6776:
6062:
6468:
5668:
2479:. However, a 2009 study suggests that such a conclusion cannot be drawn, as the formed diprotons would still decay to deuterium, whose binding energy would also increase. In some scenarios, it is postulated that hydrogen (in the form of deuterium) could still survive in relatively large quantities, rebutting arguments that the strong force is
1823:, which states that within a given quantum system two or more identical particles with the same half-integer spins (that is, fermions) cannot simultaneously occupy the same quantum state—all which presents for helium-2 that its two protons (of the diproton) have opposite-aligned spins and the diproton itself has a negative
2163:
interactions, the Jaffe-Low primitives may leave the unitary cut, creating narrow two-nucleon resonances, like a diproton resonance with a mass of 2000 MeV and a width of a few hundred keV. To search for this resonance, a beam of protons with kinetic energy T = 250 MeV and an energy spread below
2474:
has been investigated. Some models suggest that variations in the strong force allowing the existence of a bound diproton would enable the conversion of all primordial hydrogen to helium in the Big Bang, with catastrophic consequences on the development of stars and life. This proposition is an
1897:, which then decayed into oxygen and two protons. Any protons ejected from the target itself were identified by their characteristic energies. There are two ways in which the two-proton emission may proceed. The neon nucleus might eject a "diproton"—a pair of protons bundled together as a
1915:
nucleus—which then decays into separate protons. Alternatively, the protons may be emitted separately but simultaneously—so-called "democratic decay". The experiment was not sensitive enough to establish which of these two processes was taking place.
1875:. Galindo-Uribarri and co-workers chose an isotope of neon with an energy structure that prevents it from emitting protons one at a time. This means that the two protons are ejected simultaneously. The team fired a beam of
3021:
Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04).
1870:
nucleus. The team led by
Alfredo Galindo-Uribarri of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory announced that the discovery will help scientists understand the strong nuclear force and provide fresh insights into the
3588:
Meija, Juris; Coplen, Tyler B.; Berglund, Michael; Brand, Willi A.; Bièvre, Paul De; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Irrgeher, Johanna; Loss, Robert D.; Walczyk, Thomas; Prohaska, Thomas (2016-03-01).
2877:. The most widely studied heavy helium isotope is helium-8. This isotope, as well as helium-6, is thought to consist of a normal helium-4 nucleus surrounded by a neutron "halo" (containing two neutrons in
3559:
3007:
663:
645:
612:
4243:
3312:
Shin, Y.; Zwierlein, M. W.; Schunck, C. H.; Schirotzek, A.; Ketterle, W. (2006-07-18). "Observation of Phase
Separation in a Strongly Interacting Imbalanced Fermi Gas".
208:
3373:
Zwierlein, Martin W.; Schirotzek, André; Schunck, Christian H.; Ketterle, Wolfgang (2006-01-27). "Fermionic
Superfluidity with Imbalanced Spin Populations".
1663:# – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
3130:
Busemann, H.; Bühler, F.; Grimberg, A.; Heber, V. S.; Agafonov, Y. N.; Baur, H.; Bochsler, P.; Eismont, N. A.; Wieler, R.; Zastenker, G. N. (2006-03-01).
2594:
on Earth, primarily present since the formation of the Earth, although some falls to Earth trapped in cosmic dust. Trace amounts are also produced by the
473:
times higher than that of atmospheric helium. Rocks from the Earth's crust have isotope ratios varying by as much as a factor of ten; this is used in
2035:
detected exiting from the same direction. The new experiment showed that the two protons were initially ejected together, correlated in a quasibound
4215:
3495:
Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*".
7137:
7106:
4236:
3718:
3227:
2120:
nucleus can donate all four of its neutrons to the hydrogen. The two remaining protons could be simultaneously ejected from the target as a
1938:
201:
2051:
1819:
had been 2% greater. Its instability is due to spin–spin interactions in the nuclear force and to the quantum mechanics described by the
3754:
J. Gómez del Campo; A. Galindo-Uribarri; et al. (2001). "Decay of a
Resonance in Ne by the Simultaneous Emission of Two Protons".
4196:
2855:
3442:
Kopyciński, Jakub; Pudelko, Wojciech R.; Wlazłowski, Gabriel (2021-11-23). "Vortex lattice in spin-imbalanced unitary Fermi gas".
4229:
2188:
reaction. The first step of the proton-proton chain reaction is a two-stage process; first, two protons fuse to form a diproton:
194:
3132:"Interstellar Helium Trapped with the COLLISA Experiment on the MiR Space Station—Improved Isotope Analysis by In Vacuo Etching"
4051:
MacDonald, J.; Mullan, D.J. (2009). "Big Bang
Nucleosynthesis: The strong nuclear force meets the weak anthropic principle".
2917:
have become an area of intense research. Isotopes up to helium-10, with two protons and eight neutrons, have been confirmed.
4129:
3733:
1959:
ions was directed at a target of beryllium foil. This collision converted some of the heavier neon nuclei in the beam into
3526:
7101:
7127:
7096:
3797:
Raciti, G.; Cardella, G.; De Napoli, M.; Rapisarda, E.; Amorini, F.; Sfienti, C. (2008). "Experimental
Evidence of
481:. The different formation processes of the two stable isotopes of helium produce the differing isotope abundances.
6094:
6090:
1820:
6829:
6825:
6521:
6517:
6220:
6216:
2776:
2467:
1689:
422:
2185:
1673:
7039:
7035:
6997:
6993:
6976:
6972:
6346:
6342:
6262:
6258:
6241:
6237:
4372:
3835:
2471:
1872:
1575:
731:
3082:
6668:
6664:
6626:
6622:
6563:
6559:
6439:
6435:
6418:
6414:
6367:
6363:
6199:
6195:
6136:
6132:
6073:
6069:
5369:
5365:
5348:
5344:
4759:
4755:
4270:
3675:
3563:
2936:
1824:
234:
180:
136:
580:
take advantage of the immiscibility of these two isotopes to achieve temperatures of a few millikelvins.
6955:
6951:
6913:
6909:
6892:
6888:
6871:
6867:
6752:
6748:
6542:
6538:
6479:
6475:
6388:
6384:
6325:
6321:
6304:
6300:
5558:
5554:
5432:
5428:
5390:
5386:
5306:
5302:
5262:
5258:
5127:
5123:
4980:
4976:
4852:
4848:
4717:
4713:
4694:
4690:
4515:
4511:
3251:
Carlson, J.; Reddy, Sanjay (2005-08-02). "Asymmetric Two-Component
Fermion Systems in Strong Coupling".
1807:. According to theoretical calculations, it would have been much more stable (although still undergoing
577:
7060:
7056:
6787:
6783:
6605:
6601:
6584:
6580:
6283:
6279:
6024:
6020:
5973:
5969:
5952:
5948:
5889:
5885:
5826:
5822:
5742:
5738:
5721:
5717:
5679:
5675:
5537:
5533:
5241:
5237:
5169:
5165:
4959:
4955:
4938:
4934:
4917:
4913:
4896:
4892:
4801:
4797:
4622:
4618:
4580:
4576:
4441:
4437:
4281:
4154:
4070:
4025:
3976:
3929:
3843:
3763:
3667:
3461:
3392:
3331:
3270:
3143:
3094:
2850:. The unusual nuclear structures of such isotopes may offer insights into the isolated properties of
2831:
290:
3680:
3023:
7018:
7014:
6850:
6846:
6808:
6804:
6731:
6727:
6689:
6685:
6647:
6643:
6178:
6174:
6157:
6153:
6115:
6111:
5931:
5927:
5868:
5864:
5805:
5801:
5763:
5759:
5700:
5696:
5630:
5626:
5474:
5470:
5411:
5407:
5327:
5323:
5285:
5281:
5211:
5207:
5190:
5186:
5148:
5144:
5106:
5102:
4873:
4869:
4738:
4734:
4494:
4490:
4003:
2772:
2680:
2480:
2476:
617:
586:
529:
6934:
6930:
6710:
6706:
6500:
6496:
6045:
6041:
5784:
5780:
5651:
5647:
5579:
5575:
5495:
5491:
5453:
5449:
5064:
5060:
5043:
5039:
5022:
5018:
4780:
4776:
4673:
4669:
4601:
4597:
4559:
4555:
4086:
4060:
4015:
3964:
3878:
3693:
3630:
3477:
3451:
3424:
3382:
3355:
3321:
3294:
3260:
3169:
3112:
1816:
2138:
nucleus, which quickly decayed into two protons. A similar reaction has also been observed from
4130:"Helium-8 study gives insight into nuclear theory, neutron stars | Argonne National Laboratory"
7091:
7085:
5994:
5990:
5875:
5600:
5596:
4822:
4818:
4538:
4534:
4192:
4188:
4105:
3945:
3859:
3779:
3714:
3622:
3416:
3408:
3347:
3286:
3233:
3223:
3161:
3039:
2940:
2819:
2794:
is the second lowest of all known substances, second only to helium-3. When cooled further to
2331:
2262:
1808:
844:
742:
88:
68:
59:
6406:
6012:
5910:
5906:
5847:
5843:
5618:
5229:
5085:
5081:
5001:
4997:
4840:
4661:
4643:
4639:
4482:
4429:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4256:
4078:
4033:
3984:
3937:
3851:
3771:
3685:
3612:
3602:
3504:
3469:
3400:
3339:
3278:
3151:
3102:
3031:
2985:
2839:
2532:
with more protons than neutrons. (There are many such unstable isotopes, the lightest being
1617:
1049:
736:
478:
421:. However, the isotopic abundance of helium varies greatly depending on its origin. In the
7132:
5516:
5512:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
3737:
3617:
2160:
1849:
1627:
802:
1995:
nucleus into a highly unstable condition. As in the earlier experiment at Oak Ridge, the
1977:
nuclei. These nuclei then collided with a foil of lead. The second collision excited the
4074:
4029:
3980:
3933:
3847:
3767:
3671:
3465:
3396:
3335:
3274:
3147:
3098:
1848:. In 2000, physicists first observed a new type of radioactive decay in which a nucleus
2970:
2939:
isotope, has a very short half-life; it is not particle-bound and near-instantaneously
2835:
2728:
2625:
688:
659:
652:
648:
110:
3190:
7121:
6101:
4181:
4090:
3697:
3634:
3481:
3173:
3116:
2870:
2799:
2665:
2192:
2164:
100 keV is required, which is feasible considering the electron cooling of the beam.
