 and Sierra Leone by May 2014. On 8 August 2014, following the occurrence of Ebola in the United States and Europe and with the already intense transmission ongoing in three other countries for months,
240:
and the confirmation of the outbreak by the healthcare system, allayed by good surveillance via data collection, evaluation, and organisation. The second is when there is a delay between the detection of the outbreak and widespread recognition and declaration of it as an international concern. The
660:
On the date of the declaration, there were 7,818 cases confirmed globally, affecting 19 countries in five of the six WHO regions. Previously, the WHO had held EC meetings on 22 and 23 January 2020 regarding the outbreak, but it was determined at that time that it was too early to declare a PHEIC,
494:
In
October 2019, continuing cases of wild polio in Pakistan and Afghanistan, in addition to new vaccine-derived cases in Africa and Asia, was reviewed and polio continued to be a PHEIC. As of November 2021, taking into account recent events in Afghanistan, a large number of unvaccinated children,
292:
WHO Member States have 24 hours within which to report potential PHEIC events to the WHO. It does not have to be a member state that reports a potential outbreak, hence reports to the WHO may also be received informally, by non-governmental sources. Under the IHR (2005), ways to detect, evaluate,
707:
on 21 July 2022, members of the emergency committee were divided about issuing a PHEIC, with six in favor and nine against. On 23 July 2022, the WHO director-general declared the outbreak a PHEIC. On 11 May 2023, the WHO ended the PHEIC declaration for Mpox, six days after doing so for COVID-19.
750:
Another review of the first four declarations, with the exception of wild polio, demonstrated that responses were varied. Severe outbreaks, or those that threatened larger numbers of people, did not receive a swift PHEIC declaration, and the study hypothesized that responses were quicker when
684:
The formal end of the COVID-19 PHEIC is a matter of much nuance which carries its own risks, and as of March 2023, "WHO member states are negotiating amendments to the
International Health Regulations as well as a new legally binding agreement (most likely a treaty) on pandemic prevention,
3175:
2871:
3355:
3153:
2490:
1565:
1137:
3385:
3265:
2938:
3423:
1170:
3093:
777:(MERS) outbreak in 2013. Originating in Saudi Arabia, MERS reached more than 24 countries and resulted in 876 deaths by May 2020, although most cases were in hospital settings rather than sustained community spread. As a result, what constitutes a PHEIC has been unclear.
3333:
3303:
3235:
3213:
622:
resigned. A review of the PHEIC had been planned at a fifth meeting of the EC on 10 October 2019 and on 18 October 2019 it remained a PHEIC until 26 June 2020 when it was decided that the situation no longer constituted a PHEIC, as the outbreak was considered over.
2969:
2299:
3671:
746:
In 2018, an examination of the first four declarations (2009â2016) showed that the WHO was noted to be more effective in responding to international health emergencies, and that the international system in dealing with these emergencies was "robust".
581:, the director-general of the WHO, announced that the third meeting of a group of experts would be held on 14 June 2019 to assess whether the Ebola spread had become a PHEIC. The conclusion was that while the outbreak was a health emergency in the
2155:
2683:
544:. Later research and evidence bore out these concerns; in April, the WHO stated that "there is scientific consensus that Zika virus is a cause of microcephaly and GuillainâBarrĂ© syndrome." This was the first time a PHEIC was declared for a
2482:
1129:
374:
A declaration of a PHEIC may appear as an economic burden to the state facing the epidemic. Incentives to declare an epidemic are lacking and the PHEIC may be seen as placing limitations on trade in countries that already are struggling.
4034:
3145:
2934:
1573:
3415:
1162:
3183:
2879:
2653:
3363:
3085:
3393:
3273:
3325:
3295:
3243:
3205:
404:
Until 2011, the names of IHR EC members were not publicly disclosed; in the wake of reforms, now they are. These members are selected according to the disease in question and the nature of the event. Names are taken from the
1528:
490:
and circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus. The status achieved, as global eradication, was deemed to be at risk by air travel and border crossing overland, with small numbers of cases in
Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Nigeria.
296:
The IHR decision algorithm assists WHO Member States in deciding whether a potential PHEIC exists and whether the WHO should be notified. The WHO should be notified if any two of the four following questions are affirmed:
4007:
3115:
235:
Multiple surveillance and response systems exist worldwide for the early detection and effective response to contain the spread of disease. Time delays occur for two main reasons. The first is the delay between the
2961:
3661:
2033:
Simonsen, Lone; Spreeuwenberg, Peter; Lustig, Roger; Taylor, Robert J.; Fleming, Douglas M.; Kroneman, Madelon; Van
Kerkhove, Maria D.; Mounts, Anthony W.; Paget, W. John; Hay, Simon I. (26 November 2013).
