133:. This discovery eventually led to the identification of the heat-shock proteins (HSP) or stress proteins whose expression this puffing represented. Increased synthesis of selected proteins in Drosophila cells following stresses such as heat shock was first reported in 1974. In 1974, Tissieres, Mitchell and Tracy discovered that heat-shock induces the production of a small number of proteins and inhibits the production of most others. This initial biochemical finding gave rise to a large number of studies on the induction of heat shock and its biological role. Heat shock proteins often function as
600:. Thanks to the HSP, the bound peptide is protected against degradation in dendritic cell compartments and the efficiency of cross-presentation is higher. Also internalisation of HSP-peptide complex is more efficient than internalisation of soluble antigens. Tumor cells usually express only a few neo-antigens, which can be targeted by immune system and also not all tumor cells express them. Because of that the amount of tumor antigens is restricted and high efficiency of cross-presentation is necessary for mounting strong immune response.
381:, phosphorylates a small heat shock protein, hsp20. Hsp20 phosphorylation correlates well with smooth muscle relaxation and is one significant phosphoprotein involved in the process. Hsp20 appears significant in development of the smooth muscle phenotype during development. Hsp20 also serves a significant role in preventing platelet aggregation, cardiac myocyte function and prevention of apoptosis after ischemic injury, and skeletal muscle function and muscle insulin response.
1260:
891:, tumour cells are also in a permanent stress. When HSPs from a tumour are isolated, the peptide repertoire bound by HSPs is somewhat a fingerprint of these particular tumour cells. Application of such HSPs back into patient then stimulate immune system (promotes efficient antigen presentation and act as DAMP) specifically against the tumor and leads to tumor regression. This
907:
Intracellular heat shock proteins are highly expressed in cancerous cells and are essential to the survival of these cell types due to presence of mutated and over-expressed oncogenes. Many HSPs can also promote invasiveness and metastasis formation in tumours, block apoptosis, or promote resistance
149:
According to Marvin et al. sHSPs independently express not only in heat shock response but also have developmental roles in embryonic or juvenile stages of mammals, teleost fish and some lower vertebral genomes. hspb1 (HSP27) is expressed during stress and during the development of embryo, somites,
561:
scavenger receptor has been previously proposed as the common HSP receptor. But now its relevance is controversial because the majority of DC types does not express CD91 in relevant amounts and the binding capacity for many HSPs has not been proved. Stimulation of some scavenger receptors can even
657:
Heat-shock proteins can be secreted from immune cells or tumour cells by non-canonical secretion pathway, or leaderless pathway, because they do not have the leader peptide, which navigate proteins into endoplasmic reticulum. The non-canonical secretion can be similar to the one, which occurs for
372:
Krief et al. referred hspb7 (cvHSP - cardiovascular Heat shock protein) as cardiac heat shock protein. Gata4 is an essential gene responsible for cardiac morphogenesis. It also regulates the gene expression of hspb7 and hspb12. Gata4 depletion can result in reduced transcript levels of hspb7 and
872:. Furthermore, some researchers speculate that HSPs may be involved in binding protein fragments from dead malignant cells and presenting them to the immune system. In a recent study published by Sedlacek et al., HSP was shown to effect different signaling pathways involved in
217:
The mechanism by which heat-shock (or other environmental stressors) activates the heat shock factor has been determined in bacteria. During heat stress, outer membrane proteins (OMPs) do not fold and cannot insert correctly into the outer membrane. They accumulate in the
376:
hspb7 also acts in the downregulation of
Kupffer vesicles which is responsible for regulation of left-right asymmetry of heart in zebrafish. Along with hspb7, hspb12 is involved in cardiac laterality determination. A kinase of the nitric oxide cell signalling pathway,
927:
for the treatment of several types of cancer, but for various reasons unrelated to efficacy did not go on to Phase 3. HSPgp96 also shows promise as an anticancer treatment and is currently in clinical trials against non-small cell lung cancer.
828:
identification. Recent discoveries have shown that high concentrations of eHSP can indicate the presence of contentious tumors. Additionally, HSPs have been shown to benefit oncologist in oral cancer diagnosis. Using techniques such as dot
812:. However, there have been many recent articles alluding to a correlation between hsp70, in some cases hsp60, and DM. Another recent article discovered the ratio of ehsp70 and ihsp70 could have an effect on DM, leading to a sufficient
3609:
Staroverov, Sergey A.; Kozlov, Sergey V.; Brovko, Fedor A.; Fursova, Ksenia K.; Shardin, Vitaly V.; Fomin, Alexander S.; Gabalov, Konstantin P.; Soldatov, Dmitry A.; Zhnichkova, Elena G.; Dykman, Lev A.; Guliy, Olga I. (2022-09-01).
274:
during recovery from prolonged exposure to cold in the absence of heat shock. A mild heat shock pretreatment of the same kind that protects against death from subsequent heat shock also prevents death from exposure to cold.
112:
It is known that rapid heat hardening can be elicited by a brief exposure of cells to sub-lethal high temperature, which in turn provides protection from subsequent and more severe temperature. In 1962, Italian geneticist
512:
This handing over with peptides is important, because HSPs can shield hydrophobic residues in peptides which would be otherwise problematic in aquatic cytosol. Also simple diffusion of peptides would be too ineffective.
104:, which marks proteins for degradation, also has features of a heat shock protein. A conserved protein binding domain of approximately 80 amino-acid alpha crystallins are known as small heat shock proteins (sHSP).
3281:"The chaperone balance hypothesis: the importance of the extracellular to intracellular HSP70 ratio to inflammation-driven type 2 diabetes, the effect of exercise, and the implications for clinical management"
306:
Heat-shock proteins also occur under non-stressful conditions, simply "monitoring" the cell's proteins. Some examples of their role as "monitors" are that they carry old proteins to the cell's "recycling bin"
631:
molecules and pro-inflammatory and Th1 cytokines. HSP70 was shown to react to DAMP release, causing an influx of HSP70-positive T-EVs (tumor cells) that initiate anti-tumor immune signaling cascades.
753:(HSF 1) is a transcription factor that is involved in the general maintenance and upregulation of Hsp70 protein expression. Recently it was discovered that HSF1 is a powerful multifaceted modifier of
1413:
Cao Y, Ohwatari N, Matsumoto T, Kosaka M, Ohtsuru A, Yamashita S (August 1999). "TGF-beta1 mediates 70-kDa heat shock protein induction due to ultraviolet irradiation in human skin fibroblasts".
843:
cancer diagnosis markers. HSPs have also been shown to interact with cancer adaptations such as drug resistance, tumor cell production and lifespan, and the up-regulation and down-regulation of
887:
Also isolated HSPs from tumor cells are able to act as a specific anti-tumor vaccine by themselves. Tumour cells express a lot of HSPs because they need to chaperone mutated and over-expressed
525:. Also when HSPs are extracellular, they can guide their associated peptides into MHCII pathway, although it is not known how they are distinguished from the cross-presented ones (see below).
533:
HSPs are involved in classical macroautophagy, when protein aggregates are enclosed by double membrane and degraded afterwards. They are also involved in a special type of autophagy called
392:
Function of heat-shock proteins in immunity is based on their ability to bind not only whole proteins, but also peptides. The affinity and specificity of this interaction is typically low.
226:, that passes the signal through the membrane to the sigmaE transcription factor. However, some studies suggest that an increase in damaged or abnormal proteins brings HSPs into action.
4299:
2331:
1308:
238:
3965:
Didelot C, Lanneau D, Brunet M, Joly AL, De Thonel A, Chiosis G, Garrido C (2007). "Anti-cancer therapeutic approaches based on intracellular and extracellular heat shock proteins".
53:, but are now known to also be expressed during other stresses including exposure to cold, UV light and during wound healing or tissue remodeling. Many members of this group perform
415:, although its peptide-binding site has been found. But gp96 immune function could be peptide-independent, because it is involved in proper folding of many immune receptors, like
4552:
1378:
Matz JM, Blake MJ, Tatelman HM, Lavoi KP, Holbrook NJ (July 1995). "Characterization and regulation of cold-induced heat shock protein expression in mouse brown adipose tissue".
