95:
38:
1837:
1542:
2652:
1716:
1384:
702:
277:
268:) is by definition equal to the enthalpy of vaporization with the opposite sign: enthalpy changes of vaporization are always positive (heat is absorbed by the substance), whereas enthalpy changes of condensation are always negative (heat is released by the substance).
594:
These two definitions are equivalent: the boiling point is the temperature at which the increased entropy of the gas phase overcomes the intermolecular forces. As a given quantity of matter always has a higher entropy in the gas phase than in a condensed phase
566:
2454:
Ge, Xinlei; Wang, Xidong (2009). "Calculations of
Freezing Point Depression, Boiling Point Elevation, Vapor Pressure and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Electrolyte Solutions by a Modified Three-Characteristic Parameter Correlation Model".
375:
688:
Estimation of the enthalpy of vaporization of electrolyte solutions can be simply carried out using equations based on the chemical thermodynamic models, such as Pitzer model or TCPC model.
575:
vary greatly with temperature, it is normal to use the tabulated standard values without any correction for the difference in temperature from 298 K. A correction must be made if the
670:
384:
of the vapor phase compared with the liquid phase, plus the work done against ambient pressure. The increase in the internal energy can be viewed as the energy required to overcome the
483:
623:
2560:
416:, and its enthalpy of vaporization, 40.65 kJ/mol, is more than five times the energy required to heat the same quantity of water from 0 °C to 100 °C (
2589:
452:
An alternative description is to view the enthalpy of condensation as the heat which must be released to the surroundings to compensate for the drop in
719:
193:
The heat of vaporization is temperature-dependent, though a constant heat of vaporization can be assumed for small temperature ranges and for
2544:
2520:
321:
59:
94:
741:
81:
2373:
2856:
2926:
2851:
2582:
723:
244:, or kJ/mol (molar enthalpy of vaporization), although kJ/kg, or J/g (specific heat of vaporization), and older units like
206:. The heat of vaporization diminishes with increasing temperature and it vanishes completely at a certain point called the
3038:
2866:
2921:
2666:
3048:
2423:"Estimation of Freezing Point Depression, Boiling Point Elevation, and Vaporization Enthalpies of Electrolyte Solutions"
429:
the strength of intermolecular forces, as these forces may persist to an extent in the gas phase (as is the case with
52:
46:
712:
2575:
631:
680:
change falls with increasing temperature: gases are favored at higher temperatures, as is observed in practice.
561:{\displaystyle \Delta _{\text{v}}S=S_{\text{gas}}-S_{\text{liquid}}={\frac {\Delta _{\text{v}}H}{T_{\text{b}}}}}
63:
3073:
2602:
2967:
2390:
442:
389:
2727:
2007:, which exploits the increased reactivity of metal atoms or small particles relative to the bulk elements.
2992:
2982:
2732:
868:
598:
2004:
877:
2015:
Enthalpies of vaporization of common substances, measured at their respective standard boiling points:
2911:
2671:
779:
457:
249:
207:
179:
2886:
2778:
2768:
2681:
2636:
2344:
397:
291:
atm pressure, showing discontinuities at the melting and boiling points. The enthalpy of melting (Δ
225:
194:
187:
425: = 75.3 J/K·mol). Care must be taken, however, when using enthalpies of vaporization to
3033:
2962:
2796:
2554:
2480:
2384:
2378:
2042:
3094:
3063:
3058:
3028:
2987:
2876:
2828:
2813:
2706:
2676:
2540:
2516:
2472:
2398:, estimation of the heat of vaporization at the normal boiling point from molecular structures
2234:
1461:
677:
468:
430:
3018:
2641:
2464:
2434:
1519:
1361:
1208:
1055:
982:
909:
884:
831:
826:
821:
409:
156:
276:
3008:
2861:
2598:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
588:
381:
2806:
2801:
2758:
2691:
2686:
2505:
846:
118:
583:, as the entropy of a gas is proportional to its pressure (or, more precisely, to its
3088:
3043:
3023:
2946:
2906:
2841:
2773:
2696:
2395:
2141:
1557:
580:
438:
434:
417:
413:
385:
2484:
3068:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2896:
2846:
2763:
2189:
1858:
1737:
1617:
841:
774:
168:
17:
2977:
2871:
2783:
2651:
2401:
1950:
1930:
1920:
1677:
1637:
1627:
836:
701:
446:
241:
172:
2916:
2891:
2818:
2788:
2722:
2701:
2468:
1793:
1777:
1753:
1687:
1607:
1577:
1547:
1263:
1255:
1021:
182:
of the substance. Although tabulated values are usually corrected to 298
2515:(8., völlig neu bearb. Aufl. ed.). Berlin : Springer. pp. 116–117.