1654:( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
813:
723:
700:
681:
93:
4221:
3428:
3359:
6836:
6528:
6227:
4344:
4276:
3855:
2914:
2806:. It solidifies only at pressures above 25 atmospheres, where its melting point is
2234:
1728:
344:
294:
3941:
3343:
3298:
3282:
3713:, C. A. Bertulani, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 2007, Chapter 1,
7046:
7004:
6983:
6353:
6269:
6248:
4339:
3730:
3473:
2724:
2036:
695:
525:
4082:
4037:
3534:
3508:
2989:
6675:
6633:
6570:
6446:
6425:
6374:
6206:
6143:
6080:
5376:
5355:
4766:
3775:
3689:
3057:
2658:
2595:
1600:) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
1128:
715:
3988:
3626:
3412:
3237:
3165:
3043:
6962:
6920:
6899:
6878:
6759:
6549:
6486:
6395:
6332:
6311:
5565:
5439:
5397:
5313:
5269:
5134:
4987:
4859:
4724:
4701:
4522:
4364:
4354:
4349:
3404:
3107:
2862:
2823:
2803:
2288:
1812:
1741:
855:
708:
655:
316:
73:
3949:
3863:
3783:
3420:
3351:
3290:
2039:, before decaying into separate protons much less than a nanosecond later.
3652:
3607:
3590:
3035:
7067:
6794:
6612:
6591:
6290:
6031:
5980:
5959:
5896:
5833:
5749:
5728:
5686:
5544:
5248:
5176:
4966:
4945:
4924:
4903:
4808:
4629:
4587:
4448:
3583:
3581:
3387:
3326:
3265:
2847:
2700:
2636:
2633:
2492:
2311:
2081:
1876:
1055:
942:
879:
268:
246:
117:
100:
17:
7025:
6857:
6815:
6738:
6696:
6654:
6185:
6164:
6122:
5938:
5812:
5770:
5707:
5637:
5481:
5418:
5334:
5292:
5218:
5197:
5155:
5113:
4880:
4745:
4501:
4359:
4252:
3024:"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"
2851:
2843:
2768:
2684:
2599:
2032:
1804:
1763:
573:
474:
222:
32:
3965:"Connection between quark-model eigenstates and low-energy scattering"
477:
to investigate the origin of rocks and the composition of the Earth's
6941:
6717:
6507:
6052:
5791:
5658:
5586:
5502:
5460:
5071:
5050:
5029:
4787:
4680:
4608:
4566:
4471:
3591:"Isotopic compositions of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)"
2827:
2671:
2059:
1800:
226:
36:
3741:
3456:
3156:
3131:
3003:
2969:
Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021).
6001:
5607:
4829:
4545:
4065:
4020:
2688:
2055:
2047:
2043:
551:
5917:
5854:
5092:
5008:
4650:
2629:
2603:
27:
Nuclides with atomic number of 2 but with different mass numbers
4225:
3653:"The effect of hypothetical diproton stability on the universe"
3555:
658:
case. The phase separation can compete with other phenomena as
5523:
4004:"Possibility of narrow resonances in nucleon-nucleon channels"
1795:, is an extremely unstable isotope of helium. Its nucleus, a
651:
systems. It has been shown experimentally in a two-component
1718:
are the only stable nuclides with more protons than neutrons
4218:— abstracts for helium and other exotic light nuclei
3550:
3548:
3546:
3544:
2466:
The hypothetical effect of the binding of the diproton on
1645:
as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
583:
A mix of the two isotopes spontaneously separates into
620:
589:
3560:
Commission on
Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights
3222:(3rd rev. and expanded ed.). Berlin: Springer.
3185:
3183:
2514:
is stable and is the only stable isotope other than
2775:. It was also formed in enormous quantities during
151:
135:
4180:
2675:, or almost a thousand times lower than helium-4 (
639:
606:
2971:"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"
3877:Korsheninnikov A. A.; et al. (2003-02-28).
2782:Terrestrial helium consists almost exclusively (
3081:Sano, Yuji; Wakita, Hiroshi; Sheng, Xu (1988).
2861:The shortest-lived isotope is helium-10 with a
2790:) of this isotope. Helium-4's boiling point of
647:-rich regions. Phase separation also exists in
2691:, which condense to a superfluid more easily.
4237:
3731:Physicists discover new kind of radioactivity
202:
8:
3879:"Experimental Evidence for the Existence of
2964:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2184:is an intermediate in the first step of the
30:
3646:
3644:
2767:is an unusually stable nucleus because its
4244:
4230:
4222:
3058:"helium-3 | chemical isotope | Britannica"
1596:( ) – Uncertainty (1
1576:
209:
195:
4183:The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements
4155:"Radioactive beams drive physics forward"
4064:
4019:
3679:
3616:
3606:
3520:
3518:
3455:
3386:
3325:
3264:
3205:The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements
3155:
3106:
622:
621:
619:
590:
588:
297:are short-lived, the longest-lived being
4106:"Periodic Table of Elements: Li—Lithium"
2668:, it must be cooled to a temperature of
1879:ions at a proton-rich target to produce
983:
920:
760:
673:
377:In the Earth's atmosphere, the ratio of
52:
2952:
1589:
3527:"New Form of Artificial Radioactivity"
3220:Matter and methods at low temperatures
664:Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov phase
29:
4464:
4187:. Reinhold Book Corporation. p.
3660:Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy
3651:Bradford, R. A. W. (27 August 2009).
2818:Although all heavier helium isotopes
2727:of heavier radioactive elements; the
1939:Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
1684:
1682:
126:
121:
109:
104:
7:
2080:nuclei were directed at a cryogenic
2052:Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
1830:There may have been observations of
374:may have an even shorter half-life.
2679:). This difference is explained by
2628:. Extraplanetary material, such as
3083:"Atmospheric helium isotope ratio"
2483:within a precise anthropic limit.
25:
3963:Jaffe, R. L.; Low, F. E. (1979).
3004:"Standard Atomic Weights: Helium"
2568:.) There is only a trace amount (
1873:creation of elements inside stars
6774:
6466:
6405:
6060:
6011:
5666:
5617:
5228:
4839:
4660:
4481:
4428:
3897:and for a Specific Structure of
2869:. Helium-6 decays by emitting a
2156:nuclei colliding with hydrogen.
356:), although it is possible that
3566:from the original on 4 May 2023
2624:is more abundant, a product of
1570:This table header & footer:
3856:10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.192503
3618:11858/00-001M-0000-0029-C408-7
2731:that emerge are fully ionized
2265:of the diproton to deuterium:
640:{\displaystyle {\ce {{}^3He}}}
607:{\displaystyle {\ce {^{4}He}}}
221:Although there are nine known
1:
4002:Krivoruchenko, M. I. (2011).
