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346:"; as Jewish. As a child, she was called the "Jewish Mayer", to distinguish her from the "Christian Mayer", a child who lived next door to her, as was reported by the press of the time. In January 1933, the Offenbach Fencing Club rescinded her membership on the basis of new Nazi legislation banning Jews. Her ethnic identity reportedly did not become an issue until the
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475:'s San Francisco Division men's title; however, two days later she was stripped of the title, as the League adopted a rule banning competition between women and men, stating that since fencing involved physical contact, "a chivalrous man found it difficult to do his worst when he faced a woman." The restriction was later lifted in the 1950s.
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Becker) was
Lutheran, and her father Ludwig Karl Mayer, a physician, was Jewish and was born in 1876. Emmanuel Mayer, her paternal great-grandfather, and Jule Weissman, his wife, were the parents of Martin Mayer, her paternal grandfather who was born in 1841 and who married Rosalie Hamburg, her
309:
during the medal ceremony and later said it might have protected her family that was in labor camps in
Germany. Some consider her a traitor and opportunist, while others consider her a tragic figure who was used not only by Nazi Germany but by the
317:
After the
Olympics, she returned to the United States and became a nine-time U.S. champion. She received citizenship in 1941 but returned to Germany in 1952. Mayer died the following year, leaving few interviews and little correspondence.
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in Los
Angeles, having learned, two hours prior to the match, that her boyfriend had died in a military training exercise in Germany. She then remained in the U.S. to study for two years as an exchange student at
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After Hitler came to power in 1933, anti-Jewish laws put in place nearly ended her career. Her membership at her German fencing club was terminated, as was her study exchange. She found work teaching German at
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Ultimately, she settled in the United States and had a successful fencing career, winning the US women's foil championship 8 times from 1934 to 1946 (1934, 1935, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1941, 1942, and 1946).
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as one of the Top 100 Female
Athletes of the 20th Century, but her legacy remains clouded. At the Olympics in Berlin, where she was the only German athlete of Jewish origin to win a medal, she gave the
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342:(RDR Books, 2002), which focused on how "the Nazis brought Mayer home from self-imposed exile in California to be the token Jew on their team." Her birth certificate listed her as "
382:, representing Germany, winning 18 bouts and losing only 2. She became a national hero in Germany and was celebrated, with her photo plastered everywhere. According to a profile in
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championship in 1924. Her technique and talent were spectacular, according to fencing experts who have seen footage of her fencing. By 1930, she had won six German championships.
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in individual women's foil. She gave a Nazi salute on the podium, and later said it might have protected her family that was still in
Germany, in labor camps.
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In 1928 she won the
Italian national championship. She was the European champion in 1929 and 1931. She was World Foil Champion in 1929–31 and 1937.
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In 1952, Mayer returned to
Germany, where she married an old friend, Erwin Falkner von Sonnenburg, in a quiet May ceremony in
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Jews and the
Olympic Games: The Clash Between Sport and Politics : with a Complete Review of Jewish Olympic Medallists
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descent. She studied at
American universities, and later returned to Germany in 1952 where she died of breast cancer.
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in Berlin, despite having been forced to leave Germany in 1935 and resettle in the United States because she was of
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required of the press that "no comments may be made regarding Helene Mayer's non-Aryan ancestry". She achieved a
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for Helene Julie Mayer; District Court, Northern District, California: San Francisco Petition
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Outstanding Women Athletes: Who They are and how They Influenced Sports in America
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Outstanding Women Athletes: Who They are and how They Influenced Sports in America
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Mayer had been called the greatest female fencer of all time, and was named by
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Mayer was named one of the top 100 female athletes of the 20th century by
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In 1931, her father died of a heart attack. She finished fifth at the
728:"Nazi Germany's Jewish champion: the mystery of Helene Mayer endures"
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1014:"The Nazi Olympics (Berlin 1936)—Jewish Athletes; Olympic Medalists"
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424:. She was stripped of her citizenship in Germany in 1935 by the
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1124:, Greenwood Publishing Group, Westport, CN, USA, 1998. S. 193.
982:
Foiled: Hitler's Jewish Olympian : the Helene Mayer Story
792:
Foiled: Hitler's Jewish Olympian : the Helene Mayer Story
292:
1052:
Playing With the Boys; Why Separate is Not Equal in Sports
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XI, XII & XIII Olympiad: Berlin 1936, St. Moritz 1948
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She accepted an invitation to compete for Germany at the
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Mayer giving the Nazi salute at the 1936 Summer Olympics
340:
Foiled: Hitler's Jewish Olympian: the Helene Mayer Story
267:(20 December 1910 – 10 October 1953) was a German-born
670:
California, Federal Naturalization Records, 1843-1999
330:, a suburb of Frankfurt. Her mother lda Anna Bertha (
2349:
USC Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work alumni
1173:
Olympic Fencing Champions in Women's Individual Foil
1039:
Icons of Women's Sport'], Volume 1, Greenwood Press.
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358:Mayer was only 13 when she won the German women's
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408:. She hoped to join the German diplomatic corps.
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2309:Emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
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1037:Steven J. Overman, Kelly Boyer Sagert (2012).
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576:1936: Olympic silver medal, Foil, German Team
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912:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 183–.
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8:
1094:. Sportsillustrated.cnn.com. Archived from
545:Winner Foil, Italian National Championships
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872:. Grand Central Publishing. pp. 59–.
