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The semicircular segmental baffles are oriented at 180 degrees to the adjacent baffles forcing the fluid to flow upward and downwards between the tube bundle. Baffle spacing is of large thermodynamic concern when designing shell and tube heat exchangers. Baffles must be spaced with consideration for the conversion of pressure drop and heat transfer. For thermo economic optimization it is suggested that the baffles be spaced no closer than 20% of the shell's inner diameter. Having baffles spaced too closely causes a greater pressure drop because of flow redirection. Consequently, having the baffles spaced too far apart means that there may be cooler spots in the corners between baffles. It is also important to ensure the baffles are spaced close enough that the tubes do not sag. The other main type of baffle is the disc and doughnut baffle, which consists of two concentric baffles. An outer, wider baffle looks like a doughnut, whilst the inner baffle is shaped like a disk. This type of baffle forces the fluid to pass around each side of the disk then through the doughnut baffle generating a different type of fluid flow.
1692:. In commercial crude oil refining, crude oil is heated from 21 °C (70 °F) to 343 °C (649 °F) prior to entering the distillation column. A series of shell and tube heat exchangers typically exchange heat between crude oil and other oil streams to heat the crude to 260 °C (500 °F) prior to heating in a furnace. Fouling occurs on the crude side of these exchangers due to asphaltene insolubility. The nature of asphaltene solubility in crude oil was successfully modeled by Wiehe and Kennedy. The precipitation of insoluble asphaltenes in crude preheat trains has been successfully modeled as a first order reaction by Ebert and Panchal who expanded on the work of Kern and Seaton.
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pressure plates. Fluid flows in a counter current direction throughout the heat exchanger. An efficient thermal performance is produced. Plates are produced in different depths, sizes and corrugated shapes. There are different types of plates available including plate and frame, plate and shell and spiral plate heat exchangers. The distribution area guarantees the flow of fluid to the whole heat transfer surface. This helps to prevent stagnant area that can cause accumulation of unwanted material on solid surfaces. High flow turbulence between plates results in a greater transfer of heat and a decrease in pressure.
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1698:. Cooling water systems are susceptible to fouling. Cooling water typically has a high total dissolved solids content and suspended colloidal solids. Localized precipitation of dissolved solids occurs at the heat exchange surface due to wall temperatures higher than bulk fluid temperature. Low fluid velocities (less than 3 ft/s) allow suspended solids to settle on the heat exchange surface. Cooling water is typically on the tube side of a shell and tube exchanger because it's easy to clean. To prevent fouling, designers typically ensure that cooling water velocity is greater than
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cooling water runs in a parallel way, while steam moves in a vertical downward position from the wide opening at the top and travel through the tube. Furthermore, boilers are categorized as initial application of heat exchangers. The word steam generator was regularly used to describe a boiler unit where a hot liquid stream is the source of heat rather than the combustion products. Depending on the dimensions and configurations the boilers are manufactured. Several boilers are only able to produce hot fluid while on the other hand the others are manufactured for steam production.
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Microchannel heat exchangers are characterized by high heat transfer ratio, low refrigerant charges, compact size, and lower airside pressure drops compared to finned tube heat exchangers. Microchannel heat exchangers are widely used in automotive industry as the car radiators, and as condenser, evaporator, and cooling/heating coils in HVAC industry.
639:. Nearly the entire surface area of a tank can be integrated with this heat exchanger, without gaps that would occur between pipes welded to the exterior of the tank. Pillow plates can also be constructed as flat plates that are stacked inside a tank. The relatively flat surface of the plates allows easy cleaning, especially in sterile applications.
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229:(b) Counter-flow, where hot and cold fluids enter opposite sides of the heat exchanger, flow in opposite directions, and exit at opposite ends. This configuration is preferable when the objective is to maximize heat transfer between the fluids, as it creates a larger temperature differential when used under otherwise similar conditions.
226:(a) Parallel flow, where both hot and cold liquids enter the heat exchanger from the same side, flow in the same direction and exit at the same end. This configuration is preferable when the two fluids are intended to reach exactly the same temperature, as it reduces thermal stress and produces a more uniform rate of heat transfer.
450:; when used in open loops, these heat exchangers are normally of the gasket type to allow periodic disassembly, cleaning, and inspection. There are many types of permanently bonded plate heat exchangers, such as dip-brazed, vacuum-brazed, and welded plate varieties, and they are often specified for closed-loop applications such as
1444:) on the fouled surface, thus helping to dislodge the blockage and keep the heat exchanger clean. "The internal walls that make up the heat transfer surface are often rather thick, which makes the SHE very robust, and able to last a long time in demanding environments." They are also easily cleaned, opening out like an
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be made up of several types of tubes: plain, longitudinally finned, etc. Shell and tube heat exchangers are typically used for high-pressure applications (with pressures greater than 30 bar and temperatures greater than 260 °C). This is because the shell and tube heat exchangers are robust due to their shape.
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Heat exchangers are widely used in industry both for cooling and heating large scale industrial processes. The type and size of heat exchanger used can be tailored to suit a process depending on the type of fluid, its phase, temperature, density, viscosity, pressures, chemical composition and various
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Choosing the right heat exchanger (HX) requires some knowledge of the different heat exchanger types, as well as the environment where the unit must operate. Typically in the manufacturing industry, several differing types of heat exchangers are used for just one process or system to derive the final
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A fourth type of heat exchanger uses an intermediate fluid or solid store to hold heat, which is then moved to the other side of the heat exchanger to be released. Two examples of this are adiabatic wheels, which consist of a large wheel with fine threads rotating through the hot and cold fluids, and
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Shell and tube heat exchangers consist of a series of tubes which contain fluid that must be either heated or cooled. A second fluid runs over the tubes that are being heated or cooled so that it can either provide the heat or absorb the heat required. A set of tubes is called the tube bundle and can
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The pressure of steam at the turbine outlet is low where the steam density is very low where the flow rate is very high. To prevent a decrease in pressure in the movement of steam from the turbine to condenser, the condenser unit is placed underneath and connected to the turbine. Inside the tubes the
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Baffles are used to support the tubes, direct the fluid flow to the tubes in an approximately natural manner, and maximize the turbulence of the shell fluid. There are many various kinds of baffles, and the choice of baffle form, spacing, and geometry depends on the allowable flow rate of the drop in
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Small-diameter coil technologies are becoming more popular in modern air conditioning and refrigeration systems because they have better rates of heat transfer than conventional sized condenser and evaporator coils with round copper tubes and aluminum or copper fin that have been the standard in the
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For many climates, water or steam HVAC coils can be exposed to freezing conditions. Because water expands upon freezing, these somewhat expensive and difficult to replace thin-walled heat exchangers can easily be damaged or destroyed by just one freeze. As such, freeze protection of coils is a major
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Microchannel heat exchangers are multi-pass parallel flow heat exchangers consisting of three main elements: manifolds (inlet and outlet), multi-port tubes with the hydraulic diameters smaller than 1mm, and fins. All the elements usually brazed together using controllable atmosphere brazing process.
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Tube Layout: refers to how tubes are positioned within the shell. There are four main types of tube layout, which are, triangular (30°), rotated triangular (60°), square (90°) and rotated square (45°). The triangular patterns are employed to give greater heat transfer as they force the fluid to flow
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4. Condensers and
Boilers Heat exchangers using a two-phase heat transfer system are condensers, boilers and evaporators. Condensers are instruments that take and cool hot gas or vapor to the point of condensation and transform the gas into a liquid form. The point at which liquid transforms to gas
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In many industrial processes there is waste of energy or a heat stream that is being exhausted, heat exchangers can be used to recover this heat and put it to use by heating a different stream in the process. This practice saves a lot of money in industry, as the heat supplied to other streams from
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The human nasal passages serve as a heat exchanger, with cool air being inhaled and warm air being exhaled. Its effectiveness can be demonstrated by putting the hand in front of the face and exhaling, first through the nose and then through the mouth. Air exhaled through the nose is substantially
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The distance between the sheets in the spiral channels is maintained by using spacer studs that were welded prior to rolling. Once the main spiral pack has been rolled, alternate top and bottom edges are welded and each end closed by a gasketed flat or conical cover bolted to the body. This ensures
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to produce super-heated vapor. This fluid is expanded in the turbine to convert thermal energy to kinetic energy, that is converted to electricity in the electrical generator. This energy transfer process decreases the temperature of the refrigerant that, in turn, condenses. The cycle is closed and
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are used in shell and tube heat exchangers to direct fluid across the tube bundle. They run perpendicularly to the shell and hold the bundle, preventing the tubes from sagging over a long length. They can also prevent the tubes from vibrating. The most common type of baffle is the segmental baffle.
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In single channels the configuration of the gaskets enables flow through. Thus, this allows the main and secondary media in counter-current flow. A gasket plate heat exchanger has a heat region from corrugated plates. The gasket function as seal between plates and they are located between frame and
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Double pipe heat exchangers are the simplest exchangers used in industries. On one hand, these heat exchangers are cheap for both design and maintenance, making them a good choice for small industries. On the other hand, their low efficiency coupled with the high space occupied in large scales, has
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is depicted by the upper and lower diagrams respectively. In both it is assumed (and indicated) that red has a higher value (e.g. of temperature) than blue and that the property being transported in the channels therefore flows from red to blue. Channels are contiguous if effective exchange is to
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The main advantage of the SHE is its highly efficient use of space. This attribute is often leveraged and partially reallocated to gain other improvements in performance, according to well known tradeoffs in heat exchanger design. (A notable tradeoff is capital cost vs operating cost.) A compact
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When one of the fluids has components in multiple phases (solids, liquids, and gases), which tends to create mechanical problems during operations, such as plugging of small-diameter tubes. Cleaning of helical coils for these multiple-phase fluids can prove to be more difficult than its shell and
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The pillow plate can be constructed using either a thin sheet of metal welded to the thicker surface of a tank or vessel, or two thin sheets welded together. The surface of the plate is welded with a regular pattern of dots or a serpentine pattern of weld lines. After welding the enclosed space is
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Tube diameter: Using a small tube diameter makes the heat exchanger both economical and compact. However, it is more likely for the heat exchanger to foul up faster and the small size makes mechanical cleaning of the fouling difficult. To prevail over the fouling and cleaning problems, larger tube
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is the distance along the pipe. Assume a steady state, so that the temperature profiles are not functions of time. Assume also that the only transfer of heat from a small volume of fluid in one pipe is to the fluid element in the other pipe at the same position, i.e., there is no transfer of heat
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One fluid is in spiral flow and the other in a cross flow. Spiral flow passages are welded at each side for this type of spiral heat exchanger. This type of flow is suitable for handling low density gas, which passes through the cross flow, avoiding pressure loss. It can be used for liquid-liquid
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Spiral heat exchangers are often used in the heating of fluids that contain solids and thus tend to foul the inside of the heat exchanger. The low pressure drop lets the SHE handle fouling more easily. The SHE uses a “self cleaning” mechanism, whereby fouled surfaces cause a localized increase in
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This term can also refer to heat exchangers that contain a material within their structure that has a change of phase. This is usually a solid to liquid phase due to the small volume difference between these states. This change of phase effectively acts as a buffer because it occurs at a constant
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A third type of heat exchanger is a plate and shell heat exchanger, which combines plate heat exchanger with shell and tube heat exchanger technologies. The heart of the heat exchanger contains a fully welded circular plate pack made by pressing and cutting round plates and welding them together.