291:(shape) and prevention of unwanted protein aggregation. By helping to stabilize partially unfolded proteins, HSPs aid in transporting proteins across membranes within the cell.
690:
The role of extracellular HSPs can be miscellaneous. It depends a lot on context of tissue whether HSPs will stimulate the immune system or suppress immunity. They can promote
1771:
990:
Researchers are also investigating the role of HSPs in conferring stress tolerance to hybridized plants, hoping to address drought and poor soil conditions for farming.
57:
functions by stabilizing new proteins to ensure correct folding or by helping to refold proteins that were damaged by the cell stress. This increase in expression is
498:
463:
3495:
Albakova, Zarema; Siam, Mohammad Kawsar Sharif; Sacitharan, Pradeep Kumar; Ziganshin, Rustam H.; Ryazantsev, Dmitriy Y.; Sapozhnikov, Alexander M. (2021-02-01).
967:
Hsp90 inhibitors are another possible treatment for autoimmunity, because hsp90 is necessary for proper folding of many pro-inflammatory proteins (components of
737:) or hspb4 is involved in the development of lens in Zebrafish as it is expressed in response to heat shock in the Zebrafish embryo in its developmental stages.
3755:"Human heat shock protein 70 enhances tumor antigen presentation through complex formation and intracellular antigen delivery without innate immune signaling"
2465:
McLemore EC, Tessier DJ, Thresher J, Komalavilas P, Brophy CM (July 2005). "Role of the small heat shock proteins in regulating vascular smooth muscle tone".
964:. Current therapeutic research areas in the treatment for DM include: long-term physical exercise, hot tub therapy (HTT), and alfalfa-derived HSP70 (aHSP70).
4292:
603:
Hsp70 and hsp90 are also involved intracellulary in cytosolic pathway of cross-presentation where they help antigens to get from endosome into the cytosol.
4036:
317:
Recently, there are several studies that suggest a correlation between HSPs and dual frequency ultrasound as demonstrated by the use of LDM-MED machine.
1191:. Also prevents protein folding during post-translational import into the mitochondria/chloroplast. Hsp110 provides tolerance of extreme temperature.
426:
Apart from that, HSPs can stimulate immune receptors and are important in proper folding of proteins involved in pro-inflammatory signaling pathways.
2367:"Exercise Training under Exposure to Low Levels of Fine Particulate Matter: Effects on Heart Oxidative Stress and Extra-to-Intracellular HSP70 Ratio"
287:
for other proteins. They play an important role in protein–protein interactions such as folding and assisting in the establishment of proper protein
2351:
920:
4285:
1829:
Tissières A, Mitchell HK, Tracy UM (April 1974). "Protein synthesis in salivary glands of
Drosophila melanogaster: relation to chromosome puffs".
4897:
3561:
687:
There is a debate about how long can HSP keep its peptide in extracellular space, at least for hsp70 the complex with peptide is quite stable.
384:
Hsp27 is a major phosphoprotein during women's contractions. Hsp27 functions in small muscle migrations and appears to serve an integral role.
956:
and treat autoimmune diseases. The underlying mechanism is not known. HSPs (especially hsp60 and hsp70) are used in clinical studies to treat
3678:
1953:"OMP peptide signals initiate the envelope-stress response by activating DegS protease via relief of inhibition mediated by its PDZ domain"
3718:
Nishikawa M, Takemoto S, Takakura Y (April 2008). "Heat shock protein derivatives for delivery of antigens to antigen presenting cells".
937:
612:
202:
deprivation), nitrogen deficiency (in plants) or water deprivation. As a consequence, the heat shock proteins are also referred to as
5115:
1591:
365:
The subset of hsp70, extracellular hsp70 (ehsp70) and intracellular hsp70 (ihsp70), has been shown to have a pivotal role in managing
4135:
Vinocur B, Altman A (April 2005). "Recent advances in engineering plant tolerance to abiotic stress: achievements and limitations".
3657:
Yildiz, Mehmet Taha; Tutar, Lütfi; Giritlioğlu, Nazlı Irmak; Bayram, Banu; Tutar, Yusuf (2022), Allmer, Jens; Yousef, Malik (eds.),
3250:
2826:
2165:
1643:
Raboy B, Sharon G, Parag HA, Shochat Y, Kulka RG (1991). "Effect of stress on protein degradation: role of the ubiquitin system".
628:
4308:
4071:
for "Immune
Response and Safety of HS110 Vaccine in Combination With Erlotinib in Patients With Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer" at
635:
550:
207:
62:
4508:
2972:"Targeting of tolerogenic dendritic cells towards heat-shock proteins: a novel therapeutic strategy for autoimmune diseases?"
1173:
762:
314:
These activities are part of a cell's own repair system, called the "cellular stress response" or the "heat-shock response".
522:
5140:
4721:
3391:"Increased eHSP70-to-iHSP70 ratio in prediabetic and diabetic postmenopausal women: a biomarker of cardiometabolic risk"
1303:
949:
616:
534:
242:
137:
in the refolding of proteins damaged by heat stress. Heat shock proteins have been found in all species examined, from
1240:
Although the most important members of each family are tabulated here, some species may express additional chaperones,
162:
Production of high levels of heat shock proteins can also be triggered by exposure to different kinds of environmental
4666:
3225:
Alam, Uazman; Asghar, Omar; Azmi, Shazli; Malik, Rayaz A. (2014-01-01), Zochodne, Douglas W.; Malik, Rayaz A. (eds.),
565:
LOX-1 and SRECI when stimulated guide HSPs with their associated peptides into cross-presentation. LOX-1 binds mainly
2043:"Recovery of protein synthesis after heat shock: prior heat treatment affects the ability of cells to translate mRNA"
411:, and their peptide-binding sites were identified. In the case of gp96 it is not clear whether it can bind peptides
3562:"Prognosis and predictive value of heat-shock proteins expression in oral cancer: A PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis"
4044:
1739:
1187:
Protein folding and unfolding. Provides thermotolerance to cell on exposure to heat stress and protects against
4606:
4271:
3822:
Sedlacek, Abigail L.; Kinner-Bibeau, Lauren B.; Wang, Yifei; Mizes, Alicia P.; Binder, Robert J. (2021-08-09).
1273:
961:
58:
3824:"Tunable heat shock protein-mediated NK cell responses are orchestrated by STAT1 in Antigen Presenting Cells"
549:(DC) and promote cross-presentation of their carried peptides. The most important receptors in this case are
4931:
3800:
707:
620:
267:
250:
5103:
4086:"Chaperone-Based Therapeutic Target Innovation: Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70) for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"
3446:
Nakhjavani M, Morteza A, Khajeali L, Esteghamati A, Khalilzadeh O, Asgarani F, Outeiro TF (November 2010).
3279:
Krause M, Heck TG, Bittencourt A, Scomazzon SP, Newsholme P, Curi R, Homem de
Bittencourt PI (2015-02-26).
454:
In the simplified view of this pathway HSPs are usually not mentioned: antigenic peptides are generated in
4972:
3389:
Seibert P, Anklam CF, Costa-Beber LC, Sulzbacher LM, Sulzbacher MM, Sangiovo AM, et al. (June 2022).
3226:
4353:
2365:
Mai AS, Dos Santos AB, Beber LC, Basso RD, Sulzbacher LM, Goettems-Fiorin PB, et al. (2017-12-13).
1765:
968:
809:
459:
288:
259:
2502:"Novel cardioprotective role of a small heat-shock protein, Hsp20, against ischemia/reperfusion injury"
1675:"Small heat shock proteins are necessary for heart migration and laterality determination in zebrafish"
3611:
373:
hspb12 and this could result in cardiac myopathies in zebrafish embryos as observed by
Gabriel et al.
320:
Heat shock proteins appear to be more susceptible to self-degradation than other proteins due to slow
96:(the most widely studied HSPs) refer to families of heat shock proteins on the order of 60, 70 and 90
3835:
3343:
3179:
2243:
2054:
957:
945:
899:
manner in clinical studies for gp96 and hsp70, but in vitro this works for all immune-relevant HSPs.