2476:
2322:
2075:
1910:
1890:
1882:
1874:
1825:
1745:
1721:
1697:
1667:
1657:
1335:
1287:
1271:
1239:
1221:
1166:
1110:
1060:
1005:
995:
922:
861:
851:
396:
has a particularly low enthalpy of vaporization, 0.0845 kJ/mol, as the
2567:
3053:
2881:
2278:
2185:
1960:
1842:
1769:
1761:
1647:
1524:
1501:
1493:
1469:
1445:
1413:
1405:
1389:
1327:
1213:
1182:
1102:
1094:
1086:
1078:
1037:
964:
948:
889:
584:
576:
572:
405:
164:
148:
103:
3013:
2901:
2836:
2753:
2748:
2300:
2256:
2163:
2097:
2053:
1979:
Enthalpy in kJ/mol, measured at their respective normal boiling points
1940:
1866:
1850:
1817:
1801:
1785:
1597:
1587:
1567:
1485:
1437:
1421:
1397:
1366:
1303:
1279:
1247:
1231:
1198:
1190:
1174:
1158:
1068:
1013:
914:
856:
726: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
453:
437:
will be too low. This is particularly true of metals, which often form
370:{\displaystyle \Delta H_{\text{vap}}=\Delta U_{\text{vap}}+p\,\Delta V}
245:
111:
107:
2439:
2422:
2622:
2529:
2119:
1900:
1809:
1729:
1532:
1429:
1374:
1343:
1311:
1295:
1142:
1134:
1126:
1029:
987:
956:
940:
899:
393:
183:
152:
2631:
2617:
2381:, describes the temperature dependence of the heat of vaporization
1509:
1351:
1045:
932:
275:
237:
221:
99:
27:
Energy to convert a liquid substance to a gas at a given pressure
2212:
1477:
1453:
1150:
1118:
972:
401:
2571:
456:
when a gas condenses to a liquid. As the liquid and gas are in
2627:
1319:
695:
587:): the entropies of liquids vary little with pressure, as the
160:
31:
224:
phases are indistinguishable, and the substance is called a
2535:
Young, Francis W. Sears, Mark W. Zemansky, Hugh D. (1982).
760:
98:
Temperature-dependency of the heats of vaporization for
634:
601:
486:
324:
178:
The enthalpy of vaporization is often quoted for the
163:. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the
3001:
2955:
2827:
2741:
2715:
2659:
2610:
664:
617:
560:
369:
220:). Above the critical temperature, the liquid and
2539:(6th ed.). Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
441:molecules in the gas phase: in these cases, the
315:The enthalpy of vaporization can be written as
2513:Gmelin-Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie / 08 a
2427:Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research
684:Vaporization enthalpy of electrolyte solutions
404:are particularly weak. On the other hand, the
2583:
167:and temperature at which the transformation (
8:
2559:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2003:The vaporization of metals is a key step in
186:, that correction is often smaller than the
1460:
665:{\displaystyle \Delta G=\Delta H-T\Delta S}
445:must be used to obtain a true value of the
252:/lb are sometimes still used among others.
2590:
2576:
2568:
2017:
299:J/mol, and the enthalpy of vaporization (Δ
2438:
742:Learn how and when to remove this message
633:
606:
600:
550:
536:
529:
520:
507:
491:
485:
360:
348:
332:
323:
82:Learn how and when to remove this message
2421:Ge, Xinlei; Wang, Xidong (20 May 2009).
