785:(POWO) it is native to Arizona, California, and Nevada in the present day United States and to all parts of Mexico except the Gulf Coast and southeast. Though not giving much detail, the Missouri Botanical Garden Plant Finder also lists it as native to the Western United States and Canada. The information published by the Biota of North America Program (BONAP) largely agrees with this, showing the common sunflower as native to states west of the Mississippi, though also listed as a noxious weed in Iowa, Minnesota, and Texas. Regardless of its original range it can now be found in almost every part of the world that is not tropical, desert, or tundra.
519:
1653:
1030:
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447:
78:
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100:
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554:). Young sunflowers orient themselves in the direction of the sun. At dawn the head of the flower faces east and moves west throughout the day. When sunflowers reach full maturity they no longer follow the sun, and continuously face east. Young flowers reorient overnight to face east in anticipation of the morning. Their heliotropic motion is a
543:, who grew sunflowers in his famous herbal garden: " have reported it to turn with the Sun, the which I could never observe, although I have endeavored to find out the truth of it." The uniform alignment of sunflower heads in a field might give some people the false impression that the flowers are tracking the Sun.
918:, where oilseed cultivators were located, and the flowers were developed and grown on an industrial scale. The Russian Empire reintroduced this oilseed cultivation process to North America in the mid-20th century; North America began their commercial era of sunflower production and breeding. New breeds of the
1856:, a video widely shared on social media showed a Ukrainian woman confronting a Russian soldier, telling the latter to "take these seeds and put them in your pockets so at least sunflowers will grow when you all lie down here". The sunflower has since become a global symbol of resistance, unity, and hope.
2075:
Many people are under the misconception that the flower heads of the cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus) track the sun... Immature sunflower flower heads do exhibit solar tracking and on sunny days the buds will track the sun across the sky from east to west... However, as the flower bud matures
558:
rhythm, synchronized by the sun, which continues if the sun disappears on cloudy days or if plants are moved to constant light. They are able to regulate their circadian rhythm in response to the blue-light emitted by a light source. If a sunflower plant in the bud stage is rotated 180°, the bud will
816:
is another disease to which sunflowers are susceptible. Its susceptibility to downy mildew is particularly high due to the sunflower's way of growth and development. Sunflower seeds are generally planted only an inch deep in the ground. When such shallow planting is done in moist and soaked earth or
1195:
Sunflowers are grown as ornamentals in a domestic setting. Being easy to grow and producing spectacular results in any good, moist soil in full sun, they are a favourite subject for children. A large number of cultivars, of varying size and color, are now available to grow from seed. The following
1179:
In today's market, most of the sunflower seeds provided or grown by farmers are hybrids. Hybrids or hybridized sunflowers are produced by cross-breeding different types and species, for example cultivated sunflowers with wild species. By doing so, new genetic recombinations are obtained ultimately
894:
in South
America. In 1510, early Spanish explorers encountered the sunflower in the Americas and carried its seeds back to Europe. Of the four plants known to have been domesticated in eastern North America and to have become important agricultural commodities, the sunflower is currently the most
1542:
However, for commercial farmers growing other commodity crops, the wild sunflower is often considered a weed. Especially in the
Midwestern US, wild (perennial) species are often found in corn and soybean fields and can decrease yields. The decrease in yield can be attributed to the production of
454:
The plant has an erect rough-hairy stem, reaching typical heights of 3 metres (10 feet). The tallest sunflower on record achieved 9.17 m (30 ft 1 in). Sunflower leaves are broad, coarsely toothed, rough and mostly alternate; those near the bottom are largest and commonly
562:
When growth of the flower stalk stops and the flower is mature, the heliotropism also stops and the flower faces east from that moment onward. This eastward orientation allows rapid warming in the morning and, as a result, an increase in pollinator visits. Sunflowers do not have a
1191:
Hybrid male sterile and male fertile flowers that display heterogeneity have a low crossover of honeybee visitation. Sensory cues such as pollen odor, diameter of seed head, and height may influence pollinator visitation of pollinators that display constancy behavior patterns.
1187:
does not contain the hormone gibberellin and does not display heliotropic behavior. Plants treated with an external application of the hormone display a temporary restoration of elongation growth patterns. This growth pattern diminished by 35% 7–14 days after final treatment.
607:. Typically, there are 34 spirals in one direction and 55 in the other; however, in a very large sunflower head there could be 89 in one direction and 144 in the other. This pattern produces the most efficient packing of seeds mathematically possible within the flower head.
866:. Although it was commonly accepted that the sunflower was first domesticated in what is now the southeastern US, roughly 5,000 years ago, there is evidence that it was first domesticated in Mexico around 2600 BCE. These crops were found in
538:
across the sky. Although immature flower buds exhibit this behaviour, the mature flowering heads point in a fixed (and typically easterly) direction throughout the day. This old misconception was disputed in 1597 by the
English botanist
1464:. A range of sunflower varieties exist with differing fatty acid compositions; some "high-oleic" types contain a higher level of monounsaturated fats in their oil than even olive oil. The oil is also sometimes used in soap. After
1479:
The cake remaining after the seeds have been processed for oil is used as livestock feed. The hulls resulting from the dehulling of the seeds before oil extraction can also be fed to domestic animals. Some recently developed
438:, they became a widespread cooking ingredient. With time, the bulk of industrial-scale production has shifted to Eastern Europe, and (as of 2020) Russia and Ukraine together produce over half of worldwide seed production.
1890:, for many reasons, but mostly because of the (false) belief that the flowers turn toward the sun as "Spiritualism turns toward the light of truth". Modern Spiritualists often have art or jewelry with sunflower designs.