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When compared to shell and tube exchangers, the stacked-plate arrangement typically has lower volume and cost. Another difference between the two is that plate exchangers typically serve low to medium pressure fluids, compared to medium and high pressures of shell and tube. A third and important
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For efficiency, heat exchangers are designed to maximize the surface area of the wall between the two fluids, while minimizing resistance to fluid flow through the exchanger. The exchanger's performance can also be affected by the addition of fins or corrugations in one or both directions, which
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Estimated at US$ 17.5 billion in 2021, the global demand of heat exchangers is expected to experience robust growth of about 5% annually over the next years. The market value is expected to reach US$ 27 billion by 2030. With an expanding desire for environmentally friendly options and increased
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Plate and fin heat exchangers are usually made of aluminum alloys, which provide high heat transfer efficiency. The material enables the system to operate at a lower temperature difference and reduce the weight of the equipment. Plate and fin heat exchangers are mostly used for low temperature
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Tube length: heat exchangers are usually cheaper when they have a smaller shell diameter and a long tube length. Thus, typically there is an aim to make the heat exchanger as long as physically possible whilst not exceeding production capabilities. However, there are many limitations for this,
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A plate heat exchanger contains an amount of thin shaped heat transfer plates bundled together. The gasket arrangement of each pair of plates provides two separate channel system. Each pair of plates form a channel where the fluid can flow through. The pairs are attached by welding and bolting
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Tube pitch: when designing the tubes, it is practical to ensure that the tube pitch (i.e., the centre-centre distance of adjoining tubes) is not less than 1.25 times the tubes' outside diameter. A larger tube pitch leads to a larger overall shell diameter, which leads to a more expensive heat
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is the thermal energy per unit length and Îł is the thermal connection constant per unit length between the two pipes. This change in internal energy results in a change in the temperature of the fluid element. The time rate of change for the fluid element being carried along by the flow is:
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1830:. Arteries to the skin carrying warm blood are intertwined with veins from the skin carrying cold blood, causing the warm arterial blood to exchange heat with the cold venous blood. This reduces the overall heat loss in cold water. Heat exchangers are also present in the tongues of
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heat exchangers the fluids enter the exchanger from opposite ends. The counter current design is the most efficient, in that it can transfer the most heat from the heat (transfer) medium per unit mass due to the fact that the average temperature difference along any unit length is
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Due to the many variables involved, selecting optimal heat exchangers is challenging. Hand calculations are possible, but many iterations are typically needed. As such, heat exchangers are most often selected via computer programs, either by system designers, who are typically
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product. For example, a kettle HX for pre-heating, a double pipe HX for the 'carrier' fluid and a plate and frame HX for final cooling. With sufficient knowledge of heat exchanger types and operating requirements, an appropriate selection can be made to optimise the process.
381:), the difference in heat transfer between air and cold fluid can be such that there is a need to increase heat transfer area on air side. For this function fins can be added on the tubes to increase heat transfer area on air side and create a tubes & fins configuration.
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led modern industries to use more efficient heat exchangers like shell and tube or plate. However, since double pipe heat exchangers are simple, they are used to teach heat exchanger design basics to students as the fundamental rules for all heat exchangers are the same.
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This design is that of a condenser, and is usually mounted vertically. It is designed to cater for the sub-cooling of both condensate and non-condensables. The coolant moves in a spiral and leaves via the top. Hot gases that enter leave as condensate via the bottom
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Nozzles carry flow in and out of the platepack (the 'Plate side' flowpath). The fully welded platepack is assembled into an outer shell that creates a second flowpath ( the 'Shell side'). Plate and shell technology offers high heat transfer, high pressure, high
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Choosing any two of the temperatures above eliminates the constants of integration, letting us find the other four temperatures. We find the total energy transferred by integrating the expressions for the time rate of change of internal energy per unit length:
1262:, air that is cooled often has moisture condensing out of it, except with extremely dry air flows. Heating some air increases that airflow's capacity to hold water. So heating coils need not consider moisture condensation on their air-side, but cooling coils
721:(WHRU) is a heat exchanger that recovers heat from a hot gas stream while transferring it to a working medium, typically water or oils. The hot gas stream can be the exhaust gas from a gas turbine or a diesel engine or a waste gas from industry or refinery.
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HVAC industry. Small diameter coils can withstand the higher pressures required by the new generation of environmentally friendlier refrigerants. Two small diameter coil technologies are currently available for air conditioning and refrigeration products:
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A modification to the perpendicular flow of the typical HCHE involves the replacement of shell with another coiled tube, allowing the two fluids to flow parallel to one another, and which requires the use of different design calculations. These are the
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To select an appropriate heat exchanger, the system designers (or equipment vendors) would firstly consider the design limitations for each heat exchanger type. Though cost is often the primary criterion, several other selection criteria are important:
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Sarvar-Ardeh, S., Rafee, R., Rashidi, S. (2021). Hybrid nanofluids with temperature-dependent properties for use in double-layered microchannel heat sink; hydrothermal investigation. Journal of the Taiwan
Institute of Chemical Engineers. cite journal
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Integrity inspection of plate and tubular heat exchanger can be tested in situ by the conductivity or helium gas methods. These methods confirm the integrity of the plates or tubes to prevent any cross contamination and the condition of the gaskets.
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This type of heat exchanger uses "sandwiched" passages containing fins to increase the effectiveness of the unit. The designs include crossflow and counterflow coupled with various fin configurations such as straight fins, offset fins and wavy fins.
1398:(coiled) tube configuration, more generally, the term refers to a pair of flat surfaces that are coiled to form the two channels in a counter-flow arrangement. Each of the two channels has one long curved path. A pair of fluid ports are connected
1292:, typical in many residences, are not 'coils'. They are, instead, gas-to-air heat exchangers that are typically made of stamped steel sheet metal. The combustion products pass on one side of these heat exchangers, and air to heat on the other. A
1483:: Fluids flow in opposite directions. These are used for liquid-liquid, condensing and gas cooling applications. Units are usually mounted vertically when condensing vapour and mounted horizontally when handling high concentrations of solids.
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including space available at the installation site and the need to ensure tubes are available in lengths that are twice the required length (so they can be withdrawn and replaced). Also, long, thin tubes are difficult to take out and replace.
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Moallem E.; Padhmanabhan S.; Cremaschi L.; Fisher D. E. (2012). "Experimental investigation of the surface temperature and water retention effects on the frosting performance of a compact microchannel heat exchanger for heat pump systems".
454:. Plate heat exchangers also differ in the types of plates that are used, and in the configurations of those plates. Some plates may be stamped with "chevron", dimpled, or other patterns, where others may have machined fins and/or grooves.
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shell-side force, the need for tube support, and the flow-induced vibrations. There are several variations of shell-and-tube exchangers available; the differences lie in the arrangement of flow configurations and details of construction.
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A stack of evenly-spaced metal plates act as the fins and the tubes are pressed through pre-cut holes in the fins, good thermal contact usually being achieved by deformation of the fins around the tube. This is typical construction for
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Bruner, Emiliano; Mantini, Simone; Musso, Fabio; De La Cuétara, José Manuel; Ripani, Maurizio; Sherkat, Shahram (2010-11-30). "The evolution of the meningeal vascular system in the human genus: From brain shape to thermoregulation".
238:
In a shell-and-tube heat exchanger, two fluids at different temperatures flow through the heat exchanger. One of the fluids flows through the tube side and the other fluid flows outside the tubes, but inside the shell (shell side).
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In commercial aircraft heat exchangers are used to take heat from the engine's oil system to heat cold fuel. This improves fuel efficiency, as well as reduces the possibility of water entrapped in the fuel freezing in components.
1733:, and testing, is used to minimize fouling of the heat exchange equipment. Other water treatment is also used in steam systems for power plants, etc. to minimize fouling and corrosion of the heat exchange and other equipment.
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pressurised with sufficient force to cause the thin metal to bulge out around the welds, providing a space for heat exchanger liquids to flow, and creating a characteristic appearance of a swelled pillow formed out of metal.
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Several thermal design features must be considered when designing the tubes in the shell and tube heat exchangers: There can be many variations on the shell and tube design. Typically, the ends of each tube are connected to
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By periodically calculating the overall heat transfer coefficient from exchanger flow rates and temperatures, the owner of the heat exchanger can estimate when cleaning the heat exchanger is economically attractive.
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is called vaporization and vice versa is called condensation. Surface condenser is the most common type of condenser where it includes a water supply device. Figure 5 below displays a two-pass surface condenser.
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in chemical and other plants, regenerative heat exchangers can transfer heat from a stream that must be cooled to another stream that must be heated, such as distillate cooling and reboiler feed pre-heating.
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difference is that plate exchangers employ more countercurrent flow rather than cross current flow, which allows lower approach temperature differences, high temperature changes, and increased efficiencies.
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The usage of fins in a tube-based heat exchanger is common when one of the working fluids is a low-pressure gas, and is typical for heat exchangers that operate using ambient air, such as automotive
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Panchal C;B; and Ebert W., Analysis of Exxon Crude-Oil-Slip-Stream Coking Data, Proc of
Fouling Mitigation of Industrial Heat-Exchanger Equipment, San Luis Obispo, California, USA, p 451, June 1995
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to promote the growth of microbes that remove pollutants. Common types of heat exchangers used in this application are the double pipe heat exchanger as well as the plate and frame heat exchanger.
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Since the system is in a steady state, there are no partial derivatives of temperature with respect to time, and since there is no heat transfer along the pipe, there are no second derivatives in
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Fixed tube liquid-cooled heat exchangers especially suitable for marine and harsh applications can be assembled with brass shells, copper tubes, brass baffles, and forged brass integral end hubs.
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Tube corrugation: this type of tubes, mainly used for the inner tubes, increases the turbulence of the fluids and the effect is very important in the heat transfer giving a better performance.
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to maintain its brain almost 3 °C (5.4 °F) cooler than the rest of the body, and therefore aids in tolerating bursts in metabolic heat production such as associated with outrunning
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Online monitoring of commercial heat exchangers is done by tracking the overall heat transfer coefficient. The overall heat transfer coefficient tends to decline over time due to fouling.
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When one fluid flows through the smaller pipe, the other flows through the annular gap between the two pipes. These flows may be parallel or counter-flows in a double pipe heat exchanger.
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The main advantage of the HCHE, like that for the Spiral heat exchanger (SHE), is its highly efficient use of space, especially when it's limited and not enough straight pipe can be laid.
728:(SRC) in a waste heat recovery unit, but these cycles are too expensive for small systems. The recovery of heat from low temperature systems requires different working fluids than steam.
471:, compact size, low fouling and close approach temperature. In particular, it does completely without gaskets, which provides security against leakage at high pressures and temperatures.
54:. Heat exchangers are used in both cooling and heating processes. The fluids may be separated by a solid wall to prevent mixing or they may be in direct contact. They are widely used in
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Dogan
Eryener (2005), 'Thermoeconomic optimization of baffle spacing for shell and tube heat exchangers', Energy Conservation and Management, Volume 47, Issue 11–12, Pages 1478–1489.
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applications. Long running times are achieved due to the continuous scraping of the surface, thus avoiding fouling and achieving a sustainable heat transfer rate during the process.
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Direct contact heat exchangers involve heat transfer between hot and cold streams of two phases in the absence of a separating wall. Thus such heat exchangers can be classified as:
879:, special large heat exchangers pass heat from the primary (reactor plant) system to the secondary (steam plant) system, producing steam from water in the process. These are called
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The rate of heat exchanger fouling is determined by the rate of particle deposition less re-entrainment/suppression. This model was originally proposed in 1959 by Kern and Seaton.
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Domestic heating compliance guide : compliance with approved documents L1A: New dwellings and L1B: Existing dwellings : the
Building Regulations 2000 as amended 2006
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temperature but still allows for the heat exchanger to accept additional heat. One example where this has been investigated is for use in high power aircraft electronics.
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on its way to the brain, flows via a network of vessels where heat is discharged to the veins of cooler blood descending from the nasal passages. The carotid rete allows
570:, such as air. The fins are typically made from aluminium or copper since they must conduct heat from the tube along the length of the fins, which are usually very thin.
434:. These exchangers are composed of many thin, slightly separated plates that have very large surface areas and small fluid flow passages for heat transfer. Advances in
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Xu, B., Shi, J., Wang, Y., Chen, J., Li, F., & Li, D. (2014). Experimental Study of
Fouling Performance of Air Conditioning System with Microchannel Heat Exchanger.