3942:10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.082501
3711:Nuclear Physics in a Nutshell
3344:10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.030401
3283:10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.060401
2834:collisions to create unusual
2102:. It was discovered that the
528:phases due to differences in
7138:Lists of isotopes by element
2875:806.92(24) milliseconds
2798:, it transforms to a unique
2042:Further evidence comes from
321:806.92(24) milliseconds
4179:Clifford A. Hampel (1968).
3525:Schewe, Phil (2008-05-29).
3474:10.1103/PhysRevA.104.053322
2687:, while helium-4 atoms are
2683:, since helium-3 atoms are
7154:
6455:
4708:
4529:
4455:
4110:EnvironmentalChemistry.com
4083:10.1103/PhysRevD.80.043507
4038:10.1103/PhysRevC.84.015206
3595:Pure and Applied Chemistry
3028:Pure and Applied Chemistry
2723:, is produced on Earth by
2698:
2490:
2261:followed by the immediate
1567:
7081:
6771:
4263:
3776:10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.43
3690:10.1007/s12036-009-0005-x
3556:"Atomic Weight of Helium"
3136:The Astrophysical Journal
2867:260(40) yoctoseconds
2705:The most common isotope,
2359:with the overall formula
1937:was found in 2008 at the
1821:Pauli exclusion principle
1353:
1351:
1348:
1317:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1280:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1122:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1085:
839:
837:
834:
795:
786:
783:
780:
759:
741:
730:
722:
714:
707:
694:
687:
680:
676:
635:
602:
484:Equal mixtures of liquid
190:
116:
99:
58:
55:
51:
3989:10.1103/PhysRevD.19.2105
3533:(865 #2). Archived from
3509:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf
2990:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae
2830:, researchers have used
2777:Big Bang nucleosynthesis
2013:nucleus decayed into an
1690:Big Bang nucleosynthesis
630:
624:
597:
591:
423:Local Interstellar Cloud
4417:Chalcogens
3922:Physical Review Letters
3756:Physical Review Letters
3405:10.1126/science.1122318
3314:Physical Review Letters
3253:Physical Review Letters
3108:10.2343/geochemj.22.177
2873:and has a half-life of
2814:Heavier helium isotopes
2664:For helium-3 to form a
2639:, has trace amounts of
2472:stellar nucleosynthesis
2159:Under the influence of
662:formation or an exotic
3218:Pobell, Frank (2007).
2941:drips out two neutrons
1941:, in Italy. A beam of
641:
608:
578:Dilution refrigerators
341:, with a half-life of
323:. The least stable is
235:standard atomic weight
137:Standard atomic weight
3842:(19): 192503–192506.
3608:10.1515/pac-2015-0503
3191:"Helium Fundamentals"
3036:10.1515/pac-2019-0603
2895:and four neutrons in
642:
609:
2858:the Standard Model.
2832:particle accelerator
1672:Intermediate in the
746:(mole fraction)
618:
587:
425:, the proportion of
7107:Isotopes by element
7102:Metastable isotopes
4075:2009PhRvD..80d3507M
4030:2011PhRvC..84a5206K
3981:1979PhRvD..19.2105J
3934:2003PhRvL..90h2501K
3848:2008PhRvL.100s2503R
3768:2001PhRvL..86...43G
3672:2009JApA...30..119B
3531:Physics News Update
3466:2021PhRvA.104e3322K
3397:2006Sci...311..492Z
3336:2006PhRvL..97c0401S
3275:2005PhRvL..95f0401C
3148:2006ApJ...639..246B
3099:1988GeocJ..22..177S
3087:Geochemical Journal
2477:anthropic principle
2186:proton–proton chain
1773:Helium-2 (diproton)
1753:Has 4 halo neutrons
1674:proton–proton chain
755:Range of variation
48:
7128:Isotopes of helium
7097:Tables of nuclides
3736:2011-04-23 at the
3062:www.britannica.com
2935:, despite being a
2771:are arranged into
2681:quantum statistics
2084:target to produce
2031:nucleus, plus two
1852:at once—perhaps a
1817:strong interaction
1799:, consists of two
1319:119.5(1.5) ms
1124:806.92(24) ms
752:Normal proportion
637:
604:
530:quantum statistics
524:separate into two
7115:
7114:
7086:Table of nuclides
7076:
7075:
7063:
7042:
7021:
7000:
6979:
6958:
6937:
6916:
6895:
6874:
6853:
6832:
6811:
6790:
6755:
6734:
6713:
6692:
6671:
6650:
6629:
6608:
6587:
6566:
6545:
6524:
6503:
6482:
6442:
6421:
6391:
6370:
6349:
6328:
6307:
6286:
6265:
6244:
6223:
6202:
6181:
6160:
6139:
6118:
6097:
6076:
6048:
6027:
5997:
5976:
5955:
5934:
5913:
5892:
5871:
5850:
5829:
5808:
5787:
5766:
5745:
5724:
5703:
5682:
5654:
5633:
5603:
5582:
5561:
5540:
5519:
5498:
5477:
5456:
5435:
5414:
5393:
5372:
5351:
5330:
5309:
5288:
5265:
5244:
5214:
5193:
5172:
5151:
5130:
5109:
5088:
5067:
5046:
5025:
5004:
4983:
4962:
4941:
4920:
4899:
4876:
4855:
4825:
4804:
4783:
4762:
4741:
4720:
4697:
4676:
4646:
4625:
4604:
4583:
4562:
4541:
4518:
4497:
4467:
4444:
4414:Pnictogens
4375:
4273:
4257:chemical elements
4104:K. L. Barbalace.
4053:Physical Review D
4008:Physical Review C
3969:Physical Review D
3833:Excited States".
3719:978-0-691-12505-3
3497:Chinese Physics C
3444:Physical Review A
3381:(5760): 492–496.
3229:978-3-540-46356-6
2978:Chinese Physics C
2826:of less than one
2062:, where beams of
1919:More evidence of
1850:emits two protons
1633:
1632:
1587:
1586:
743:Natural abundance
631:
629:
628:
627:
598:
596:
595:
594:
219:
218:
131:
130:
16:(Redirected from
7145:
7061:§ List
7055:
7040:§ List
7034:
7019:§ List
7013:
6998:§ List
6992:
6977:§ List
6971:
6956:§ List
6950:
6935:§ List
6929:
6914:§ List
6908:
6893:§ List
6887:
6872:§ List
6866:
6851:§ List
6845:
6830:§ List
6824:
6809:§ List
6803:
6788:§ List
6782:
6778:
6777:
6753:§ List
6747:
6732:§ List
6726:
6711:§ List
6705:
6690:§ List
6684:
6669:§ List
6663:
6648:§ List
6642:
6627:§ List
6621:
6606:§ List
6600:
6585:§ List
6579:
6564:§ List
6558:
6543:§ List
6537:
6522:§ List
6516:
6501:§ List
6495:
6480:§ List
6474:
6470:
6469:
6440:§ List
6434:
6419:§ List
6413:
6409:
6389:§ List
6383:
6368:§ List
6362:
6347:§ List
6341:
6326:§ List
6320:
6305:§ List
6299:
6284:§ List
6278:
6263:§ List
6257:
6242:§ List
6236:
6221:§ List
6215:
6200:§ List
6194:
6179:§ List
6173:
6158:§ List
6152:
6137:§ List
6131:
6116:§ List
6110:
6095:§ List
6089:
6074:§ List
6068:
6064:
6063:
6046:§ List
6040:
6025:§ List
6019:
6015:
5995:§ List
5989:
5974:§ List
5968:
5953:§ List
5947:
5932:§ List
5926:
5911:§ List
5905:
5890:§ List
5884:
5869:§ List
5863:
5848:§ List
5842:
5827:§ List
5821:
5806:§ List
5800:
5785:§ List
5779:
5764:§ List
5758:
5743:§ List
5737:
5722:§ List
5716:
5701:§ List
5695:
5680:§ List
5674:
5670:
5669:
5652:§ List
5646:
5631:§ List
5625:
5621:
5601:§ List
5595:
5580:§ List
5574:
5559:§ List
5553:
5538:§ List
5532:
5517:§ List
5511:
5496:§ List
5490:
5475:§ List
5469:
5454:§ List
5448:
5433:§ List
5427:
5412:§ List
5406:
5391:§ List
5385:
5370:§ List
5364:
5349:§ List
5343:
5328:§ List
5322:
5307:§ List
5301:
5286:§ List
5280:
5263:§ List
5257:
5242:§ List
5236:
5232:
5212:§ List
5206:
5191:§ List
5185:
5170:§ List
5164:
5149:§ List
5143:
5128:§ List
5122:
5107:§ List
5101:
5086:§ List
5080:
5065:§ List
5059:
5044:§ List
5038:
5023:§ List
5017:
5002:§ List
4996:
4981:§ List
4975:
4960:§ List
4954:
4939:§ List
4933:
4918:§ List
4912:
4897:§ List
4891:
4874:§ List
4868:
4853:§ List
4847:
4843:
4823:§ List
4817:
4802:§ List
4796:
4781:§ List
4775:
4760:§ List
4754:
4739:§ List
4733:
4718:§ List
4712:
4695:§ List
4689:
4674:§ List
4668:
4664:
4644:§ List
4638:
4623:§ List
4617:
4602:§ List
4596:
4581:§ List
4575:
4560:§ List
4554:
4539:§ List
4533:
4516:§ List
4510:
4495:§ List
4489:
4485:
4465:§ List
4459:
4442:§ List
4436:
4432:
4371:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4223:
4203:
4202:
4186:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4068:
4048:
4042:
4041:
4023:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3975:(7): 2105–2118.