3784:
273:
an extraordinary event which is determined to constitute a public health risk to other States through the international spread of disease and to potentially require a coordinated international response.
2147:
2805:
3031:
2675:
1910:
Implementation of the International Health Regulations (2005), Report of the Review Committee on the Functioning of the International Health Regulations (2005) in relation to Pandemic (H1N1) 2009
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2744:
2552:
3451:
2645:
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901:
3062:
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1536:
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outbreak as a global emergency. As of 17 August 2024, over 15,600 cases and 537 deaths have been reported in the current outbreak, with approximately 96% of cases occurring in the
2117:
1098:
2622:
4003:
3000:
2909:
2300:"Statement on the meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee for Ebola virus disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 12th April 2019"
1130:"Statement on the meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee for Ebola virus disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 18 October 2019"
2483:"Statement on the meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee for Ebola virus disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 14 June 2019"
2419:
2180:
3947:
1228:
393:
is required to take into account factors that include the risk to human health and international spread as well as advice from an international committee of experts, the
3086:"Statement on the meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus 2019 (n-CoV) on 23 January 2020"
571:
3814:
1944:"Inside Justice | Swine Flu: Legal Obligations and Consequences When the World Health Organization Declares a 'Public Health Emergency of International Concern'"
3539:
397:(EC), one of whom should be an expert nominated by the State within whose region the event arises. Rather than being a standing committee, the EC is created on an
3123:
2828:
2521:
2229:"Fifth meeting of the Emergency Committee under the International Health Regulations (2005) regarding microcephaly, other neurological disorders and Zika virus"
2203:
424:
3776:
3416:"Statement on the fourteenth meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic"
1163:"Statement on the thirteenth meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic"
514:. Later, one review showed that a direct impact of this epidemic on America escalated a PHEIC declaration. It was the first PHEIC in a resource-poor setting.
3176:"Statement on the fourth meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19)"
2872:"Statement on the fifteenth meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic"
2797:
459:
281:
of potentially global reach and implies a situation that is "serious, sudden, unusual, or unexpected", which may necessitate immediate international action.
241:
declaration is promulgated by an emergency committee (EC) made up of international experts operating under the IHR (2005), which was developed following the
3639:
3356:"Statement on the eleventh meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic"
2935:"Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)"
1566:"Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)"
3386:"Statement on the twelfth meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic"
3266:"Statement on the seventh meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic"
3023:
712:
2,100 cases in over 42 countries at that point; it did not reach the criteria for a PHEIC alert at the time. It was re-classified a PHEIC in August 2024.
3326:"Statement on the tenth meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic"
3296:"Statement on the ninth meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic"
3236:"Statement on the sixth meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic"
3206:"Statement on the fifth meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic"
3922:
2902:
4229:"A Public Health Emergency of International Concern? Response to a Proposal to Apply the International Health Regulations to Antimicrobial Resistance"
2095:
4031:"WHO Statement: Second Meeting of the IHR Emergency Committee concerning MERS-CoV â PHEIC Conditions Not Met | global vaccine ethics and policy"
2767:
2460:
2736:
2544:
590:
31:
3972:
2236:
1973:
869:
340:
Large scale health emergencies that attract public attention do not necessarily fulfill the criteria to be a PHEIC. ECs were not convened for the
3459:
2575:
966:
1947:
785:
PHEIC are not confined to only infectious diseases or biological ones. It may cover events caused by chemical agents or radioactive materials.
3054:
1888:
1271:
947:
293:
notify, and report events were ascertained by all countries in order to avoid PHEICs. The response to public health risks also was decided.
4136:
3662:"Second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) (IHR) Emergency Committee regarding the multi-country outbreak of monkeypox"
511:
2329:
1379:
1195:
4061:"An analysis of International Health Regulations Emergency Committees and Public Health Emergency of International Concern Designations"
3750:
2125:
1917:
1070:
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1678:
1644:
1373:
1092:
463:
2992:
1013:
451:
146:
4111:
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2177:
735:
582:
384:
258:
162:
158:
1461:
541:
523:
185:
3146:"Statement on the third meeting of the IHR (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19)"
533:
495:
increasing mobile people in Pakistan and the risks associated with the COVID-19 pandemic among others, polio remains a PHEIC.