388:in the liquid (or solid, in the case of
93:
45:This article includes a list of general
2413:
1556:
412:are held together by relatively strong
2552:
1857:
1736:
1616:
433:), and so the calculated value of the
1949:
1929:
1919:
1676:
1636:
1626:
7:
2506:CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics
1792:
1776:
1752:
1686:
1606:
1576:
1546:
1262:
1254:
724:adding citations to reliable sources
159:a quantity of that substance into a
1909:
1889:
1881:
1873:
1824:
1744:
1720:
1696:
1666:
1656:
1334:
1286:
1270:
1238:
1220:
1165:
1109:
1020:
1004:
994:
921:
618:{\displaystyle \Delta _{\text{v}}S}
2024:Boiling point, at normal pressure
1959:
1841:
1768:
1760:
1646:
1523:
1500:
1492:
1468:
1444:
1404:
1388:
1326:
1212:
1181:
1101:
1085:
1077:
1059:
1036:
656:
644:
635:
603:
533:
488:
361:
341:
325:
51:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1939:
1849:
1816:
1800:
1784:
1596:
1586:
1566:
1484:
1436:
1420:
1412:
1396:
1365:
1302:
1278:
1246:
1197:
1189:
1173:
1157:
1093:
1067:
1012:
963:
947:
913:
888:
2650:
1899:
1865:
1835:
1808:
1728:
1714:
1540:
1531:
1428:
1382:
1373:
1310:
1294:
1230:
1141:
1133:
1125:
986:
898:
700:
477: = 0, which leads to:
36:
1508:
1350:
1342:
1044:
1028:
955:
939:
711:needs additional citations for
1476:
1452:
1149:
1117:
971:
931:
625:is always positive), and from
1:
3039:Macroscopic quantum phenomena
2457:Journal of Solution Chemistry
1318:
380:It is equal to the increased
236:Values are usually quoted in
3049:Order and disorder (physics)
2374:Clausius–Clapeyron relation
579:is different from 100
386:intermolecular interactions
147:, is the amount of energy (
3111:
2387:, specific heat of melting
1978:
1002:
929:
896:
765:Enthalpies of vaporization
763:
180:normal boiling temperature
151:) that must be added to a
2648:
2469:10.1007/s10953-009-9433-0
2026:
2023:
2020:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1834:
1713:
875:
867:
3074:Thermo-dielectric effect
2973:Enthalpy of vaporization
2667:Bose–Einstein condensate
2511:Gmelin, Leopold (1985).
272:Thermodynamic background
262:enthalpy of condensation
256:Enthalpy of condensation
123:enthalpy of vaporization
2968:Enthalpy of sublimation
2391:Enthalpy of sublimation
2011:Other common substances
571:As neither entropy nor
443:enthalpy of atomization
190:in the measured value.
66:more precise citations.
2983:Latent internal energy
2733:Color-glass condensate
2530:NIST Chemistry WebBook
666:
619:
591:of a liquid is small.
562:
460:at the boiling point (
371:
312:
281:Molar enthalpy of zinc
135:), also known as the (
114:
2793:Magnetically ordered
2027:Heat of vaporization
2005:metal vapor synthesis
1992:100–300 kJ/mol
667:
620:
563:
372:
279:
97:
2672:Fermionic condensate
1989:10–100 kJ/mol
720:improve this article
632:
599:
484:
398:van der Waals forces
322:
266:heat of condensation
208:critical temperature
141:heat of vaporization
2887:Chemical ionization
2779:Programmable matter
2769:Quantum spin liquid
2637:Supercritical fluid
295:°m) of zinc is 7323
226:supercritical fluid
195:Reduced temperature
145:heat of evaporation
18:Heat of evaporation
3034:Leidenfrost effect
2963:Enthalpy of fusion
2728:Quark–gluon plasma
2537:University physics
2385:Enthalpy of fusion
2379:Shimansky equation
1986:0–10 kJ/mol
662:
615:
558:
367:
313:
115:
3082:
3081:
3064:Superheated vapor
3059:Superconductivity
3029:Equation of state
2877:Flash evaporation
2829:Phase transitions
2814:String-net liquid
2707:Photonic molecule
2677:Degenerate matter
2546:978-0-201-07199-3
2522:978-3-540-93516-2
2440:10.1021/ie900434h
2365:
2364:
2235:Isopropyl alcohol
1999:
1998:
752:
751:
744:
678:Gibbs free energy
609:
556:
553:
539:
523:
510:
494:
439:covalently bonded
431:hydrogen fluoride
351:
335:
92:
91:
84:
16:(Redirected from
3102:
3019:Compressed fluid
2654:
2599:States of matter
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2585:
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2558:
2550:
2526:
2498:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2463:(9): 1097–1117.