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2319:American people of German-Jewish descent
869:Jewish Jocks: An Unorthodox Hall of Fame
758:. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 235–.
1049:Eileen McDonagh, Laura Pappano (2007).
1018:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
657:
487:. The couple moved to the hills above
2364:Medalists at the 1936 Summer Olympics
2359:Medalists at the 1928 Summer Olympics
542:Olympic gold medal, Foil, German Team
7:
2379:Deaths from breast cancer in Germany
2334:Olympic silver medalists for Germany
958:. Warwick Press Inc. pp. 159–.
680:
678:
567:1933: U.S. Foil Champion (outdoors)
402:University of California at Berkeley
2344:Sportspeople from Offenbach am Main
2294:Fencers at the 1936 Summer Olympics
2289:Fencers at the 1932 Summer Olympics
2284:Fencers at the 1928 Summer Olympics
428:, which considered her non-German.
374:in fencing at the age of 17 at the
314:to prevent a boycott of the Games.
2329:Olympic gold medalists for Germany
933:Fechten - Deutsche Meisterschaften
350:rose to power in the early 1930s.
338:Mayer was the subject of the book
14:
473:Amateur Fencers League of America
93:5 ft 9 in (175 cm)
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1775:World Champions in Women's Foil
564:1932: German Olympic Foil Team
312:International Olympic Committee
726:Les Carpenter (28 July 2016).
1:
641:List of select Jewish fencers
2339:Olympic medalists in fencing
2304:American female foil fencers
550:1929: German Foil Champion
539:1928: German Foil Champion
513:. She was inducted into the
499:in October 1953, at age 42.
287:in Berlin. She competed for
2324:Olympic fencers for Germany
1092:"83. Helene Mayer, Fencing"
561:1931: World Foil Champion
558:1930: German Foil Champion
536:1927: German Foil Champion
533:1926: German Foil Champion
530:1925: German Foil Champion
527:1924: German Foil Champion
479:Return to Germany and death
2395:
1916:Tatyana Petrenko-Samusenko
1055:, Oxford University Press.
700:. US Fencing Hall of Fame.
579:1937: U.S. Foil Champion
455:International competitions
422:San Francisco City College
1964:Ildikó Farkasinszky-Bóbis
1781:
1179:
985:. RDR Books. p. 73.
952:George Constable (2015).
599:1946: U.S. Foil Champion
596:1942: U.S. Foil Champion
593:1941: U.S. Foil Champion
590:1939: U.S. Foil Champion
587:1938: U.S. Foil Champion
573:1935: U.S. Foil Champion
570:1934: U.S. Foil Champion
191:
187:
28:
1852:Lídia Sákovicsné Dömölky
101:155 lb (70 kg)
2084:Reka Zsofia Lazăr-Szabo
2044:Elisabeta Guzganu-Tufan
1948:Marie-Chantale Demaille
1448:Ildikó Schwarczenberger
979:Mogulof, Milly (2002).
2369:Scripps College alumni
1972:Ecaterina Stahl-Iencic
820:Women in World History
788:Milly Mogulof (2002).
687:. sports-reference.com
436:
420:, and later taught at
335:paternal grandmother.
279:in Amsterdam, and the
2299:German female fencers
1425:Antonella Ragno-Lonzi
906:Janet Woolum (1998).
817:Anne Commire (2000).
471:In 1938, she won the
434:
404:, and fenced for the
322:Family and early life
2156:Margherita Granbassi
2092:Laura Badea-Cârlescu
2076:Francesca Bortolozzi
1868:Valentina Rastvorova
752:Paul Taylor (2004).
441:1936 Summer Olympics
393:1932 Summer Olympics
376:1928 Summer Olympics
41:Personal information
2374:Jewish foil fencers
2354:USC Trojans fencers
935:. sport-komplett.de
582:World Foil Champion
553:World Foil Champion
491:before settling in
418:Oakland, California
2180:Elisa Di Francisca
1988:Valentina Sidorova
1980:Valentina Sidorova
1956:Valentina Nikonova
1924:Alexandra Zabelina
1860:Alexandra Zabelina
1655:Elisa Di Francisca
1128:Jews in Sports bio
1098:on 20 October 2012
510:Sports Illustrated
495:where she died of
443:, held in Berlin.
437:
326:Mayer was born in
301:Sports Illustrated
265:Helene Julie Mayer
49:Helene Julie Mayer
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2188:Valentina Vezzali
2164:Valentina Vezzali
2148:Valentina Vezzali
2140:Valentina Vezzali
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2116:Valentina Vezzali
2100:Giovanna Trillini
2068:Giovanna Trillini
1741:
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1632:Valentina Vezzali
1609:Valentina Vezzali
1586:Valentina Vezzali
1540:Giovanna Trillini
992:978-1-57143-092-2
965:978-1-987944-10-5
919:978-1-57356-120-4
879:978-1-4555-1611-7
830:978-0-7876-4069-9
803:978-1-57143-092-2
765:978-1-903900-88-8
646:Helene-Mayer-Ring
515:USFA Hall of Fame
328:Offenbach am Main
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1071:. 12 August 2016
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1836:Irene Camber
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1563:Laura Badea
1241:Ellen Preis
1069:Jweekly.com
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1828:Ilona Elek
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517:in 1963.
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823:. Gale.
605:See also
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