810:, a filamentous fungus that is found largely in soil and plants. It is a pathogen that over the years has caused an increasing amount of damage and loss of sunflower crops, some as extensive as 80% of damaged crops.
906:, which indicates that there was a single domestication event in central North America. Following the cultivated sunflower's origin, it may have gone through significant bottlenecks dating back to ~5,000 years ago.
942:
by the merchant named Daniil
Bokaryov, who developed a technology suitable for its large-scale extraction, and quickly spread around. The town's coat of arms has included an image of a sunflower ever since.
1441:. It is also sold as food for birds and can be used directly in cooking and salads. Native Americans had multiple uses for sunflowers in the past, such as in bread, medical ointments, dyes and body paints.
913:
by explorers. Domestic sunflower seeds have been found in Mexico, dating to 2100 BCE. Native
American people grew sunflowers as a crop from Mexico to Southern Canada. They then were introduced to the
395:, and planting in domestic gardens for aesthetics. Wild plants are known for their multiple flower heads, whereas the domestic sunflower often possesses a single large flower head atop an unbranched stem.
1436:
Sunflower "whole seed" (fruit) are sold as a snack food, raw or after roasting in ovens, with or without salt and/or seasonings added. Sunflower seeds can be processed into a peanut butter alternative,
1180:
leading to the production of new hybrid species. These hybrid species generally have a higher fitness and carry properties or characteristics that farmers look for, such as resistance to pathogens.
766:. They often appear on dry open areas and foothills. Outside of cultivation, the common sunflower is found on moist clay-based soils in areas with climates similar to Texas. In contrast the related
487:
composed of fused petals of an asymmetrical ray flower. They are sexually sterile and may be yellow, red, orange, or other colors. The spirally arranged flowers in the center of the head are called
6777:
722:(55/144 of a circular angle, where 55 and 144 are Fibonacci numbers) and gives a close packing of florets. This model has been used to produce computer generated representations of sunflowers.
6767:
3090:
In most countries, sunflower is usually recommended to be grown in 3–4 years rotations, generally with cereals (e.g. wheat, barley, maize and sorghum), soybean, oilseed rape and grain legumes
697:
5689:
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922:
began to become more prominent in new geographical areas. During the 18th century, the use of sunflower oil became very popular in Russia, particularly with members of the
3911:
571:. A pulvinus is a flexible segment in the leaf stalks (petiole) of some plant species and functions as a 'joint'. It effectuates leaf motion due to reversible changes in
3872:
4242:
6772:
6364:
4710:
1578:. The phytoremediation process begins by absorbing the heavy metal(s) through the roots, which gradually accumulate in other areas, such as the shoots and leaves.
3842:
6602:
6452:
2553:
6712:
6787:
3653:
Heuzé V., Tran G., Hassoun P., Lessire M., Lebas F., 2018. Sunflower hulls and sunflower screenings. Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO.
1636:
4869:
4334:
2301:
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Research of phylogeographic relations and population demographic patterns across sunflowers has demonstrated that earlier cultivated sunflowers form a
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use the blossoms ceremonially for anthropic worship. Sunflowers were also worshipped by the Incas because they viewed it as a symbol for the Sun.
2336:
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6488:
1507:
Traditionally, several Native
American groups planted sunflowers on the north edges of their gardens as a "fourth sister" to the better-known
4161:
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2502:
2413:
2377:
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2041:
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Pope, Kevin; Pohl, Mary E. D.; Jones, John G.; Lentz, David L.; von Nagy, Christopher; Vega, Francisco J.; Quitmyer Irvy R. (18 May 2001). "
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1624:
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wore a "Goddess of
Sunflowers" costume covered in gold and yellow rhinestones that included several real sunflowers sewn onto the fabric.
575:
pressure, which occurs without growth. The sensitive plant's closing leaves are a good example of reversible leaf movement via pulvinuli.
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6732:
6717:
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1837:
2263:
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1603:
875:
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4285:
4214:
4128:
3613:
2132:
3937:
2872:"Phylogeography and the Evolutionary History of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.): Wild Diversity and the Dynamics of Domestication"
2088:
6757:
6684:
5779:
5764:
2367:
2171:
Atamian, Hagop S.; Creux, Nicky M.; Brown, Evan A.; Garner, Austin G.; Blackman, Benjamin K.; Harmer, Stacey L. (5 August 2016).
2058:
3641:
Heuzé V., Tran G., Hassoun P., Lessire M., Lebas F., 2016. Sunflower meal. Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO.
6351:
5897:
5735:
107:
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2682:
1543:
phenolic compounds which are used to reduce competition for nutrients in nutrient-poor growing areas of the common sunflower.
518:
6742:
6638:
6418:
4862:
4337:—USDA Economic Research Service. Summary of sunflower production, trade, and consumption and links to relevant USDA reports.
4147:
6382:
4182:
3669:
2745:
Gontcharov, SV. Antonova, TS. and
Saukova, SL. 2006. Sunflower breeding for resistance to fusarium. Helia ; 29 (45): 49–54.
1652:
6817:
6439:
1916:
2089:"Sunflowers in the blooming stage are not heliotropic anymore. The stem has frozen, typically in an eastward orientation"
870:, at the San Andres dig site. The earliest known examples in the US of a fully domesticated sunflower have been found in
5989:
5618:
4467:
4022:
3198:"Honeybee floral constancy and pollination efficiency in sunflower (Helianthus annuus) crops for hybrid seed production"
1719:
863:
4730:
3850:
762:
The plant was first domesticated in the
Americas. Sunflowers grow best in fertile, moist, well-drained soil with heavy
6589:
6106:
5791:
5709:
5698:
4813:
4803:
1853:
1845:
1733:
1508:
1420:
1205:
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824:, a parasite that attacks the root of the sunflower and causes extensive damage to sunflower crops, as high as 100%.
