475:) were keen to preserve his cover and therefore enabled him to provide plenty of credible intelligence to his West German handlers. Subsequently declassified CIA analysis outlines four elaborate operations undertaken in the early 1950s by Soviet Intelligence, under the codes names "Balthasar", "Lena", "Lilli Marlen" and "Busch", designed to support Felfe's usefulness and credibility in the eyes of his West German bosses. According to Reinhard Gehlen's own memoirs, published in 1971, Felfe had provided an abundance of intelligence nuggets to close confidants of the West German intelligence chief. Within the West German service, Felfe rose rapidly to the relatively senior rank of
581:
those who judged the intelligence that Felfe obtained too good to be true. On the other hand, right up till his unmasking in
November 1961 Felfe retained the stubborn backing of the agency's powerful chief, Reinhard Gehlen, who is on record with his appreciation of the quality of Felfe's intelligence. There are also suggestions in retrospective intelligence analyses that the sheer extent to which West German intelligence was penetrated by the Soviets during the 1950s may have meant that there were more senior people in it ready to protect Felfe than will ever become public.
547:. Subsequent CIA analysis notes that following his arrest Felfe was open and cooperative on questions to which his interrogators already knew the answers, but in contrast to other more garrulous agents unmasked and quizzed at around the same time, he took care not to disclose matters on which he judged his interrogators were not already well informed. The totality of his damage done must have far exceeded that which has yet come to light: nevertheless, when his apartment was searched more than 300 microfilms containing 15,660 images were found, along with 20 audio tapes.
1254:
1262:
650:. The manuscript had been reviewed by Felfe's former employers in the KGB, and during a press interview he gave the estimate that perhaps 10-15% of what he had written had been removed at their request, while their acceptance of certain other passages had surprised him. At the book launch in East Berlin he stressed his (Federal) German nationality (which after
310:), Felfe stated that he had been "an ardent Nazi". This was nothing more than the British could have determined for themselves by rummaging through the relevant German records, but the egotistical candor of his assertion was sufficiently unusual for the British to flag it in their own files as well as in the record of the interrogation passed along to the
351:, a former colleague from their days in German Intelligence. By this time, however, Felfe had already been supplying Clemens with information for the Soviets. Both Felfe and Clemens were from Dresden: the recruitment of both men was directed by the KGB office in Dresden. Later CIA reports noted that during the years directly following the
667:. The intelligence services lost the confidence of the political establishment domestically and of the intelligence services of other countries, notably the United States, which now became much more cautious about information sharing. Even more damaging was the destruction of trust within the Bundesnachrichtendienst itself.
479:. In the end, either by 1955 or 1958, he became the agency's head (or deputy head) of counter-espionage against the Soviets. His status within the service and the confidence of his senior colleagues enabled Felfe's free access to many of the secret files held by the federal government and, notably, its foreign ministry.
623:, who in 1968 had taken over from Gehlen as head of West German Intelligence. The number of political detainees exchanged for him and the extent of the pressure the Soviets were willing to apply through their East German proxies in support of Felfe's release testify to his importance in the eyes of Soviet intelligence.
