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Fermionic or bosonic behavior of a composite particle (or system) is only seen at large (compared to size of the system) distances. At proximity, where spatial structure begins to be important, a composite particle (or system) behaves according to its constituent makeup.
849:, nuclei, and atoms) can be bosons or fermions depending on their constituents. More precisely, because of the relation between spin and statistics, a particle containing an odd number of fermions is itself a fermion. It will have half-integer spin.
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at Le Palais de la DĂ©couverte, 6 December 1945, UKNATARCHI Dirac Papers BW83/2/257889. See note 64 on page 331 in "The
Strangest Man: The Hidden Life of Paul Dirac, Mystic of the Atom" by Graham Farmelo
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are Dirac or
Majorana fermions (or both). Dirac fermions can be treated as a combination of two Weyl fermions. In July 2015, Weyl fermions have been experimentally realized in
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The number of bosons within a composite particle made up of simple particles bound with a potential has no effect on whether it is a boson or a fermion.
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Fermions can exhibit bosonic behavior when they become loosely bound in pairs. This is the origin of superconductivity and the
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In addition to the spin characteristic, fermions have another specific property: they possess conserved baryon or lepton
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fermions can also display bosonic behavior under extreme conditions. For example, at low temperatures, fermions show
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particles. However, in the current state of particle physics, the distinction between the two concepts is unclear.
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Most
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Mathematically, there are many varieties of fermions, with the three most common types being:
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of helium-3: in superconducting materials, electrons interact through the exchange of
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40:. All subatomic particles must be one or the other. A composite particle (
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A baryon, such as the proton or neutron, contains three fermionic quarks.
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was created from a revision of this article dated 11 July 2021
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at a given time. Suppose multiple fermions have the same spatial
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coined the name fermion from the surname of
Italian physicist
991:"Spin-statistics-quantum number connection and supersymmetry"
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atom consists of one proton, one neutron, and one electron.
44:) may fall into either class depending on its composition
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T. Morii; C. S. Lim; S. N. Mukherjee (1 January 2004).
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Fermions form one of the two fundamental classes of
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1076:The Physics of the Standard Model and Beyond
841:List of particles § Composite particles
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902:fractional quantum Hall effect
235:English theoretical physicist
179:. In contrast, particles with
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1062:Developments in Atomic Theory
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331:Spontaneous symmetry breaking
2139:History of subatomic physics
819:(each its own antiparticle).
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130:. Fermions differ from
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951:Kogut–Susskind fermion
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2498:Theory of everything
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2467:Neutrino oscillation
2314:Quantum field theory
1445:Faddeev–Popov ghosts
1195:Particles in physics
1158:More spoken articles
931:Fermionic condensate
769:), and six leptons (
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301:Elementary particles
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143:elementary particles
2526:Split supersymmetry
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112:composite particles
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2675:
2674:
2672:
2657:
2656:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2549:String theory
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2508:Supersymmetry
2505:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2267:
2265:
2260:
2258:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2195:Exotic matter
2193:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2183:Eightfold way
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2173:Antiparticles
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2011:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1844:Atomic nuclei
1842:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1776:Upsilon meson
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1708:Lambda baryon
1706:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1567:Dual graviton
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1464:Superpartners
1461:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1347:Muon neutrino
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1279:Bottom (quark