660:
874:, and date to around 2300 BCE. Other very early examples come from rockshelter sites in Eastern Kentucky. Many
122:
6797:
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5974:
2661:
2656:
1829:
799:
782:
31:
3969:
502:) is similar in appearance to the wild common sunflower; the scales in its central disk are tipped by white hairs.
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6413:
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4053:
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3708:
Camazine, Scott and Robert A. Bye (1980) A Study of the
Medical Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians of New Mexico.
3147:
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1670:
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1704:
During the 19th century, it was believed that nearby plants of the species would protect a home from malaria.
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3146:
Mastuura, M. I. S. F.; Dias, F. R. T.; Picoli, J. F.; Lucas, K. R. G.; Castro, C.; Hirakuri, M. H. (2017).
3047:
Debaeke, Philippe; Izquierdo, Natalia G. (1 January 2021), Sadras, Victor O.; Calderini, Daniel F. (eds.),
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1920:
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4323:
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5512:
5350:
5345:
4900:
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3128:
2589:"The Population Genomics of Sunflowers and Genomic Determinants of Protein Evolution Revealed by RNAseq"
2587:
Renaut, SĂ©bastien; Grassa, Christopher; Moyers, Brook; Kane, Nolan; Rieseberg, Loren (25 October 2012).
1209:
1139:
Researchers have analyzed the impact of various nitrogen-based fertilizers on the growth of sunflowers.
774:
526:
239:
6320:
5366:
4089:
3376:
2816:
Rieseberg, Loren H., et al. (2004). Origin of Extant Domesticated Sunflowers in Eastern North America.
1999:
1948:
1500:, and are the subject of experiments to improve their suitability as an alternative crop for producing
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1408:
6480:
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3799:
3721:
Stevenson, Matilda Coxe (1915) Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report No. 30 (p.53-54)
3350:
3324:
3162:
3103:
2999:"Environmental analysis of sunflower production with different forms of mineral nitrogen fertilizers"
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2184:
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to the wound. This compound poultice of the root is applied with much ceremony to rattlesnake bites.
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623:
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5969:
5918:
5841:
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5747:
5192:
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4187:
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2544:
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1771:
750:. Some sources claim its true size is around 3.5 billion base pairs (slightly larger than the
391:
which are used in the production of cooking oil, as well as other uses such as food for livestock,
67:
6431:
5801:
2976:"Production of sunflower seeds in 2020, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)"
2830:
6812:
6671:
6568:
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5938:
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5582:
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5502:
5444:
5398:
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4916:
4836:
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4356:
4077:"Kimberly Jiménez parades in the typical sunflower costume at the Miss Universe pre-message gala"
3768:
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2847:. Agronomy Series. Vol. 35. Madison, Wisconsin: American Society of Agronomy. pp. 1–19.
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and blossoms, the stem stiffens and the flower head becomes fixed facing the eastward direction."
1905:
1880:
1764:
1682:
1599:
910:
768:
431:
263:
117:
6653:
3786:
Zhong, Jiawen; Liu, Yeqing; Chen, Xinheng; Ye, Zihao; Li, Yongtao; Li, Wenyan (1 January 2024).
3693:
2492:
2402:
1961:
715:
475:), 7.5–12.5 centimetres (3–5 in) wide, of numerous small individual five-petaled flowers ("
6542:
6369:
3480:
2031:
550:
in an earlier development stage, the young flower stage, before full maturity of flower heads (
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495:
4162:"Ukrainian woman offers seeds to Russian soldiers so 'sunflowers grow when they die' – video"
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L.) By Combined Used Of Classical Method With Induced Mutagenesis and Embryo Culture Method"
2610:
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due to shortages. The light from such a lamp has been described as "miserable" and "smoky".
1438:
1140:
604:
6343:
4260:
3148:"Life-cycle assessment of the soybean-sunflower production system in the Brazilian Cerrado"
2173:"Circadian regulation of sunflower heliotropism, floral orientation, and pollinator visits"
1868:
559:
be turning away from the sun for a few days, as resynchronization with the sun takes time.
6501:
5994:
5836:
5725:
5151:
4798:
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867:
160:
6663:
4340:
4097:
4048:
3788:"The impact of acid rain on cadmium phytoremediation in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)"
2140:
430:
The plant was first domesticated in the Americas. Sunflower seeds were brought to Europe
6078:
3803:
3166:
2188:
1171:. This reduces idle periods and increases total sunflower production and profitability.
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388:
147:
48:
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4261:
Origin and Environmental Setting of Ancient Agriculture in the Lowlands of Mesoamerica
4201:
Awtry-Smith, Marilyn J. The Symbol of Spiritualism: The Sunflower. Reprinted from the
4000:
2978:. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2022
1844:. In June 1996, United States, Russia and Ukraine officials planted sunflowers at the
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5562:
5548:
5429:
5284:
5259:
5157:
5141:
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4847:
4808:
4474:
4183:"The sunflower, Ukraine's national flower, is becoming a global symbol of solidarity"
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2033:
National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers: Western Region
1796:, who spurned her and left her for another. However, sunflowers are not native to
614:
in the head of a sunflower was proposed by H. Vogel in 1979. This is expressed in
603:, where the number of left spirals and the number of right spirals are successive
6111:
6098:
3811:
3132:
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17:
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4533:
4511:
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4445:
4430:
4405:
3997:"Sunflower Symbolism & the Meaning of Sunflowers in the Language of Flowers"
3666:
2858:
2793:
1821:
1800:
or Italy, but to North America. The original story is about another flower, the
1793:
1760:
of the 38 Australian victims, who aimed to give them a poignant symbol of hope.