3960:
3954:
3953:
3919:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3905:
3904:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3887:
3886:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3836:Phys. Rev. Lett.
3832:
3831:
3830:
3823:
3822:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3805:
3804:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3751:
3745:
3742:physicsworld.com
3728:
3722:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3683:
3657:
3648:
3639:
3638:
3620:
3610:
3585:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3552:
3539:
3538:
3522:
3513:
3512:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3459:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3390:
3388:cond-mat/0511197
3370:
3364:
3363:
3329:
3327:cond-mat/0606432
3309:
3303:
3302:
3268:
3266:cond-mat/0503256
3248:
3242:
3241:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3187:
3178:
3177:
3159:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3110:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2975:
2966:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2925:
2924:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2903:
2902:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2885:
2884:
2876:
2868:
2842:such as helium,
2809:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2787:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2757:
2756:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2739:
2738:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2713:
2712:
2678:
2674:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2647:
2646:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2614:
2613:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2584:
2583:
2575:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2557:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2540:
2539:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2522:
2521:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2504:
2503:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2446:
2445:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2428:
2427:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2409:
2408:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2389:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2371:
2370:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2338:
2337:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2318:
2317:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2297:
2296:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2277:
2276:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2247:
2246:
2237:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2221:
2220:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2201:
2200:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2174:
2173:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2146:
2145:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2128:
2127:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2110:
2109:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2092:
2091:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2070:
2069:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2021:
2020:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2003:
2002:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1985:
1984:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1967:
1966:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1949:
1948:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1927:
1926:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1905:
1904:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1887:
1886:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1859:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1838:
1837:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1784:
1767:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1745:
1738:
1732:
1725:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1708:
1707:
1698:
1692:
1688:Produced during
1686:
1677:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1618:Neutron emission
1611:
1610:
1609:Modes of decay:
1607:
1601:
1594:
1583:
1578:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1546:
1533:
1531:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1497:
1496:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1469:
1468:
1456:
1454:
1447:
1445:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1422:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1402:
1401:
1391:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1373:
1372:
1361:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1337:
1336:
1326:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1288:
1287:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1260:
1259:
1246:
1244:
1237:
1235:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1213:
1212:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1190:
1179:
1177:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1150:
1149:
1138:
1136:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1093:
1092:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1062:
1045:
1043:
1036:
1034:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1012:
1011:
998:
996:
981:
979:
976:
973:
959:
958:
957:
950:
949:
935:
933:
918:
916:
913:
910:
896:
895:
894:
887:
886:
872:
871:
870:
863:
862:
850:
830:
829:
828:
821:
820:
808:
799:
793:
791:
777:
776:
775:
768:
767:
747:
704:
674:
670:List of isotopes
646:
644:
643:
638:
636:
625:
623:
613:
611:
610:
605:
603:
592:
571:
570:
569:
562:
561:
549:
548:
547:
540:
539:
523:
519:
518:
517:
510:
509:
501:
500:
499:
492:
491:
472:
468:
466:
460:
459:
458:
451:
450:
442:
441:
440:
433:
432:
420:
418:
412:
411:
410:
403:
402:
394:
393:
392:
385:
384:
373:
372:
371:
364:
363:
355:
353:
347:
340:
339:
338:
331:
330:
322:
314:
313:
312:
305:
304:
288:
287:
286:
279:
278:
266:
265:
264:
257:
256:
244:
242:
211:
204:
197:
178:
176:
169:
168:
164:
161:
147:
124:
107:
85:
53:
49:
47:
46:
21:
7153:
7152:
7148:
7147:
7146:
7144:
7143:
7142:
7118:
7117:
7116:
7111:
7077:
7071:
7064:
7050:
7043:
7029:
7022:
7008:
7001:
6987:
6980:
6966:
6959:
6945:
6938:
6924:
6917:
6903:
6896:
6882:
6875:
6861:
6854:
6840:
6833:
6819:
6812:
6798:
6791:
6775:
6763:
6756:
6742:
6735:
6721:
6714:
6700:
6693:
6679:
6672:
6658:
6651:
6637:
6630:
6616:
6609:
6595:
6588:
6574:
6567:
6553:
6546:
6532:
6525:
6511:
6504:
6490:
6483:
6467:
6450:
6443:
6429:
6422:
6399:
6392:
6378:
6371:
6357:
6350:
6336:
6329:
6315:
6308:
6294:
6287:
6273:
6266:
6252:
6245:
6231:
6224:
6210:
6203:
6189:
6182:
6168:
6161:
6147:
6140:
6126:
6119:
6105:
6098:
6084:
6077:
6061:
6056:
6049:
6035:
6028:
6005:
5998:
5984:
5977:
5963:
5956:
5942:
5935:
5921:
5914:
5900:
5893:
5879:
5872:
5858:
5851:
5837:
5830:
5816:
5809:
5795:
5788:
5774:
5767:
5753:
5746:
5732:
5725:
5711:
5704:
5690:
5683:
5667:
5662:
5655:
5641:
5634:
5611:
5604:
5590:
5583:
5569:
5562:
5548:
5541:
5527:
5520:
5506:
5499:
5485:
5478:
5464:
5457:
5443:
5436:
5422:
5415:
5401:
5394:
5380:
5373:
5359:
5352:
5338:
5331:
5317:
5310:
5296:
5289:
5273:
5266:
5252:
5245:
5222:
5215:
5201:
5194:
5180:
5173:
5159:
5152:
5138:
5131:
5117:
5110:
5096:
5089:
5075:
5068:
5054:
5047:
5033:
5026:
5012:
5005:
4991:
4984:
4970:
4963:
4949:
4942:
4928:
4921:
4907:
4900:
4884:
4877:
4863:
4856:
4833:
4826:
4812:
4805:
4791:
4784:
4770:
4763:
4749:
4742:
4728:
4721:
4705:
4698:
4684:
4677:
4654:
4647:
4633:
4626:
4612:
4605:
4591:
4584:
4570:
4563:
4549:
4542:
4526:
4519:
4505:
4498:
4475:
4468:
4452:
4445:
4420:Halogens
4384:
4379:
4259:
4250:
4212:
4207:
4206:
4199:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4164:
4162:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4139:
4137:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4114:
4112:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4050:
4049:
4045:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3917:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3762:(2001): 43–46.