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1159:
1155:
1140:
1100:
1091:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
985:
982:
975:
969:
966:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
916:
911:
909:
907:
903:
898:
896:
892:
888:
887:superfluidity
883:
879:
873:
869:
865:
862:
858:
855:
854:
853:
850:
848:
842:
834:
832:
830:
826:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
805:Weyl fermions
803:
802:
801:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
783:muon neutrino
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
724:
719:
717:
712:
710:
705:
704:
702:
701:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
400:
394:
393:
388:
384:
380:
376:
368:
367:
362:
358:
354:
350:
342:
341:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
308:
307:
302:
264:
263:
260:
256:
252:
246:
244:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
222:
220:
216:
215:superfluidity
212:
208:
207:force carrier
204:
200:
196:
195:quantum state
191:
189:
184:
182:
178:
174:
171:
167:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
139:
137:
134:, which obey
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
78:
59:
55:
51:
43:
39:
35:
30:
26:
22:
2687:Enrico Fermi
2653:
2641:
2531:Supergravity
2391:Constituents
2371:Weak isospin
2329:Color charge
2319:Gauge theory
2296:
2235:
1906:Hypothetical
1854:Exotic atoms
1723:Omega baryon
1713:Sigma baryon
1703:Delta baryon
1455:Hypothetical
1437:Ghost fields
1423:Higgs boson
1357:Tau neutrino
1249:Charm (quark
1211:
1075:
1069:
1061:
1056:
1044:. Retrieved
998:
994:
984:
899:
895:Cooper pairs
884:
880:
877:
851:
844:
822:
799:
795:antiparticle
732:
345:Constituents
327:Gauge theory
241:Enrico Fermi
234:
223:
192:
185:
181:half-integer
163:relativistic
140:
53:
47:
25:
2592:Experiments
2483:Technicolor
2445:Dark matter
2339:Quark model
2307:Higgs boson
2302:Gauge boson
2188:Quark model
1956:Theta meson
1859:Positronium
1771:Omega meson
1766:J/psi meson
1696:Antineutron
1607:Dark photon
1572:Graviphoton
1531:Stop squark
1239:Down (quark
807:(massless),
523:Chamberlain
371:Limitations
114:made of an
2671:Categories
2599:Gran Sasso
2423:Beyond the
2398:CKM matrix
2285:Background
1930:Heptaquark
1891:Superatoms
1824:Pentaquark
1814:Tetraquark
1796:Quarkonium
1686:Antiproton
1587:Leptoquark
1522:Neutralino
1284:antiquark)
1274:antiquark)
1269:Top (quark
1264:antiquark)
1254:antiquark)
1244:antiquark)
1234:antiquark)
1203:Elementary
1154:Audio help
1145:2021-07-11
893:, forming
839:See also:
493:Iliopoulos
403:Rutherford
397:Scientists
357:CKM matrix
311:Background
237:Paul Dirac
116:odd number
2168:Particles
2113:Particles
2072:Polariton
2062:Plasmaron
2032:Dropleton
1925:Hexaquark
1896:Molecules
1884:Protonium
1761:Phi meson
1746:Rho meson
1718:Xi baryon
1650:Composite
1486:Gravitino
1229:Up (quark
1041:118571314
1033:1550-7998
1008:1302.0969
872:deuterium
866:The atom
861:carbon-13
825:neutrinos
683:de Mayolo
628:Schwinger
568:Kobayashi
458:Gell-Mann
423:Sudarshan
153:(such as
147:electrons
145:(such as
122:and many
2677:Fermions
2643:Category
2624:Tevatron
2476:Theories
2433:Evidence
2297:Fermions
2144:timeline
1996:R-hadron
1951:Glueball
1935:Skyrmion
1869:Tauonium
1582:Inflaton
1577:Graviton
1557:Curvaton
1527:Sfermion
1517:Higgsino
1512:Chargino
1473:Gauginos
1332:Neutrino
1317:Antimuon
1307:Positron
1302:Electron
1212:Fermions
1156: ·
1046:28 March
968:Skyrmion
912:See also
868:helium-3
771:electron
673:Guralnik
618:Politzer
593:'t Hooft
548:Weinberg
543:Majorana
533:Schwartz
498:Lederman
483:Anderson
473:Friedman
433:Anderson
428:Davis Jr
413:Chadwick
226:neutrons
110:and all
2655:Commons
2619:Super-K
2455:problem
2132:Related
2103:Baryons
2077:Polaron
2067:Plasmon
2042:Fracton
2037:Exciton
1991:Diquark
1986:Pomeron
1961:T meson
1918:Baryons
1879:Pionium
1864:Muonium
1791:D meson
1786:B meson
1691:Neutron
1676:Nucleon
1668:Baryons
1659:Hadrons
1622:Tachyon
1597:Majoron
1562:Dilaton
1491:Photino
1327:Antitau
1294:Leptons
1143: (
1114:minutes
1013:Bibcode
891:phonons
847:hadrons
755:strange
743:leptons
658:Englert
633:Wilczek
598:Veltman
573:Maskawa
528:Cabibbo
488:Glashow
463:Kendall
448:Feynman
408:Thomson
170:integer
155:protons
120:baryons
108:leptons
95:
83:
76:
64:
54:fermion
21:fermium
2108:Mesons
2057:Phonon
2052:Magnon
1974:Others
1944:Mesons
1837:Others
1733:Mesons
1681:Proton
1545:Others
1500:Others
1481:Gluino
1415:Scalar
1395:Photon
1378:Bosons
1221:Quarks
1086:
1039:
1031:
763:bottom
739:quarks
688:Lattes
678:Kibble
638:Cronin
623:Reines
588:Yukawa
503:Maiani
478:Powell
468:Taylor
453:Rubbia
203:matter
177:bosons
132:bosons
128:nuclei
104:quarks
42:hadron
38:bosons
2521:NMSSM
2096:Lists
2087:Trion
2082:Roton
2022:Anyon
1849:Atoms
1612:Preon
1552:Axion
1507:Axino
1400:Gluon
1387:Gauge
1037:S2CID
1003:arXiv
976:Notes
919:Anyon
787:tauon
759:charm
693:Zweig
668:Hagen
663:Brout
653:Higgs
648:Vleck
643:Fitch
613:Pauli
603:Gross
578:Mills
563:Salam
518:Nambu
513:Cowan
443:Dirac
438:Fermi
124:atoms
81:spin
62:spin
2516:MSSM
2047:Hole
1874:Onia
1781:Kaon
1741:Pion
1312:Muon
1084:ISBN
1048:2022
1029:ISSN
789:and
779:muon
765:and
751:down
741:and
733:The
608:Pais
583:Yang
558:Ward
538:Perl
508:Meer
418:Bose
175:are
173:spin
126:and
106:and
52:, a
2614:SNO
2609:LHC
2604:INO
1322:Tau
1021:doi
767:top
553:Lee
257:of
161:in
48:In
2673::
1082:.
1078:.
1035:.
1027:.
1019:.
1011:.
999:87
997:.
993:.
831:.
785:,
781:,
777:,
773:,
761:,
757:,
753:,
749:,
747:up
243:.
232:.
138:.
79:,
2270:e
2263:t
2256:v
1820:)
1816:(
1533:)
1529:(
1187:e
1180:t
1173:v
1160:)
1152:(
1147:)
1116:)
1112:9
1109:(
1092:.
1050:.
1023::
1015::
1005::
722:e
715:t
708:v
92:2
89:/
86:3
73:2
70:/
67:1
23:.
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