1708:
1698:
1686:
1591:
1528:
1524:
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879:
859:
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488:
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510:
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4435:
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1492:, but appeal to farmers, because they reduce bird damage and losses from some
927:
739:
480:
384:
216:
206:
6232:
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3819:
3756:
3698:
Allelopathic potential of sunflower on weed management in safflower and wheat
3606:
The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region
3233:
2206:
1919:
was first used as a visible symbol (typically worn on a lanyard) May 2016 at
1558:
to extract pollutants from soil such as lead and other heavy metals, such as
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821:
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555:
392:
196:
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4207:
Talking to the Other Side: A History of Modern Spiritualism and Mediumship
3123:
2888:
2843:
Putt, E.D. (1997). "Early history of sunflower". In A.A. Schneiter (ed.).
2756:
1527:
properties. It was also used by Native Americans to dress hair. Among the
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5602:
5528:
5362:
5239:
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4932:
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4558:
4501:
4227:
LLMSW, Becca Bordner, Rachel Piper, LMSW, Morgan Nicoll (28 March 2022).
3843:"Botanical cleanup crews: using plants to tackle polluted water and soil"
2975:
1757:
1536:
1481:
1473:
1472:, people in Ukraine used sunflower seed oil in lamps as a substitute for
1197:
1168:
883:
806:
564:
551:
186:
173:
56:
6506:
6294:
4023:"Dutch town hard hit by MH17 disaster remembers victims with sunflowers"
2107:
595:
Generally, each floret is oriented toward the next by approximately the
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4585:
4579:
4528:
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4387:
3764:
3733:"Competitive and Allelopathic Effects of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)"
3732:
3224:
1879:
During the late 19th century, the flower was used as the symbol of the
1817:
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1559:
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1053:
999:
931:
735:
3684:
Nikneshan, P., Karimmojeni, P., Moghanibashi, M., Hosseini, N. (2011)
3654:
3642:
1947:. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T19073408A47600755.
6333:
6129:
5667:
5394:
5249:
5096:
5042:
5019:
4912:
4631:
4563:
4479:
4425:
1909:
1864:
1797:
1789:
1567:
1071:
981:
731:
611:
600:
572:
484:
476:
468:
6023:
4278:
Flowers and Plants: An International Lexicon with Biographical Notes
1949:
https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T19073408A47600755.en
1923:. It has since come into common usage throughout the UK, and in the
1804:, which is unrelated to the common sunflower, being a member of the
2172:
1788:
transformed into a sunflower when she pined after her former lover
6356:
6219:
5851:
5498:
5294:
5171:
5137:
5080:
5052:
4987:
4936:
4605:
4548:
4538:
4491:
2457:
Vogel, H. (1979). "A better way to construct the sunflower head".
2268:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 217.
1782:
1669:
1651:
1642:
Head displaying florets in spirals of 34 and 55 around the outside
1516:
1512:
1497:
1035:
964:
899:
763:
582:
525:
517:
509:
445:
134:
3630:
A Russian Dance of Death: Revolution and Civil War in the Ukraine
2440:"Parastichy pair(13:21) of CYCAS REVOLUTA (male) florets_WebCite"
1756:
had collected 1.5 kg of sunflower seeds from the wreck site
817:
soil, it increases the chances of diseases such as downy mildew.
781:
The precise native range is difficult to determine. According to
5588:
5508:
5341:
5304:
5086:
4573:
4543:
4109:
2741:
2739:
1833:
1825:
1694:
1563:
1144:
934:. In the early 19th century, it was first commercialized in the
380:
6206:
6027:
5671:
4851:
4352:
2724:. Chapel Hill, N.C.: The Biota of North America Program (BONAP)
2570:"Sunflower Genome Holds the Promise of Sustainable Agriculture"
1763:
On 13 May 2021, during the National Costume competition of the
4553:
4329:
2265:
Mathematics in Nature: Modeling Patterns in the Natural World
4348:
2997:
Spinelli, D; Bardi, L; Fierro, A; Jez, S; Basosi, R (2017).
1484:
have drooping heads. These cultivars are less attractive to
2372:. New York, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 154.
514:
Flower heads facing east, away from the late afternoon sun
3972:
Thanksgiving: Native American Stories, Recipes and Crafts
3196:
Martin, Cinthia Susic; Farina, Walter M. (1 March 2016).
854:
Common sunflower was one of several plants cultivated by
534:
A common misconception is that flowering sunflower heads
479:"). The outer flowers, which resemble petals, are called
909:
In the 16th century the first crop breeds were brought
804:
One of the major threats that sunflowers face today is
467:
The plant flowers in summer. What is often called the "
4148:"How sunflowers officially connect Kansas and Ukraine"
832:
In commercial planting, seeds are planted 45 cm (
27:
Species of flowering plant in the family of Asteraceae
1535:
before sucking venom from a snakebite and applying a
1143:
was found to produce better nitrogen absorption than
663:
626:
4343:—New Crop Resource Online Program, Purdue University
3253:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 43
1602:. A similar campaign was mounted in response to the
926:, because only plant-based fats were allowed during
6778:
Plants used in traditional Native American medicine
6036:
5957:
5906:
5865:
5809:
5718:
4771:
4703:
4619:
4510:
4386:
4280:. New York: Quadrangle/The New York Times Book Co.
3012:(4). Journal of Environmental Management: 492–501.
1147:, which performed better in low-temperature areas.
6768:Crops originating from Pre-Columbian North America
3902:Antoni Slodkowski; Yuriko Nakao (19 August 2011).
3155:The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
3006:The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
2401:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
846: ft) apart and 2.5 cm (1 in) deep.
691:
648:
1943:Contreras, A., Rhodes, L. & Maxted, N. 2016.