4168:"A call for action: the application of The International Health Regulations to the global threat of antimicrobial resistance"
1670:
504:
181:
3896:
3806:
4322:
3547:
341:
2845:
2513:
2003:
727:
721:
704:
698:
254:
201:
197:
166:
3608:
2713:
2196:
730:, of a new variant of the disease, a PHEIC. This marks the second time in three years that the WHO has classified an
2676:"Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern"
615:
349:
4166:
Wernli, Didier; Haustein, Thomas; Conly, John; Carmeli, Yehuda; Kickbusch, Ilona; Harbarth, Stephan (April 2011).
47:
3666:
3631:
3119:
2007:
1977:
154:
1601:
789:
936:"The law of responsibility and the World Health Organisation: a case study on the West African ebola outbreak"
1365:
1076:
467:
447:
433:
394:
173:
3862:
3632:"Three years on, the COVID pandemic may never endâbut the public health impact is becoming more manageable"
2087:
466:. On 26 April 2009, more than one month after its first emergence, the initial PHEIC was declared when the
4004:"MERS does not constitute a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC): Emergency committee"
2442:
545:
345:
2228:
1981:
4289:"Statement of the Twenty-Third IHR Emergency Committee Regarding the International Spread of Poliovirus"
4059:
Mullen, Lucia; Potter, Christina; Gostin, Lawrence O.; Cicero, Anita; Nuzzo, Jennifer B. (1 June 2020).
3980:
2036:"Global Mortality Estimates for the 2009 Influenza Pandemic from the GLaMOR Project: A Modeling Study"
967:"Strengthening health security by implementing the International Health Regulations (2005); About IHR"
1473:
278:
1943:
161:(IHR), states have a legal duty to respond promptly to a PHEIC. The declaration is publicized by an
4327:
602:
563:
557:
246:
189:
39:
3600:
2447:
1497:
874:
619:
471:
406:
315:
3948:"WHO Director-General declares mpox outbreak a public health emergency of international concern"
1229:"WHO Director-General declares mpox outbreak a public health emergency of international concern"
845:
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4191:
4103:
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3714:
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3521:
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2583:
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2384:
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2069:
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1859:
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1331:
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1203:
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1030:
943:
646:
632:
567:
483:
250:
193:
177:
77:
1908:
1878:
1664:
1358:"6. The International Health Regulations: the governing framework for global health security"
1258:
Mark A. Hall; David Orentlicher; Mary Anne Bobinski; Nicholas Bagley; I. Glenn Cohen (2018).
935:
4258:
4240:
4199:
4181:
4093:
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3722:
3706:
3582:
3511:
3495:
2374:
2334:
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2059:
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1849:
1833:
1787:
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1725:
1707:
1481:
1429:
1321:
1305:
1080:
1038:
1022:
364:
129:
67:
4301:
2148:"Ebola outbreak in West Africa declared a public health emergency of international concern"
909:
245:
of 2002â2003. Between 2009 and 2016, there were four PHEIC declarations. The fifth was the
3116:"WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 â 11 March 2020"
2184:
1768:"The International Health Regulations: The Governing Framework for Global Health Security"
851:
823:
809:
607:
334:
223:
1084:
751:
American citizens were infected and when the emergencies did not coincide with holidays.
4060:
1477:
4263:
4228:
4204:
4167:
4098:
3777:"Monkeypox: 72 deaths reported, with 2,821 cases confirmed, suspected so far this 2022"
3727:
3694:
3516:
3483:
2064:
2035:
1854:
1821:
1792:
1767:
1730:
1695:
1529:"WHO declared a public health emergency about Zika's effects. Here are three takeaways"
1326:
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1043:
1008:
837:
637:
578:
3710:
3499:
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803:
738:(DRC). 12 other African countries, some for the first time, have also reported cases.
4311:
4172:
3604:
2040:
1969:
1505:
1501:
760:
654:
487:
455:
330:
242:
219:
438:
2798:"Final Statement on the 8th meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005)"
1763:
765:
586:
529:
368:
284:
It can be seen as an "alarm system", a "call to action" and "last resort" measure.