865:
435:
1148:
Involved in protein folding after its post-translational import to the mitochondrion/chloroplast; a
837:
test researchers have been able to determine that HSP-specific phage antibodies could be beneficial
4316:
3753:
Bendz H, Ruhland SC, Pandya MJ, Hainzl O, Riegelsberger S, Braüchle C, et al. (October 2007).
1278:
1245:
1216:
912:
881:
284:
258:(and greatly enhances survival after a subsequent higher temperature heat shock) primarily affects
134:
54:
1248:(Hsp90α and Hsp90β, for instance) or conflicts of nomenclature (Hsp72 is sometimes called Hsp70).
998:
The principal heat-shock proteins that have chaperone activity belong to five conserved classes:
4962:
4072:
3912:
3692:
3639:
3542:
3428:
2177:
2152:
Walter S, Buchner J (April 2002). "Molecular chaperones--cellular machines for protein folding".
1982:
1898:
1617:
1605:
1438:
1360:
941:
718:
659:
638:, which can either associate with TLRs, or activate pro-inflammatory intracellular pathways like
439:
416:
345:
4084:
Mulyani WR, Sanjiwani MI, Prabawa IP, Lestari AA, Wihandani DM, Suastika K, et al. (2020).
2970:
Jansen MA, Spiering R, Broere F, van Laar JM, Isaacs JD, van Eden W, Hilkens CM (January 2018).
2002:"Translational control of bacterial heat shock and virulence genes by temperature-sensing mRNAs"
4267:
4226:"Requirement of the Escherichia coli dnaK gene for thermotolerance and protection against H2O2"
3887:
Binder RJ (April 2008). "Heat-shock protein-based vaccines for cancer and infectious disease".
4632:
4247:
4206:
4175:
Kampinga HH, Hageman J, Vos MJ, Kubota H, Tanguay RM, Bruford EA, et al. (January 2009).
4152:
4117:
4017:
3982:
3947:
3904:
3869:
3851:
3776:
3735:
3684:
3674:
3631:
3591:
3534:
3516:
3477:
3420:
3371:
3312:
3256:
3246:
3207:
3148:
3099:
3050:
3001:
2949:
2931:
2890:
2832:
2822:
2782:
2728:
2648:
2572:
2523:
2482:
2447:
2398:
2343:
2312:
2271:
2212:
2169:
2134:
2082:
2023:
1974:
1933:
1890:
1846:
1811:
1753:
1704:
1652:
1597:
1587:
1556:
1521:
1479:
1430:
1395:
1352:
1335:
Ritossa F (1962). "A new puffing pattern induced by temperature shock and DNP in drosophila".
1298:
1293:
1188:
816:. Serum levels of hsp70 have also been shown to increase over time in patients with diabetes.
673:
597:
471:
359:
234:
219:
195:
118:
114:
70:
3665:, Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 2257, New York, NY: Springer US, pp. 293–310,
3070:"An RNA aptamer perturbs heat shock transcription factor activity in Drosophila melanogaster"
2753:"Anti-Hsp90 therapy in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases: a review of preclinical studies"
1244:, and heat shock proteins not listed. In addition, many of these proteins may have multiple
4892:
4851:
4846:
4821:
4811:
4806:
4796:
4596:
4237:
4196:
4188:
4144:
4107:
4097:
4009:
3974:
3939:
3896:
3859:
3843:
3766:
3727:
3666:
3623:
3581:
3573:
3524:
3508:
3467:
3459:
3410:
3402:
3361:
3351:
3302:
3292:
3238:
3197:
3187:
3138:
3130:
3089:
3081:
3040:
3032:
2991:
2983:
2939:
2921:
2880:
2872:
2814:
2772:
2764:
2718:
2708:
2638:
2630:
2562:
2554:
2513:
2474:
2437:
2429:
2388:
2378:
2302:
2261:
2251:
2204:
2161:
2124:
2116:
2072:
2062:
2013:
1964:
1925:
1880:
1838:
1801:
1743:
1735:
1694:
1686:
1579:
1548:
1511:
1469:
1422:
1387:
1344:
1034:
972:
953:
952:. Nevertheless, it was found, that application of some HSPs into patients is able to induce
691:
378:
366:
230:
163:
151:
97:
46:
4867:
4801:
1673:
Lahvic JL, Ji Y, Marin P, Zuflacht JP, Springel MW, Wosen JE, et al. (December 2013).
1087:
1083:
333:
5098:
4321:
2861:"A central role for HSC70 in regulating antigen trafficking and MHC class II presentation"
2418:"Small heat shock proteins Hspb7 and Hspb12 regulate early steps of cardiac morphogenesis"
2291:"Stress (heat shock) proteins: molecular chaperones in cardiovascular biology and disease"
1629:
1019:
355:
255:
150:
mid-hindbrain, heart and lens in zebrafish. Expression of the hspb4 gene, which codes for
122:
3930:
Wu J, Liu T, Rios Z, Mei Q, Lin X, Cao S (March 2017). "Heat Shock
Proteins and Cancer".
734:
3839:
3347:
3183:
2247:
2058:
1916:
Santoro MG (January 2000). "Heat shock factors and the control of the stress response".
1552:
1456:
Laplante AF, Moulin V, Auger FA, Landry J, Li H, Morrow G, et al. (November 1998).
573:. SRECI is now considered to by the common heat-shock protein receptor because it binds
4645:
4640:
4201:
4176:
4112:
4085:
3864:
3823:
3586:
3529:
3496:
3472:
3447:
3415:
3390:
3330:
Birk OS, Douek DC, Elias D, Takacs K, Dewchand H, Gur SL, et al. (February 1996).
3307:
3280:
3242:
3202:
3167:
3143:
3118:
3094:
3069:
3045:
3020:
2996:
2971:
2944:
2909:
2885:
2860:
2777:
2752:
2723:
2696:
2643:
2619:"Functions of heat shock proteins in pathways of the innate and adaptive immune system"
2618:
2567:
2542:
2518:
2501:
2442:
2417:
2393:
2366:
1699:
1674:
1265:
1029:
924:
909:
873:
754:
624:
546:
42:
2478:
2266:
2231:
2129:
2104:
2077:
2042:
1969:
1952:
1929:
1867:
Marvin M, O'Rourke D, Kurihara T, Juliano CE, Harrison KL, Hutson LD (February 2008).
1806:
1789:
1748:
1723:
5134:
3696:
3643:
3612:"Phage antibodies against heat shock proteins as tools for in vitro cancer diagnosis"
3546:
3432:
3366:
3331:
2558:
2330:
Antonova G, Lichtenbeld H, Xia T, Chatterjee A, Dimitropoulou C, Catravas JD (2007).
1842:
1516:
1499:
884:. Therefore, HSPs may be useful for increasing the effectiveness of cancer vaccines.
805:
758:
263:
3916:
3795:
1986:
1902:
1609:
1442:
1364:
5001:
4983:
2181:
1391:
1288:
1241:
892:
861:
681:
502:
408:
171:
141:
to humans, suggesting that they evolved very early and have an important function.
4067:
3731:
2910:"The Role of Extracellular HSP70 in the Function of Tumor-Associated Immune Cells"
2332:"Functional significance of hsp90 complexes with NOS and sGC in endothelial cells"
761:
show significantly decreased incidence of skin tumor after topical application of
17:
4277:
4242:
4225:
4148:
3670:
3512:
3192:
2876:
1583:
1092:
Co-factor of DnaK/Hsp70, only for bacterial or mitochondrial/chloroplastic forms
5077:
4945:
3627:
3577:
3168:"Inhibiting heat shock factor 1 in human cancer cells with a potent RNA aptamer"
2433:
1690:
830:
482:
467:
321:
187:
183:
84:
Heat shock proteins are named according to their molecular weight. For example,
4013:
3978:
3943:
3847:
3658:
3406:
3336:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3134:
2818:
2236:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2047:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1474:
1457:
1259:
4907:
4335:
4192:
3463:
2768:
1869:"Developmental expression patterns of the zebrafish small heat shock proteins"
1283:
1255:
1183:
Hsp110 genes are derived from this superfamily and are coded HSPH1 through 4.