599:, 137.5°, producing a pattern of interconnecting
3632:. Hyperion: Winnipeg, Canada (1980), p. 50.
3104:"Main aspects of sunflower production in Brazil"
2693:. St. Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden
1820:. Ukrainians used sunflower as a main source of
471:" of the sunflower is actually a "flower head" (
30:"Sunflower" redirects here. For other uses, see
4711:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels
4229:"The Sunflower Lanyard for Hidden Disabilities"
3873:"Sunflowers to clean radioactive soil in Japan"
3667:Companion Planting: Basic Concept and Resources
706:is the radius or distance from the center, and
692:{\displaystyle \theta =n\times 137.5^{\circ },}
491:. These mature into fruit (sunflower "seeds").
3938:"Why Sunflowers Are Ukraine's National Flower"
3931:
3929:
3731:Irons, Stephen M.; Burnside, Orvin C. (1982).
3582:Pelczar, Rita. (1993) The Prodigal Sunflower.
3053:Crop Physiology Case Histories for Major Crops
2927:Plant Evolution and the Origin of Crop Species
2919:
2917:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2133:"Sunflower, Developmental stages (life cycle)"
1886:The sunflower was chosen as the symbol of the
714:is a constant scaling factor. It is a form of
5683:
4863:
4364:
4203:New Educational Course on Modern Spiritualism
2554:National Center for Biotechnology Information
1523:. Annual species are often planted for their
8:
4241:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3904:"Sunflowers melt Fukushima's nuclear "snow""
1736:crashed on a year earlier and were grown in
1444:Sunflower oil, extracted from the seeds, is
387:. The common sunflower is harvested for its
2408:. Cambridge University Press. p. 185.
2122:Popular botany book in 17th century England
1893:The sunflower is often used as a symbol of
1531:, the fresh or dried root is chewed by the
820:Another major threat to sunflower crops is
410:, the genus name is derived from the Greek
6024:
5690:
5676:
5668:
4870:
4856:
4848:
4371:
4357:
4349:
3596:
3594:
3592:
2870:Park, Brian; Burke, John M. (March 2020).
2228:Donat-Peter Häder; Michael Lebert (2001).
1630:Seed dehulled (left) and with hull (right)
878:used the sunflower as the symbol of their
98:
76:
47:
38:
4716:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
4294:"Sunflower Rubber? Agricultural Research"
3223:
3213:
3122:
2897:
2887:
2768:Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science
2755:Encheva, J.; Christov, M.; Shindrova, P.
2614:
2604:
2196:
2036:(rev ed.). Knopf. pp. 378–379.
1732:seeds were acquired from the field where
1127:was 50 million tonnes, led by Russia and
680:
662:
636:
625:
4090:Flora of North America: Common sunflower
2957:SUNFLOWERS: The Secret History. (2007).
2109:Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes
1816:The sunflower is the national flower of
1131:with 53% combined of the total (table).
950:
522:After flowering, the seeds are visible.
4142:
4140:
4094:United States Department of Agriculture
2643:
2641:
2302:"Fibonacci Numbers and Nature - Part 2"
2112:. London: John Norton. pp. 612–614
1936:
1904:The sunflower is the symbol behind the
1897:. The flower is also the symbol of the
1608:
1392:
434:in the 16th century, where, along with
278:
6773:Plants used in Native American cuisine
4234:
2343:. University of Surrey. Archived from
710:is the index number of the floret and
2497:. Springer-Verlag. pp. 101–107.
1836:. They were also planted to serve as
1155:Sunflower cultivation typically uses
718:. The angle 137.5° is related to the
7:
6644:577f9845-9a10-4dc5-be4f-ab588cf0c9d4
6481:17086079-484f-4935-bf3b-40c81f7c004a
4784:Cellulosic ethanol commercialization
3914:from the original on 20 January 2012
3055:, Academic Press, pp. 482–517,
1744:who were killed. Earlier that year,
1689:out of Earth Woman's legs after she
6713:IUCN Red List least concern species
4123:. pp. Book iv, lines 190–283.
3936:Mufarech, Antonia (31 March 2022).
3686:Australian Journal of Crop Science.
3655:https://www.feedipedia.org/node/733
3643:https://www.feedipedia.org/node/732
2845:Sunflower Technology and Production
2757:"Developing Mutant Sunflower Line (
1777:Modern stories often claim that in
778:are found on drier, sandier soils.
530:Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seeds
6788:Pre-Columbian Great Plains cuisine
5655:, beautification and conservation
4879:State flowers of the United States
3102:Castro, C.; Leite, Regina (2018).
3061:10.1016/b978-0-12-819194-1.00016-5
2523:(common sunflower) Genome Project"
2059:"Solar tracking: sunflower plants"
1604:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
587:Illustration of Vogel's model for
25:
4181:Hassan, Jennifer (2 March 2022).
3968:Us, Kimberly (14 November 2021).
1867:, and one of the city flowers of
1852:were formerly placed. During the
954:Sunflower seed production – 2020
6783:Pre-Columbian California cuisine
6582:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:119003-2
5800:
4832:
4831:
4317:
2829:Henderson & Pollack (2012).
2494:The Algorithmic Beauty of Plants
2369:Introduction to landscape design
1635:
1623:
1611:
1419:
1407:
1395:
1082:
1064:
1046:
1028:
1010:
992:
974:
121:
2300:Knott, Ron (12 February 2009).
1714:The flowers are the subject of
902:from wild populations from the
649:{\displaystyle r=c{\sqrt {n}},}
6753:Garden plants of North America
4330:National Sunflower Association
3879:. 24 June 2011. Archived from
3604:; Olmstead, Nancy C. (1985) .