3753:
3752:
3748:
3738:Wayback Machine
3729:
3725:
3709:
3705:
3681:10.1.1.495.4545
3655:
3650:
3649:
3642:
3587:
3586:
3579:
3569:
3567:
3554:
3553:
3542:
3524:
3523:
3516:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3230:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3189:
3188:
3181:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3066:
3064:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2973:
2968:
2967:
2954:
2949:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2866:
2816:
2807:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2773:complete shells
2763:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2729:alpha particles
2719:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2697:
2676:
2669:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2489:
2475:example of the
2459:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2352:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2263:beta-plus decay
2253:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2161:electromagnetic
2152:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2037:S configuration
2027:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1739:
1735:
1726:
1722:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1680:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1628:Proton emission
1608:
1604:
1595:
1591:
1582:
1568:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1452:
1450:
1443:
1441:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1359:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1233:
1231:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1175:
1173:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1134:
1132:
1123:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1032:
1030:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1005:
994:
992:
977:
974:
971:
969:
956:
954:
953:
952:
948:
946:
945:
944:
943:
931:
929:
914:
911:
908:
906:
893:
891:
890:
889:
885:
883:
882:
881:
880:
869:
867:
866:
865:
861:
859:
858:
857:
856:
848:
827:
825:
824:
823:
819:
817:
816:
815:
814:
806:
797:
789:
787:
774:
772:
771:
770:
766:
764:
763:
762:
761:
745:
739:
735:
728:
725:
720:
717:
712:
711:
705:
698:
678:
672:
616:
615:
585:
584:
568:
566:
565:
564:
560:
558:
557:
556:
555:
546:
544:
543:
542:
538:
536:
535:
534:
533:
521:
516:
514:
513:
512:
508:
506:
505:
504:
503:
498:
496:
495:
494:
490:
488:
487:
486:
485:
470:
464:
462:
457:
455:
454:
453:
449:
447:
446:
445:
444:
439:
437:
436:
435:
431:
429:
428:
427:
426:
416:
414:
409:
407:
406:
405:
401:
399:
398:
397:
396:
391:
389:
388:
387:
383:
381:
380:
379:
378:
370:
368:
367:
366:
362:
360:
359:
358:
357:
351:
349:
342:
337:
335:
334:
333:
329:
327:
326:
325:
324:
320:
311:
309:
308:
307:
303:
301:
300:
299:
298:
285:
283:
282:
281:
277:
275:
274:
273:
272:
263:
261:
260:
259:
255:
253:
252:
251:
250:
240:
238:
232:
215:
186:
174:
172:
166:
162:
159:
157:
145:
139:
122:
105:
83:
76:
69:abundance
44:
40:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7151:
7149:
7141:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7120:
7119:
7113:
7112:
7110:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7088:
7082:
7079:
7078:
7074:
7073:
7065:
7054:
7052:
7044:
7033:
7031:
7023:
7012:
7010:
7002:
6991:
6989:
6981:
6970:
6968:
6960:
6949:
6947:
6939:
6928:
6926:
6918:
6907:
6905:
6897:
6886:
6884:
6876:
6865:
6863:
6855:
6844:
6842:
6834:
6823:
6821:
6813:
6802:
6800:
6792:
6781:
6779:
6772:
6769:
6768:
6765:
6757:
6746:
6744:
6736:
6725:
6723:
6715:
6704:
6702:
6694:
6683:
6681:
6673:
6662:
6660:
6652:
6641:
6639:
6631:
6620:
6618:
6610:
6599:
6597:
6589:
6578:
6576:
6568:
6557:
6555:
6547:
6536:
6534:
6526:
6515:
6513:
6505:
6494:
6492:
6484:
6473:
6471:
6464:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6456:
6453:
6452:
6444:
6433:
6431:
6423:
6412:
6410:
6402:
6401:
6393:
6382:
6380:
6372:
6361:
6359:
6351:
6340:
6338:
6330:
6319:
6317:
6309:
6298:
6296:
6288:
6277:
6275:
6267:
6256:
6254:
6246:
6235:
6233:
6225:
6214:
6212:
6204:
6193:
6191:
6183:
6172:
6170:
6162:
6151:
6149:
6141:
6130:
6128:
6120:
6109:
6107:
6099:
6088:
6086:
6078:
6067:
6065:
6058:
6050:
6039:
6037:
6029:
6018:
6016:
6008:
6007:
5999:
5988:
5986:
5978:
5967:
5965:
5957:
5946:
5944:
5936:
5925:
5923:
5915:
5904:
5902:
5894:
5883:
5881:
5873:
5862:
5860:
5852:
5841:
5839:
5831:
5820:
5818:
5810:
5799:
5797:
5789:
5778:
5776:
5768:
5757:
5755:
5747:
5736:
5734:
5726:
5715:
5713:
5705:
5694:
5692:
5684:
5673:
5671:
5664:
5656:
5645:
5643:
5635:
5624:
5622:
5614:
5613:
5605:
5594:
5592:
5584:
5573:
5571:
5563:
5552:
5550:
5542:
5531:
5529:
5521:
5510:
5508:
5500:
5489:
5487:
5479:
5468:
5466:
5458:
5447:
5445:
5437:
5426:
5424:
5416:
5405:
5403:
5395:
5384:
5382:
5374:
5363:
5361:
5353:
5342:
5340:
5332:
5321:
5319:
5311:
5300:
5298:
5290:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5267:
5256:
5254:
5246:
5235:
5233:
5225:
5224:
5216:
5205:
5203:
5195:
5184:
5182:
5174:
5163:
5161:
5153:
5142:
5140:
5132:
5121:
5119:
5111:
5100:
5098:
5090:
5079:
5077:
5069:
5058:
5056:
5048:
5037:
5035:
5027:
5016:
5014:
5006:
4995:
4993:
4985:
4974:
4972:
4964:
4953:
4951:
4943:
4932:
4930:
4922:
4911:
4909:
4901:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4878:
4867:
4865:
4857:
4846:
4844:
4836:
4835:
4827:
4816:
4814:
4806:
4795:
4793:
4785:
4774:
4772:
4764:
4753:
4751:
4743:
4732:
4730:
4722:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4699:
4688:
4686:
4678:
4667:
4665:
4657:
4656:
4648:
4637:
4635:
4627:
4616:
4614:
4606:
4595:
4593:
4585:
4574:
4572:
4564:
4553:
4551:
4543:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4520:
4509:
4507:
4499:
4488:
4486:
4478:
4477:
4469:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4446:
4435:
4433:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4381:
4380:alkali metals
4376:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4216:General Tables
4211:
4210:External links
4208:
4205:
4204:
4198:978-0278916432
4197:
4171:
4146:
4121:
4096:
4043:
3994:
3955:
3910:
3902:
3892:
3884:
3869:
3828:
3820:
3810:
3802:
3789:
3746:
3723:
3703:
3666:(2): 119–131.
3640:
3601:(3): 293–306.
3577:
3540:
3537:on 2008-10-14.
3514:
3487:
3434:
3365:
3304:
3243:
3228:
3210:
3207:. p. 264.
3196:
3179:
3157:10.1086/499223
3122:
3093:(4): 177–181.