1149:
1041:
896:
730:
490:
478:
455:
332:
Heat shock proteins appear to serve a significant cardiovascular role. Hsp90,
308:
191:
130:
126:
66:
50:
3900:
3855:
3635:
3520:
2935:
2713:
2634:
2500:
Fan GC, Ren X, Qian J, Yuan Q, Nicolaou P, Wang Y, et al. (April 2005).
2208:
1356:
229:
Some bacterial heat shock proteins are upregulated via a mechanism involving
4655:
4601:
2926:
2307:
2290:
2256:
2195:
Borges JC, Ramos CH (April 2005). "Protein folding assisted by chaperones".
1047:
813:
790:
677:
443:
167:
101:
4210:
4156:
4121:
4021:
3986:
3951:
3908:
3873:
3780:
3771:
3754:
3739:
3688:
3595:
3538:
3481:
3448:"Increased serum HSP70 levels are associated with the duration of diabetes"
3424:
3356:
3316:
3260:
3211:
3152:
3119:"Heat shock factor 1 is a powerful multifaceted modifier of carcinogenesis"
3103:
3054:
3005:
2953:
2894:
2836:
2786:
2732:
2652:
2576:
2527:
2486:
2451:
2402:
2383:
2347:
2216:
2173:
2067:
2027:
1978:
1937:
1894:
1708:
1601:
1539:
Wu C (1995). "Heat shock transcription factors: structure and regulation".
1434:
4251:
3375:
3297:
3036:
2813:. Advances in Cancer Research. Vol. 129. Elsevier. pp. 191–224.
2316:
2275:
2138:
2086:
2018:
2001:
1850:
1815:
1757:
1656:
1560:
1525:
1483:
1426:
1399:
395:
It was shown, that at least some of the HSPs possess this ability, mainly
294:
Some members of the HSP family are expressed at low to moderate levels in
4935:
4568:
4560:
4102:
3085:
2166:
10.1002/1521-3773(20020402)41:7<1098::AID-ANIE1098>3.0.CO;2-9
2120:
976:
888:
839:
801:
695:
669:
643:
420:
223:
138:
74:
3332:"A role of Hsp60 in autoimmune diabetes: analysis in a transgenic model"
596:
The relevance for this type of cross-presentation is high especially in
4686:
4573:
4533:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4399:
1885:
1868:
1348:
1205:
869:
844:
786:
782:
586:
506:
404:
179:
175:
38:
4000:
Solit DB, Rosen N (2006). "Hsp90: a novel target for cancer therapy".
2987:
2105:"Heat shock protection against cold stress of Drosophila melanogaster"
1458:"Expression of heat shock proteins in mouse skin during wound healing"
684:), HSPs can also appear on the extracellular side of plasma membrane.
4902:
4877:
4872:
4862:
4826:
4816:
4791:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4706:
4691:
4538:
4503:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
1177:
1169:
1015:
825:
714:
590:
199:
545:
When HSPs are extracellular, they can bind to specific receptors on
493:
and take over generated peptides. Afterwards, it can associate with
477:
But HSPs play an important part in transfer of unfolded proteins to
1234:
Unfolding of insoluble protein aggregates; co-factor of DnaK/Hsp70
649:. With the exception of SRA, which down-regulates immune response.
611:
Extracellular heat-shock proteins can be sensed by the immunity as
5093:
5083:
5073:
5058:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
4957:
4917:
4882:
4856:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4786:
4781:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4696:
4681:
4578:
4547:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4498:
4493:
4473:
4369:
4362:
4358:
4348:
4343:
4177:"Guidelines for the nomenclature of the human heat shock proteins"
1196:
1165:
1156:
1137:
1121:
1110:
1106:
1097:
1058:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
916:
877:
834:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
554:
501:. After passing through TAP, ER chaperons are getting important -
494:
486:
400:
396:
351:
341:
337:
298:
organisms because of their essential role in protein maintenance.
93:
89:
85:
78:
348:
all have been reported as having roles in the cardiovasculature.
5108:
5088:
5068:
5063:
5013:
4996:
4952:
4940:
4922:
4912:
4711:
4701:
4676:
4671:
4616:
4611:
3497:"Extracellular heat shock proteins and cancer: New perspectives"
1313:
1228:
1222:
1077:
750:
713:
As a result, the clinical use of heat-shock proteins is both in
703:
639:
558:
154:, increases considerably in the lens in response to heat shock.
4281:
3021:"A transcription cofactor required for the heat-shock response"
2697:"The role of heat shock proteins in antigen cross presentation"
919:
show promise as anticancer agents. The potent Hsp90 inhibitor
789:
attenuates mitogenic (MAPK) signaling and induces cancer cell
699:
73:(HSF). HSPs are found in virtually all living organisms, from
4090:
Diabetes, Metabolic
Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy
3560:
Lu, Wei; Wang, Yongwu; Gan, Min; Duan, Qingyun (2021-01-22).
3166:
Salamanca HH, Antonyak MA, Cerione RA, Shi H, Lis JT (2014).
3117:
Dai C, Whitesell L, Rogers AB, Lindquist S (September 2007).
2416:
Rosenfeld GE, Mercer EJ, Mason CE, Evans T (September 2013).
1022:). A standard nomenclature for human HSP genes is available.
895:
is not functional against a different tumour. It was used in
537:, when they enable cytosolic proteins to get into lysosomes.
3659:"MicroRNAs and Heat Shock Proteins in Breast Cancer Biology"
1951:
Walsh NP, Alba BM, Bose B, Gross CA, Sauer RT (April 2003).
2908:
Linder, Manuel; Pogge von Strandmann, Elke (January 2021).
2809:
Graner MW (2016). "HSP90 and Immune Modulation in Cancer".
2103:
Burton V, Mitchell HK, Young P, Petersen NS (August 1988).
1740:
10.1379/1466-1268(1996)001<0097:dothsr>2.3.co;2
1211:
Maintenance of steroid receptors and transcription factors
880:
activation, gp96-activated macrophages, and activation of
804:(DM) is a immune-disease characterized by the presence of
311:) and they help newly synthesised proteins fold properly.
717:
treatment (boosting an immune response) and treatment of
4037:"Bristol-Myers Squibb Halts Development of Tanespimycin"
254:
a mild heat shock pretreatment which induces heat shock
562:
result in immunosuppression, this is the case for SRA.
283:
Several heat shock proteins function as intra-cellular
174:, exercise, exposure of the cell to harmful materials (
3663:
miRNomics: MicroRNA Biology and Computational Analysis
1105:
Human HSPB genes. Eleven members in mammals including
222:. These OMPs are detected by DegS, an inner membrane
100:
in size, respectively. The small 8-kilodalton protein
362:, which in turn are involved in vascular relaxation.
210:
is sometimes described more generally as part of the
49:
conditions. They were first described in relation to
5051:
4982:
4971:
4654:
4631:
4589:
4329:
4315:
3227:"Chapter 15 - General aspects of diabetes mellitus"
3068:Salamanca HH, Fuda N, Shi H, Lis JT (August 2011).
668:Another possibility is release of HSPs during cell
2541:Salinthone S, Tyagi M, Gerthoffer WT (July 2008).
2230:Mitchell HK, Petersen NS, Buzin CH (August 1985).
1500:"Heat shock proteins: facts, thoughts, and dreams"
3713:
3711:
4170:
4168:
4166:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
808:. Typically these symptoms are brought about by
65:of the heat shock proteins is a key part of the
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
1541:Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
1462:The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry
117:reported that heat and the metabolic uncoupler
2965:
2963:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
1862:
1860:
1578:. Vol. Appendix 1. pp. Appendix 1T.
1330:
1328:
270:. Heat shock proteins are also synthesized in
4293:
3796:"Cancer Drug Fails, So Maker Tries New Pitch"
2746:
2744:
2742:
2098:
2096:
1770:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
1668:
1666:
785:. Moreover, HSF1 inhibition by a potent RNA
8:
3019:Xu D, Zalmas LP, La Thangue NB (July 2008).