2341:Department of Computer Science
2337:"Fibonacci Numbers and Nature"
2335:Knott, Ron (30 October 2010).
2306:Department of Computer Science
2030:Spellenberg, Richard (2001) .
1972:. World Flora Consortium. 2022
1677:– "Lausanne" Sunflowers (1888)
742:number of 17 and an estimated
1:
5193:Pink and white lady's slipper
2427:fibonacci packing efficiency.
1966:L. Sp. Pl. : 904 (1753)"
1917:Hidden Disabilities Sunflower
1740:to the 15 Dutch residents of
1660:
1123:In 2020, world production of
862:North America as part of the
483:. Each "petal" consists of a
4119:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
3841:Adler, Tina (20 July 1996).
3812:10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122778
3710:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
2471:10.1016/0025-5564(79)90080-4
1200:of sunflowers (those marked
864:Eastern Agricultural Complex
746:of 2,871–3,189 million
546:This alignment results from
6808:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
6803:National symbols of Ukraine
5898:Zrodylys my velykoyi hodyny
5710:Symbols of Ukrainian people
4814:Issues relating to biofuels
4804:Energy return on investment
4292:Wood, Marcia. (June 2002).
4209:, ed. by Todd Jay Leonard.
2234:. Elsevier. pp. 673–.
1854:Russian invasion of Ukraine
1734:Malaysia Airlines Flight 17
1206:Royal Horticultural Society
876:indigenous American peoples
610:A model for the pattern of
418:'flower'. The species name
6834:
6763:Agriculture in Mesoamerica
6733:Flora of the United States
6718:NatureServe secure species
5975:Kamianets-Podilskyi Castle
5643:, state children's flower
5142:White pine cone and tassel
3665:Kuepper and Dodson (2001)
2662:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
2657:Plants of the World Online
1859:The sunflower is also the
1848:missile base where Soviet
1496:. Sunflowers also produce
800:List of sunflower diseases
797:
783:Plants of the World Online
32:Sunflower (disambiguation)
29:
6003:
5883:Oi u luzi chervona kalyna
5798:
5705:
5632:
5593:Bougainvillea spectabilis
4885:
4827:
4789:Energy content of biofuel
4054:The Sydney Morning Herald
3749:10.1017/S0043174500040789
3248:"AGM Plants – Ornamental"
3215:10.1007/s13592-015-0384-8
3175:10.1007/s11367-016-1089-6
3018:10.1007/s11367-016-1089-6
2963:Academic Search Complete.
2930:. CABI Pub. p. 188.
2485:Prusinkiewicz, Przemyslaw
2366:Motloch, John L. (2000).
1951:. Accessed on 2 May 2023.
1908:, a 2014 mass protest in
1812:National and state symbol
1725:of still-life paintings.
1110:
953:
422:means 'annual' in Latin.
269:
262:
245:
238:
118:Scientific classification
116:
96:
74:
65:
55:
46:
41:
6793:Plants described in 1753
6008:Seven Wonders of Ukraine
4957:Rocky Mountain columbine
4763:Thermal depolymerization
4736:Industrial biotechnology
4276:Shosteck, Robert (1974)
4121:Harvard University Press
3049:"Chapter 16 – Sunflower"
2792:Blackman et al. (2011).
2459:Mathematical Biosciences
2063:Plants-In-Motion website
1460:, as it is cheaper than
1185:Helianthus annuus dwarf2
895:economically important.
758:Distribution and habitat
376:) is a species of large
345:Helianthus platycephalus
289:Helianthus erythrocarpus
6758:Phytoremediation plants
5873:Shche ne vmerla Ukraina
4731:Fischer–Tropsch process
4721:Biomass heating systems
3948:Smithsonian Institution
3891:– via Yahoo News.
3792:Environmental Pollution
3584:American Horticulturist
2198:10.1126/science.aaf9793
1769:Miss Dominican Republic
1685:, the first sunflowers
1488:growing the flowers as
924:Russian Orthodox Church
313:Helianthus lenticularis
5990:Saint Sophia Cathedral
5649:, state floral emblem
4927:Saguaro cactus blossom
3608:. Knopf. p. 384.
2965:Web. 17 November 2012.
2924:Hancock, J.F. (2012).
2712:Kartesz, J.T. (2015).
2606:10.3390/biology1030575
2400:Jean, Roger V (1994).
2262:Adam, John A. (2003).
1996:Guinness World Records
1921:London Gatwick Airport
1758:for family and friends
1678:
1667:
1598:from a pond after the
911:from America to Europe
702:where θ is the angle,
693:
650:
592:
531:
523:
515:
451:
450:Detail of disk florets
353:Helianthus tubaeformis
329:Helianthus multiflorus
321:Helianthus macrocarpus
6743:Edible nuts and seeds
4341:Sunflower cultivation
2889:10.3390/genes11030266
2804:Lentz et al. (2008).
2722:Taxonomic Data Center
2106:Gerard, John (1597).
1824:instead of butter or
1673:
1655:
1262:Indian Blanket Hybrid
1210:Award of Garden Merit
1175:Hybrids and cultivars
1116:of the United Nations
936:village of Alexeyevka
775:Helianthus petiolaris
694:
651:
586:
529:
521:
513:
449:
6818:Symbols of Tocantins
5785:Peresopnytsia Gospel
5760:Presidential symbols
5487:Tennessee coneflower
5476:Purple passionflower
5414:Penngift crown vetch
5351:Large white trillium
5057:Syringa, mock orange
4326:at Wikimedia Commons
4098:Helianthus annuus L.
3877:Agence France-Presse
3628:Neufeld, Dietrich.
3303:'Gullick's Variety'"
2489:Lindenmayer, Aristid
2316:on 16 September 2009
2310:University of Surrey
2065:. Indiana University
2057:Hangarter, Roger P.