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2445:
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2442:
2418:
2018:
1963:
1953:
1943:
1933:
1923:
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1903:
1893:
1885:
1877:
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1861:
1853:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1828:
1820:
1812:
1804:
1796:
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1780:
1772:
1764:
1756:
1748:
1740:
1732:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1700:
1690:
1680:
1670:
1660:
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1640:
1630:
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1610:
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1590:
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1560:
1550:
1544:
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1535:
1527:
1512:
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1472:
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1456:
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1440:
1432:
1424:
1416:
1408:
1400:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1377:
1369:
1354:
1346:
1338:
1330:
1322:
1314:
1306:
1298:
1290:
1282:
1274:
1266:
1258:
1250:
1242:
1234:
1224:
1216:
1201:
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1185:
1177:
1169:
1161:
1153:
1145:
1137:
1129:
1121:
1113:
1105:
1097:
1089:
1081:
1071:
1063:
1048:
1040:
1032:
1024:
1016:
1008:
998:
990:
975:
967:
959:
951:
943:
935:
925:
917:
902:
892:
767:of the elements
761:
747:
740:
736:
733:
727:
704:
696:
671:
669:
668:
663:
624:
622:
621:
616:
611:
610:
607:
567:
565:
564:
559:
557:
555:
554:
551:
545:
541:
540:
537:
530:
525:
524:
521:
512:
511:
508:
496:
495:
492:
376:
374:
373:
368:
353:
352:
349:
337:
336:
333:
310:
308:
298:
290:
286:
248:/mol, cal/g and
219:
205:
134:
87:
80:
76:
73:
67:
62:this article by
53:inline citations
40:
39:
32:
21:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3009:Baryonic matter
2997:
2951:
2922:Saturated fluid
2862:Crystallization
2823:
2797:Antiferromagnet
2737:
2711:
2655:
2646:
2606:
2596:
2551:
2547:
2534:
2523:
2510:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2370:
2013:
2001:
2000:
1995:>300 kJ/mol
1961:
1951:
1941:
1931:
1921:
1911:
1901:
1891:
1883:
1875:
1867:
1859:
1851:
1843:
1836:
1826:
1818:
1810:
1802:
1794:
1786:
1778:
1770:
1762:
1754:
1746:
1738:
1730:
1722:
1715:
1709:
1698:
1688:
1678:
1668:
1658:
1648:
1638:
1628:
1618:
1608:
1598:
1588:
1578:
1568:
1558:
1548:
1541:
1533:
1525:
1510:
1502:
1494:
1486:
1478:
1470:
1462:
1454:
1446:
1438:
1430:
1422:
1414:
1406:
1398:
1390:
1383:
1375:
1367:
1352:
1344:
1336:
1328:
1320:
1312:
1304:
1296:
1288:
1280:
1272:
1264:
1256:
1248:
1240:
1232:
1222:
1214:
1199:
1191:
1183:
1175:
1167:
1159:
1151:
1143:
1135:
1127:
1119:
1111:
1103:
1095:
1087:
1079:
1069:
1061:
1046:
1038:
1030:
1022:
1014:
1006:
996:
988:
973:
965:
957:
949:
941:
933:
923:
915:
900:
890:
757:
748:
737:
731:
728:
717:
705:
694:
692:Selected values
686:
630:
629:
602:
597:
596:
589:compressibility
546:
532:
531:
516:
503:
487:
482:
481:
472:
466:
423:
400:between helium
382:internal energy
344:
328:
320:
319:
306:
304:
296:
288:
284:
274:
258:
234:
216:
211:
202:
197:
175:) takes place.