3024:"WHO Director-General's statement on IHR Emergency Committee on Novel Coronavirus"
17:
4245:
4186:
3836:
2054:
1696:"Trust, risk, and the challenge of information sharing during a health emergency"
1009:"Delays in Global Disease Outbreak Responses: Lessons from H1N1, Ebola, and Zika"
528:
On 1 February 2016, the WHO declared its fourth PHEIC in response to clusters of
859:
57:
1712:
1485:
1418:"Policy Debate | International Responses to Global Epidemics: Ebola and Beyond"
337:
are always a PHEIC and do not require an IHR decision to declare them as such.
4137:"WHO | Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) â Saudi Arabia"
4080:
2412:"Ebola outbreak enters 'truly frightening phase' as it turns deadly in Uganda"
2178:
WHO Director-General summarizes the outcome of the Emergency Committee on Zika
1837:
1822:"Transparency in IHR emergency committee decision making: the case for reform"
1360:. In Halabi, Sam F.; Crowley, Jeffrey S.; Gostin, Lawrence Ogalthorpe (eds.).
799:
237:
91:
4254:
4195:
4089:
3874:
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3507:
2840:
2587:
2456:
2388:
2011:
1845:
1721:
1443:
1317:
1034:
1026:
3484:"The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic"
1783:
1633:"Part VI Public Health; Chapter 1.1 International Health Regulations (2005)"
864:
657:, a PHEIC. On 5 May 2023, the WHO ended the PHEIC declaration for COVID-19.
611:
327:
216:
204:. The recommendations are temporary and require reviews every three months.
101:
4272:
4213:
4107:
3736:
3596:
3570:
3525:
2705:
2396:
2285:
2073:
1863:
1801:
1739:
1493:
1335:
1052:
562:
In October 2018 and then later in April 2019, the WHO did not consider the
310:
Is there a significant risk for international travel or trade restrictions?
1309:
2962:"Nine dead as Chinese coronavirus spreads, despite efforts to contain it"
2545:"WHO will take up Ebola emergency declaration question for a fourth time"
1294:"Public health emergencies of international concern: a historic overview"
686:
669:
665:
537:
356:
323:
212:
43:
Logo of the World Health Organization, the authority that declares PHEICs
3055:"WHO declines to declare China virus outbreak a global health emergency"
2330:"Ebola outbreak in Congo still not an international crisis, WHO decides"
1434:
1417:
3571:"WHO keeps covid-19 a public health emergency of international concern"
940:
Infectious Diseases in the New Millennium: Legal and Ethical Challenges
360:
355:
Further assessment is required for diseases that are prone to becoming
2197:"Zika Virus Microcephaly And GuillainâBarrĂ© Syndrome Situation Report"
1609:
831:
661:
given the lack of necessary data and the then-scale of global impact.
253:, declared in January 2020 and ended in May 2023. The seventh was the
3587:
540:, which at the time were suspected to be associated with the ongoing
398:
111:
2768:"Response resumes following security problems in DRC Ebola hot spot"
2576:"Declare Ebola outbreak in DRC an emergency, says UK's Rory Stewart"
970:
577:
After confirmed cases of Ebola in neighbouring Uganda in June 2019,
51:
Map of WHO regional offices and their respective operating regions:
2646:"Opinion | It's time to declare a public health emergency on Ebola"
3452:"Lancet Commission on COVID-19 response: 'Massive global failure'"
2443:"Boy, 5, and Grandmother Die in Uganda as More Ebola Cases Emerge"
1462:"Why did the world's pandemic warning system fail when COVID hit?"
764:
650:
636:
600:, a call for a PHEIC declaration was published on 10 July 2019 in
596:
Acknowledging a high risk of spread to the capital of North Kivu,
437:
249:, declared in July 2019 and ended in June 2020. The sixth was the
81:
46:
38:
3695:"Monkeypox as a PHEIC: implications for global health governance"
2829:"W.H.O. Declares Global Emergency as the new Coronavirus Spreads"
1880:
Disease Diplomacy: International Norms and Global Health Security
1666:
Disease Diplomacy: International Norms and Global Health Security
165:(EC) of international experts, which was developed following the
3923:"Mpox is a Global Public Health Emergency. What Does That Mean?"
2737:"DRC health minister resigns after government takes Ebola reins"
1416:
Rull, Monica; Kickbusch, Ilona; Lauer, Helen (8 December 2015).
774:
731:
597:
319:
261:(IHR), states have a legal duty to respond promptly to a PHEIC.
208:
385:
International Health Regulations § IHR Emergency Committee
2118:"Statement of the Thirty-second Polio IHR Emergency Committee"
2004:"Swine flu illness in the United States and Mexico â update 2"
1072:
Coping with Public Health Emergencies of International Concern
422:
390:
314:
The PHEIC criteria include a list of diseases that are always
257:, declared in July 2022 and ended in May 2023. Under the 2005
1663:
Davies, Sara E.; Kamradt-Scott, Adam; Rushton, Simon (2015).