1748:chief correspondent
1582:can also be used in
940:Voronezh Governorate
794:Threats and diseases
661:
624:
383:of the daisy family
6013:Greatest Ukrainians
5970:Kyiv Pechersk Lavra
5919:Volodymyr the Great
5842:Cossack with musket
5637:: state wildflower
5269:Pink lady's slipper
4819:Sustainable biofuel
4188:The Washington Post
4170:. 25 February 2022.
4150:. 28 February 2022.
4003:on 18 February 2014
3804:2024EPoll.34022778Z
3672:24 May 2008 at the
3602:Niering, William A.
3510:'Sunsation Yellow'"
3167:2017IJLCA..22..492M
3124:10.1051/ocl/2017056
2347:on 7 September 2009
2189:2016Sci...353..587A
2143:on 27 November 2012
1992:"Tallest Sunflower"
1888:Spiritualist Church
1863:of the US state of
416:ἄνθος : ánthos
412:ἥλιος : hḗlios
68:Conservation status
5939:Bohdan Khmelnytsky
5878:Prayer for Ukraine
5699:Symbols of Ukraine
5543:Coast rhododendron
4901:Oak-leaf hydrangea
2820:430.6996. 201–205.
2576:. 14 January 2010.
2446:on 3 October 2009.
2137:GeoChemBio website
1970:World Flora Online
1906:Sunflower Movement
1881:Aesthetic Movement
1765:Miss Universe 2020
1683:Iroquois mythology
1679:
1668:
1600:Chernobyl disaster
1253:Gullick's Variety
932:fasting traditions
890:of Mexico and the
769:Helianthus debilis
689:
646:
593:
579:Floret arrangement
532:
524:
516:
452:
305:Helianthus jaegeri
297:Helianthus indicus
6798:Symbols of Kansas
6700:
6699:
6543:Helianthus annuus
6530:Helianthus_annuus
6515:Open Tree of Life
6272:Helianthus annuus
6194:Helianthus_annuus
6135:helianthus-annuus
6068:Helianthus annuus
6038:Helianthus annuus
6030:Taxon identifiers
6021:
6020:
5949:Daniel of Galicia
5924:Yaroslav the Wise
5893:Zaporizhian March
5665:
5664:
5573:Indian paintbrush
5346:Scarlet carnation
5336:Wild prairie rose
5315:Flowering dogwood
5091:Wild prairie rose
5047:Hawaiian hibiscus
4845:
4844:
4758:Sabatier reaction
4322:Media related to
4273:(5520):1370–1373.
4205:. Appendix IV in
3976:. KimberlyUs.com.
3712:2:365–388 (p.375)
3560:Helianthus annuus
3534:Helianthus annuus
3508:Helianthus annuus
3483:Helianthus annuus
3457:Helianthus annuus
3431:Helianthus annuus
3279:. Apps.rhs.org.uk
3275:Helianthus annuus
3070:978-0-12-819194-1
2937:978-0-85199-874-9
2759:Helianthus Annuus
2716:Helianthus annuus
2685:Helianthus annuus
2651:Helianthus annuus
2547:Helianthus annuus
2521:Helianthus annuus
2504:978-0-387-97297-8
2415:978-0-521-40482-2
2379:978-0-471-35291-4
2275:978-0-691-11429-3
2241:978-0-444-50706-8
2183:(6299): 587–590.
2043:978-0-375-40233-3
1964:Helianthus annuus
1945:Helianthus annuus
1828:forbidden by the
1752:and photographer
1699:Sapling and Flint
1691:died giving birth
1580:Helianthus annuus
1552:Helianthus annuus
1490:ornamental plants
1470:Russian Civil War
1349:Strawberry Blonde
1274:Large Grey Stripe
1121:
1120:
1117:
968:
641:
616:polar coordinates
605:Fibonacci numbers
496:prairie sunflower
432:from the Americas
408:Helianthus annuus
389:edible oily seeds
373:Helianthus annuus
364:
363:
357:
349:
341:
337:Helianthus ovatus
333:
325:
317:
309:
301:
293:
285:
281:Helianthus aridus
275:
249:Helianthus annuus
111:
91:
58:Helianthus annuus
42:Common sunflower
18:Helianthus annuus
16:(Redirected from
6825:
6693:
6692:
6680:
6679:
6667:
6666:
6657:
6656:
6647:
6646:
6634:
6633:
6624:
6623:
6611:
6610:
6598:
6597:
6585:
6584:
6572:
6571:
6559:
6558:
6546:
6545:
6533:
6532:
6523:
6522:
6510:
6509:
6497:
6496:
6484:
6483:
6474:
6473:
6461:
6460:
6448:
6447:
6445:NBNSYS0000037346
6435:
6434:
6422:
6421:
6409:
6408:
6399:
6398:
6386:
6385:
6373:
6372:
6360:
6359:
6347:
6346:
6337:
6336:
6324:
6323:
6311:
6310:
6298:
6297:
6288:
6287:
6275:
6274:
6262:
6261:
6249:
6248:
6236:
6235:
6223:
6222:
6210:
6209:
6197:
6196:
6184:
6183:
6171:
6170:
6158:
6157:
6148:
6147:
6138:
6137:
6125:
6124:
6115:
6114:
6102:
6101:
6092:
6091:
6082:
6081:
6072:
6071:
6070:
6057:
6056:
6055:
6025:
5914:Taras Shevchenko
5804:
5792:National colours
5692:
5685:
5678:
5669:
5660:
5659:
5654:
5653:
5648:
5647:
5642:
5641:
5533:American dogwood
5494:
5493:
5483:
5482:
5452:
5451:
5440:Yellow jessamine
5421:
5420:
5390:
5389:
5379:
5378:
5358:
5357:
5327:
5326:
5276:
5275:
5215:
5214:
5184:
5183:
5152:Black-eyed susan
5133:
5132:
5038:
5037:
5027:
5026:
5010:
5009:
4979:
4978:
4972:Mirabilis jalapa
4947:California poppy
4908:
4907:
4872:
4865:
4858:
4849:
4835:
4834:
4679:Pongamia pinnata
4373:
4366:
4359:
4350:
4321:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4247:
4246:
4240:
4232:
4224:
4218:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4144:
4135:
4134:
4106:
4100:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4008:
3999:. Archived from
3993:
3987:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3933:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3849:. Archived from
3838:
3832:
3831:
3798:(Pt 2): 122778.