2543:"Small heat shock proteins in smooth muscle"
634:Heat-shock proteins can signal also through
521:In MHCII presentation, HSPs are involved in
497:, which can take the peptide further to the
2467:Journal of the American College of Surgeons
1129:Hsp40 (DNAJ*; three subfamilies in humans)
4979:
4326:
4300:
4286:
4278:
2811:Hsp90 in Cancer: Beyond the Usual Suspects
2336:Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation
665:, and it is induced by stress conditions.
4270:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
4241:
4200:
4111:
4101:
4035:The Myeloma Beacon Staff (22 July 2010).
3863:
3770:
3585:
3528:
3471:
3414:
3365:
3355:
3306:
3296:
3201:
3191:
3142:
3093:
3044:
2995:
2943:
2925:
2884:
2776:
2722:
2712:
2695:Murshid A, Gong J, Calderwood SK (2012).
2642:
2566:
2517:
2441:
2392:
2382:
2371:Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
2306:
2265:
2255:
2232:"Self-degradation of heat shock proteins"
2128:
2076:
2066:
2017:
1968:
1884:
1805:
1747:
1698:
1515:
1473:
1204:Human HSPC genes. Includes Hsp90, Grp94 (
1024:
615:(DAMPs). They are able to interact with
2041:Petersen NS, Mitchell HK (March 1981).
1324:
824:HSP expression plays a pivotal role in
509:form peptide loading complex for MHCI.
438:pathways - the classical ones and also
3720:International Journal of Pharmaceutics
2289:Benjamin IJ, McMillan DR (July 1998).
1783:
1781:
1763:
1724:"Discovery of the heat shock response"
1625:
1615:
868:(DAMPS) in boosting the response to a
4002:Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry
1018:, and the small heat-shock proteins (
434:HSPs are indispensable components of
121:induced a characteristic pattern of "
7:
2859:Deffit SN, Blum JS (December 2015).
1574:Li Z, Srivastava P (February 2004).
613:damage-associated molecular patterns
607:Damage-associated molecular patterns
248:Petersen and Mitchell found that in
3759:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
3233:, Diabetes and the Nervous System,
1794:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1553:10.1146/annurev.cb.11.110195.002301
940:, HSPs can extracellularly promote
5116:Prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein
3932:Trends in Pharmacological Sciences
3243:10.1016/B978-0-444-53480-4.00015-1
2519:10.1161/01.CIR.0000160851.41872.C6
1380:The American Journal of Physiology
1164:Human HSPA genes. Includes Hsp71 (
653:Transport into extracellular space
25:
2751:Tukaj S, Węgrzyn G (March 2016).
2479:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2005.03.017
505:binds peptides and together with
369:and other physiological factors.
356:endothelial nitric oxide synthase
4137:Current Opinion in Biotechnology
3616:Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X
2559:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.04.005
1517:10.1097/00024382-199901000-00001
1258:
4230:Journal of General Microbiology
2547:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
619:like TLR2 or TLR4 and activate
4646:Mitochondrial targeting signal
4309:Posttranslational modification
3794:Anand, Geeta (2 August 2007).
3231:Handbook of Clinical Neurology
2109:Molecular and Cellular Biology
1392:10.1152/ajpregu.1995.269.1.R38
523:clathrin-dependent endocytosis
1:
3732:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.09.030
1970:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00203-4
1930:10.1016/S0006-2952(99)00299-3
1807:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)38314-0
908:to anti-cancer drugs. Hence
680:(for example induced by some
617:pattern recognition receptors
4722:Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme
4243:10.1099/00221287-136-10-2113
4181:Cell Stress & Chaperones
4149:10.1016/j.copbio.2005.02.001
3671:10.1007/978-1-0716-1170-8_15
3513:10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100995
3452:Cell Stress & Chaperones
3395:Cell Stress & Chaperones
3193:10.1371/journal.pone.0096330
2877:10.1016/j.molimm.2015.04.007
2757:Cell Stress & Chaperones
1843:10.1016/0022-2836(74)90447-1
1831:Journal of Molecular Biology
1788:Schlesinger MJ (July 1990).
1728:Cell Stress & Chaperones
1584:10.1002/0471142735.ima01ts58
1304:Hsp90 cis-regulatory element
950:systemic lupus erythematosus
535:chaperone-mediated autophagy
462:through protein transporter
243:Hsp90 cis-regulatory element
69:and is induced primarily by
5010:E2 SUMO-conjugating enzyme
4667:Ubiquitin-activating enzyme
4224:Delaney JM (October 1990).
3967:Current Medicinal Chemistry
3628:10.1016/j.biosx.2022.100211
3578:10.1097/MD.0000000000024274
2617:Binder RJ (December 2014).
2434:10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.06.025
2197:Protein and Peptide Letters
1691:10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.10.009
45:in response to exposure to
5157:
4993:E1 SUMO-activating enzyme
4014:10.2174/156802606777812068
3979:10.2174/092986707782360079
3944:10.1016/j.tips.2016.11.009
3848:10.1038/s41598-021-95578-3
3407:10.1007/s12192-022-01288-8
3135:10.1016/j.cell.2007.07.020
2819:10.1016/bs.acr.2015.10.001
1498:De Maio A (January 1999).
1475:10.1177/002215549804601109
676:. During special types of
672:, or secretion of HSPs in
481:and generated peptides to
470:, which then goes through
4193:10.1007/s12192-008-0068-7
3889:Expert Review of Vaccines
3464:10.1007/s12192-010-0204-z
3285:Mediators of Inflammation
2769:10.1007/s12192-016-0670-z
1180:) found only in primates.
598:tumour-immunosurveillance
4607:Survival of motor neuron
4272:Medical Subject Headings
3901:10.1586/14760584.7.3.383
2714:10.3389/fimmu.2012.00063
2635:10.4049/jimmunol.1401417
2209:10.2174/0929866053587165
1918:Biochemical Pharmacology
1645:Acta Biologica Hungarica
1274:Cellular stress response
721:(suppress of immunity).
708:antigen-presenting cells
625:co-stimulation molecules
621:antigen presenting cells
61:regulated. The dramatic
4973:Ubiquitin-like proteins
4932:Deubiquitinating enzyme
3801:The Wall Street Journal
2927:10.3390/cancers13184721
2701:Frontiers in Immunology
2308:10.1161/01.res.83.2.117
2257:10.1073/pnas.82.15.4969
1742:(inactive 2024-04-26).
1722:Ritossa F (June 1996).
944:leading to diseases as
903:Anticancer therapeutics
706:responses depending on
4065:Clinical trial number
3772:10.1074/jbc.M704129200
3501:Translational Oncology
3357:10.1073/pnas.93.3.1032
3074:Nucleic Acids Research
2068:10.1073/pnas.78.3.1708
1873:Developmental Dynamics
932:Autoimmunity treatment
186:, among many others),
158:Upregulation in stress
3237:, Elsevier: 211–222,
3037:10.1038/embor.2008.70
2623:Journal of Immunology
2422:Developmental Biology
2019:10.4161/rna.7.1.10501
2000:Narberhaus F (2010).
1790:"Heat shock proteins"
1679:Developmental Biology
1427:10.1007/s004240050905
1142:GroEL, 60kDa antigen
866:immunologic adjuvants
864:, HSPs are useful as
741:Clinical significance
4103:10.2147/DMSO.S232133
2865:Molecular Immunology
2384:10.1155/2017/9067875
2295:Circulation Research
2121:10.1128/mcb.8.8.3550
958:rheumatoid arthritis
946:rheumatoid arthritis
942:autoimmune reactions
860:Given their role in
678:apoptotic cell death
627:(CD80, CD86, CD40),
474:on plasma membrane.
436:antigen presentation
430:Antigen presentation
268:transcription of RNA
166:conditions, such as
5141:Heat shock proteins
4331:Heat shock proteins
4268:Heat-Shock+Proteins
3840:2021NatSR..1116106S
3765:(43): 31688–31702.
3348:1996PNAS...93.1032B
3298:10.1155/2015/249205
3184:2014PLoSO...996330S
2248:1985PNAS...82.4969M
2059:1981PNAS...78.1708P
1800:(21): 12111–12114.