1820:
Kamradt-Scott, Adam; Eccleston-Turner, Mark (1 April 2019).
1559:
1557:
1007:
Hoffman, Steven J.; Silverberg, Sarah L. (18 January 2018).
788:
Debate exists regarding whether the emergence and spread of
726:
After an IHR meeting on 14 August 2024, the WHO declared an
902:"International Health Regulations and Emergency Committees"
135:
1877:
Sara E. Davies; Adam Kamradt-Scott; Simon Rushton (2015).
172:
Since 2005, there have been eight PHEIC declarations: the
4302:
International Health Regulations and Emergency Committees
3863:"W.H.O. Declares Global Emergency Over New Mpox Outbreak"
1694:
Lencucha, Raphael; Bandara, Shashika (18 February 2021).
593:
minister, called for the WHO to declare it an emergency.
1602:"Annex 2 of the International Health Regulations (2005)"
1292:
Wilder-Smith, Annelies; Osman, Sarah (8 December 2020).
3693:
Wenham, Clare; Eccleston-Turner, Mark (1 August 2022).
2993:"WHO decision on nCoV emergency delayed as cases spike"
2827:
Ramzy, Austin; McNeil, Donald G. Jr (30 January 2020).
1266:(9th ed.). New York: Wolters Kluwer. p. 908.
938:. In Eccleston-Turner, Mark; Brassington, Iain (eds.).
673:
fourteenth in January 2023, and fifteenth in May 2023.
3897:"WHO declares mpox outbreak a global health emergency"
2615:"Three more health workers infected in Ebola outbreak"
2363:"Acknowledging the limits of public health solutions"
2260:"DR Congo Ebola outbreak not given PHEIC designation"
307:
Is there a significant risk for international spread?
147:
138:
132:
3569:
McVernon, Jodie; Liberman, Jonathan (6 March 2023).
1815:
1813:
1811:
1637:
International Health Law and Ethics: Basic Documents
566:
to be a PHEIC. The decision was controversial, with
510:
the WHO declared its third PHEIC in response to the
2903:"Novel Coronavirus(2019-nCoV): Situation Report-10"
1362:
Global Management of Infectious Disease After Ebola
548:. This declaration was lifted on 18 November 2016.
27:
Formal declaration by the World Health Organization
4318:Public health emergencies of international concern
3751:"WHO declares end of mpox global health emergency"
2844:
934:Eccleston-Turner, Mark; McArdle, Scarlett (2020).
4054:
4052:
2706:"Ebola outbreak declared public health emergency"
1202:. World Health Organization. 2024. Archived from
572:Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy
301:Is the public health impact of the event serious?
3540:"WHO responds to The Lancet COVID-19 Commission"
2644:Klain, Ronald A.; Lucey, Daniel (10 July 2019).
121:public health emergency of international concern
2960:Fifield, Anna; Sun, Lena H. (23 January 2020).
1223:
1221:
1190:
1188:
486:, issued on 5 May 2014 with a rise in cases of
450:(H1N1) virus emerged. It was detected first in
2866:
2864:
1902:
1900:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1658:
1656:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
182:2013â2016 outbreak of Ebola in Western Africa
8:
3807:"WHO emergency committee meets on monkeypox"
2323:
2321:
2302:. World Health Organization. 12 April 2019.
1064:
1062:
3837:"WHO declares Mpox global health emergency"
2202:. World Health Organization. 7 April 2016.
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1356:Gostin, Lawrence O.; Katz, Rebecca (2017).
1287:
1285:
1283:
1253:
1251:
1249:
3445:
3443:
3441:
1595:
1593:
1591:
961:
959:
942:. Switzerland: Springer. pp. 89â110.
4262:
4244:
4203:
4185:
4097:
4079:
3726:
3586:
3515:
3458:. University of Minnesota. Archived from
2378:
2275:
2063:
2053:
1853:
1791:
1729:
1711:
1455:
1453:
1433:
1325:
1042:
929:
927:
895:
893:
891:
889:
645:On 30 January 2020, the WHO declared the
4033:. Center for Vaccine Ethics and Policy.
3450:Van Beusekom, Mary (15 September 2022).
32:Public health emergency (disambiguation)
885:
870:Public health emergency (United States)
3861:Mandavilli, Apoorva (14 August 2024).