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However, these are based upon assumptions of estimating inside heat transfer coefficient, predicting flow around the outside of the coil, and upon constant heat flux.
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Fins are spiral-wound onto individual tubes as a continuous strip, the tubes can then be assembled in banks, bent in a serpentine pattern, or wound into large spirals.
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The driving temperature across the heat transfer surface varies with position, but an appropriate mean temperature can be defined. In most simple systems this is the "
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the rate of change in energy of a small volume of fluid is proportional to the difference in temperatures between it and the corresponding element in the other pipe:
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Coulson, J. and
Richardson, J (1999). Chemical Engineering- Fluid Flow. Heat Transfer and Mass Transfer- Volume 1; Reed Educational & Professional Publishing LTD
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Stacked-fin or spiral-wound construction can be used for the tubes inside shell-and-tube heat exchangers when high efficiency thermal transfer to a gas is required.
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Most direct contact heat exchangers fall under the Gas – Liquid category, where heat is transferred between a gas and liquid in the form of drops, films or sprays.
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114:, which is a passive heat exchanger that transfers the heat generated by an electronic or a mechanical device to a fluid medium, often air or a liquid coolant.
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as large volumes of water flow through their mouths. Wading birds use a similar system to limit heat losses from their body through their legs into the water.
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and bulk fluid temperature is maintained less than 60 °C (140 °F). Other approaches to control fouling control combine the "blind" application of
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below 1 mm. Microchannel heat exchangers can be made from metal or ceramics. Microchannel heat exchangers can be used for many applications including:
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1316:
Although double-pipe heat exchangers are the simplest to design, the better choice in the following cases would be the helical-coil heat exchanger (HCHE):
566:. Fins dramatically increase the surface area with which heat can be exchanged, which improves the efficiency of conducting heat to a fluid with very low
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that is potentially located very far away, but refrigerant must come from a nearby condensing unit. When a refrigerant is used, the cooling coil is the
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Northcutt B.; Mudawar I. (2012). "Enhanced design of cross-flow microchannel heat exchanger module for high-performance aircraft gas turbine engines".
1858:(during which the body temperature exceeds the maximum temperature at which the brain could function). Humans with other primates lack a carotid rete.
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Plate and frame heat exchangers can be disassembled and cleaned periodically. Tubular heat exchangers can be cleaned by such methods as acid cleaning,
3152:, for the same "thermal mass flow rate" in both opposite directions, the gradient of temperature is constant and the temperatures linear in position
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A simple heat exchange might be thought of as two straight pipes with fluid flow, which are thermally connected. Let the pipes be of equal length
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The introduction of indentations placed within the heat exchange fins controlled condensation, allowing water molecules to remain in the cooled air.
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1510:), and effluent cooling. For sludge treatment, SHEs are generally smaller than other types of heat exchangers. These are used to transfer the heat.
4415:{\displaystyle {\frac {dU_{2}}{dt}}=\int _{0}^{L}{\frac {du_{2}}{dt}}\,dx=J_{2}(T_{2L}-T_{20})=\gamma L({\overline {T}}_{1}-{\overline {T}}_{2}).}
4216:{\displaystyle {\frac {dU_{1}}{dt}}=\int _{0}^{L}{\frac {du_{1}}{dt}}\,dx=J_{1}(T_{1L}-T_{10})=\gamma L({\overline {T}}_{2}-{\overline {T}}_{1})}
1973:(energy per unit mass per unit change in temperature) and let the mass flow rate of the fluids through the pipes, both in the same direction, be
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no mixing of the two fluids occurs. Any leakage is from the periphery cover to the atmosphere, or to a passage that contains the same fluid.
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in a more turbulent fashion around the piping. Square patterns are employed where high fouling is experienced and cleaning is more regular.
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Partial view into inlet plenum of shell and tube heat exchanger of a refrigerant based chiller for providing air-conditioning to a building
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diameters can be used. Thus to determine the tube diameter, the available space, cost and fouling nature of the fluids must be considered.
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The design and manufacturing of heat exchangers has numerous regulations, which vary according to the region in which they will be used.
1455:
Self-cleaning water filters are used to keep the system clean and running without the need to shut down or replace cartridges and bags.
6901:
5715:
6943:
6656:
6192:
5921:
5209:
4912:
Kee Robert J.; et al. (2011). "The design, fabrication, and evaluation of a ceramic counter-flow microchannel heat exchanger".
2438:
2351:
1764:
1343:
704:
1785:
cooler. This effect can be enhanced with clothing, by, for example, wearing a scarf over the face while breathing in cold weather.
315:(sometimes called water boxes) through holes in tubesheets. The tubes may be straight or bent in the shape of a U, called U-tubes.
5812:
1406:
SHE may be used to have a smaller footprint and thus lower all-around capital costs, or an oversized SHE may be used to have less
6012:
134:
heat exchangers, the two fluids enter the exchanger at the same end, and travel in parallel to one another to the other side. In
7093:
6907:
6287:
5823:
4596:
4535:
4481:
2176:
2094:
1463:
1244:
1201:
880:
678:
583:
201:
1506:
The Spiral heat exchanger is good for applications such as pasteurization, digester heating, heat recovery, pre-heating (see:
5851:
4428:
1871:
the heat exchangers would otherwise come from an external source that is more expensive and more harmful to the environment.
682:
5149:
Rennie, Timothy J.; Raghavan, Vijaya G.S. (September 2005). "Experimental studies of a double-pipe helical heat exchanger".
1258:
On the air side of HVAC coils a significant difference exists between those used for heating, and those for cooling. Due to
5278:"Impact of additive manufacturing on titanium supply chain: Case of titanium alloys in automotive and aerospace industries"
1788:
In species that have external testes (such as human), the artery to the testis is surrounded by a mesh of veins called the
258:), fins can be added on the tubes to increase heat transfer area on air side and create a tubes & fins configuration.
7055:
6999:
6994:
6571:
6099:
5347:
2862:
2784:
286:
164:
5072:
3725:
3647:
2255:( this is for parallel flow in the same direction and opposite temperature gradients, but for counter-flow heat exchange
1296:
is therefore a dangerous situation that requires immediate attention because combustion products may enter living space.
6616:
6167:
6088:
6047:
1740:. Without the use of chemicals, this type of technology has helped in providing a low-pressure drop in heat exchangers.
600:
together for good thermal and mechanical strength. This is common in low-pressure heat exchangers such as water-cooling
5176:
4760:
Saunders, E. A. (1988). Heat
Exchanges: Selection, Design and Construction. New York: Longman Scientific and Technical.
6959:
6761:
6272:
6207:
6125:
6037:
5901:
4586:
1139:
632:
5566:
667:
5739:"Heat Exchanger Market Size is projected to reach USD 27 Billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 5%: Straits Research"
5409:
Wiehe, Irwin A.; Kennedy, Raymond J. (1 January 2000). "The Oil
Compatibility Model and Crude Oil Incompatibility".
4884:
Coulson, J. & Richardson, J. (1983), Chemical
Engineering – Design (SI Units), Volume 6, Pergamon Press, Oxford.
1354:. There are several simple methods for designing HCHE for all types of manufacturing industries, such as using the
1330:
When there is low pressure in one of the fluids, usually from accumulated pressure drops in other process equipment.
7108:
6989:
6696:
6461:
6305:
2085:
1339:
542:
378:
255:
91:
3586:
3527:
1381:
686:
671:
7244:
7161:
7020:
6984:
6786:
6416:
6371:
6299:
6151:
6094:
4556:
4525:
4510:
4495:
1559:
1327:), such that the typical shell-and-tube exchangers have low heat-transfer coefficients and becoming uneconomical.
1240:
1197:
876:
816:
601:
563:
555:
388:
5384:
5276:
Nyamekye, Patricia; Rahimpour Golroudbary, Saeed; Piili, Heidi; Luukka, Pasi; Kraslawski, Andrzej (2023-05-01).
2576:
is the "thermal mass flow rate". The differential equations governing the heat exchanger may now be written as:
7234:
7208:
7030:
6726:
6326:
6105:
5996:
5981:
4606:
1215:
On the liquid side of these heat exchangers, the common fluids are water, a water-glycol solution, steam, or a
718:
489:
38:
4780:
1138:
flows in lateral confinements with typical dimensions below 1 mm. The most typical such confinement are
731:
An organic Rankine cycle (ORC) waste heat recovery unit can be more efficient at low temperature range using
7203:
7128:
7050:
6979:
6923:
6855:
6751:
6666:
6576:
6541:
6017:
5105:, Boardman, Charles E. & Germer, John H., "Helical Coil Heat Exchanger", issued 1974
4570:
3203:
2256:
1815:
1809:
1623:
1289:
362:
144:
5776:
4902:
Table: Various Types of Gas – Liquid Direct Contact Heat Exchangers (Hewitt G, Shires G & Bott T, 1994)
7239:
7193:
7155:
7035:
6746:
6177:
4546:
4541:
2525:
2262:
1355:
83:
2988:
2940:
1347:
7213:
6891:
6850:
6566:
6237:
6057:
5793:
G.F.Hewitt, G.L.Shires, T.R.Bott (1994) Process Heat Transfer, CRC Press, Inc, United States Of America.
2775:
1878:
1055:
724:
Large systems with high volume and temperature gas streams, typical in industry, can benefit from steam
468:
291:
1909:
In waste water treatment, heat exchangers play a vital role in maintaining optimal temperatures within
5329:
5277:
5102:
7015:
7005:
6949:
6886:
6781:
6361:
6310:
5876:
5600:
5591:
Heyning and Mead; Mead, JG (November 1997). "Thermoregulation in the Mouths of Feeding Gray Whales".
5234:
4660:
4551:
4500:
1851:
1118:
907:
605:
567:
431:
401:
5375:
3331:
be the temperatures at the end of the pipe at x=L. Define the average temperatures in each pipe as:
1351:
6881:
6871:
6845:
6631:
6293:
6202:
6172:
6072:
6042:
5936:
5896:
4798:
3159:
3039:
1151:
891:
232:
The figure above illustrates the parallel and counter-flow flow directions of the fluid exchanger.
130:
There are three primary classifications of heat exchangers according to their flow arrangement. In
635:
is commonly used in the dairy industry for cooling milk in large direct-expansion stainless steel
7144:
7088:
7025:
6802:
6681:
6676:
6466:
6277:
6262:
5844:
5307:
5258:
4740:
4676:
3115:
1910:
1898:
1789:
1596:
1415:
1363:
1309:
1143:
832:
740:
4719:
Farzaneh, Mahsa; Forouzandeh, Azadeh; Al-Sammarraie, Ahmed T.; Salimpour, Mohammad Reza (2019).
1208:
coils are typically of modified crossflow arrangement. In vehicles, heat coils are often called
299:
4862:
1931:
development of offices, retail sectors, and public buildings, market expansion is due to grow.
191:
Fig. 3: Shell and tube heat exchanger, 2-pass shell side, 2-pass tube side (2-2 countercurrent)
6716:
6671:
6426:
6421:
6351:
6247:
6083:
5886:
5674:
5666:
5616:
5546:
5542:
5535:
5496:
5461:
5451:
5341:
5299:
5250:
5205:
4831:
4804:
4699:
4601:
2311:
2046:
2010:
884:
846:
Distillation set-ups typically use condensers to condense distillate vapors back into liquid.
374:
251:
151:
heat exchanger, the fluids travel roughly perpendicular to one another through the exchanger.
5829:
7183:
6938:
6933:
6516:
6222:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6027:
5658:
5608:
5488:
5418:
5289:
5242:
5158:
4976:
4948:
4921:
4732:
4668:
3304:
3274:
3247:
3220:
1847:
1800:
1719:
1185:
1173:
939:
895:
369:
Tubes & fins Design: in application to cool air with shell-and-tube technology (such as
87:
63:
5634:
4485:, and is a measure of the effectiveness of the heat exchanger in transferring heat energy.