133:
126:
88:
77:
71:
68:
58:Please help to
57:
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3108:
3106:
3098:
3097:
3087:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2988:Trouton's rule
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2857:Critical point
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2833:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2759:Liquid crystal
2756:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2692:Strange matter
2689:
2687:Rydberg matter
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2625:
2620:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2545:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2508:
2500:
2499:
2490:
2446:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2376:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2012:
2009:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1958:
1948:
1938:
1928:
1918:
1908:
1898:
1888:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1856:
1848:
1840:
1832:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1807:
1799:
1791:
1783:
1775:
1767:
1759:
1751:
1743:
1735:
1727:
1719:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1695:
1685:
1675:
1665:
1655:
1645:
1635:
1625:
1615:
1605:
1595:
1585:
1575:
1565:
1555:
1545:
1538:
1530:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1507:
1499:
1491:
1483:
1475:
1467:
1459:
1451:
1443:
1435:
1427:
1419:
1411:
1403:
1395:
1387:
1380:
1372:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1349:
1341:
1333:
1325:
1317:
1309:
1301:
1293:
1285:
1277:
1269:
1261:
1253:
1245:
1237:
1229:
1227:
1219:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1196:
1188:
1180:
1172:
1164:
1156:
1148:
1140:
1132:
1124:
1116:
1108:
1100:
1092:
1084:
1076:
1074:
1066:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1043:
1035:
1027:
1019:
1011:
1003:
1001:
993:
985:
979:
978:
970:
962:
954:
946:
938:
930:
928:
920:
912:
906:
905:
897:
895:
887:
881:
880:
873:
872:
871: →
865:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
782:
777:
772:
769:
768:
759:
758:
756:
753:
750:
749:
732:September 2018
708:
706:
699:
693:
690:
685:
682:
674:
673:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
614:
605:
569:
568:
549:
544:
535:
528:
519:
515:
506:
502:
499:
490:
470:
464:
421:
414:hydrogen bonds
378:
377:
366:
363:
359:
356:
347:
343:
340:
331:
327:
273:
270:
257:
254:
233:
230:
214:
200:
131:
119:thermodynamics
90:
89:
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3107:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3044:Mpemba effect
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3024:Cooling curve
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2947:Vitrification
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2912:Recombination
2910:
2908:
2907:Melting point
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2852:Critical line
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2842:Boiling point
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2774:Exotic matter
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2588:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2562:
2556:
2548:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2494:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2450:
2447:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2414:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2396:Joback method
2394:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2142:Diethyl ether
2140:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2019:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1983:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1957:
1954:
1947:
1944:
1937:
1934:
1927:
1924:
1917:
1914:
1907:
1904:
1897:
1894:
1886:
1878:
1870:
1862:
1854:
1846:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1813:
1805:
1797:
1789:
1781:
1773:
1765:
1757:
1749:
1741:
1733:
1725:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1694:
1691:
1684:
1681:
1674:
1671:
1664:
1661:
1654:
1651:
1644:
1641:
1634:
1631:
1624:
1621:
1614:
1611:
1604:
1601:
1594:
1591:
1584:
1581:
1574:
1571:
1564:
1561:
1554:
1551:
1539:
1536:
1528:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1497:
1489:
1481:
1473:
1465:
1457:
1449:
1441:
1433:
1425:
1417:
1409:
1401:
1393:
1381:
1378:
1370:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1339:
1331:
1323:
1315:
1307:
1299:
1291:
1283:
1275:
1267:
1259:
1251:
1243:
1235:
1228:
1225:
1217:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1194:
1186:
1178:
1170:
1162:
1154:
1146:
1138:
1130:
1122:
1114:
1106:
1098:
1090:
1082:
1075:
1072:
1064:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1033:
1025:
1017:
1009:
999:
991:
984:
981:
980:
976:
968:
960:
952:
944:
936:
926:
918:
911:
908:
907:
903:
893:
886:
883:
882:
879:
874:
870:
866:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
770:
766:
762:
754:
746:
743:
735:
725:
721:
715:
714:
709:This section
707:
703:
698:
697:
691:
689:
683:
681:
679:
659:
653:
650:
647:
641:
638:
628:
627:
626:
612:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
547:
542:
526:
517:
513:
504:
500:
497:
480:
479:
478:
476:
475:
463:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
435:bond strength
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
364:
357:
354:
345:
338:
329:
318:
317:
316:
302:
294:
282:
278:
271:
269:
267:
263:
255:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
231:
229:
227:
223:
217:
209:
203:
196:
191:
189:
185:
181:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
155:substance to
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
130:
124:
120:
113:
109:
105:
101:
96:
86:
83:
75:
65:
61:
55:
54:
48:
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
3069:Superheating
2972:
2942:Vaporization
2937:Triple point
2932:Supercooling
2897:Lambda point
2847:Condensation
2764:Time crystal
2742:Other states
2682:Quantum Hall
2536:
2512:
2493:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2433:(10): 5123.