2514:"Ebola case counts spike again in DRC"
174:2009â2010 H1N1 (or swine flu) pandemic
4227:Kamradt-Scott, Adam (19 April 2011).
3306:from the original on 10 November 2021
3216:from the original on 24 December 2020
2686:from the original on 17 December 2019
2613:Soucheray, Stephanie (11 July 2019).
2543:Soucheray, Stephanie (16 July 2019).
2239:from the original on 24 November 2016
1950:from the original on 1 September 2017
1826:British Medical Journal Global Health
7:
3426:from the original on 30 January 2023
3096:from the original on 24 January 2020
3065:from the original on 23 January 2020
3034:from the original on 23 January 2020
3003:from the original on 24 January 2020
2991:Schnirring, Lisa (22 January 2020).
2972:from the original on 31 January 2020
2941:from the original on 31 January 2020
2915:from the original on 31 January 2020
2778:from the original on 10 October 2019
2512:Souchary, Stephanie (17 June 2019).
2342:from the original on 7 December 2022
2098:from the original on 10 October 2019
1639:(3rd ed.). Maklu. p. 540.
1173:from the original on 22 October 2022
1157:
1155:
1140:from the original on 19 October 2019
192:, the 2020â2023 declaration for the
3895:Branswell, Helen (14 August 2024).
2766:Schnirring, Lisa (9 October 2019).
1527:Pillinger, Mara (2 February 2016).
775:Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome
512:outbreak of Ebola in Western Africa
350:Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan
304:Is the event unusual or unexpected?
3642:from the original on 14 March 2023
3611:from the original on 14 March 2023
3336:from the original on 11 March 2022
3156:from the original on 29 April 2021
3053:Joseph, Andrew (23 January 2020).
2306:from the original on 12 April 2019
2209:from the original on 16 April 2016
1101:from the original on 5 August 2019
1085:10.1093/oso/9780198828945.003.0004
703:At the second IHR meeting for the
25:
4117:from the original on 16 July 2020
3817:from the original on 23 July 2022
3787:from the original on 24 July 2022
3674:from the original on 29 July 2022
3083:WHO Statement (23 January 2020).
3021:WHO Statement (22 January 2020).
2808:from the original on 15 July 2020
2747:from the original on 26 July 2019
2735:Schnirring, Lisa (22 July 2019).
2716:from the original on 17 July 2019
2656:from the original on 16 July 2019
2625:from the original on 16 July 2019
2594:from the original on 29 July 2019
2555:from the original on 17 July 2019
2524:from the original on 18 June 2019
2493:from the original on 14 June 2019
2463:from the original on 18 July 2019
2422:from the original on 12 June 2019
1572:. 31 January 2020. Archived from
1563:WHO Statement (31 January 2020).
1382:from the original on 7 April 2022
1127:WHO Statement (18 October 2019).
1014:American Journal of Public Health
664:The WHO recognized the spread of
389:In order to declare a PHEIC, the
153:) is a formal declaration by the
4002:Robert Herriman (17 July 2013).
2574:Wintour, Patrick (7 July 2019).
2441:Gladstone, Rick (12 June 2019).
2158:from the original on 3 June 2019
1942:Renee Dopplick (29 April 2009).
1923:from the original on 14 May 2015
1422:International Development Policy
844:
830:
816:
802:
736:Democratic Republic of the Congo
728:mpox outbreak in parts of Africa
583:Democratic Republic of the Congo
371:, and viral hemorrhagic fevers.
359:, including, but not limited to
259:International Health Regulations
159:International Health Regulations
128:
4037:from the original on 8 May 2014
4010:from the original on 8 May 2014
3122:. 20 March 2020. Archived from
2258:Green, Andrew (20 April 2019).
2010:. 26 April 2009. Archived from
1460:Maxmen, Amy (23 January 2021).
773:PHEIC was not invoked with the
458:. It spread quickly across the
4029:David R Curry (20 July 2013).
2900:WHO Report (30 January 2020).
2088:"News Scan: Polio in Pakistan"
1671:Johns Hopkins University Press
505:Western African Ebola epidemic
1:
3711:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01437-4
3500:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01585-9
2380:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31183-3
2277:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30893-1
564:2018â2020 Kivu Ebola epidemic
418:Summary of PHEIC declarations
346:chemical weapons use in Syria
277:This definition designates a
247:2018â2020 Kivu Ebola epidemic
190:2018â2020 Kivu Ebola epidemic
4246:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001021
4187:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001022
2328:Cohen, Jon (12 April 2019).