564:
for help in recreating an espionage network in
Eastern Europe, and the extent to which West German intelligence had been penetrated by Soviet agents during the postwar years became clear, the CIA's attitude to West German intelligence would become less congratulatory. Elsewhere in the US intelligence
504:
After his arrest in 1961, the court found that during ten years as an active double agent Felfe had photographed more than 15,000 secret documents and transmitted countless messages by radio, or using one of his personal contacts. He later recalled that he had been able to pass his handlers plans (in
416:
between the two German states later became famously fortified, but through the later 1940s and early 1950s large numbers of people moved with little impediment from East
Germany to West Germany. Inevitably some of those making the crossing would turn out to have been sent across to gather information
448:
which would replace it in 1956. The West
Germans were evidently not aware in any sufficient detail of the circumstances that had led the British security services to dispense with Felfe's service back in April 1950. Initial contacts between Felfe and the Gehlen Organisation had been choreographed by
580:
It was later pointed out that both the US and West German intelligence services should have been led to Felfe much sooner, for instance on account of a lifestyle more lavish than could easily be explained by his income as an employee of the West German
Intelligence services. Looking back there were
532:
and other intelligence services. From the West German perspective, however, his treachery inflicted serious damage. He betrayed the leadership of the
Federal Intelligence Service. Copies of Intelligence Service reports prepared for the Chancellor's office were shared with the Russians. He gave the
607:
Still aged only 51, Felfe was nevertheless released on 14 February 1969 in exchange for 21 (mostly political) prisoners including three West German students from
Heidelberg – Walter Naumann, Peter Sonntag and Volker Schaffhauser – who had been convicted in the Soviet
355:
the
Soviets had systematically targeted former agents of the Nazi Intelligence services, and that they had particular success in recruiting people from Dresden because of bitterness against the British and Americans resulting from the very high level of civilian deaths and suffering caused by the
346:
At some point between 1949 and 1951 he was indeed recruited to work for Soviet intelligence. Subsequent CIA reconstructions of the narrative indicate that he might have been working less formally for the
Soviets from 1948 or earlier. However, Felfe is believed to have become a "full blown" Soviet
482:
He later claimed that he had been heading up a West German spy ring in Moscow from as early as 1953 and that information passed to the West from that exercise had included the secret minutes from meetings of the (East German) ruling party's central committee, featuring alleged criticisms of
573:(from 1956 the BND): the CIC were already, in 1953, including Felfe on a list of potential defectors, but the available indications are that the CIC never shared their doubts with the CIA which was in some ways a rival operation. In the end it was a Soviet defector, a KGB major called
1178:). At the same time, his book devotes only three pages (p.296 et seq) to the matter of Heinz Felfe himself. Allied intelligence agencies, notably the CIA, had gone out of their way to congratulate him, since they themselves had not at this point uncovered Felfe's work for the Soviets.
470:
Felfe rose quickly through the ranks of the West German intelligence service. After his arrest in
November 1961 it would be established that as a double agent his over-riding loyalty was to Soviet intelligence, but along the way the Soviet KGB and GRU (Main Intelligence Directorate /
265:) and, in December 1944, transferred to the Netherlands with a mandate to organise subversive groups behind what was now becoming the allied front line. On 8 March 1945, Felfe allegedly participated in the mass executions of 263 hostages in reprisal for the assassination attempt on
592:, the man who had played such a prominent role in Felfe's recruitment into both the Soviet and the West German Intelligence Services. Clemens and Felfe admitted to having passed 15,000 classified documents to the Soviets. Clemens received a 10-years sentence for treason.
449:
the very same Hans Clemens who had facilitated Felfe's recruitment by the Soviet Intelligence agency. Felfe's code name in his work for the West German agency was "Friesen". Many years later an angry fellow former West German intelligence officer testified that
654:
would become the nationality of Germans on both sides of the former inner German border). After 1990 this was reported to have caused some irritation among a nostalgic element who still treasured the memory of the defiantly separate German Democratic Republic.
367:
Felfe's Soviet handlers used for him the code name "Paul". Meanwhile, in April 1950 the British "dropped " him, "for serious oparational and personal security reasons". Agent "Paul" continued to work under the case officer Vitaly Korotkov for the Soviet
269:. According to a credible 1969 press report much of his energy while in the Netherlands implied a personal rivalry with his father, a Dresden-based Criminal Investigation Officer of evidently overbearing character, who was by origin a member of Germany's
843:"Der Mann, der sich selbst ausspionierte Einmal Kundschafter, immer Kundschafter. Heinz Felfe war Agent für die Nazis, die Organisation Gehlen, den BND und für den KGB. Zum 90. Geburtstag gratulierte ihm jetzt der heutige russische Geheimdienst FSB"
615:, by then one of the few border check points still open along the inner German border that divided East and West Germany. It came about only following massive pressure from the German Democratic Republic which threatened to break off the secret
1695:
678:
from KGB / Moscow to their European spies, he used actual radio traffic (encrypted number sequences in spoken German language voice) that in fact contained orders that Felfe himself was to carry out on behalf of the Soviets.