2430:
2426:
2416:
2190:parahydrogen
2014:
2002:
1965:
1955:
1945:
1935:
1925:
1915:
1905:
1895:
1702:
1692:
1682:
1672:
1662:
1652:
1642:
1632:
1622:
1612:
1602:
1592:
1582:
1572:
1562:
1552:
764:
738:
729:
718:Please help
713:verification
710:
687:
675:
593:
570:
473:
461:
451:
426:
418:
379:
314:
300:
292:
283:above 298.15
280:
265:
261:
259:
235:
212:
198:
192:
177:
169:vaporization
144:
140:
136:
128:
122:
116:
78:
69:
50:
29:
2978:Latent heat
2927:Sublimation
2872:Evaporation
2807:Ferromagnet
2802:Ferrimagnet
2784:Dark matter
2716:High energy
2402:Latent heat
458:equilibrium
447:bond energy
390:sublimation
309: J/mol
188:uncertainty
173:evaporation
64:introducing
2993:Volatility
2956:Quantities
2917:Regelation
2892:Ionization
2867:Deposition
2819:Superglass
2789:Antimatter
2723:QCD matter
2702:Supersolid
2697:Superfluid
2660:Low energy
2408:References
408:in liquid
287:K and at 1
72:March 2016
47:references
2555:cite book
2477:0095-9782
2323:Phosphine
2201:−423.182
2076:Aluminium
2021:Compound
657:Δ
651:−
645:Δ
636:Δ
604:Δ
534:Δ
514:−
489:Δ
406:molecules
392:). Hence
362:Δ
342:Δ
326:Δ
157:transform
3095:Enthalpy
3089:Category
3054:Spinodal
3002:Concepts
2882:Freezing
2485:96186176
2368:See also
2279:Methanol
2198:−252.879
2186:Hydrogen
755:Elements
585:fugacity
577:pressure
573:enthalpy
165:pressure
149:enthalpy
125:(symbol
104:methanol
3014:Binodal
2902:Melting
2837:Boiling
2754:Crystal
2749:Colloid
2301:Propane
2257:Methane
2204:0.8992
2164:Ethanol
2124:272–274
2098:Ammonia
2067:31.300
2054:Acetone
1972:
876:↓
454:entropy
427:measure
303:°v) is
112:acetone
108:benzene
60:improve
2642:Plasma
2623:Liquid
2543:
2519:
2483:
2475:
2358:40.66
2349:373.15
2339:429.4
2273:480.6
2270:8.170
2251:732.2
2207:446.1
2195:20.271
2158:353.1
2155:26.17
2130:30–34
2120:Butane
2111:23.35
2105:−33.34
2092:10500
2089:294.0
2070:538.9
2048:(J/g)
2043:kJ/mol
878:Period
522:liquid
394:helium
297:
289:
285:
153:liquid
137:latent
121:, the
110:, and
49:, but
2632:Vapor
2618:Solid
2611:State
2481:S2CID
2361:2257
2345:Water
2336:14.6
2333:−126
2330:−87.7
2314:15.7
2295:1104
2292:35.2
2267:−259
2229:6090
2223:5182
2177:38.6
2171:78.37
2152:94.3
2146:307.8
2133:21.0
2114:1371
2086:4566
2038:(°F)
2035:(°C)
1514:18.1
1506:54.4
1466:59.1
1371:63.9
1356:12.6
1348:41.6
1308:99.9
1218:75.8
1203:9.08
1195:30.0
1187:95.5
1179:32.4
1065:76.9
1050:6.53
1042:20.4
1026:12.4
992:97.4
977:1.71
969:6.62
961:6.82
953:5.57
904:0.08
894:0.90
869:Group
410:water
402:atoms
232:Units
222:vapor
100:water
2603:list
2561:link
2541:ISBN
2517:ISBN
2497:NIST
2473:ISSN
2355:212
2317:356
2311:−44
2289:148
2286:64.7
2264:−161
2245:181
2242:82.6
2226:340
2220:2862
2217:3134
2213:Iron
2180:841
2174:173
2149:34.6
2136:320
2108:−28
2083:2519
2080:2792
2064:133
2032:(K)
1887:333
1879:336
1871:417
1863:481
1855:514
1847:400
1830:129
1822:191
1814:280
1806:251
1798:280
1790:391
1782:301
1774:176
1766:172
1758:289
1750:289
1742:331
1734:398
1726:400
1537:113
1498:103
1490:179
1482:179
1474:165
1458:342
1450:510
1442:564
1434:678
1426:704
1418:807
1410:733
1402:648
1394:414
1379:140
1340:114
1332:193
1324:296
1316:232
1300:254
1292:358
1284:494
1276:619
1268:585
1260:617
1252:690
1244:573
1236:390
1226:141
1171:334
1163:256
1155:115
1147:300
1139:379
1131:377
1123:340
1115:221
1107:339
1099:444
1091:425
1083:333
1073:155
1018:359
1010:284
1000:128
945:715
937:508
927:292
919:136
676:the
264:(or
260:The
246:kcal
2628:Gas
2465:doi
2435:doi
2352:100
2327:185
2308:−42
2305:231
2283:338
2261:112
2248:44
2239:356
2168:352
2102:240
2058:329
1966:n/a
1956:n/a
1946:n/a
1936:n/a
1926:n/a
1916:n/a
1906:n/a
1896:n/a
1703:n/a
1693:n/a
1683:n/a
1673:n/a
1663:n/a
1653:n/a
1643:n/a
1633:n/a
1623:n/a
1613:n/a
1603:n/a
1593:n/a
1583:n/a
1573:n/a
1563:n/a
1553:n/a
1529:65
1034:45
722:by
581:kPa
509:gas
467:),
350:vap
334:vap
307:330
305:115
250:Btu
242:mol
218:= 1
204:≪ 1
171:or
161:gas
143:or
132:vap
117:In
3091::
2630:/
2557:}}
2553:{{
2479:.