1576:Heat-shock proteins
1386:(1 Pt 2): R38–R47.
1132:Co-factor of Hsp70
1069:Co-factor of Hsp60
751:Heat shock factor 1
719:autoimmune diseases
636:scavenger receptors
623:by upregulation of
553:, mainly SRECI and
551:scavenger receptors
489:can associate with
458:, transported into
67:heat shock response
31:Heat shock proteins
4073:ClinicalTrials.gov
4041:The Myeloma Beacon
3828:Scientific Reports
3086:10.1093/nar/gkr206
1886:10.1002/dvdy.21414
1349:10.1007/BF02172188
913:inhibitors of HSPs
876:responses such as
810:insulin deficiency
541:Cross-presentation
517:MHCII presentation
440:cross-presentation
346:alpha B crystallin
322:proteolytic action
37:) are a family of
27:Family of proteins
18:Heat-shock protein
5128:
5127:
5124:
5123:
4633:Protein targeting
4627:
4626:
4047:on 9 January 2018
4008:(11): 1205–1214.
3973:(27): 2839–2847.
3680:978-1-0716-1170-8
3080:(15): 6729–6740.
2988:10.1111/imm.12811
2871:(2 Pt A): 85–88.
2629:(12): 5765–5771.
2512:(14): 1792–1799.
2154:Angewandte Chemie
1468:(11): 1291–1301.
1299:FourU thermometer
1294:Cold-shock domain
1238:
1237:
1176:, HSPA5); Hsx70 (
802:Diabetes mellitus
797:Diabetes mellitus
682:chemotherapeutics
472:secretory pathway
450:MHCI presentation
360:guanylate cyclase
279:Role as chaperone
235:FourU thermometer
220:periplasmic space
119:2,4-dinitrophenol
115:Ferruccio Ritossa
71:heat shock factor
59:transcriptionally
16:(Redirected from
5148:
4980:
4893:Ubiquitin ligase
4659:(ubiquitylation)
4597:Alpha crystallin
4327:
4302:
4295:
4288:
4279:
4256:
4255:
4245:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4204:
4172:
4161:
4160:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4115:
4105:
4081:
4075:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4043:. Archived from
4032:
4026:
4025:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3867:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3774:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3715:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3589:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3532:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3475:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3418:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3369:
3359:
3342:(3): 1032–1037.
3327:
3321:
3320:
3310:
3300:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3205:
3195:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3146:
3129:(6): 1005–1018.
3114:
3108:
3107:
3097:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3048:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2999:
2967:
2958:
2957:
2947:
2929:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2888:
2856:
2841:
2840:
2806:
2791:
2790:
2780:
2748:
2737:
2736:
2726:
2716:
2692:
2657:
2656:
2646:
2614:
2581:
2580:
2570:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2521:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2445:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2396:
2386:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2350:. Archived from
2327:
2321:
2320:
2310:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2269:
2259:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2160:(7): 1098–1113.
2149:
2143:
2142:
2132:
2115:(8): 3550–3552.
2100:
2091:
2090:
2080:
2070:
2053:(3): 1708–1711.
2038:
2032:
2031:
2021:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1972:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1888:
1864:
1855:
1854:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1809:
1785:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1761:
1751:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1702:
1670:
1661:
1660:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1627:
1623:
1621:
1613:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1519:
1495:
1489:
1487:
1477:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1332:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1030:molecular weight
1025:
962:type I. diabetes
954:immune tolerance
466:and loaded onto
379:protein kinase G
367:oxidative stress
231:RNA thermometers
152:alpha crystallin
21:
5156:
5155:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5120:
5047:
5022:E3 SUMO ligase
4986:
4975:
4967:
4658:
4650:
4623:
4585:
4564:
4556:
4334:
4322:protein folding
4320:
4311:
4306:
4264:
4259:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4174:
4173:
4164:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4064:
4060:
4050:
4048:
4034:
4033:
4029:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3806:
3804:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3717:
3716:
3709:
3701:
3699:
3681:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3265:
3263:
3253:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3018:
3017:
3013:
2969:
2968:
2961:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2858:
2857:
2844:
2829:
2808:
2807:
2794:
2750:
2749:
2740:
2694:
2693:
2660:
2616:
2615:
2584:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2242:(15): 4969–73.
2229:
2228:
2224:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2102:
2101:
2094:
2040:
2039:
2035:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1787:
1786:
1779:
1762:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1672:
1671:
1664:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1624:
1614:
1594:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1415:Pflügers Archiv
1412:
1411:
1407:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1343:(12): 571–573.
1334:
1333:
1326:
1322:
1264:
1257:
1254:
1246:splice variants
1181:
996:
988:
980:
934:
925:clinical trials
905:
858:
856:Cancer vaccines
853:
822:
799:
748:
743:
727:
663:
655:
647:
609:
547:dendritic cells
543:
531:
519:
452:
432:
390:
330:
324:on themselves.
304:
281:
272:D. melanogaster
256:gene expression
251:D. melanogaster
212:stress response
204:stress proteins
160:
147:
110:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5154:
5152:
5144:
5143:
5133:
5132:
5126:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5112:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5055:
5053:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5045:
5044:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5019:
5018:
5017:
5016:
5007:
5006:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4990:
4988:
4977:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4949:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4662:
4660:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4643:
4641:Signal peptide
4637:
4635:
4629:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4604:
4599:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4470:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4366:
4365:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4340:
4338:
4324:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4297:
4290:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4263:
4262:External links
4260:
4258:
4257:
4236:(10): 2113–8.
4216:
4187:(1): 105–111.
4162:
4143:(2): 123–132.
4127:
4076:
4058:
4027:
3992:
3957:
3938:(3): 226–256.
3922:
3895:(3): 383–393.
3879:
3814:
3786:
3745:
3726:(1–2): 23–27.
3707:
3679:
3649:
3601:
3552:
3487:
3458:(6): 959–964.
3438:
3401:(5): 523–534.
3381:
3322:
3271:
3251:
3217:
3158:
3109:
3060:
3031:(7): 662–669.
3011:
2959:
2900:
2842:
2827:
2792:
2763:(2): 213–218.
2738:
2658:
2582:
2533:
2492:
2457:
2428:(2): 389–400.
2408:
2357:
2354:on 2013-01-28.
2342:(1–2): 19–35.
2322:
2301:(2): 117–132.
2281:
2222:
2203:(3): 257–261.
2187:
2144:
2092:
2033:
1992:
1943:
1908:
1879:(2): 454–463.
1856:
1837:(3): 389–398.
1821:
1777:
1714:
1685:(2): 166–180.
1662:
1635:
1626:|journal=
1593:978-0471142737
1592:
1566:
1531:
1490:
1448:
1421:(3): 239–244.
1405:
1370:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1266:Biology portal
1253:
1250:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1202:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1185:
1162:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1103:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1045:
1039:
995:
994:Classification
992:
987:
984:
978:
933:
930:
910:small molecule
904:
901:
874:carcinogenesis
857:
854:
852:
849:
821:
818:
798:
795:
781:nthracene), a
755:carcinogenesis
747:
744:
742:
739:
735:α4- crystallin
726:
723:
661:
654:
651:
645:
608:
605:
542:
539:
530:
527:
518:
515:
451:
448:
431:
428:
389:
386:
329:
328:Cardiovascular
326:
303:
300:
280:
277:
159:
156:
146:
143:
109:
106:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5153:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5079:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5008:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4987:(SUMOylation)
4985:
4981:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4630:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4588:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4559:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4303:
4298:
4296:
4291:
4289:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4253:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4220:
4217:
4212:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4131:
4128:
4123:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4069:
4062:
4059:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4031:
4028:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3996:
3993:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3961:
3958:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3926:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3883:
3880:
3875:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3818:
3815:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3790:
3787:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3749:
3746:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3653:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3605:
3602:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3572:(3): e24274.
3571:
3567:
3563:
3556:
3553:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3507:(2): 100995.
3506:
3502:
3498:
3491:
3488:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3439:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3385:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3326:
3323:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3275:
3272:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3252:9780444534804
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3178:(5): e96330.
3177:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2904:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2828:9780128022900
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1651:(1–3): 3–20.