555:
Felfe was arrested on spying charges on 6 November 1961. The same day the West German intelligence services received a message from their US counterparts, "Congratulations. You found your Felfe: we're still looking for ours"
453:
himself had used the alternative code name "Fiffi" for Heinz Felfe: the same witness stated that the same alternative name "Fiffi" was also used for the Soviet agent "Paul" by "Alfred", who at the time had been Felfe's
1700:
234:(membership number 286,288). In 1939 he began working as a personal bodyguard for prominent party members, which also involved his receiving training as an official in the Criminal Investigation Department.
517:. Another career highlight during the 1950s was his success in integrating himself into a CIA operation to penetrate the KGB Headquarters in Berlin, which led to a CIA mole having to disappear in a hurry.
577:, who in October 1961 provided the decisive information that led to Felfe. Golitsyn was unable to supply Felfe's name, but he provided sufficient detail to make identification of the Soviet mole easy.
1680:
663:
Public disclosure of Felfe's activities damaged the reputation of the West German Intelligence Service, which just three months earlier had been taken by surprise by the erection of the
1040:
372:
until his arrest in November 1961. Even after his arrest he managed to brief the KGB about his ongoing interrogation, using invisible ink to make additions to his private letters.
494:
As head of the department responsible for Soviet counter-intelligence, one of Felfe's longest running projects involved his leadership of "Panoptikum", an operation to uncover a "
1174:. Hasse und Köhler Verlag, 1971, p. 287 The information was well put together by the KGB chief, Scheljepin: Gehlen himself praises it in his book as unique in terms of quality (
537:. The identities of these officers were known to only a very few, even within The Service, but Felfe proved adept at finding their names by sounding out the relevant colleagues.
417:
for the East German and Soviet intelligence services. Felfe was employed as an interrogator, tasked with screening, among others, former members of East Germany's quasi-military
906:
1187:
Gehlen, in his 1971 memoir, records the condemnation of an individual agent identified as "Publizisten W." at this time, which may be a reference to the same incident.
487:: they had also included the identities of ("expendable") KGB agents. Felfe also stated that he had provided the west with a detailed plan of the KGB headquarters in
1650:
566:
189:
599:
in Karlsruhe found the three men guilty of spying for the Soviet Union. Their jail terms were set at 3, 11 and 14 years. The 14 year sentence went to Felfe.
249:
in 1943. In August 1943 he was posted to Switzerland where, as head of the agency's important Swiss unit, his responsibilities included disseminating forged
140:, but it is known that between 1951 and 1961 he was a highly effective double agent, supplying important intelligence received in the course of his work for
1645:
1675:
616:
540:
His senior position in counter-espionage left him plenty of opportunities to cover his own tracks on such matters as any links he may have had with the
330:
universities. He continued to work for the British at least till 1949, but amid growing suspicion by his handlers that he might also be working for the
401:
1404:
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Union for spying because they had allegedly been caught writing down the license plate numbers of Soviet military vehicles on behalf of the CIA.
842:
369:
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1044:
596:
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on the south side of Berlin, something which Gehlen loved to show high-ranking intelligence chiefs from his country's western allies.