3088:
1976:
1949:
7178:
7150:
6792:
6706:
6701:
6646:
6636:
6626:
6556:
6496:
6411:
6396:
6217:
6212:
6187:
6182:
6052:
5976:
4869:
4591:
4530:
1726:
1571:
1449:
772:
508:
5162:
4925:
1736:
A variety of companies have started using water borne oscillations technology to prevent
426:
An interchangeable plate heat exchanger directly applied to the system of a swimming pool
5604:
5238:
4850:
4664:
323:
Tube thickness: The thickness of the wall of the tubes is usually determined to ensure:
6928:
6825:
6601:
6546:
6481:
6401:
6242:
6232:
6141:
5991:
5961:
5916:
5911:
1827:
1437:
1259:
1161:
943:
828:
808:
312:
95:
71:
30:
507:
liquefaction plants, air separation plants and transport industries such as motor and
7228:
7010:
6861:
6756:
6721:
6491:
6486:
6441:
6436:
6282:
6257:
6252:
6227:
6197:
6067:
5966:
5946:
5926:
5837:
5362:
White, F.M. 'Heat and Mass Transfer' © 1988 Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. pp. 602–604
5311:
4744:
4680:
4616:
4505:
2771:
1944:
1903:
1883:
1575:
1367:
1247:
cycle. HVAC coils that use this direct-expansion of refrigerants are commonly called
1006:
951:
947:
725:
451:
75:
67:
59:
55:
51:
5262:
1663:
can decrease heat transfer effectiveness significantly over time and are caused by:
524:
Approximately 5 times lighter in weight than that of shell and tube heat exchanger.
7188:
6866:
6766:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6661:
6596:
6476:
6446:
6386:
6381:
6356:
6267:
6146:
6062:
5986:
5971:
5956:
4980:
4648:
4611:
1831:
1792:. This cools the blood heading to the testes, while reheating the returning blood.
1715:
1668:
1631:
1567:
1324:
887:
to convert the exhaust steam from the turbines into condensate (water) for re-use.
868:. Heat exchangers or similar units for producing steam from water are often called
840:
824:
79:
5612:
4672:
1338:
These have been used in the nuclear industry as a method for exchanging heat in a
1334:
tube counterpart; however the helical coil unit would require cleaning less often.
1231:, chilled water and refrigerant are most common. Chilled water is supplied from a
604:. Regular flat tubes will expand and deform if exposed to high pressures but flat
4893:
Hewitt G, Shires G, Bott T (1994), Process Heat Transfer, CRC Press Inc, Florida.
4425:
By the conservation of energy, the sum of the two energies is zero. The quantity
1659:
occurs when impurities deposit on the heat exchange surface. Deposition of these
7198:
6840:
6797:
6771:
6711:
6691:
6686:
6561:
6521:
6506:
6451:
6376:
6346:
6341:
6157:
6022:
5941:
5824:
A Thermal Management Concept For More Electric Aircraft Power System Application
5692:
5520:
5480:
4580:
1627:
1507:
1308:
Helical-Coil Heat Exchanger sketch, which consists of a shell, core, and tubes (
1223:, hot water and steam are the most common, and this heated fluid is supplied by
1216:
1209:
925:
849:
799:
776:
732:
656:
592:
Zig-zag metal strips are sandwiched between flat rectangular tubes, often being
370:
247:
5294:
2756:{\displaystyle J_{2}{\frac {\partial T_{2}}{\partial x}}=\gamma (T_{1}-T_{2}).}
1490:
applications if one liquid has a considerably greater flow rate than the other.
17:
6954:
6876:
6807:
6776:
6651:
6621:
6551:
6501:
6471:
6456:
6431:
6336:
6136:
6032:
5951:
5891:
5330:"Small Tube Copper Is Economical and Eco-Friendly | The MicroGroove Advantage"
5246:
5019:
4995:
4627:
4565:
4561:
2661:{\displaystyle J_{1}{\frac {\partial T_{1}}{\partial x}}=\gamma (T_{2}-T_{1})}
1737:
1660:
1236:
1156:
990:
883:. All fossil-fueled and nuclear power plants using steam-driven turbines have
791:
751:
442:
technology have made the plate-type heat exchanger increasingly practical. In
422:
205:
5670:
5533:
Randall, David J.; Warren W. Burggren; Kathleen French; Roger Eckert (2002).
5465:
5303:
5254:
1763:(EU); CODAP (French); Pressure Equipment Safety Regulations 2016 (PER) (UK);
1204:, and are typically of the finned tube type. Liquid-to-air, or air-to-liquid
906:
Heat exchangers functioning in multiphase flow regimes may be subject to the
735:
that boil at lower temperatures than water. Typical organic refrigerants are
6913:
6591:
6586:
6536:
6511:
6366:
6162:
5492:
5222:
5180:
5037:
Patil, Ramachandra K.; Shende, B.W.; Ghosh, Prasanfa K. (13 December 1982).
4622:
4520:
4515:
1563:
1165:
768:
636:
620:
616:
111:
5693:"United States Patent 4498525, Fuel/oil heat exchange system for an engine"
5678:
1402:
to the outer arms of the spiral, and axial ports are common, but optional.
414:
406:
5813:
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Design Software for Educational Applications
5620:
5570:
5445:
4010:{\displaystyle {\overline {T}}_{2}=A+{\frac {Bk_{2}}{k^{2}L}}(1-e^{-kL}).}
3505:{\displaystyle {\overline {T}}_{2}={\frac {1}{L}}\int _{0}^{L}T_{2}(x)dx.}
204:" (LMTD). Sometimes direct knowledge of the LMTD is not available and the
6896:
6830:
6331:
6131:
5931:
5906:
5881:
5124:
Numerical And Experimental Studies Of A Doublepipe Helical Heat Exchanger
4619:, or rotary heat exchanger (including enthalpy wheel and desiccant wheel)
4575:
3900:{\displaystyle {\overline {T}}_{1}=A-{\frac {Bk_{1}}{k^{2}L}}(1-e^{-kL})}
3414:{\displaystyle {\overline {T}}_{1}={\frac {1}{L}}\int _{0}^{L}T_{1}(x)dx}
1843:
1760:
1730:
1587:
1520:
1441:
1407:
836:
99:
5422:
3085:(this is for parallel-flow, but for counter-flow the sign in front of
1652:
A heat exchanger in a steam power station contaminated with macrofouling
6406:
6078:
5662:
4720:
1892:
1855:
1756:
1703:
1682:
Precipitation of dissolved impurities due to elevated wall temperatures
1656:
1643:
1583:
1579:
1399:
1232:
1168:
857:
780:
744:
736:
597:
439:
197:
increase surface area and may channel fluid flow or induce turbulence.
179:
Fig. 2: Shell and tube heat exchanger, 2-pass tube side (1–2 crossflow)
4952:
4736:
1648:
122:
7083:
6835:
6641:
6391:
5807:
1411:
1391:
1224:
869:
812:
593:
504:
500:
435:
106:
flows past the coils, which cools the coolant and heats the incoming
265:
methods. The following shows the components in the heat exchanger.
4721:"Constructal Design of Circular Multilayer Microchannel Heat Sinks"
1184:
One of the widest uses of heat exchangers is for refrigeration and
246:
In application to cool air with shell-and-tube technology (such as
7098:
6531:
1823:
1799:
1647:
1462:
1395:
1380:
1359:
1303:
1135:
865:
861:
853:
820:
807:
In addition to heating up or cooling down fluids in just a single
798:
790:
421:
413:
405:
298:
290:
121:
37:
29:
5392:
4649:"Heat transfer augmentation through convergence angles in a pipe"
755:
completed using a pump to send the fluid back to the evaporator.
6606:
6526:
1888:
1842:
Carotid rete is a counter-current heat exchanging organ in some
1819:
1818:" heat exchangers occur naturally in the circulatory systems of
1476:
There are three main types of flows in a spiral heat exchanger:
1445:
1205:
443:
5833:
3202:
along the exchanger, explaining why the counter current design
1540:
Product mix (liquid/liquid, particulates or high-solids liquid)
1304:
1266:
be adequately designed and selected to handle their particular
795:
Typical kettle reboiler used for industrial distillation towers
5221:
Hartman, A. D.; Gerdemann, S. J.; Hansen, J. S. (1998-09-01).
2512:{\displaystyle {\frac {du_{2}}{dt}}=J_{2}{\frac {dT_{2}}{dx}}}
2425:{\displaystyle {\frac {du_{1}}{dt}}=J_{1}{\frac {dT_{1}}{dx}}}
650:
107:
103:
5567:"Natural History Museum: Research & Collections: History"
2084:
along a pipe due to temperature differences in that pipe. By
608:
tubes allow this construction to be used for high pressures.
446:
applications, large heat exchangers of this type are called
5716:"Boeing links Heathrow, Atlanta Trent 895 engine rollbacks"
5223:"Producing lower-cost titanium for automotive applications"
573:
The main construction types of finned tube exchangers are:
3217:
are two as yet undetermined constants of integration. Let
1725:
In large-scale cooling water systems for heat exchangers,
518:
High heat transfer efficiency especially in gas treatment
341:
Buckling strength (to withstand overpressure in the shell)
2245:{\displaystyle {\frac {du_{2}}{dt}}=\gamma (T_{1}-T_{2})}
2163:{\displaystyle {\frac {du_{1}}{dt}}=\gamma (T_{2}-T_{1})}
90:. The classic example of a heat exchanger is found in an
50:
is a system used to transfer heat between a source and a
5073:"Three-Phase Flow? Consider Helical-Coil Heat Exchanger"
2259:
the sign is opposite in the second equation in front of
1874:
Heat exchangers are used in many industries, including:
1346:
since the early 1970s, using an HCHE device invented by
938:
Such types of heat exchangers are used predominantly in
767:". This is mainly used for heating or cooling with high-
4725:
Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications
4472:{\displaystyle {\overline {T}}_{2}-{\overline {T}}_{1}}
1472:
occur (i.e. there can be no gap between the channels).
1282:
concern of HVAC designers, installers, and operators.
410:
Conceptual diagram of a plate and frame heat exchanger
4696:
Heat Exchangers: Selection, Rating and Thermal Design
4431:
4232:
4036:
3915:
3808:
3728:
3650:
3589:
3530:
3428:
3340:
3307:
3277:
3250:
3223:
3162:
3118:
3091:
3042:
2991:
2943:
2865:
2787:
2677:
2585:
2528:
2441:
2354:
2314:
2265:
2179:
2097:
2049:
2013:
1979:
1952:
1467:
A comparison between the operations and effects of a
1274:(cooling) loads. The water that is removed is called
5537:
Eckert animal physiology: mechanisms and adaptations
5282:
Advances in Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
4853:
from website of the Air Pollution Training Institute
2927:{\displaystyle T_{2}=A+{\frac {Bk_{2}}{k}}\,e^{-kx}}
2849:{\displaystyle T_{1}=A-{\frac {Bk_{1}}{k}}\,e^{-kx}}
1706:
and anti-scale chemicals with periodic lab testing.
750:
The refrigerant is boiled by the heat source in the
535:
Might cause clogging as the pathways are very narrow
7171:
7137:
7064:
6968:
6816:
6319:
6005:
5867:
5635:"Carotid rete cools brain : Thomson's Gazelle"
3792:{\displaystyle T_{2L}=A+{\frac {Bk_{2}}{k}}e^{-kL}}
3714:{\displaystyle T_{1L}=A-{\frac {Bk_{1}}{k}}e^{-kL}}
3515:Using the solutions above, these temperatures are:
1469:
cocurrent and a countercurrent flow exchange system
1188:. This class of heat exchangers is commonly called
338:
Hoop strength (to withstand internal tube pressure)
5534:
5523:, Defense Technical Information Center, April 1955
5130:(Ph.D.). Montreal: McGill University. pp. 3–4
4471:
4414:
4215:
4009:
3899:
3791:
3713:
3633:
3574:
3504:
3413:
3323:
3293:
3263:
3236:
3194:
3144:
3104:
3074:
3025:
2977:
2926:
2848:
2755:
2660:
2568:
2511:
2424:
2336:
2300:
2244:
2162:
2071:
2035:
1992:
1965:
1622:Mechanical integrity monitoring of heat exchanger
1196:due to their often-serpentine internal tubing, or
5202:Heat Exchangers:Selection Design And Construction
3907:
1102:Direct contact evaporators, submerged combustion
531:Disadvantages of plate and fin heat exchangers:
4647:Al-Sammarraie, Ahmed T.; Vafai, Kambiz (2017).