2471:.
2461:38
2459:.
2431:48
2429:.
2425:.
2192:)
2127:−1
2061:56
2045:)
1962:No
1952:Md
1942:Fm
1932:Es
1922:Cf
1912:Bk
1902:Cm
1892:Am
1884:Pu
1876:Np
1860:Pa
1852:Th
1844:Ac
1827:Yb
1819:Tm
1811:Er
1803:Ho
1795:Dy
1787:Tb
1779:Gd
1771:Eu
1763:Sm
1755:Pm
1747:Nd
1739:Pr
1731:Ce
1723:La
1699:Og
1689:Ts
1679:Lv
1669:Mc
1659:Fl
1649:Nh
1639:Cn
1629:Rg
1619:Ds
1609:Mt
1599:Hs
1589:Bh
1579:Sg
1569:Db
1559:Rf
1549:Lr
1534:Ra
1526:Fr
1511:Rn
1503:At
1495:Po
1487:Bi
1479:Pb
1471:Tl
1463:Hg
1455:Au
1447:Pt
1439:Ir
1431:Os
1423:Re
1407:Ta
1399:Hf
1391:Lu
1376:Ba
1368:Cs
1353:Xe
1337:Te
1329:Sb
1321:Sn
1313:In
1305:Cd
1297:Ag
1289:Pd
1281:Rh
1273:Ru
1265:Tc
1257:Mo
1249:Nb
1241:Zr
1223:Sr
1215:Rb
1200:Kr
1192:Br
1184:Se
1176:As
1168:Ge
1160:Ga
1152:Zn
1144:Cu
1136:Ni
1128:Co
1120:Fe
1112:Mn
1104:Cr
1088:Ti
1080:Sc
1070:Ca
1047:Ar
1039:Cl
1015:Si
1007:Al
997:Mg
989:Na
974:Ne
924:Be
916:Li
901:He
862:18
857:17
852:16
847:15
842:14
837:13
832:12
827:11
822:10
449:.
228:.
139:)
106:,
102:,
2605:)
2601:(
2591:e
2584:t
2577:v
2563:)
2549:.
2525:.
2487:.
2467::
2443:.
2437::
2188:(
2041:(
1868:U
1520:7
1415:W
1362:6
1345:I
1233:Y
1209:5
1096:V
1062:K
1056:4
1031:S
1023:P
983:3
966:F
958:O
950:N
942:C
934:B
910:2
891:H
885:1
817:9
812:8
807:7
802:6
797:5
792:4
787:3
780:2
775:1
745:)
739:(
734:)
730:(
716:.
672:,
660:S
654:T
648:H
642:=
639:G
613:S
608:v
595:(
552:b
548:T
543:H
538:v
527:=
518:S
505:S
501:=
498:S
493:v
474:G
471:v
469:Δ
465:b
462:T
422:p
419:c
365:V
358:p
355:+
346:U
339:=
330:H
311:.
301:H
293:H
240:/
238:J
215:r
213:T
210:(
201:r
199:T
184:K
129:H
127:∆
85:)
79:(
74:)
70:(
56:.
20:)
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