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510:
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704:
409:
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626:
Following his release Felfe worked briefly for the KGB before returning to East Berlin where, in 1972, he became a Professor for
215:
in Germany, and in 1936, the year of his eighteenth birthday, Heinz Felfe became one of Germany's (by then) nearly four million
1306:"In der Sowjet-Union bin ich Staatsgast: Der frühere Spion Heinz Felfe über seine Arbeit für den sowjetischen Geheimdienst KGB"
250:
1523:"Das ist die Handschrift des KGB: Ex-Verfassungsschutzpräsident Günther Nollau über Heinz Felfes Buch "Im Dienst des Gegners""
1228:
850:
802:
525:
1635:
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Two other intelligence agents arrested on suspicion of spying for the Soviet Union on 6 November 1961 were an agent called
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274:
298:
He was captured by the British Army in 1945, and spent the seventeen months from May 1945 till October 1946 as a British
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1006:
913:
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scheme that the two Germanys had been quietly operating since 1964. It happened in the face of strong opposition from
315:
311:
506:
405:
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683:
1478:"Startrampe für Spione An den ostdeutschen Universitäten halten altgediente SED- und Stasi-Kader die Stellung"
798:
1560:
533:
Soviets the identities of ninety four West Germany overseas "field officers", including the agency chief in
442:
408:(while still able to access the fraternal security advice and practical support of several hundred thousand
141:
1655:
397:
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323:
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According to Heribert Hellenbroich (head of BND) on public TV, Felfe displayed a healthy measure of
528:, he managed to keep the Soviets regularly apprised in their major areas of interest concerning the
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185:
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331:
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had been developed into a separate stand-alone state; for the first few years after 1945 under
302:. He at some point had learned to speak English fluently. Under interrogation in July 1945, at
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675:
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In the Service of the enemy: Ten years as Moscow's man in the Federal Intelligence Service
521:
514:
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and of the detailed diplomatic planning for the visit to Moscow undertaken in 1955 by the
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212:
177:
498:" believed to be operating at a high level within the West German Intelligence Service.
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1198:
1149:
1109:
947:
744:
1619:
730:
Der Krieg im Dunkeln. Macht und Einfluss des deutschen und russischen Geheimdienstes.
228:
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148:
125:
49:
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agent only in September 1951, following a meeting in late 1949 or early 1950 with
1610:
1000:"[Synopsis of] CIA Files Relating to Heinz Felfe, SS officer and KGB Spy"
441:
in November 1951. That US-sponsored intelligence agency was the precursor to the
1586:
1530:
1481:
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1381:
1313:
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Organisation Gehlen. Der Kalte Krieg und der Aufbau des deutschen Geheimdienstes
1236:
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1113:
951:
749:
664:
631:
544:
488:
392:. The zones of occupation agreed upon between the principal allied leaders at
319:
303:
216:
805:. Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur: Biographische Datenbanken
674:
while being an instructor to nascent spies of BND: During his explanation of
114:
75:
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internationally. Towards the end of the war he was promoted to the rank of
204:
politician. In 1931, the year of his thirteenth birthday, Felfe joined the
569:
had always been sceptical over the recruitment of former SS officers into
671:
501:
In the end, the target of "Panoptikum" would turn out to be Heinz Felfe.
1233:
KGB: The Inside Story of its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev
558:"Glückwunsch -- Ihr habt Euren Felfe entdeckt, wir unseren noch nicht."
534:
433:
Barely two months after his formal recruitment by Soviet Intelligence,
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278:
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41:
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999:
561:
282:
63:
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686:(successor to the Soviet KGB) on the occasion of his 90th birthday.
1310:
interview with Heniz Felfe following the publication of his memoirs
1176:"bis heute ohne Untertreibung als einmalig bezeichnet werden könne"
1696:
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United Kingdom
1150:"Alte Kameraden und kalte Krieger: Ex-Nazis zwischen Ost und West"
270:
209:
85:
1255:"Für die Sicherheit Israels kooperieren wir sogar mit dem Teufel"
385:
281:
to harass members of the Sorbian minority back in his country's
1462:"Bonn Trades Top Soviet Agent For 3 Students Jailed as Spies".
1068:
Spion ohne Grenzen. Heinz Felfe. Agent in sieben Geheimdiensten
1199:"Pullach intern: Die Geschichte des Bundesnachrichtendienstes"
541:
529:
483:
high-ranking party officials close to the East German leader,
455:
335:
334:. By 1949 Felfe had also found time to study for and obtain a
322:. His assignments included reporting on Communist activism at
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and any identified associates arriving in the refugee camps.
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In March 2008 Heinz Felfe received congratulations from the
172:, in the southern part of what was then the central part of
120:
At various times he worked for the intelligence services of
1701:
West German people convicted of spying for the Soviet Union
184:. On leaving school Felfe undertook an apprenticeship as a
404:
and, since the young country's foundation in 1949, as the
360:
in February 1945. The intense bombing of Dresden had been
646:
Heinz Felfe published his memoir in 1986 under the title
227:
1936 was also the year in which Heinz Felfe joined the
1410:. Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room,
1005:. Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room,
912:. Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room,
753:, 23 June 2008, Nachruf, no. Heft 26, p. 166
1304:
Ulrich Schwarz; Wolfgang Malanowski (23 March 1986).