1448:where any buildup of foulant can be removed by
811:, heat exchangers can be used either to heat a
1810:Counter-current exchange in biological systems
27:Equipment used to transfer heat between fluids
5845:
4653:Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications
1804:Counter-current exchange conservation circuit
1039:Spray condensers/evaporation, jet condensers
514:Advantages of plate and fin heat exchangers:
8:
5521:Heat Loss from the Respiratory Tract in Cold
5336:. Archived from the original on Dec 8, 2023.
5066:
5064:
3634:{\displaystyle T_{20}=A+{\frac {Bk_{2}}{k}}}
3575:{\displaystyle T_{10}=A-{\frac {Bk_{1}}{k}}}
1394:Heat Exchangers (SHE), which may refer to a
1385:Schematic drawing of a spiral heat exchanger
1134:are heat exchangers in which (at least one)
5695:. United States Patent and Trademark Office
4996:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2021.05.007
685:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
6612:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
5861:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
5852:
5838:
5830:
2000:(mass per unit time), where the subscript
763:Another type of heat exchanger is called "
329:That flow-induced vibration has resistance
5293:
5039:"Designing a helical-coil heat exchanger"
4463:
4453:
4443:
4433:
4430:
4400:
4390:
4380:
4370:
4348:
4332:
4319:
4305:
4288:
4278:
4272:
4267:
4243:
4233:
4231:
4204:
4194:
4184:
4174:
4152:
4136:
4123:
4109:
4092:
4082:
4076:
4071:
4047:
4037:
4035:
3989:
3964:
3952:
3942:
3927:
3917:
3914:
3882:
3857:
3845:
3835:
3820:
3810:
3807:
3777:
3761:
3751:
3733:
3727:
3699:
3683:
3673:
3655:
3649:
3619:
3609:
3594:
3588:
3560:
3550:
3535:
3529:
3478:
3468:
3463:
3449:
3440:
3430:
3427:
3390:
3380:
3375:
3361:
3352:
3342:
3339:
3312:
3306:
3282:
3276:
3255:
3249:
3228:
3222:
3183:
3170:
3161:
3136:
3123:
3117:
3096:
3090:
3066:
3053:
3041:
3017:
3008:
2996:
2990:
2969:
2960:
2948:
2942:
2912:
2907:
2895:
2885:
2870:
2864:
2834:
2829:
2817:
2807:
2792:
2786:
2741:
2728:
2698:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2649:
2636:
2606:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2559:
2554:
2547:
2542:
2533:
2527:
2492:
2482:
2476:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2405:
2395:
2389:
2365:
2355:
2353:
2319:
2313:
2289:
2276:
2264:
2233:
2220:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2151:
2138:
2108:
2098:
2096:
2054:
2048:
2018:
2012:
1984:
1978:
1957:
1951:
1288:The heat exchangers in direct-combustion
705:Learn how and when to remove this message
126:Countercurrent (A) and parallel (B) flows
7046:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
5032:
5030:
5028:
5026:
5018:issued July 7, 1936; filed Jan. 8, 1934
4851:Air Pollution Control Orientation Course
4824:Perry, Robert H.; Green, Don W. (1984).
1751:Design and manufacturing codes include:
956:
765:(dynamic) scraped surface heat exchanger
4639:
2007:Temperature profiles for the pipes are
623:, can have a stacked-fin construction.
153:
5764:Fluid Mechanics and Transfer Processes
5339:
5151:Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science
4969:International Journal of Refrigeration
4873:Figure 3a, Layout of surface condenser
1323:Under conditions of low flowrates (or
803:Typical water-cooled surface condenser
430:Another type of heat exchanger is the
94:in which a circulating fluid known as
6919:Programmable communicating thermostat
5374:. Geothermal Networks. Archived from
860:commonly use heat exchangers to boil
815:to evaporate (or boil) it or used as
7:
7041:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
5163:10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2005.02.001
4926:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.03.009
4827:Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook
4768:
4766:
4756:
4754:
2569:{\displaystyle J_{i}={C_{i}}{j_{i}}}
2301:{\displaystyle \gamma (T_{1}-T_{2})}
1753:ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
1744:Design and manufacturing regulations
1679:Reaction product solid precipitation
1555:Ability and ease of future expansion
1549:Cleanability, maintenance and repair
1436:fluid velocity, thus increasing the
683:adding citations to reliable sources
541:Aluminium alloys are susceptible to
5777:"MIT web course on Heat Exchangers"
5762:Kay J M & Nedderman R M (1985)
4875:(scroll to page 11 of 34 PDF pages)
3271:be the temperatures at x=0 and let
3026:{\displaystyle k_{2}=\gamma /J_{2}}
2978:{\displaystyle k_{1}=\gamma /J_{1}}
1552:Materials required for construction
1543:Pressure drops across the exchanger
875:In the nuclear power plants called
6902:Minimum efficiency reporting value
2706:
2691:
2614:
2599:
1935:A model of a simple heat exchanger
1729:such as purification, addition of
1722:, bullet cleaning, or drill rods.
1599:and brazed aluminum microchannel.
1344:liquid metal fast breeder reactors
843:towers are often heat exchangers.
326:There is enough room for corrosion
25:
6944:Standard temperature and pressure
6657:Packaged terminal air conditioner
6193:Passive daytime radiative cooling
5922:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
5651:American Journal of Human Biology
5318:from the original on Feb 4, 2024.
5204:Longman Scientific and Technical
5071:Haraburda, Scott S. (July 1995).
4694:Sadik Kakaç; Hongtan Liu (2002).
235:2. Shell-and-tube heat exchanger
167:, single pass (1–1 parallel flow)
6013:Absorption-compression heat pump
5737:Research, Straits (2022-07-06).
2774:. These two coupled first-order
1867:other thermodynamic properties.
1180:HVAC and refrigeration air coils
655:
184:
172:
156:
6908:Normal temperature and pressure
6288:Vapor-compression refrigeration
5819:EU Pressure Equipment Guideline
5481:"Design and construction codes"
5016:Patent 2,046,968 John C Raisley
4863:Energy savings in steam systems
4597:Steam generator (nuclear power)
4583:, or cross plate heat exchanger
4536:Log mean temperature difference
4482:Log mean temperature difference
1494:Distributed Vapour/Spiral flow:
1245:vapor-compression refrigeration
1132:microstructured heat exchangers
839:used to heat incoming feed for
538:Difficult to clean the pathways
527:Able to withstand high pressure
295:A shell and tube heat exchanger
202:log mean temperature difference
4981:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2011.08.010
4406:
4366:
4354:
4325:
4210:
4170:
4158:
4129:
4001:
3976:
3894:
3869:
3490:
3484:
3402:
3396:
3189:
3163:
2747:
2721:
2655:
2629:
2331:
2325:
2295:
2269:
2239:
2213:
2157:
2131:
2066:
2060:
2030:
2024:
1239:, and the heating coil is the
1009:, falling droplet evaporators
499:services such as natural gas,
220:1. Double-pipe heat exchanger
1:
7056:Testing, adjusting, balancing
7000:Building information modeling
6995:Building services engineering
6572:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
6100:Demand controlled ventilation
6048:Building insulation materials
5613:10.1126/science.278.5340.1138
4830:(6th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
4803:(1st ed.). McGraw-Hill.
4673:10.1080/10407782.2017.1372670
3195:{\displaystyle (T_{2}-T_{1})}
3075:{\displaystyle k=k_{1}+k_{2}}
2004:applies to pipe 1 or pipe 2.
418:A single plate heat exchanger
303:Shell and tube heat exchanger
287:Shell and tube heat exchanger
165:Shell and tube heat exchanger
6617:High-pressure cut-off switch
6168:Ice storage air conditioning
6089:Dedicated outdoor air system
5766:, Cambridge University Press
4458:
4438:
4395:
4375:
4199:
4179:
3922:
3815:
3435:
3347:
1765:Pressure Equipment Directive
1558:Material selection, such as
1142:, which are channels with a
543:Mercury Liquid Embrittlement
6960:Thermostatic radiator valve
6762:Thermostatic radiator valve
6273:Underfloor air distribution
6208:Radiant heating and cooling
6126:Energy recovery ventilation
6038:Automobile air conditioning
5902:Domestic energy consumption
5391:. BNP Media. Archived from
5372:Gene Culver Geo-Heat Center
5121:Rennie, Timothy J. (2004).
4914:Applied Thermal Engineering
4698:(2nd ed.). CRC Press.
3156:with a constant difference
3145:{\displaystyle k_{2}=k_{1}}
1926:Current market and forecast
1796:Birds, fish, marine mammals
1690:Crude Oil Exchanger Fouling
1523:, or by equipment vendors.
1128:Micro-scale heat exchangers
931:Solid-liquid or solid – gas
743:(R-245fa and R-245ca), and
633:pillow plate heat exchanger
619:, particularly those using
335:Availability of spare parts
7261:
7109:Institute of Refrigeration
6990:Architectural technologist
6462:Electrostatic precipitator
5295:10.1016/j.aime.2023.100112
3112:is negative, so that if
1846:. The blood ascending the
1807:
1767:(EU); NORSOK (Norwegian);
1641:
1607:Monitoring and maintenance
1418:, and lower energy costs.
1270:(moisture) as well as the
1150:high-performance aircraft
1116:
1058:, perforated tray columns
877:pressurized water reactors
487:
399:
284:
92:internal combustion engine
7162:Volatile organic compound
7021:Environmental engineering
6985:Architectural engineering
6787:Ultra-low particulate air
6372:Automatic balancing valve
6300:Variable refrigerant flow
6152:Heat recovery ventilation
6095:Deep water source cooling
5346:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
5247:10.1007/s11837-998-0408-1
4797:Kister, Henry Z. (1992).
4774:"MICROCHANNEL TECHNOLOGY"
4557:Moving bed heat exchanger
4526:Heat recovery ventilation
4511:Copper in heat exchangers
4496:Architectural engineering
1626:may be conducted through
1255:are "microchannel" type.
1072:Bubble column condensers
647:Waste heat recovery units
521:Larger heat transfer area
389:Copper in heat exchangers
110:. Another example is the
7209:Template:Home automation
7031:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
6727:Solar-assisted heat pump
6327:Air conditioner inverter
6106:Displacement ventilation
5997:Vapour pressure of water
5982:Thermal destratification
5479:Epstein, Norman (2014),
4941:Journal of Heat Transfer
4607:Toroidal expansion joint
3206:is the most efficient )
2778:may be solved to yield:
2337:{\displaystyle u_{i}(x)}
2072:{\displaystyle T_{2}(x)}
2036:{\displaystyle T_{1}(x)}
1531:High/low pressure limits
1024:Spray coolers/quenchers
719:waste heat recovery unit
615:In electronics cooling,
490:Plate fin heat exchanger
261:3. Plate Heat Exchanger
7204:World Refrigeration Day
7051:Refrigerant reclamation
6980:Architectural acoustics
6924:Programmable thermostat
6856:Clean air delivery rate
6752:Thermal expansion valve
6667:Pressurisation ductwork
6577:Ground source heat pump
6018:Absorption refrigerator
5743:GlobeNewswire News Room
5493:10.1615/hedhme.a.000413
5200:E.A.D.Saunders (1988).