2055:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001558
899:WHO Q&A (19 June 2019).
468:H1N1 (or swine flu) pandemic
2361:Lancet, The (25 May 2019).
716:Clade I mpox (2024âpresent)
542:2015â16 Zika virus epidemic
524:2015â16 Zika virus epidemic
288:Potential concern reporting
186:2015â16 Zika virus epidemic
110: Western Pacific; HQ:
100: South East Asia; HQ:
4349:
1713:10.1186/s12992-021-00673-9
1486:10.1038/d41586-021-00162-4
1298:Journal of Travel Medicine
1264:Health Care Law and Ethics
758:
719:
696:
630:
616:Ebola response coordinator
614:(the former United States
555:
521:
502:
431:
382:
29:
4333:World Health Organization
4081:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002502
3667:World Health Organization
3120:World Health Organization
2680:World Health Organization
2487:World Health Organization
2233:World Health Organization
2008:World Health Organization
1978:World Health Organization
1907:Director-General (2009).
1883:. JHU Press. p. 95.
1838:10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001618
1631:Exter, André den (2015).
1570:World Health Organization
693:Clade II mpox (2022â2023)
482:The second PHEIC was the
446:In the spring of 2009, a
342:cholera outbreak in Haiti
333:, and any new subtype of
222:, and any new subtype of
155:World Health Organization
3619:– via www.bmj.com.
2937:. WHO. 30 January 2020.
2908:. WHO. 30 January 2020.
1700:Globalization and Health
1599:WHO Regulations (2005).
1027:10.2105/AJPH.2017.304245
792:may constitute a PHEIC.
790:antimicrobial resistance
641:Morphology of SARS-CoV-2
4006:. The Global Dispatch.
2176:WHO (1 February 2016).
1784:10.1111/1468-0009.12186
1550:(subscription required)
1366:Oxford University Press
1112:(subscription required)
1077:Oxford University Press
722:2023â2024 mpox epidemic
705:2022â2023 mpox outbreak
699:2022â2023 mpox outbreak
676:In September 2022, the
534:GuillainâBarrĂ© syndrome
434:2009 swine flu pandemic
395:IHR Emergency Committee
255:2022â2023 mpox outbreak
167:2002â2004 SARS outbreak
163:IHR Emergency Committee
60:, Republic of the Congo
4291:. WHO, 7 January 2020.
1260:"8. Public Health Law"
770:
642:
552:Kivu Ebola (2019â2020)
546:mosquitoâborne disease
484:2014 polio declaration
443:
275:
178:2014 polio declaration
116:
44:
3546:. WHO. Archived from
2183:4 August 2016 at the
1772:The Milbank Quarterly
1762:Gostin, Lawrence O.;
1069:Hunger, Iris (2018).
969:. WHO. Archived from
781:Non-infectious events
768:
640:
441:
428:Swine flu (2009â2010)
271:
269:PHEIC is defined as:
50:
42:
4323:Emergency management
3705:(10369): 2169â2171.
3494:(10359): 1224â1280.
1916:. WHO. p. 118.
647:outbreak of COVID-19
627:COVID-19 (2020â2023)
478:Polio (2014âpresent)
442:H1N1 influenza virus
391:WHO Director-General
279:public health crisis
66: Americas; HQ:
30:For other uses, see
3983:on 27 February 2013
3927:Scientific American
3332:. 19 January 2022.
3030:. 22 January 2020.
2966:The Washington Post
1478:2021Natur.589..499M
1435:10.4000/poldev.2178
1310:10.1093/jtm/taaa227
769:World MERS outbreak
603:The Washington Post
558:Kivu Ebola epidemic
379:Emergency Committee
202:2024 mpox outbreaks
3867:The New York Times
3550:on 12 October 2022
3462:on 12 October 2022
3246:on 7 February 2021
2833:The New York Times
2448:The New York Times
2094:. 4 October 2019.
1196:"Mpox (monkeypox)"
875:State of emergency
771:
643:
620:Oly Ilunga Kalenga
570:, director of the
444:
407:IHR Experts Roster
117:
90: Europe; HQ:
56: Africa; HQ:
45:
18:Health emergencies
4068:BMJ Global Health
3636:medicalxpress.com
3186:on 15 August 2021
3126:on 15 August 2021
2849:on 14 August 2021
2154:. 8 August 2014.
1974:"Swine influenza"
1972:(25 April 2009).