520:
According to two exceptionally well-briefed pundits,
697:
Im Dienst des Gegners: 10 Jahre Moskaus Mann im BND.
147:
At the age of eighteen in 1936, Felfe served in the
136:. It is still not clear when he started working for
1681:
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
1505:
Im Dienst des Gegners: 10 Jahre Moskaus Mann im BND
1338:
Historical Dictionary of International Intelligence
208:association. Two years later, in January 1933, the
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71:
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30:
23:
1611:Felfe picture Life Magazine April 26, 1968 page 38
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1297:
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505:the end never implemented) for the creation of a
380:In 1950/51 Heinz Felfe was also working for the
113:(18 March 1918 – 8 May 2008) was a German
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
699:Rasch und Röhring Verlag, Hamburg/Zürich 1986,
396:had by now crystallized in such a way that the
253:as part of a broader strategy to undermine the
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1098:
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1094:
1092:
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1403:authorship not disclosed (17 February 1969).
8:
1197:Hermann Zolling; Heinz Höhne (7 June 1971).
803:"Felfe, Heinz * 18.3.1918, † 8.5.2008 Agent"
716:General Reinhard Gehlen – the CIA connection
1507:. Rasch und Röhring Verlag, Hamburg/Zürich.
560:). In later years, as the agency turned to
390:Federal Ministry for intra-German relations
200:was still known only as a highly effective
1362:"Bonn Double Agents Betrayed 95 to Reds".
900:
898:
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275:German war machine fell back across Europe
20:
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676:secret communication via shortwave radio
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707:(seine Erinnerungen und Rechtfertigung)
219:members (membership number 3,710,348).
948:"SPIONAGE: Falltöter von rechts: BONN"
1651:West German defectors to East Germany
7:
998:Norman J. W. Goda, Ohio University.
190:Nazi Schoolchildren's League (NSS /
1378:"FELFE: Umarmt und geküßt SPIONAGE"
714:Rowohlt 1992 (englisches Original:
473:Главное разведывательное управление
192:Nationalsozialistischer Schülerbund
1070:, München: Piper, pp. 35–58,
14:
1676:People from the Kingdom of Saxony
1557:"Ostalgie oder linke Alternative"
907:"KGB exploitation of Heinz Felfe"
1253:Shlomo Shpiro (8 January 2000).
1043:. Fkremlevsky.ru. Archived from
314:. In 1946 he agreed to work for
178:Criminal Investigation officer (
1661:Military personnel from Dresden
567:Counterintelligence Corps (CIC)
437:recruited Heinz Felfe into the
364:even in London and Washington.
1646:Germany–Soviet Union relations
1641:BND agents convicted of crimes
851:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
1:
1066:Bodo V. Hechelhammer (2019),
841:Horst Bacia (27 March 2008).
571:Gehlen's Intelligence service
443:Federal Intelligence Service
370:Main Intelligence Directorate
338:degree from Bonn university.
1335:West, Nigel (26 June 2006).
1136:Weltgeschichte der Spionage.
1041:"Хайнц Фельфе / Heinz Felfe"
723:Weltgeschichte der Spionage.
332:Soviet intelligence services
316:British Intelligence ("MI6")
1412:Central Intelligence Agency
1007:Central Intelligence Agency
914:Central Intelligence Agency
732:Bertelsmann, München 1985,
611:The exchange took place at
1717:
1589:(online). 6 September 1961
1116:(online). 24 February 1969
954:(online). 20 December 1961
905:authorship not disclosed.
507:European Defence Community
406:German Democratic Republic
188:. At school he joined the
1691:Nazis convicted of crimes
1484:(online). 28 January 1991
1288:. Nikola Verlag, Hamburg.
1284:Mary Ellen Reese (1992).