1650:
1646:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1491:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1242:co-chaperones
1233:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1145:Hsp60 (HSPE)
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1066:Hsp10 (HSPD)
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
993:
991:
985:
983:
981:
974:
970:
965:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
931:
929:
926:
922:
918:
915:, especially
914:
911:
902:
900:
898:
894:
890:
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
855:
850:
848:
846:
842:
841:
836:
832:
827:
819:
817:
815:
811:
807:
806:hyperglycemia
803:
796:
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
759:knockout mice
756:
752:
745:
740:
738:
736:
732:
724:
722:
720:
716:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
688:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
666:
664:
652:
650:
648:
641:
637:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
606:
604:
601:
599:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
563:
560:
556:
552:
548:
540:
538:
536:
528:
526:
524:
516:
514:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
449:
447:
445:
441:
437:
429:
427:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
393:
387:
385:
382:
380:
374:
370:
368:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
327:
325:
323:
318:
315:
312:
310:
301:
299:
297:
292:
290:
286:
278:
276:
273:
269:
265:
264:messenger RNA
261:
257:
253:
252:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
227:
225:
221:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
157:
155:
153:
144:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
107:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
4984:SUMO protein
4330:
4233:
4229:
4219:
4184:
4180:
4140:
4136:
4130:
4093:
4089:
4079:
4066:
4061:
4049:. Retrieved
4045:the original
4040:
4030:
4005:
4001:
3995:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3935:
3931:
3925:
3892:
3888:
3882:
3834:(1): 16106.
3831:
3827:
3817:
3805:. Retrieved
3799:
3789:
3762:
3758:
3748:
3723:
3719:
3700:, retrieved
3662:
3652:
3619:
3615:
3604:
3569:
3565:
3555:
3504:
3500:
3490:
3455:
3451:
3441:
3398:
3394:
3384:
3339:
3335:
3325:
3288:
3284:
3274:
3264:, retrieved
3234:
3230:
3220:
3175:
3171:
3161:
3126:
3122:
3112:
3077:
3073:
3063:
3028:
3025:EMBO Reports
3024:
3014:
2982:(1): 51–59.
2979:
2975:
2920:(18): 4721.
2917:
2913:
2903:
2868:
2864:
2810:
2760:
2756:
2704:
2700:
2626:
2622:
2553:(1): 44–54.
2550:
2546:
2536:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2473:(1): 30–36.
2470:
2466:
2460:
2425:
2421:
2411:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2352:the original
2339:
2335:
2325:
2298:
2294:
2284:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2112:
2108:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2012:(1): 84–89.
2009:
2005:
1995:
1963:(1): 61–71.
1960:
1956:
1946:
1924:(1): 55–63.
1921:
1917:
1911:
1876:
1872:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1797:
1793:
1766:cite journal
1734:(2): 97–98.
1731:
1727:
1717:
1682:
1678:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1575:
1569:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1340:
1337:Experimental
1336:
1309:ROSE element
1289:Co-chaperone
1239:
1221:ClpB, ClpA,
1201:HtpG, C62.5
1182:
1032:
1028:Approximate
997:
989:
986:Agricultural
966:
935:
906:
893:immunisation
886:
862:presentation
859:
851:Applications
838:
823:
800:
778:
774:
770:
766:
749:
728:
712:
689:
686:
667:
656:
633:
610:
602:
595:
564:
544:
532:
520:
511:
503:calreticulin
476:
453:
433:
425:
412:
409:calreticulin
394:
391:
383:
375:
371:
364:
358:and soluble
350:
331:
319:
316:
313:
305:
295:
293:
289:conformation
282:
271:
266:rather than
249:
247:
239:ROSE element
233:such as the
228:
216:
211:
208:upregulation
203:
184:trace metals
172:inflammation
161:
148:
111:
83:
63:upregulation
41:produced by
34:
30:
29:
5078:neddylation
4344:Hsp10/GroES
4336:Chaperonins
4096:: 559–568.
4068:NCT01504542
2506:Circulation
2377:: 9067875.
2006:RNA Biology
1547:: 441–469.
1510:(1): 1–12.
1116:Chaperones
1082:In humans:
1042:Prokaryotic
982:cascades).
831:immunoassay
354:binds both
260:translation
188:ultraviolet
127:chromosomes
98:kilodaltons
4370:Hsp40/DnaJ
4317:Chaperones
3702:2022-09-11
3622:: 100211.
3291:: 249205.
3266:2022-08-30
2976:Immunology
1320:References
1284:Chaperonin
1172:), Grp78 (
1168:), Hsp72 (
1150:chaperonin
1074:20–30 kDa
1048:Eukaryotic
936:Acting as
897:autologous
731:crystallin
585:, hsp110,
491:proteasome
479:proteasome
456:proteasome
309:proteasome
302:Management
285:chaperones
206:and their
192:starvation
135:chaperones
131:Drosophila
51:heat shock
4656:Ubiquitin
4602:Clusterin
4051:9 January
3856:2045-2322
3697:237291365
3644:251559265
3636:2590-1370
3547:229324108
3521:1936-5233
3433:250114357
2936:2072-6694
1628:ignored (
1618:cite book
1357:0014-4754
1279:Chaperone
1113:or HspB1
1098:20-30 kDa
1053:Function
1050:proteins
1044:proteins
1010:/HSP110,
889:oncogenes
814:biomarker
791:apoptosis
529:Autophagy
444:autophagy
421:integrins
336:, hsp70,
168:infection
125:" in the
108:Discovery
102:ubiquitin
55:chaperone
47:stressful
5135:Category
4936:Ataxin 3
4211:18663603
4157:15831376
4122:32161482
4022:16842157
3987:18045130
3952:28012700
3917:42072204
3909:18393608
3874:34373574
3807:10 April
3781:17684010
3740:17980980
3689:34432285
3596:33546049
3566:Medicine
3539:33338880
3482:20496051
3425:35767179
3317:25814786
3261:25410224
3212:24800749
3172:PLOS ONE
3153:17889646
3104:21576228
3055:18451878
3006:28804903
2954:34572948
2895:25953005
2837:26916006
2787:26786410
2733:22566944
2653:25480955
2577:18579210
2528:15809372
2487:15978441
2452:23850773
2403:29387296
2348:17641392
2217:15777275
2174:12491239
2028:20009504
1987:11316659
1979:12679035
1938:10605935
1903:25079120
1895:18161059
1709:24140541
1610:11858453
1602:18432918
1443:28219505
1435:10398851
1365:32525462
1252:See also
1227:Hsp104 (
882:NK cells
845:oncomirs
840:in-vitro
674:exosomes
670:necrosis
388:Immunity
241:and the
224:protease
145:Function
139:bacteria
75:bacteria
39:proteins
4859:(CDC34)
4252:2269877
4202:2673902
4113:7051252
3865:8352880
3836:Bibcode
3587:7837937
3530:7749402
3473:3024058
3416:9485348
3376:8577709
3344:Bibcode
3308:4357135
3203:4011729
3180:Bibcode
3144:2586609
3095:3159435
3046:2475325
2997:5721256
2945:8466959
2914:Cancers
2886:4623969
2778:4786535
2724:3342350
2644:4304677
2568:2581864
2443:3777613
2394:5745714
2317:9686751
2276:3927294
2244:Bibcode
2182:8509592
2139:3145413
2087:6785759
2055:Bibcode
1851:4219221
1816:2197269
1758:9222594
1700:3924900
1657:1668897
1561:8689565
1526:9921710
1484:9774628
1400:7631901
1217:100 kDa
923:was in
870:vaccine
787:aptamer
783:mutagen
757:. HSF1
413:in vivo
196:hypoxia
190:light,
180:arsenic
176:ethanol
123:puffing
4903:Cullin
4274:(MeSH)
4250:
4209:
4199:
4155:
4120:
4110:
4020:
3985:
3950:
3915:
3907:
3872:
3862:
3854:
3779:
3738:
3695:
3687:
3677:
3642:
3634:
3594:
3584:
3545:
3537:
3527:
3519:
3480:
3470:
3431:
3423:
3413:
3374:
3364:
3315:
3305:
3259:
3249:
3210:
3200:
3151:
3141:
3102:
3092:
3053:
3043:
3004:
2994:
2952:
2942:
2934:
2893:
2883:
2835:
2825:
2785:
2775:
2731:
2721:
2707:: 63.