3073:
3049:
3013:
2995:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2930:
2922:
2908:
2900:
2890:
2882:
2815:
2812:
2802:state of zero
2762:
2754:
2744:
2736:
2718:
2710:
2699:Main article:
2696:
2693:
2652:
2644:
2626:nuclear fusion
2619:
2611:
2589:
2581:
2563:
2555:
2545:
2537:
2527:
2519:
2509:
2501:
2491:Main article:
2488:
2485:
2464:
2463:
2451:
2443:
2433:
2425:
2414:
2405:
2395:
2386:
2376:
2367:
2357:
2356:
2343:
2335:
2323:
2315:
2302:
2293:
2282:
2273:
2259:
2258:
2252:
2243:
2226:
2217:
2206:
2197:
2179:
2171:
2151:
2143:
2133:
2125:
2115:
2107:
2097:
2089:
2075:
2067:
2026:
2018:
2008:
2000:
1990:
1982:
1972:
1964:
1954:
1946:
1932:
1924:
1910:
1902:
1892:
1884:
1865:
1857:
1843:
1835:
1825:binding energy
1790:
1782:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1755:
1746:
1733:
1720:
1713:
1705:
1693:
1678:
1665:
1656:
1647:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1602:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1572:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1525:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1494:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1474:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1448:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1428:
1420:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1399:
1393:
1385:
1384:
1378:
1370:
1363:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1342:
1334:
1328:
1321:
1316:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1285:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1265:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1238:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1218:
1210:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1188:
1181:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1155:
1147:
1140:
1126:
1121:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1090:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1068:
1060:
1052:
1047:
1037:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1009:
1002:
1001:
999:
990:
987:
982:
967:
964:
961:
955:
947:
939:
938:
936:
927:
924:
919:
904:
901:
898:
892:
884:
876:
875:
868:
860:
852:
841:
840:
838:
836:
833:
826:
818:
810:
800:
794:
785:
782:
779:
773:
765:
757:
756:
753:
749:
748:
740:
729:
721:
713:
706:
693:
686:
679:
671:
668:
660:vortex lattice
634:
601:
567:
559:
545:
537:
515:
507:
497:
489:
456:
448:
438:
430:
408:
400:
390:
382:
369:
361:
336:
328:
310:
302:
284:
276:
262:
254:
230:
217:
216:
214:
213:
206:
199:
191:
188:
187:
185:
184:
170:
154:
152:
149:
148:
143:
133:
132:
129:
128:
125:
120:
114:
113:
108:
103:
97:
96:
91:
86:
81:
71:
66:
63:
62:
57:
56:Main isotopes
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7150:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7125:
7123:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7083:
7080:
7070:
7069:
7062:
7058:
7053:
7049:
7048:
7041:
7037:
7032:
7028:
7027:
7020:
7016:
7011:
7007:
7006:
6999:
6995:
6990:
6986:
6985:
6978:
6974:
6969:
6965:
6964:
6957:
6953:
6948:
6944:
6943:
6936:
6932:
6927:
6923:
6922:
6915:
6911:
6906:
6902:
6901:
6894:
6890:
6885:
6881:
6880:
6873:
6869:
6864:
6860:
6859:
6852:
6848:
6843:
6839:
6838:
6831:
6827:
6822:
6818:
6817:
6810:
6806:
6801:
6797:
6796:
6789:
6785:
6780:
6773:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6761:
6754:
6750:
6745:
6741:
6740:
6733:
6729:
6724:
6720:
6719:
6712:
6708:
6703:
6699:
6698:
6691:
6687:
6682:
6678:
6677:
6670:
6666:
6661:
6657:
6656:
6649:
6645:
6640:
6636:
6635:
6628:
6624:
6619:
6615:
6614:
6607:
6603:
6598:
6594:
6593:
6586:
6582:
6577:
6573:
6572:
6565:
6561:
6556:
6552:
6551:
6544:
6540:
6535:
6531:
6530:
6523:
6519:
6514:
6510:
6509:
6502:
6498:
6493:
6489:
6488:
6481:
6477:
6472:
6465:
6463:
6461:
6459:
6458:
6454:
6449:
6448:
6441:
6437:
6432:
6428:
6427:
6420:
6416:
6411:
6408:
6404:
6403:
6398:
6397:
6390:
6386:
6381:
6377:
6376:
6369:
6365:
6360:
6356:
6355:
6348:
6344:
6339:
6335:
6334:
6327:
6323:
6318:
6314:
6313:
6306:
6302:
6297:
6293:
6292:
6285:
6281:
6276:
6272:
6271:
6264:
6260:
6255:
6251:
6250:
6243:
6239:
6234:
6230:
6229:
6222:
6218:
6213:
6209:
6208:
6201:
6197:
6192:
6188:
6187:
6180:
6176:
6171:
6167:
6166:
6159:
6155:
6150:
6146:
6145:
6138:
6134:
6129:
6125:
6124:
6117:
6113:
6108:
6104:
6103:
6096:
6092:
6087:
6083:
6082:
6075:
6071:
6066:
6059:
6055:
6054:
6047:
6043:
6038:
6034:
6033:
6026:
6022:
6017:
6014:
6010:
6009:
6004:
6003:
5996:
5992:
5987:
5983:
5982:
5975:
5971:
5966:
5962:
5961:
5954:
5950:
5945:
5941:
5940:
5933:
5929:
5924:
5920:
5919:
5912:
5908:
5903:
5899:
5898:
5891:
5887:
5882:
5878:
5877:
5870:
5866:
5861:
5857:
5856:
5849:
5845:
5840:
5836:
5835:
5828:
5824:
5819:
5815:
5814:
5807:
5803:
5798:
5794:
5793:
5786:
5782:
5777:
5773:
5772:
5765:
5761:
5756:
5752:
5751:
5744:
5740:
5735:
5731:
5730:
5723:
5719:
5714:
5710:
5709:
5702:
5698:
5693:
5689:
5688:
5681:
5677:
5672:
5665:
5661:
5660:
5653:
5649:
5644:
5640:
5639:
5632:
5628:
5623:
5620:
5616:
5615:
5610:
5609:
5602:
5598:
5593:
5589:
5588:
5581:
5577:
5572:
5568:
5567:
5560:
5556:
5551:
5547:
5546:
5539:
5535:
5530:
5526:
5525:
5518:
5514:
5509:
5505:
5504:
5497:
5493:
5488:
5484:
5483:
5476:
5472:
5467:
5463:
5462:
5455:
5451:
5446:
5442:
5441:
5434:
5430:
5425:
5421:
5420:
5413:
5409:
5404:
5400:
5399:
5392:
5388:
5383:
5379:
5378:
5371:
5367:
5362:
5358:
5357:
5350:
5346:
5341:
5337:
5336:
5329:
5325:
5320:
5316:
5315:
5308:
5304:
5299:
5295:
5294:
5287:
5283:
5278:
5276:
5272:
5271:
5264:
5260:
5255:
5251:
5250:
5243:
5239:
5234:
5231:
5227:
5226:
5221:
5220:
5213:
5209:
5204:
5200:
5199:
5192:
5188:
5183:
5179:
5178:
5171:
5167:
5162:
5158:
5157:
5150:
5146:
5141:
5137:
5136:
5129:
5125:
5120:
5116:
5115:
5108:
5104:
5099:
5095:
5094:
5087:
5083:
5078:
5074:
5073:
5066:
5062:
5057:
5053:
5052:
5045:
5041:
5036:
5032:
5031:
5024:
5020:
5015:
5011:
5010:
5003:
4999:
4994:
4990:
4989:
4982:
4978:
4973:
4969:
4968:
4961:
4957:
4952:
4948:
4947:
4940:
4936:
4931:
4927:
4926:
4919:
4915:
4910:
4906:
4905:
4898:
4894:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4882:
4875:
4871:
4866:
4862:
4861:
4854:
4850:
4845:
4842:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4831:
4824:
4820:
4815:
4811:
4810:
4803:
4799:
4794:
4790:
4789:
4782:
4778:
4773:
4769:
4768:
4761:
4757:
4752:
4748:
4747:
4740:
4736:
4731:
4727:
4726:
4719:
4715:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4696:
4692:
4687:
4683:
4682:
4675:
4671:
4666:
4663:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4652:
4645:
4641:
4636:
4632:
4631:
4624:
4620:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4603:
4599:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4582:
4578:
4573:
4569:
4568:
4561:
4557:
4552:
4548:
4547:
4540:
4536:
4531:
4525:
4524:
4517:
4513:
4508:
4504:
4503:
4496:
4492:
4487:
4484:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4473:
4466:
4462:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4443:
4439:
4434:
4431:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4385:earth metals
4382:
4377:
4374:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4247:
4242:
4240:
4235:
4233:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4200:
4194:
4190:
4185:
4184:
4175:
4172:
4160:
4156:
4150:
4147:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4111:
4107:
4100:
4097:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4059:(4): 043507.
4058:
4054:
4047:
4044:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4014:(1): 015206.
4013:
4009:
4005:
3998:
3995:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3959:
3956:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3928:(8): 082501.
3927:
3923:
3916:
3873:
3870:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3793:
3790:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3750:
3747:
3744:Oct 24, 2000.
3743:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3704:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3503:(3): 030003.
3502:
3498:
3491:
3488:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3450:(5): 053322.
3449:
3445:
3438:
3435:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3369:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3320:(3): 030401.
3319:
3315:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3259:(6): 060401.
3258:
3254:
3247:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3221:
3214:
3211:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3126:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3074:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3017:
3014:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2984:(3): 030001.
2983:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2916:
2872:
2871:beta particle
2864:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2836:atomic nuclei
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2813:
2811:
2805:
2801:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2730:
2726:
2702:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2673:
2667:
2662:
2661:bombardment.