4571:Pumpable ice technology
3204:countercurrent exchange
2257:countercurrent exchange
2086:Newton's law of cooling
1943:, carrying fluids with
1771:; API 12; and API 560.
1720:high-pressure water jet
1487:Spiral Flow/Cross Flow:
954:and condensing plants.
759:Dynamic scraped surface
480:fluid heat exchangers.
145:countercurrent exchange
7194:Glossary of HVAC terms
7156:Sick building syndrome
7036:Mechanical engineering
6747:Smoke exhaust ductwork
6178:Mixed-mode ventilation
5397:Last accessed 17/3/08.
5380:Last accessed 17/3/08.
4547:Mechanical engineering
4542:Marine heat exchangers
4473:
4416:
4217:
4011:
3901:
3793:
3715:
3635:
3576:
3506:
3415:
3325:
3324:{\displaystyle T_{2L}}
3295:
3294:{\displaystyle T_{1L}}
3265:
3264:{\displaystyle T_{20}}
3238:
3237:{\displaystyle T_{10}}
3196:
3146:
3106:
3076:
3027:
2979:
2928:
2850:
2776:differential equations
2757:
2662:
2570:
2513:
2426:
2338:
2302:
2246:
2164:
2073:
2037:
1994:
1967:
1805:
1653:
1628:Nondestructive methods
1473:
1386:
1313:
1294:cracked heat exchanger
804:
796:
427:
419:
411:
304:
296:
127:
84:natural-gas processing
43:
35:
34:Tubular heat exchanger
7214:Template:Solar energy
6892:Intelligent buildings
6851:Carbon dioxide sensor
6238:Room air distribution
6058:Central solar heating
5541:. Macmillan. p.
5450:. London: TSO. 2006.
4474:
4417:
4218:
4012:
3902:
3794:
3716:
3636:
3577:
3507:
3416:
3326:
3296:
3266:
3239:
3197:
3147:
3107:
3105:{\displaystyle k_{2}}
3077:
3028:
2980:
2929:
2851:
2758:
2663:
2571:
2514:
2427:
2339:
2303:
2247:
2165:
2074:
2038:
1995:
1993:{\displaystyle j_{i}}
1968:
1966:{\displaystyle C_{i}}
1879:Waste water treatment
1808:Further information:
1803:
1696:Cooling Water Fouling
1676:High fluid velocities
1651:
1466:
1384:
1358:(et al.) method from
1307:
1124:Micro heat exchangers
872:or steam generators.
802:
794:
469:operating temperature
425:
417:
409:
302:
294:
125:
41:
33:
7016:Duct leakage testing
7006:Deep energy retrofit
6950:Thermographic camera
6887:Infrared thermometer
6362:Air source heat pump
6311:Water heat recycling
5877:Air changes per hour
5077:Chemical Engineering
5043:Chemical Engineering
4552:Micro heat exchanger
4501:Chemical engineering
4429:
4230:
4034:
3913:
3806:
3726:
3648:
3587:
3528:
3426:
3338:
3305:
3275:
3248:
3221:
3160:
3116:
3089:
3040:
2989:
2941:
2863:
2785:
2675:
2583:
2526:
2439:
2352:
2312:
2263:
2177:
2095:
2047:
2011:
1977:
1950:
1759:(UK); BS 1566 (UK);
1673:Low fluid velocities
1481:Counter-current Flow
1356:Ramachandra K. Patil
1119:Micro heat exchanger
908:Ledinegg instability
679:improve this section
582:air coils and large
568:thermal conductivity
432:plate heat exchanger
402:Plate heat exchanger
80:petroleum refineries
76:petrochemical plants
6882:HVAC control system
6872:Home energy monitor
6846:Building automation
6632:Inverter compressor
6294:Variable air volume
6203:Passive ventilation
6173:Kitchen ventilation
6073:Constant air volume
6043:Autonomous building
5605:1997Sci...278.1138H
5599:(5340): 1138–1140.
5389:process-heating.com
5366:Rafferty, Kevin D.
5239:1998JOM....50i..16H
4800:Distillation Design
4665:2017NHTA...72..197A
4277:
4081:
3473:
3385:
2770:as is found in the
1911:anaerobic digesters
1546:Fluid flow capacity
1534:Thermal performance
1410:drop, less pumping
1348:Charles E. Boardman
1227:, for example. For
1152:gas turbine engines
827:it to a liquid. In
7145:Indoor air quality
7089:ASTM International
7026:Hydronic balancing
6803:Wood-burning stove
6682:Radiator reflector
6467:Evaporative cooler
6278:Underfloor heating
6263:Thermal insulation
5718:. FlightGlobal.com
5663:10.1002/ajhb.21123
5411:Energy & Fuels
4868:2007-09-27 at the
4564:and in particular
4469:
4412:
4263:
4213:
4067:
4007:
3897:
3789:
3711:
3631:
3572:
3502:
3459:
3411:
3371:
3321:
3291:
3261:
3234:
3192:
3142:
3102:
3072:
3023:
2975:
2924:
2846:
2753:
2658:
2566:
2509:
2422:
2334:
2298:
2242:
2160:
2069:
2033:
1990:
1963:
1899:Petroleum refining
1806:
1790:pampiniform plexus
1654:
1597:copper microgroove
1537:Temperature ranges
1474:
1416:thermal efficiency
1387:
1364:Scott S. Haraburda
1314:
1310:Scott S. Haraburda
1144:hydraulic diameter
885:surface condensers
805:
797:
741:pentafluoropropane
428:
420:
412:
379:combustion engines
305:
297:
256:combustion engines
128:
44:
36:
7222:
7221:
7138:Health and safety
6717:Scroll compressor
6672:Process duct work
6427:Convection heater
6422:Condensing boiler
6352:Air-mixing plenum
6248:Solar combisystem
6084:Cross ventilation
5887:Building envelope
5552:978-0-7167-3863-3
5502:978-1-56700-423-6
5457:978-0-11-703645-1
5423:10.1021/ef990133+
5385:"Process Heating"
5368:"Heat Exchangers"
4953:10.1115/1.4006037
4920:(11): 2004–2012.
4837:978-0-07-049479-4
4810:978-0-07-034909-4
4737:10.1115/1.4041196
4705:978-0-8493-0902-1
4602:Surface condenser
4461:
4441:
4398:
4378:
4303:
4258:
4202:
4182:
4107:
4062:
4020:
4019:
3974:
3925:
3867:
3818:
3771:
3693:
3629:
3570:
3457:
3438:
3369:
3350:
2905:
2827:
2713:
2621:
2507:
2467:
2420:
2380:
2205:
2123:
1852:Thomson's gazelle
1459:Flow arrangements
1106:
1105:
963:Continuous phase
946:, industrial hot
715:
714:
707:
375:charge air cooler
252:charge air cooler
16:(Redirected from
7252:
7245:Gas technologies
7184:Building science
6939:Smart thermostat
6934:Room temperature
6517:Fireplace insert
6223:Radon mitigation
6121:Electric heating
6116:District heating
6111:District cooling
6028:Air conditioning
5854:
5847:
5840:
5831:
5781:
5780:
5773:
5767:
5760:
5754:
5753:
5751:
5750:
5734:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5723:
5711:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5700:
5689:
5683:
5682:
5645:
5639:
5638:
5631:
5625:
5624:
5588:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5578:
5569:. Archived from
5563:
5557:
5556:
5540:
5530:
5524:
5518:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5509:
5476:
5470:
5469:
5442:
5436:
5433:
5427:
5426:
5406:
5400:
5396:
5395:on Mar 16, 2008.
5379:
5358:
5352:
5351:
5345:
5337:
5326:
5320:
5319:
5297:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5218:
5212:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5179:. Archived from
5173:
5167:
5166:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5129:
5118:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5106:
5099:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5068:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5034:
5021:
5013:
5007:
5004:
4998:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4963:
4957:
4956:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4909:
4903:
4900:
4894:
4891:
4885:
4882:
4876:
4860:
4854:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4821:
4815:
4814:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4786:on June 4, 2013.
4785:
4779:. Archived from
4778:
4770:
4761:
4758:
4749:
4748:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4644:
4479:is known as the
4478:
4476:
4475:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4434:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4371:
4353:
4352:
4340:
4339:
4324:
4323:
4304:
4302:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4279:
4276:
4271:
4259:
4257:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4234:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4175:
4157:
4156:
4144:
4143:
4128:
4127:
4108:
4106:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4083:
4080:
4075:
4063:
4061:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4038:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4000:
3999:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3943:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3918:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3892:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3861:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3836:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3811:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3772:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3752:
3741:
3740:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3694:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3674:
3663:
3662:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3630:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3610:
3599:
3598:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3571:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3551:
3540:
3539:
3522:
3521:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3483:
3482:
3472:
3467:
3458:
3450:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3431:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3395:
3394:
3384:
3379:
3370:
3362:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3343:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3187:
3175:
3174:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3128:
3127:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3058:
3057:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3012:
3001:
3000:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2964:
2953:
2952:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2906:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2886:
2875:
2874:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2828:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2808:
2797:
2796:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2754:
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2745:
2733:
2732:
2714:
2712:
2704:
2703:
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2689:
2687:
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2667:
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2641:
2640:
2622:
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2597:
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2538:
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2518:
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2510:
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2498:
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2458:
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2238:
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2206:
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2196:
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2181:
2169:
2167:
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2156:
2155:
2143:
2142:
2124:
2122:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2099:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2059:
2058:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2023:
2022:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1848:carotid arteries
1701:
1450:pressure washing
1366:method from the
1186:air conditioning
1174:air conditioning
969:Change of phase
957:
940:air conditioning
896:cooling capacity
881:steam generators
710:
703:
699:
696:
690:
659:
651:
509:aircraft engines
188:
176:
160:
118:Flow arrangement
88:sewage treatment
64:air conditioning
21:
7260:
7259:
7255:
7254:
7253:
7251:
7250:
7249:
7235:Heat exchangers
7225:
7224:
7223:
7218:
7179:ASHRAE Handbook
7167:
7151:Passive smoking
7133:
7066:
7060:
6972:
6970:
6964:
6818:
6812:
6793:Whole-house fan
6707:Run-around coil
6702:Reversing valve
6647:Mechanical room
6637:Kerosene heater
6627:Infrared heater
6557:Gasoline heater
6497:Fan filter unit
6412:Condensate pump
6397:Centrifugal fan
6315:
6218:Radiant heating
6213:Radiant cooling
6188:Passive cooling
6183:Microgeneration
6053:Central heating
6001:
5977:Thermal comfort
5869:
5863:
5858:
5804:Heat Exchangers
5800:
5784:
5775:
5774:
5770:
5761:
5757:
5748:
5746:
5745:(Press release)
5736:
5735:
5731:
5721:
5719:
5713:
5712:
5708:
5698:
5696:
5691:
5690:
5686:
5647:
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5633:
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5628:
5590:
5589:
5585:
5576:
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5565:
5564:
5560:
5553:
5532:
5531:
5527:
5519:
5515:
5507:
5505:
5503:
5487:, Begellhouse,
5485:HEDH Multimedia
5478:
5477:
5473:
5458:
5444:
5443:
5439:
5434:
5430:
5408:
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5383:
5365:
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5338:
5334:microgroove.net
5328:
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5014:
5010:
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5001:
4992:
4988:
4965:
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4938:
4937:
4933:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4901:
4897:
4892:
4888:
4883:
4879:
4870:Wayback Machine
4861:
4857:
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4838:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4811:
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4776:
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4764:
4759:
4752:
4718:
4717:
4713:
4706:
4693:
4692:
4688:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4632:
4592:Run around coil
4531:Jacketed vessel
4491:
4452:
4432:
4427:
4426:
4389:
4369:
4344:
4328:
4315:
4295:
4284:
4280:
4250:
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3809:
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3803:
3773:
3757:
3753:
3729:
3724:
3723:
3695:
3679:
3675:
3651:
3646:
3645:
3615:
3611:
3590:
3585:
3584:
3556:
3552:
3531:
3526:
3525:
3474:
3429:
3424:
3423:
3386:
3341:
3336:
3335:
3308:
3303:
3302:
3278:
3273:
3272:
3251:
3246:
3245:
3224:
3219:
3218:
3179:
3166:
3158:
3157:
3132:
3119:
3114:
3113:
3092:
3087:
3086:
3062:
3049:
3038:
3037:
3013:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2965:
2944:
2939:
2938:
2908:
2891:
2887:
2866:
2861:
2860:
2830:
2813:
2809:
2788:
2783:
2782:
2737:
2724:
2705:
2694:
2690:
2678:
2673:
2672:
2645:
2632:
2613:
2602:
2598:
2586:
2581:
2580:
2555:
2543:
2529:
2524:
2523:
2499:
2488:
2484:
2472:
2459:
2448:
2444:
2437:
2436:
2412:
2401:
2397:
2385:
2372:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2349:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2285:
2272:
2261:
2260:
2229:
2216:
2197:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2174:
2147:
2134:
2115:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2092:
2050:
2045:
2044:
2014:
2009:
2008:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1937:
1928:
1919:
1864:
1840:
1812:
1798:
1782:
1777:
1746:
1727:water treatment
1712:
1699:
1646:
1640:
1609:
1572:stainless steel
1516:
1504:
1461:
1433:
1424:
1379:
1302:
1200:in the case of
1182:
1121:
1111:
989:Spray columns,
928:liquid – liquid
916:
892:conserve energy
829:chemical plants
789:
773:crystallization
761:
711:
700:
694:
691:
676:
660:
649:
629:
552:
492:
486:
477:
475:Adiabatic wheel
464:
462:Plate and shell
448:plate-and-frame
404:
398:
361:Baffle Design:
309:
289:
283:
214:
192:
189:
180:
177:
168:
161:
120:
72:chemical plants
28:
23:
22:
18:Heat exchangers
15:
12:
11:
5:
7258:
7256:
7248:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7227:
7226:
7220:
7219:
7217:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7175:
7173:
7169:
7168:
7166:
7165:
7159:
7153:
7148:
7141:
7139:
7135:
7134:
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7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
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7086:
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7076:
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7068:
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7059:
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7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6976:
6974:
6966:
6965:
6963:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6929:Psychrometrics
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6905:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6826:Air flow meter
6822:
6820:
6814:
6813:
6811:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6602:Heating system
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6582:Heat exchanger
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6547:Gas compressor
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6482:Expansion tank
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6402:Ceramic heater
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6323:
6321:
6317:
6316:
6314:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6297:
6291:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6243:Solar air heat
6240:
6235:
6233:Renewable heat
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6149:
6144:
6142:Forced-air gas
6139:
6134:
6129:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6097:
6092:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6009:
6007:
6003:
6002:
6000:
5999:
5994:
5992:Thermodynamics
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5962:Psychrometrics
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5917:Gas compressor
5914:
5912:Fluid dynamics
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5873:
5871:
5865:
5864:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5849:
5842:
5834:
5828:
5827:
5821:
5816:
5810:
5799:
5798:External links
5796:
5795:
5794:
5791:
5788:
5783:
5782:
5768:
5755:
5729:
5706:
5684:
5640:
5626:
5583:
5558:
5551:
5525:
5513:
5501:
5471:
5456:
5437:
5428:
5401:
5399:
5398:
5381:
5378:on 2008-03-29.