1890:978-1-4214-1648-9
1576:on 15 August 2021
1472:(7843): 499â500.
1273:978-1-4548-8180-3
1206:on 14 August 2024
949:978-3-030-39818-7
912:on 15 August 2021
633:COVID-19 pandemic
568:Michael Osterholm
518:Zika virus (2016)
499:Ebola (2013â2016)
448:novel influenza A
251:COVID-19 pandemic
227:resort" measure.
194:COVID-19 pandemic
16:(Redirected from
4340:
4277:
4276:
4266:
4248:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4207:
4189:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4143:. Archived from
4133:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4116:
4101:
4083:
4065:
4056:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4015:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3979:. Archived from
3973:"WHO | MERS-CoV"
3969:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3813:. 23 June 2022.
3803:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3783:. 13 June 2022.
3773:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3730:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3590:
3588:10.1136/bmj.p504
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3519:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3447:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3392:. Archived from
3382:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3366:on 27 April 2022
3362:. Archived from
3352:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3276:on 29 April 2021
3272:. Archived from
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3242:. Archived from
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3182:. Archived from
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3008:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2914:
2907:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2878:. Archived from
2868:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2848:
2843:. Archived from
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2804:. 26 June 2020.
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2712:. 17 July 2019.
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2682:. 17 July 2019.
2672:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2382:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2335:Science Magazine
2325:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2279:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2208:
2201:
2193:
2187:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2152:www.euro.who.int
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2124:. Archived from
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2067:
2057:
2048:(11): e1001558.
2030:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2014:on 30 April 2009
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1980:. Archived from
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1922:
1915:
1904:
1895:
1894:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1857:
1817:
1806:
1805:
1795:
1759:
1744:
1743:
1733:
1715:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1660:
1651:
1650:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1612:on 20 March 2014
1608:. Archived from
1597:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1561:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1535:. Archived from
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1508:on 29 April 2021
1504:. Archived from
1457:
1448:
1447:
1437:
1413:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1353:
1340:
1339:
1329:
1289:
1278:
1277:
1255:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1225:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1192:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1159:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1125:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1066:
1057:
1056:
1046:
1004:
983:
982:
980:
978:
963:
954:
953:
931:
922:
921:
919:
917:
908:. Archived from
897:
854:
849:
848:
840:
835:
834:
826:
821:
820:
819:
812:
807:
806:
755:Non-declarations
365:pneumonic plague
150:
145:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
109:
99:
89:
75:
68:Washington, D.C.
65:
55:
21:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4308:
4307:
4298:
4285:
4283:Further reading
4280:
4239:(4): e1001021.
4226:
4225:
4221:
4180:(4): e1001022.
4165:
4164:
4160:
4150:
4148:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4063:
4058:
4057:
4050:
4040:
4038:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4013:
4011:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3986:
3984:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3956:
3954:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3931:
3929:
3921:Adepoju, Paul.
3920:
3919:
3915:
3905:
3903:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3879:
3877:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3845:
3843:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3820:
3818:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3790:
3788:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3760:
3758:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3677:
3675:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3645:
3643:
3630:Head, Michael.
3629:
3628:
3624:
3614:
3612:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3553:
3551:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3465:
3463:
3449:
3448:
3439:
3429:
3427:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3399:
3397:
3396:on 25 July 2022
3384:
3383:
3379:
3369:
3367:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3339:
3337:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3309:
3307:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3279:
3277:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3249:
3247:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3219:
3217:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3189:
3187:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3159:
3157:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3129:
3127:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3099:
3097:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3068:
3066:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3037:
3035:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3006:
3004:
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2650:Washington Post
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2373:(10186): 2100.
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2270:(10181): 1586.
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2185:Wayback Machine
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2128:on 23 July 2022
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1368:. p. 110.
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1075:. Vol. 1.
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973:on 25 July 2022
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852:COVID-19 portal
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824:Medicine portal
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436:
430:
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352:, for example.
335:human influenza
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224:human influenza
207:Automatically,
148:
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115:
107:
105:
97:
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70:, United States
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4294:
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4147:on 12 May 2020
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4074:(6): e002502.
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3152:. 1 May 2020.
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1995:
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1832:(2): e001618.
1807:
1778:(2): 264â313.
1764:Katz, Rebeccas
1745:
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1680:978-1421416489
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1646:978-9046607923
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1021:(3): 329â333.
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579:Tedros Adhanom
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3781:gulfnews.com
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2580:The Guardian
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