2660:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2494:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2460:0.42 MeV
2362:
2361:
2360:
2353:1.67 MeV
2348:
2327:
2307:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2236:
2211:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2165:
2162:
2157:
2083:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2034:
1940:
1917:
1878:
1874:
1851:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1777:Helium-2, or
1772:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1636:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1539:
1536:
1526:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1461:
1458:
1449:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1415:
1414:
1394:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1364:
1357:
1356:
1329:
1322:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1252:
1249:
1239:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1182:
1171:
1170:
1160:
1141:
1130:
1127:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1038:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1004:
1003:
1000:
991:
988:
986:
968:
965:
962:
960:
941:
940:
937:
928:
925:
923:
905:
902:
899:
897:
878:
877:
874:
873:
853:
846:
843:
842:
832:
831:
811:
804:
801:
778:
758:
754:
751:
750:
744:
738:
733:
727:
719:
710:
702:
697:
696:Isotopic mass
692:
691:
685:
684:
675:
669:
667:
665:
661:
657:
654:
650:
649:ultracold gas
632:
599:
581:
579:
575:
553:
531:
527:
482:
480:
476:
424:
375:
346:
343:260(40)
318:
296:
295:radioisotopes
292:
270:
248:
236:
228:
224:
212:
207:
205:
200:
198:
193:
192:
189:
182:
171:
156:
155:
153:
150:
142:
138:
134:
119:
115:
112:
102:
98:
95:
94:product
92:
90:
87:
80:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
64:
61:
54:
50:
38:
34:
19:
7090:Categories:
7066:
7045:
7024:
7003:
6982:
6961:
6940:
6919:
6898:
6877:
6856:
6835:
6814:
6793:
6758:
6737:
6716:
6695:
6674:
6653:
6632:
6611:
6590:
6569:
6548:
6527:
6506:
6485:
6445:
6424:
6394:
6373:
6352:
6331:
6310:
6289:
6268:
6247:
6226:
6205:
6184:
6163:
6142:
6121:
6100:
6079:
6051:
6030:
6000:
5979:
5958:
5937:
5916:
5895:
5874:
5853:
5832:
5811:
5790:
5769:
5748:
5727:
5706:
5685:
5657:
5636:
5606:
5585:
5564:
5543:
5522:
5501:
5480:
5459:
5438:
5417:
5396:
5375:
5354:
5333:
5312:
5291:
5268:
5247:
5217:
5196:
5175:
5154:
5133:
5112:
5091:
5070:
5049:
5028:
5007:
4986:
4965:
4944:
4923:
4902:
4879:
4858:
4828:
4807:
4786:
4765:
4744:
4723:
4700:
4679:
4649:
4628:
4607:
4586:
4565:
4544:
4521:
4500:
4470:
4460:
4447:
4423:Noble gases
4378:Hydrogen and
4182:
4174:
4163:. Retrieved
4161:. 1999-11-29
4159:CERN Courier
4158:
4149:
4138:. Retrieved
4136:. 2008-01-25
4133:
4124:
4113:. Retrieved
4109:
4099:
4056:
4052:
4046:
4011:
4007:
3997:
3972:
3968:
3958:
3925:
3921:
3872:
3839:
3834:
3792:
3759:
3755:
3749:
3726:
3710:
3706:
3663:
3659:
3598:
3594:
3568:. Retrieved
3535:the original
3530:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3447:
3443:
3437:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3219:
3213:
3204:
3199:
3139:
3135:
3125:
3090:
3086:
3076:
3065:. Retrieved
3061:
3052:
3027:
3016:
2998:
2981:
2977:
2937:doubly magic
2860:
2854:and physics
2817:
2781:
2704:
2670:0.0025
2663:
2496:
2465:
2358:
2260:
2166:
2158:
2041:
1918:
1829:
1796:
1776:
1758:
1749:
1736:
1723:
1696:
1668:
1659:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1605:
1597:
1592:
1569:
1365:
1183:
1142:
1054:
984:
921:
854:
812:
689:
682:
582:
483:
376:
345:yoctoseconds
220:
140:
78:
4134:www.anl.gov
3815:Decay from
2915:Halo nuclei
2808:0.95 K
2796:2.17 K
2725:alpha decay
2677:2.17 K
2606:, however,
1643:Bold symbol
469:, which is
7122:Categories
4165:2023-09-10
4140:2023-09-10
4115:2010-09-13
3457:2109.00427
3142:(1): 246.
3067:2022-03-20
2947:References
2800:superfluid
2792:4.2 K
2666:superfluid
2659:solar wind
2596:beta decay
2233:1.25
1325:83.1(1.0)%
614:-rich and
572:atoms are
550:atoms are
526:immiscible
522:0.8 K
146:°(He)
4091:119203730
4066:0904.1807
4021:1102.2718
3698:122223720
3676:CiteSeerX
3635:104472050
3627:1365-3075
3570:6 October
3482:237372963
3413:0036-8075
3238:122268227
3174:120648440
3166:0004-637X
3117:129104204
3044:1365-3075
2863:half-life
2824:half-life
2804:viscosity
1815:) if the
1813:deuterium
1700:This and
1532:10 s
1455:10 s
1245:10 s
1044:10 s
798:10 s
709:Half-life
656:Fermi gas
653:ultracold
415:1.343(13)
354:10 s
317:half-life
74:half-life
7092:Isotopes
7057:Isotopes
7036:Isotopes
7015:Isotopes
6994:Isotopes
6973:Isotopes
6952:Isotopes
6931:Isotopes
6910:Isotopes
6889:Isotopes
6868:Isotopes
6847:Isotopes
6826:Isotopes
6805:Isotopes
6784:Isotopes
6749:Isotopes
6728:Isotopes
6707:Isotopes
6686:Isotopes
6665:Isotopes
6644:Isotopes
6623:Isotopes
6602:Isotopes
6581:Isotopes
6560:Isotopes
6539:Isotopes
6518:Isotopes
6497:Isotopes
6476:Isotopes
6436:Isotopes
6415:Isotopes
6407:⑧
6385:Isotopes
6364:Isotopes
6343:Isotopes
6322:Isotopes
6301:Isotopes
6280:Isotopes
6259:Isotopes
6238:Isotopes
6217:Isotopes
6196:Isotopes
6175:Isotopes
6154:Isotopes
6133:Isotopes
6112:Isotopes
6091:Isotopes
6070:Isotopes
6042:Isotopes
6021:Isotopes
6013:⑦
5991:Isotopes
5970:Isotopes
5949:Isotopes
5928:Isotopes
5907:Isotopes
5886:Isotopes
5865:Isotopes
5844:Isotopes
5823:Isotopes
5802:Isotopes
5781:Isotopes
5760:Isotopes
5739:Isotopes
5718:Isotopes
5697:Isotopes
5676:Isotopes
5648:Isotopes
5627:Isotopes
5619:⑥
5597:Isotopes
5576:Isotopes
5555:Isotopes
5534:Isotopes
5513:Isotopes
5492:Isotopes
5471:Isotopes
5450:Isotopes
5429:Isotopes
5408:Isotopes
5387:Isotopes
5366:Isotopes
5345:Isotopes
5324:Isotopes
5303:Isotopes
5282:Isotopes
5259:Isotopes
5238:Isotopes
5230:⑤
5208:Isotopes
5187:Isotopes
5166:Isotopes
5145:Isotopes
5124:Isotopes
5103:Isotopes
5082:Isotopes
5061:Isotopes
5040:Isotopes
5019:Isotopes
4998:Isotopes
4977:Isotopes
4956:Isotopes
4935:Isotopes
4914:Isotopes
4893:Isotopes
4870:Isotopes
4849:Isotopes
4841:④
4819:Isotopes
4798:Isotopes
4777:Isotopes
4756:Isotopes
4735:Isotopes
4714:Isotopes
4691:Isotopes
4670:Isotopes
4662:③
4640:Isotopes
4619:Isotopes
4598:Isotopes
4577:Isotopes
4556:Isotopes
4535:Isotopes
4512:Isotopes
4491:Isotopes
4483:②
4461:Isotopes
4438:Isotopes
4430:①
4383:Alkaline
4253:Isotopes
3950:12633420
3864:18518446
3784:11136089
3734:Archived
3564:Archived
3429:13801977
3421:16373535
3360:11323402
3352:16907486
3291:16090928
2852:neutrons
2848:nitrogen
2840:elements
2769:nucleons
2749:nuclei.
2701:Helium-4
2695:Helium-4
2685:fermions
2637:regolith
2634:asteroid
2493:Helium-3
2487:Helium-3
2468:Big Bang
2082:hydrogen
2050:and the
1877:fluorine
1805:neutrons
1803:with no
1797:diproton
1766:emission
1744:emission
1742:Deuteron
1731:neutrons
1676:reaction
1528:2.60(40)
1451:2.5(2.3)
1040:6.02(22)
724:Daughter
574:fermions
463:1.62(29)
269:helium-4
247:helium-3
245:), only
223:isotopes
181:abridged
123:99.9998%
33:Isotopes
18:Helium-6
7059:
7038:
7017:
6996:
6975:
6954:
6933:
6912:
6891:
6870:
6849:
6828:
6807:
6786:
6767:
6751:
6730:
6709:
6688:
6667:
6646:
6625:
6604:
6583:
6562:
6541:
6520:
6499:
6478:
6438:
6417:
6387:
6366:
6345:
6324:
6303:
6282:
6261:
6240:
6219:
6198:
6177:
6156:
6135:
6114:
6093:
6072:
6044:
6023:
5993:
5972:
5951:
5930:
5909:
5888:
5867:
5846:
5825:
5804:
5783:
5762:
5741:
5720:
5699:
5678:
5650:
5629:
5599:
5578:
5557:
5536:
5515:
5494:
5473:
5452:
5431:
5410:
5389:
5368:
5347:
5326:
5305:
5284:
5261:
5240:
5210:
5189:
5168:
5147:
5126:
5105:
5084:
5063:
5042:
5021:
5000:
4979:
4958:
4937:
4916:
4895:
4872:
4851:
4821:
4800:
4779:
4758:
4737:
4716:
4693:
4672:
4642:
4621:
4600:
4579:
4558:
4537:
4514:
4493:
4463:
4440:
4286:
4255:of the
4071:Bibcode
4026:Bibcode
3977:Bibcode
3930:Bibcode
3844:Bibcode
3764:Bibcode
3668:Bibcode
3462:Bibcode
3393:Bibcode
3375:Science
3332:Bibcode
3271:Bibcode
3144:Bibcode
3095:Bibcode
3010:. 1983.