5363:
5353:
5321:
5268:
5213:
5193:
5177:"Cooling Text"
5168:
5157:(8): 919–924.
5141:
5113:
5094:
5060:
5022:
5008:
4999:
4986:
4975:(1): 171–186.
4958:
4931:
4904:
4895:
4886:
4877:
4855:
4843:
4836:
4816:
4809:
4789:
4762:
4750:
4711:
4704:
4686:
4659:(3): 197–214.
4638:
4636:
4633:
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4630:
4625:
4620:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4566:Packed columns
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
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3597:
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3582:
3569:
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3559:
3555:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3538:
3534:
3513:
3512:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3421:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3258:
3254:
3231:
3227:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3099:
3095:
3083:
3082:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2959:
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2697:
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2648:
2644:
2639:
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2532:
2520:
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2505:
2502:
2495:
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2487:
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2465:
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2455:
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2447:
2433:
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2418:
2415:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2392:
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2375:
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2364:
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2333:
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2327:
2322:
2318:
2297:
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2279:
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2253:
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2241:
2236:
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2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2171:
2170:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2017:
1987:
1983:
1960:
1956:
1936:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1886:
1881:
1863:
1860:
1839:
1836:
1828:marine mammals
1816:Countercurrent
1797:
1794:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1745:
1742:
1711:
1708:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1642:Main article:
1639:
1636:
1608:
1605:
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1591:
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1538:
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1512:
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1500:
1499:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1460:
1457:
1432:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1378:
1375:
1352:John H. Germer
1336:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1321:
1301:
1298:
1260:psychrometrics
1181:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1162:Microprocessor
1159:
1154:
1117:Main article:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1056:Bubble columns
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1007:Cooling towers
1004:
1001:
999:
997:
994:
993:
991:packed columns
987:
984:
981:
978:
974:
973:
970:
967:
966:Driving force
964:
961:
944:humidification
933:
932:
929:
923:
915:
914:Direct contact
912:
788:
785:
760:
757:
713:
712:
663:
661:
654:
648:
645:
628:
625:
610:
609:
590:
587:
551:
548:
547:
546:
539:
536:
529:
528:
525:
522:
519:
488:Main article:
485:
482:
476:
473:
463:
460:
400:Main article:
397:
394:
383:
382:
367:
359:
355:
352:
348:
344:
343:
342:
339:
336:
333:
332:Axial strength
330:
327:
321:
285:Main article:
282:
281:Shell and tube
279:
213:
210:
194:
193:
190:
183:
181:
178:
171:
169:
162:
155:
119:
116:
98:flows through
96:engine coolant
68:power stations
48:heat exchanger
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7257:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7240:Heat transfer
7238:
7236:
7233:
7232:
7230:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7176:
7174:
7170:
7163:
7160:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7146:
7143:
7142:
7140:
7136:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7071:
7069:
7067:organizations
7063:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7011:Duct cleaning
7009:
7007:
7004:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6977:
6975:
6967:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6909:
6906:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6862:Control valve
6860:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6823:
6821:
6815:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6782:Turning vanes
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6757:Thermal wheel
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6722:Solar chimney
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6492:Fan coil unit
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6437:Cooling tower
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6324:
6322:
6318:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6301:
6298:
6295:
6292:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6283:Vapor barrier
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6258:Solar heating
6256:
6254:
6253:Solar cooling
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6228:Refrigeration
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6198:Passive house
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6068:Chilled water
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6008:
6004:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5967:Sensible heat
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5947:Noise control
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5927:Heat transfer
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5866:
5862:
5855:
5850:
5848:
5843:
5841:
5836:
5835:
5832:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5797:
5792:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5778:
5772:
5769:
5765:
5759:
5756:
5744:
5740:
5733:
5730:
5717:
5714:Croft, John.
5710:
5707:
5694:
5688:
5685:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5644:
5641:
5636:
5630:
5627:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5587:
5584:
5573:on 2009-06-14
5572:
5568:
5562:
5559:
5554:
5548:
5544:
5539:
5538:
5529:
5526:
5522:
5517:
5514:
5504:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5475:
5472:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5453:
5449:
5448:
5441:
5438:
5432:
5429:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5405:
5402:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5357:
5354:
5349:
5343:
5335:
5331:
5325:
5322:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5272:
5269:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5210:0-582-49491-5
5207:
5203:
5197:
5194:
5183:on 2009-02-09
5182:
5178:
5172:
5169:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5145:
5142:
5126:
5125:
5117:
5114:
5104:
5098:
5095:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5067:
5065:
5061:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5012:
5009:
5003:
5000:
4997:
4990:
4987:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4962:
4959:
4954:
4950:
4947:(6): 061801.
4946:
4942:
4935:
4932:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4908:
4905:
4899:
4896:
4890:
4887:
4881:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4867:
4864:
4859:
4856:
4852:
4847:
4844:
4839:
4833:
4829:
4828:
4820:
4817:
4812:
4806:
4802:
4801:
4793:
4790:
4782:
4775:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4757:
4755:
4751:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4715:
4712:
4707:
4701:
4697:
4690:
4687:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4643:
4640:
4634:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4618:
4617:Thermal wheel
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4506:Cooling tower
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4464:
4455:
4449:
4444:
4435:
4409:
4401:
4392:
4386:
4381:
4372:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4336:
4333:
4329:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4306:
4299:
4296:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4273:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4254:
4251:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4226:
4225:
4205:
4196:
4190:
4185:
4176:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4103:
4100:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4077:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4058:
4055:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4004:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3970:
3965:
3961:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3928:
3919:
3909:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3863:
3858:
3854:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3821:
3812:
3802:
3801:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3774:
3768:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3722:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3644:
3643:
3626:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3595:
3591:
3583:
3567:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3487:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3432:
3422:
3408:
3405:
3399:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3344:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3256:
3252:
3229:
3225:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3205:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3155:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3097:
3093:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2859:
2858:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2772:heat equation
2769:
2750:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2718:
2715:
2709:
2699:
2695:
2683:
2679:
2671:
2670:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2623:
2617:
2607:
2603:
2591:
2587:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2560:
2556:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2503:
2500:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2435:
2434:
2416:
2413:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2258:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2173:
2172:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2082:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2003:
1985:
1981:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1945:heat capacity
1942:
1934:
1932:
1925:
1923:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1905:
1904:Nuclear power
1902:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1884:Refrigeration
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1832:baleen whales
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1802:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1786:
1779:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1650:
1645:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1598:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1576:nickel alloys
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1470:
1465:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1431:Self cleaning
1430:
1428:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1368:United States
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1340:sodium system
1332:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1311:
1306:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1229:cooling coils
1226:
1222:
1221:heating coils
1218:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1202:refrigeration
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1140:microchannels
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1087:Gas spargers
1086:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
995:
992:
988:
985:
982:
979:
977:Gas – Liquid
976:
975:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
958:
955:
953:
952:water cooling
949:
948:water heating
945:
941:
936:
930:
927:
924:
921:
920:
919:
913:
911:
909:
904:
900:
897:
893:
888:
886:
882:
878:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
844:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
801:
793:
786:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
758:
756:
753:
748:
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742:
738:
734:
729:
727:
726:Rankine cycle
722:
720:
709:
706:
698:
688:
684:
680:
674:
673:
669:
664:This section
662:
658:
653:
652:
646:
644:
640:
638:
634:
626:
624:
622:
618:
613:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
588:
585:
584:refrigeration
581:
576:
575:
574:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
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544:
540:
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533:
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523:
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510:
506:
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496:
491:
483:
481:
474:
472:
470:
461:
459:
455:
453:
452:refrigeration
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
424:
416:
408:
403:
395:
393:
392:
390:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
353:
349:
345:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
324:
322:
318:
317:
316:
314:
301:
293:
288:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
259:
257:
253:
249:
244:
240:
236:
233:
230:
227:
224:
221:
218:
211:
209:
207:
203:
198:
187:
182:
175:
170:
166:
159:
154:
152:
150:
146:
142:
137:
133:
132:parallel-flow
124:
117:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
60:refrigeration
57:
56:space heating
53:
52:working fluid
49:
40:
32:
19:
7189:Fireproofing
6973:and services
6969:Professions,
6867:Gas detector
6767:Trickle vent
6742:Smoke damper
6737:Smoke canopy
6732:Space heater
6662:Plenum space
6597:Heating film
6581:
6477:Exhaust hood
6447:Dehumidifier
6387:Blast damper
6382:Barrier pipe
6357:Air purifier
6268:Thermosiphon
6147:Free cooling
6063:Chilled beam
5987:Thermal mass
5972:Stack effect
5957:Particulates
5937:Infiltration
5868:Fundamental
5771:
5763:
5758:
5747:. Retrieved
5742:
5732:
5720:. Retrieved
5709:
5697:. Retrieved
5687:
5657:(1): 35–43.