617:political prisoner ransom
445:(Bundesnachrichtendienst)
358:fire bombing of that city
261:(roughly equivalent to a
244:the Intelligence service
1666:1961 in military history
1561:Kiepenheuer & Witsch
1405:"Priority Director Info"
1261:(online). Archived from
597:Federal Court of Justice
466:West German intelligence
429:West German intelligence
223:National socialist years
168:Heinz Felfe was born in
142:West German Intelligence
1152:. www.kriegsreisende.de
721:Piekalkiewicz, Janusz:
271:Sorbian ethnic minority
246:(Der Sicherheitsdienst)
151:, reaching the rank of
111:Heinz Paul Johann Felfe
35:Heinz Paul Johann Felfe
1553:Christian von Ditfurth
1443:(online). 27 June 1962
1384:(online). 24 July 1963
511:West German Chancellor
410:resident Soviet troops
398:Soviet occupation zone
18:German espionage agent
799:Helmut Müller-Enbergs
725:Weltbild 1990, S. 464
402:Soviet administration
144:to the Soviet Union.
1686:Hitler Youth members
1503:Heinz Felfe (1986).
1239:. pp. 527, 583.
1148:Frank Westenfelder.
1138:Weltbild 1990, p.464
759:Notes and references
712:Organisation Gehlen.
595:On 22 July 1963 the
462:Soviet intelligence
294:British intelligence
155:(first lieutenant).
60:8 May 2008 (aged 90)
1466:. 15 February 1969.
1341:. Scarecrow Press.
710:Reese, Mary Ellen:
636:Humboldt University
439:Gehlen Organization
342:Soviet intelligence
251:British pound notes
238:German intelligence
176:. His father was a
138:Soviet intelligence
1636:SS-Obersturmführer
1464:The New York Times
1364:The New York Times
1265:on 22 January 2015
1229:Christopher Andrew
565:establishment the
526:Christopher Andrew
277:, Felfe asked the
267:Hanns Albin Rauter
259:SS-Obersturmführer
210:NSDAP (Nazi Party)
186:precision mechanic
1583:"Schwarze Tränen"
1521:(23 March 1986).
1348:978-0-8108-6493-1
1170:Reinhard Gehlen:
1110:"Spionage; Felfe"
1077:978-3-492-05793-6
575:Anatoliy Golitsyn
435:Wilhelm Krichbaum
376:Refugee screening
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1671:1961 in politics
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1259:Berliner Zeitung
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551:Arrest and trial
419:police service (
263:First lieutenant
255:British currency
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1263:the original
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1011:Langley (VA)
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1441:Der Spiegel
1382:Der Spiegel
1314:Der Spiegel
1237:Bertelsmann
1203:Der Spiegel
1114:Der Spiegel
952:Der Spiegel
750:Der Spiegel
684:Russian FSB
665:Berlin Wall
632:East Berlin
542:English spy
382:West German
285:heartland.
164:Early years
88:(1936-1945)
25:Heinz Felfe
1620:Categories
1593:22 January
1567:22 January
1555:, Berlin.
1537:22 January
1488:22 January
1447:20 January
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1016:21 January
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857:21 January
809:20 January
740:, S. 548ff
659:Evaluation
642:The memoir
545:Kim Philby
489:Karlshorst
304:Blauwkapel
217:Nazi party
213:took power
202:opposition
72:Occupation
1563:, Cologne
458:handler.
388:with the
273:. As the
76:Espionage
66:, Germany
1533:(online)
1437:"Spione"
1316:(online)
1231:(1990).
1205:(online)
853:(online)
672:chutzpah
414:frontier
101:Children
847:Faz.net
603:Release
535:Bangkok
412:). The
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324:Cologne
320:Münster
308:Utrecht
279:Gestapo
174:Germany
170:Dresden
50:Germany
42:Dresden
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306:(near
132:, and
128:, the
93:Spouse
64:Berlin
46:Saxony
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283:Saxon
229:SS /
86:NSDAP
1595:2015
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1343:ISBN
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588:and
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496:mole
386:Bonn
328:Bonn
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159:Life
57:Died
31:Born
634:'s
630:at
530:CIA
464:and
456:KGB
353:war
336:Law
318:in
312:CIA
115:spy
96:Yes
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