2844:lithium
2822:with a
2600:tritium
2033:protons
1809:β decay
1801:protons
1481:1/2(+)
1390:0.9(1)%
1272:(3/2)−
1241:2.51(7)
726:isotope
677:Nuclide
475:geology
471:121(22)
315:with a
179: (
127:stable
106:0.0002%
7133:Helium
4373:Period
4195:
4089:
3948:
3862:
3782:
3717:
3696:
3678:
3633:
3625:
3480:
3427:
3419:
3411:
3358:
3350:
3299:448402
3297:
3289:
3236:
3226:
3172:
3164:
3115:
3042:
2856:beyond
2828:second
2689:bosons
2447:ν
2339:ν
2060:Russia
1764:Triton
1727:Has 2
1598:σ
1516:10.052
1360:16(1)%
1133:99.999
985:Stable
922:Stable
847:(<
807:99.99%
805:(>
737:parity
554:while
552:bosons
520:below
479:mantle
350:2.6(4)
293:. All
291:stable
289:) are
267:) and
227:helium
177:0.0001
173:4.0026
111:stable
39:
37:helium
4271:Group
4087:S2CID
4061:arXiv
4016:arXiv
3918:(PDF)
3740:, in
3694:S2CID
3656:(PDF)
3631:S2CID
3478:S2CID
3452:arXiv
3425:S2CID
3383:arXiv
3356:S2CID
3322:arXiv
3295:S2CID
3261:arXiv
3170:S2CID
3113:S2CID
3008:CIAAW
2974:(PDF)
2820:decay
2784:0.999
2657:from
2630:lunar
2604:stars
2602:. In
2576:) of
2570:0.000
2481:tuned
2056:Dubna
2048:Japan
2044:RIKEN
1442:9.043
1307:8.033
1232:7.027
1174:0.000
1112:6.018
1077:3/2−
1031:5.012
993:0.999
980:(158)
970:4.002
930:0.000
926:1/2+
907:3.016
849:0.01%
788:2.015
716:Decay
239:4.002
233:He) (
165:0.000
158:4.002
60:Decay
7072:102
7051:101
7030:100
6451:120
6430:119
6400:118
6379:117
6358:116
6337:115
6316:114
6295:113
6274:112
6253:111
6232:110
6211:109
6190:108
6169:107
6148:106
6127:105
6106:104
6085:103
4193:ISBN
3946:PMID
3860:PMID
3780:PMID
3715:ISBN
3623:ISSN
3572:2021
3417:PMID
3409:ISSN
3348:PMID
3287:PMID
3234:OCLC
3224:ISBN
3162:ISSN
3040:ISSN
2846:and
2838:for
2632:and
2550:and
2470:and
1729:halo
1577:view
1523:(10)
1446:(50)
1388:βt (
1358:βn (
1314:(95)
1178:(18)
1172:βd (
1137:(18)
1119:(57)
1035:(21)
917:(60)
835:0+#
732:Spin
718:mode
502:and
210:edit
203:talk
196:view
89:mode
7009:99
6988:98
6967:97
6946:96
6925:95
6904:94
6883:93
6862:92
6841:91
6820:90
6799:89
6764:70
6743:69
6722:68
6701:67
6680:66
6659:65
6638:64
6617:63
6596:62
6575:61
6554:60
6533:59
6512:58
6491:57
6447:Ubn
6426:Uue
6057:88
6036:87
6006:86
5985:85
5964:84
5943:83
5922:82
5901:81
5880:80
5859:79
5838:78
5817:77
5796:76
5775:75
5754:74
5733:73
5712:72
5691:71
5663:56
5642:55
5612:54
5591:53
5570:52
5549:51
5528:50
5507:49
5486:48
5465:47
5444:46
5423:45
5402:44
5381:43
5360:42
5339:41
5318:40
5297:39
5274:38
5253:37
5223:36
5202:35
5181:34
5160:33
5139:32
5118:31
5097:30
5076:29
5055:28
5034:27
5013:26
4992:25
4971:24
4950:23
4929:22
4908:21
4885:20
4864:19
4834:18
4813:17
4792:16
4771:15
4750:14
4729:13
4706:12
4685:11
4655:10
4189:260
4079:doi
4034:doi
3985:doi
3938:doi
3852:doi
3840:100
3772:doi
3686:doi
3613:hdl
3603:doi
3505:doi
3470:doi
3448:104
3401:doi
3379:311
3340:doi
3279:doi
3152:doi
3140:639
3103:doi
3032:doi
2986:doi
2913:).
2865:of
2788:(2)
2786:998
2598:of
2574:(2)
2572:002
2235:MeV
2054:in
2046:in
1811:to
1762:t:
1740:d:
1559:0+
1537:2n
1518:815
1444:946
1349:0+
1323:β (
1312:388
1309:934
1236:(8)
1234:991
1180:%)
1176:278
1163:0+
1139:%)
1135:722
1117:889
1114:885
1033:057
997:(2)
995:998
989:0+
978:130
975:254
972:603
934:(2)
932:002
915:967
912:321
909:029
792:(2)
790:894
734:and
461:is
443:to
413:is
395:to
319:of
243:(2)
241:602
225:of
167:002
160:602
82:1/2
45:He)
35:of
7124::
7068:No
7047:Md
7026:Fm
7005:Es
6984:Cf
6963:Bk
6942:Cm
6921:Am
6900:Pu
6879:Np
6837:Pa
6816:Th
6795:Ac
6760:Yb
6739:Tm
6718:Er
6697:Ho
6676:Dy
6655:Tb
6634:Gd
6613:Eu
6592:Sm
6571:Pm
6550:Nd
6529:Pr
6508:Ce
6487:La
6396:Og
6375:Ts
6354:Lv
6333:Mc
6312:Fl
6291:Nh
6270:Cn
6249:Rg
6228:Ds
6207:Mt
6186:Hs
6165:Bh
6144:Sg
6123:Db
6102:Rf
6081:Lr
6053:Ra
6032:Fr
6002:Rn
5981:At
5960:Po
5939:Bi
5918:Pb
5897:Tl
5876:Hg
5855:Au
5834:Pt
5813:Ir
5792:Os
5771:Re
5729:Ta
5708:Hf
5687:Lu
5659:Ba
5638:Cs
5608:Xe
5566:Te
5545:Sb
5524:Sn
5503:In
5482:Cd
5461:Ag
5440:Pd
5419:Rh
5398:Ru
5377:Tc
5356:Mo
5335:Nb
5314:Zr
5270:Sr
5249:Rb
5219:Kr
5198:Br
5177:Se
5156:As
5135:Ge
5114:Ga
5093:Zn
5072:Cu
5051:Ni
5030:Co
5009:Fe
4988:Mn
4967:Cr
4925:Ti
4904:Sc
4881:Ca
4830:Ar
4809:Cl
4746:Si
4725:Al
4702:Mg
4681:Na
4651:Ne
4634:9
4613:8
4592:7
4571:6
4550:5
4527:4
4523:Be
4506:3
4502:Li
4476:2
4472:He
4453:1
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4360:17
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4350:15
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4340:13
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4330:11
4325:10
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3967:.
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3926:90
3924:.
3920:.
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3806:He
3778:.
3770:.
3760:86
3758:.
3692:.
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3662:.
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2458:+
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2419:+
2400:→
2381:+
2351:+
2329:+
2308:+
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2278:He
2248:He
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2231:+
2212:+
2175:He
2147:He
2129:He
2111:He
2071:He
2058:,
2004:Ne
1986:Ne
1968:Ne
1950:Ne
1928:He
1906:He
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1681:^
1624:p:
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