5654:
5650:
5643:
5629:
5596:
5592:
5586:
5575:. Retrieved
5571:the original
5561:
5536:
5528:
5516:
5506:, retrieved
5484:
5474:
5446:
5440:
5431:
5417:(1): 56–59.
5414:
5410:
5404:
5393:the original
5388:
5376:the original
5371:
5356:
5333:
5324:
5285:
5281:
5271:
5233:(9): 16–19.
5230:
5226:
5216:
5201:
5196:
5185:. Retrieved
5181:the original
5171:
5154:
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5144:
5132:. Retrieved
5123:
5116:
5097:
5085:. Retrieved
5083:(7): 149–151
5080:
5076:
5051:. Retrieved
5046:
5042:
5011:
5002:
4989:
4972:
4968:
4961:
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4889:
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4826:
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4799:
4792:
4781:the original
4728:
4724:
4714:
4695:
4689:
4656:
4652:
4642:
4612:Thermosiphon
4480:
4424:
4025:
3514:
3214:
3210:
3208:
3153:
3084:
2936:
2767:
2765:
2521:
2254:
2080:
2006:
2001:
1940:
1938:
1929:
1920:
1908:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1841:
1838:Carotid rete
1813:
1787:
1783:
1750:
1747:
1735:
1724:
1716:sandblasting
1713:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1669:shear stress
1655:
1632:eddy current
1621:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1601:
1593:
1568:carbon steel
1525:
1517:
1505:
1502:Applications
1493:
1486:
1480:
1475:
1468:
1454:
1434:
1425:
1422:Construction
1404:
1400:tangentially
1388:
1372:
1337:
1325:laminar flow
1315:
1300:Helical-coil
1293:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1228:
1220:
1214:
1210:heater cores
1193:
1189:
1183:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1112:
1109:Microchannel
1033:Liquid flow
937:
934:
922:Gas – liquid
917:
905:
901:
889:
874:
850:Power plants
848:
845:
841:distillation
806:
787:Phase-change
762:
749:
733:refrigerants
730:
723:
716:
701:
692:
677:Please help
665:
641:
630:
627:Pillow plate
614:
611:
606:microchannel
572:
553:
530:
513:
497:
493:
478:
465:
456:
447:
429:
386:
384:
306:
275:
271:
267:
263:
260:
245:
241:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
215:
199:
195:
148:
140:
136:counter-flow
135:
131:
129:
47:
45:
7199:Warm Spaces
6841:Blower door
6819:and control
6817:Measurement
6798:Windcatcher
6772:Trombe wall
6712:Sail switch
6692:Refrigerant
6687:Recuperator
6562:Grease duct
6522:Freeze stat
6507:Fire damper
6377:Back boiler
6347:Air ionizer
6342:Air handler
6306:Ventilation
6158:Hybrid heat
6023:Air barrier
5942:Latent heat
5049:(24): 85–88
4587:Regenerator
4581:Recuperator
1917:In aircraft
1862:In industry
1710:Maintenance
1508:recuperator
1217:refrigerant
777:evaporation
775:processes,
586:condensers.
550:Finned tube
371:intercooler
248:intercooler
7229:Categories
6955:Thermostat
6877:Humidistat
6808:Zone valve
6777:TurboSwing
6652:Oil heater
6622:Humidifier
6552:Gas heater
6502:Fan heater
6472:Evaporator
6457:Economizer
6432:Compressor
6337:Air filter
6320:Components
6137:Forced-air
6033:Antifreeze
6006:Technology
5952:Outgassing
5892:Convection
5749:2022-07-15
5722:3 February
5699:3 February
5577:2019-09-09
5508:2022-04-12
5288:: 100112.
5187:2019-09-09
5103:US 3805890
4635:References
4628:Waste heat
4562:Packed bed
1826:and other
1738:biofouling
1661:impurities
1440:(or fluid
1342:for large
1276:condensate
1237:evaporator
1198:condensers
1192:, or just
1157:heat pumps
926:Immiscible
833:refineries
819:to cool a
817:condensers
771:products,
752:evaporator
695:March 2017
637:bulk tanks
621:heat pipes
617:heat sinks
564:condensers
351:exchanger.
206:NTU method
149:cross-flow
102:coils and
7065:Industry
6914:OpenTherm
6592:Heat pump
6587:Heat pipe
6537:Fume hood
6512:Fireplace
6417:Condenser
6367:Attic fan
6163:Hydronics
5671:1042-0533
5466:500282471
5312:255534598
5304:2666-9129
5255:1543-1851
4745:126162513
4681:125509773
4623:Tube tool
4521:Heat pump
4516:Heat pipe
4459:¯
4450:−
4439:¯
4396:¯
4387:−
4376:¯
4361:γ
4342:−
4265:∫
4200:¯
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4069:∫
3991:−
3983:−
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3884:−
3876:−
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3779:−
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3671:−
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3373:∫
3348:¯
3177:−
3006:γ
2958:γ
2914:−
2836:−
2805:−
2735:−
2719:γ
2707:∂
2692:∂
2643:−
2627:γ
2615:∂
2600:∂
2308:), where
2283:−
2267:γ
2227:−
2211:γ
2145:−
2129:γ
1844:ungulates
1775:In nature
1731:chemicals
1667:Low wall
1634:testing.
1564:aluminium
1521:engineers
1514:Selection
1414:, higher
1241:condenser
1190:air coils
1166:microchip
1096:Gas flow
972:Examples
852:that use
837:reboilers
779:and high-
769:viscosity
666:does not
602:radiators
556:radiators
484:Plate fin
208:is used.
112:heat sink
7172:See also
6897:LonWorks
6831:Aquastat
6697:Register
6677:Radiator
6332:Air door
6132:Firestop
5932:Humidity
5907:Enthalpy
5897:Dilution
5882:Bake-out
5870:concepts
5679:21120884
5342:cite web
5316:Archived
5263:92992840
4866:Archived
4576:Reboiler
4489:See also
1856:cheetahs
1761:EN 13445
1704:biocides
1630:such as
1588:titanium
1442:friction
1408:pressure
1362:and the
1290:furnaces
1272:sensible
1253:DX coils
1251:. Some
1249:DX coils
1049:Gravity
983:Gravity
858:turbines
856:-driven
825:condense
594:soldered
163:Fig. 1:
100:radiator
6971:trades,
6542:Furnace
6407:Chiller
6079:Coolant
5621:9353198
5601:Bibcode
5593:Science
5235:Bibcode
5134:14 July
5087:14 July
5053:14 July
4661:Bibcode
1757:PD 5500
1700:0.9 m/s
1657:Fouling
1644:Fouling
1638:Fouling
1584:polymer
1580:ceramic
1497:outlet.
1396:helical
1312:design)
1243:in the
1233:chiller
1225:boilers
1169:cooling
1081:Forced
1046:Liquid
1018:Forced
960:Phases
870:boilers
781:fouling
745:toluene
737:ammonia
687:removed
672:sources
545:Failure
440:brazing
363:baffles
313:plenums
147:. In a
7124:SMACNA
7084:ASHRAE
6904:(MERV)
6858:(CADR)
6836:BACnet
6789:(ULPA)
6642:Louver
6567:Grille
6442:Damper
6392:Boiler
6290:(VCRS)
6091:(DOAS)
5808:Curlie
5677:
5669:
5619:
5549:
5499:
5464:
5454:
5310:
5302:
5261:
5253:
5208:
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4834:
4807:
4743:
4702:
4679:
4538:(LMTD)
2937:where
2522:where
2079:where
1895:making
1824:whales
1780:Humans
1755:(US);
1586:, and
1560:copper
1412:energy
1392:Spiral
1377:Spiral
1268:latent
1219:. For
1130:, or
813:liquid
598:brazed
505:oxygen
501:helium
436:gasket
387:(See:
143:. See
141:higher
86:, and
7164:(VOC)
7158:(SBS)
7147:(IAQ)
7104:CIBSE
7099:BSRIA
7002:(BIM)
6946:(STP)
6910:(NTP)
6532:Freon
6302:(VRF)
6296:(VAV)
6154:(HRV)
6128:(ERV)
6102:(DCV)
6075:(CAV)
5826:(PDF)
5815:(PDF)
5308:S2CID
5259:S2CID
5128:(PDF)
4784:(PDF)
4777:(PDF)
4741:S2CID
4677:S2CID
1624:tubes
1360:India
1194:coils
1136:fluid
866:steam
864:into
862:water
854:steam
821:vapor
809:phase
396:Plate
212:Types
7119:LEED
7079:AMCA
7074:AHRI
6607:HEPA
6527:Flue
6452:Duct
5724:2009
5701:2009
5675:PMID
5667:ISSN
5617:PMID
5547:ISBN
5497:ISBN
5462:OCLC
5452:ISBN
5348:link
5300:ISSN
5251:ISSN
5206:ISBN
5136:2015
5089:2015
5055:2015
4832:ISBN
4805:ISBN
4700:ISBN
3301:and
3244:and
3213:and
3209:and
2043:and
1893:beer
1891:and
1889:Wine
1820:fish
1769:TEMA
1446:oven
1438:drag
1350:and
1264:must
1206:HVAC
1164:and
1099:Yes
1069:Yes
1036:Yes
1003:Yes
980:Gas
894:and
831:and
823:and
670:any
668:cite
580:HVAC
562:air
560:HVAC
558:and
503:and
444:HVAC
438:and
377:for
254:for
7129:UMC
7114:IIR
7094:BRE
6487:Fan
5806:at
5779:. .
5659:doi
5609:doi
5597:278
5543:587
5489:doi
5419:doi
5290:doi
5243:doi
5227:JOM
5159:doi
5081:102
4977:doi
4949:doi
4945:134
4922:doi
4733:doi
4669:doi
1084:No
1052:No
1021:No
986:No
890:To
681:by
596:or
108:air
104:air
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3044:k
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2998:2
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2920:x
2917:k
2910:e
2903:k
2897:2
2893:k
2889:B
2883:+
2880:A
2877:=
2872:2
2868:T
2842:x
2839:k
2832:e
2825:k
2819:1
2815:k
2811:B
2802:A
2799:=
2794:1
2790:T
2768:x
2751:.
2748:)
2743:2
2739:T
2730:1
2726:T
2722:(
2716:=
2710:x
2700:2
2696:T
2684:2
2680:J
2656:)
2651:1
2647:T
2638:2
2634:T
2630:(
2624:=
2618:x
2608:1
2604:T
2592:1
2588:J
2561:i
2557:j
2549:i
2545:C
2540:=
2535:i
2531:J
2504:x
2501:d
2494:2
2490:T
2486:d
2478:2
2474:J
2470:=
2464:t
2461:d
2454:2
2450:u
2446:d
2417:x
2414:d
2407:1
2403:T
2399:d
2391:1
2387:J
2383:=
2377:t
2374:d
2367:1
2363:u
2359:d
2332:)
2329:x
2326:(
2321:i
2317:u
2296:)
2291:2
2287:T
2278:1
2274:T
2270:(
2240:)
2235:2
2231:T
2222:1
2218:T
2214:(
2208:=
2202:t
2199:d
2192:2
2188:u
2184:d
2158:)
2153:1
2149:T
2140:2
2136:T
2132:(
2126:=
2120:t
2117:d
2110:1
2106:u
2102:d
2081:x
2067:)
2064:x
2061:(
2056:2
2052:T
2031:)
2028:x
2025:(
2020:1
2016:T
2002:i
1986:i
1982:j
1959:i
1955:C
1941:L
1814:"
1590:.
708:)
702:(
697:)
693:(
689:.
675:.
20:)
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