2651:
2641:
2575:
2565:
2526:
2485:
2450:
2440:
2401:
2391:
2346:
2315:
2274:
2267:390479
2264:
2215:
2180:
2172:
2137:
2130:363594
2127:
2085:
2078:319202
2075:
2026:
1985:
1977:
1936:
1901:
1893:
1849:
1814:
1756:
1749:248460
1746:
1707:
1697:
1655:
1608:
1600:
1590:
1559:
1524:
1482:
1441:
1433:
1398:
1363:
1355:
1197:90 kDa
1178:HSPA1B
1170:HSPA1A
1157:70 kDa
1138:60 kDa
1122:40 kDa
1102:Hsp20
1063:GroES
1059:10 kDa
1016:HSP100
921:17-AAG
826:cancer
820:Cancer
765:(7,12-
729:Alpha
715:cancer
591:GRP170
344:, and
200:oxygen
182:, and
164:stress
79:humans
5094:ATG12
5084:FAT10
5074:NEDD8
5059:ISG15
5052:Other
5041:PIAS4
5036:PIAS3
5031:PIAS2
5026:PIAS1
4976:(UBL)
4958:BIRC6
4918:FANCL
4590:Other
4579:TRAP1
4548:Hsp90
4474:Hsp70
4363:GroEL
4359:HSP60
4354:Hsp47
4349:Hsp27
3913:S2CID
3693:S2CID
3640:S2CID
3543:S2CID
3429:S2CID
3367:40025
2178:S2CID
1983:S2CID
1899:S2CID
1606:S2CID
1504:Shock
1439:S2CID
1361:S2CID
1206:HSPC4
1166:HSPA8
1161:DnaK
1126:DnaJ
1111:HSPB6
1107:Hsp27
1088:GRPE2
1084:GRPE1
1020:sHSPs
1012:HSP90
1008:HSP70
1004:HSP60
1000:HSP33
938:DAMPs
917:Hsp90
878:STAT1
835:ELISA
773:ethyl
746:HSF 1
583:hsp90
579:hsp70
575:hsp60
571:hsp70
567:hsp60
555:LOX-1
495:hsp70
487:Hsp90
401:hsp90
397:hsp70
352:Hsp90
342:hsp20
338:hsp27
334:hsp84
94:Hsp90
90:Hsp70
86:Hsp60
43:cells
5109:UBL5
5099:FUB1
5089:ATG8
5069:UFM1
5064:URM1
5014:UBC9
5002:SAE2
4997:SAE1
4963:UFC1
4953:ATG3
4946:CYLD
4941:USP6
4923:UBR1
4913:MDM2
4712:SAE1
4707:NAE1
4702:ATG7
4697:UBA7
4692:UBA6
4687:UBA5
4682:UBA3
4677:UBA2
4672:UBA1
4617:SMN2
4612:SMN1
4248:PMID
4207:PMID
4153:PMID
4118:PMID
4053:2018
4018:PMID
3983:PMID
3948:PMID
3905:PMID
3870:PMID
3852:ISSN
3809:2018
3777:PMID
3736:PMID
3685:PMID
3675:ISBN
3632:ISSN
3592:PMID
3535:PMID
3517:ISSN
3478:PMID
3421:PMID
3372:PMID
3313:PMID
3289:2015
3257:PMID
3247:ISBN
3208:PMID
3149:PMID
3123:Cell
3100:PMID
3051:PMID
3002:PMID
2950:PMID
2932:ISSN
2891:PMID
2833:PMID
2823:ISBN
2783:PMID
2729:PMID
2649:PMID
2573:PMID
2524:PMID
2483:PMID
2448:PMID
2399:PMID
2375:2017
2344:PMID
2313:PMID
2272:PMID
2213:PMID
2170:PMID
2135:PMID
2083:PMID
2024:PMID
1975:PMID
1957:Cell
1934:PMID
1891:PMID
1847:PMID
1812:PMID
1772:link
1754:PMID
1705:PMID
1653:PMID
1630:help
1598:PMID
1588:ISBN
1557:PMID
1522:PMID
1480:PMID
1431:PMID
1396:PMID
1353:ISSN
1314:HSF1
1229:CLPB
1223:ClpX
1189:H2O2
1078:GrpE
975:and
973:MAPK
969:PI3K
960:and
833:and
763:DMBA
725:Lens
704:Treg
692:Th17
640:MAPK
589:and
587:gp96
569:and
559:CD91
507:gp96
483:MHCI
468:MHCI
442:and
407:and
405:gp96
92:and
35:HSPs
5104:MUB
4908:CBL
4898:VHL
4891:E3
4720:E2
4665:E1
4534:12A
4465:C19
4460:C14
4455:C13
4450:C11
4445:C10
4400:B11
4238:doi
4234:136
4197:PMC
4189:doi
4145:doi
4108:PMC
4098:doi
4010:doi
3975:doi
3940:doi
3897:doi
3860:PMC
3844:doi
3767:doi
3763:282
3728:doi
3724:354
3667:doi
3624:doi
3582:PMC
3574:doi
3570:100
3525:PMC
3509:doi
3468:PMC
3460:doi
3411:PMC
3403:doi
3362:PMC
3352:doi
3303:PMC
3293:doi
3239:doi
3235:126
3198:PMC
3188:doi
3139:PMC
3131:doi
3127:130
3090:PMC
3082:doi
3041:PMC
3033:doi
2992:PMC
2984:doi
2980:153
2940:PMC
2922:doi
2881:PMC
2873:doi
2815:doi
2773:PMC
2765:doi
2719:PMC
2709:doi
2639:PMC
2631:doi
2627:193
2563:PMC
2555:doi
2551:119
2514:doi
2510:111
2475:doi
2471:201
2438:PMC
2430:doi
2426:381
2389:PMC
2379:doi
2303:doi
2262:PMC
2252:doi
2205:doi
2162:doi
2125:PMC
2117:doi
2073:PMC
2063:doi
2014:doi
1965:doi
1961:113
1926:doi
1881:doi
1877:237
1839:doi
1802:doi
1798:265
1744:PMC
1736:doi
1695:PMC
1687:doi
1683:384
1580:doi
1549:doi
1512:doi
1470:doi
1423:doi
1419:438
1388:doi
1384:269
1345:doi
1174:BiP
1035:kDa
977:NF-
948:or
777:enz
702:or
700:Th2
696:Th1
660:IL1
644:NF-
642:or
629:MHC
499:TAP
464:TAP
419:or
417:TLR
296:all
262:of
129:of
77:to
5137::
4934::
4878:V2
4873:V1
4863:R2
4857:R1
4852:Q2
4847:Q1
4827:L6
4822:L4
4817:L3
4812:L2
4807:L1
4797:J2
4792:J1
4777:G2
4772:G1
4767:E3
4762:E2
4757:E1
4752:D3
4747:D2
4742:D1
4574:ER
4539:14
4504:4L
4489:1L
4484:1B
4479:1A
4440:C7
4435:C6
4430:C5
4425:C3
4420:C1
4415:B9
4410:B6
4405:B4
4395:B2
4390:B1
4385:A3
4380:A2
4375:A1
4246:.
4232:.
4228:.
4205:.
4195:.
4185:14
4183:.
4179:.
4165:^
4151:.
4141:16
4139:.
4116:.
4106:.
4094:13
4092:.
4088:.
4039:.
4016:.
4004:.
3981:.
3971:14
3969:.
3946:.
3936:38
3934:.
3911:.
3903:.
3891:.
3868:.
3858:.
3850:.
3842:.
3832:11
3830:.
3826:.
3798:.
3775:.
3761:.
3757:.
3734:.
3722:.
3710:^
3691:,
3683:,
3673:,
3661:,
3638:.
3630:.
3620:11
3618:.
3614:.
3590:.
3580:.
3568:.
3564:.
3541:.
3533:.
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