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255:-speaking friends to translate. Part of the current legend may come from a more recent historic incident when a trumpeter died of natural causes while on duty at midnight on 7 July 1901. A 1926 tourist guide vaguely states that the death of a trumpeter was the reason for the premature ending of the anthem, but does not mention the Tartar siege or arrows.
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legend, which describes the sentry and the invading Tatars without mentioning arrows or the sentry's death. It is possible that Kelly was simply the first to write down the full version of an existing
Cracovian legend that had escaped earlier collectors. It is also possible that he was the victim of
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at dawn and dusk. The four directions in which the St. Mary's
Trumpet Call is currently sounded correspond roughly to the four main Kraków gates before 3 out of 4 of the gates were demolished in the 19th century. 16th-century sources mention other trumpeters on other towers, and it is possible that
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the “interrupted” anthem was originally meant to allow a second trumpeter at a gate to signal the completion of the opening or closing of the gate. In historic times, trumpet calls on the St. Mary's Church tower were also used to warn of fires and other dangers.
231:, and the city gates were closed before the Tatars could ambush the city. The trumpeter, however, was shot in the throat by an arrow and did not complete the anthem, and this is the legendary reason as to why performances end abruptly before completion.
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was traditionally played twice a day, usually at dawn and dusk; noon was added later. Today, the trumpeter plays hourly, though sleepy trumpeters are sometimes reported to have missed one of the early morning hours. Since 1927 the
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276:. The second appears in a fiction sequel by Ksawery Pruszyński (who was a student at the Jagiellonian University while Kelly was teaching and was later Estreicher's assistant) entitled
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has been performed by active members of the fire brigade, who also use the church tower as a lookout post. There are at least four different buglers serving in shifts at the tower.
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Whatever the origins of Kelly's story, it proved popular in Kraków. The first written version of the full
Tartars and arrows version in Polish is from a 1935
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on a scholar exchange in 1925–26, admitted that he did not speak the Polish language very well when he wrote the story, and had relied on
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for three consecutive generations. In
October 2004, Jan Kołton retired after 33 years of service at the tower. His father had been a
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has been cancelled and then later reinstated several times, with a particularly long gap before it was reinstated in 1810. The
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after it was played by almost 2,000 trumpeters from all over the world. They included military orchestras from Poland, the
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is well known throughout Poland and has been used as a national symbol. During the Second World War, a bugler from the
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134:. It is played every hour on the hour, four times in succession in each of the four cardinal directions, by a
875:
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Burek, Ryszard (ed.) “Hejnał mariacki” in
Encyklopedia Krakowa. Warsaw–Krakow: Wydanictwo Naukowe PWN, 2000.
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Another recent tradition has it that the four directions in which the tune is played are in honour of the
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378:(English: "The Tears of the Mother"). The first time was at noon on 3 April 2005, due to the death of
187:(r. 1384–1399). Trumpet calls were used in many European cities to signal the opening and closing of
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Zinków, Julian. Krakowskie i jurajskie podania, legendy, zwyczaje. Krakow: Wydawnictwo PLATAN, 1994.
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a hoax or accidentally conflated two different stories. It is certainly remarkable that
Professor
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are unknown. The earliest written mention of it appears in civic pay records of 1392. The word
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the previous day, and the second at two minutes after noon on 11 April 2010 following the
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Kelly, Eric P. “Papers, 1928–1964,” archive in the collection of
Dartmouth Library
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bugler for 35 years previously, while his son is one of the four current buglers.
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towards City Hall or Bishop's Palace on
Kanonicza Street, the citizens towards
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Kelly, Eric P. The
Trumpeter of Krakow, New York: The Macmillan Company, 1928.
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for 36 years beginning in 1926. The Kołton family has played the
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The longest-serving trumpeter was Adolf Śmietana, who played the
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Originally played by the town guard, since the 19th century the
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Another possible reason is Ludwik Anczyc's 1861 version of the
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269:’s thorough 1931 guide to Kraków does not include the story.
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The Devil's horsemen : the Mongol invasion of Europe
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Historical records show that the practise of playing the
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Dobrzycki, Jerzy. Hejnał Krakowski. Krakow: PWN, 1983.
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played the tune to announce the Polish victory in the
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According to a popular 20th-century legend, during a
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which also ties into the
Lajkonik legend. After the
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578:Hejnal Mariacki - The Krakow Bugle Call
525:"Radio Poland :: News from Poland"
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123:'s dawn") is a traditional, five-note
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816:Our Lady of Sorrows, Queen of Poland
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247:. Kelly, who was teaching at the
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82:Problems playing this file? See
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811:Black Madonna of Częstochowa
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183:1370–1382) or his daughter
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784:Unofficial
749:Szczerbiec
721:Historical
706:Kosynierzy
476:References
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171:word for "
128:bugle call
121:Saint Mary
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376:Łzy Matki
169:Hungarian
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836:Kotwica
511:4504684
439:Belgium
401:Players
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196:Legends
177:Louis I
151:Origins
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