3783:
3777:
3776:
3728:
3722:
3719:
3713:
3706:
3700:
3682:
3676:
3663:
3657:
3651:
3645:
3639:
3633:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3598:
3587:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3485:'Russian Giant'"
3477:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3252:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3227:
3217:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3152:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3126:
3108:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3085:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3003:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2972:
2966:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2921:
2912:
2911:
2901:
2891:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2840:
2834:
2831:Kentucky history
2827:
2821:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2765:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2645:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2618:
2608:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2465:(3–4): 179–189.
2454:
2448:
2447:
2442:. Archived from
2436:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2422:
2407:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2312:. Archived from
2297:
2291:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2200:
2168:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2139:. Archived from
2129:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2091:. Archived from
2085:
2079:
2078:
2072:
2070:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2027:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1998:. Archived from
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1958:
1952:
1941:
1927:more generally.
1772:Kimberly Jiménez
1767:beauty pageant,
1716:Vincent van Gogh
1675:Vincent van Gogh
1665:
1662:
1659:with sunflower (
1657:Anthony van Dyck
1639:
1627:
1615:
1556:phytoremediation
1547:Phytoremediation
1446:used for cooking
1439:sunflower butter
1423:
1411:
1399:
1382:
1370:
1355:Sunsation Yellow
1316:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1256:
1238:
1204:have gained the
1203:
1141:Ammonium nitrate
1111:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1016:
1014:
1013:
998:
996:
995:
980:
978:
977:
962:
951:
882:, including the
856:Native Americans
845:
844:
840:
837:
698:
696:
695:
690:
685:
684:
655:
653:
652:
647:
642:
637:
368:common sunflower
355:
347:
339:
331:
323:
315:
307:
299:
291:
283:
273:
251:
126:
125:
105:
102:
101:
85:
80:
79:
51:
39:
21:
6833:
6832:
6828:
6827:
6826:
6824:
6823:
6822:
6728:Flora of Mexico
6703:
6702:
6701:
6696:
6688:
6683:
6675:
6670:
6662:
6660:
6652:
6650:
6642:
6637:
6629:
6627:
6619:
6614:
6606:
6601:
6593:
6588:
6580:
6575:
6567:
6562:
6554:
6549:
6541:
6536:
6528:
6526:
6518:
6513:
6505:
6502:Observation.org
6500:
6492:
6487:
6479:
6477:
6469:
6464:
6456:
6451:
6443:
6438:
6430:
6425:
6417:
6412:
6404:
6403:MichiganFlora:
6402:
6394:
6389:
6381:
6376:
6368:
6363:
6355:
6350:
6342:
6340:
6332:
6327:
6319:
6314:
6306:
6301:
6293:
6291:
6283:
6278:
6270:
6265:
6257:
6252:
6244:
6239:
6231:
6226:
6218:
6213:
6205:
6200:
6192:
6187:
6179:
6174:
6166:
6161:
6153:
6151:
6143:
6141:
6133:
6128:
6120:
6118:
6110:
6105:
6097:
6095:
6087:
6085:
6077:
6075:
6066:
6065:
6060:
6051:
6050:
6045:
6032:
6022:
6017:
5999:
5995:Khotyn Fortress
5953:
5902:
5861:
5837:Chervona kalyna
5805:
5796:
5714:
5701:
5696:
5666:
5661:
5657:
5656:
5651:
5650:
5645:
5644:
5639:
5638:
5628:
5627:
5583:Paogo (Ulafala)
5491:
5490:
5480:
5479:
5449:
5448:
5418:
5417:
5409:Mountain laurel
5387:
5386:
5376:
5375:
5355:
5354:
5324:
5323:
5273:
5272:
5212:
5211:
5181:
5180:
5177:Dwarf lake iris
5130:
5129:
5035:
5034:
5024:
5023:
5007:
5006:
4976:
4975:
4967:Mountain laurel
4905:
4904:
4881:
4876:
4846:
4841:
4823:
4799:Energy forestry
4767:
4699:
4661:Jatropha curcas
4622:
4615:
4523:Camelina sativa
4513:
4506:
4382:
4377:
4314:
4299:
4297:
4291:
4256:
4251:
4250:
4233:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4200:
4196:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4146:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4088:
4084:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4060:
4058:
4049:"Planting hope"
4047:
4046:
4042:
4032:
4030:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4006:
4004:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3986:Stevenson, p.93
3985:
3981:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3952:
3950:
3935:
3934:
3927:
3917:
3915:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3886:
3884:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3856:
3854:
3853:on 15 July 2011
3840:
3839:
3835:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3720:
3716:
3707:
3703:
3688:5(11):1434–40.
3683:
3679:
3674:Wayback Machine
3664:
3660:
3652:
3648:
3640:
3636:
3627:
3623:
3616:
3600:
3599:
3590:
3581:
3577:
3567:
3565:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3541:
3539:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3515:
3513:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3489:
3487:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3464:
3462:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3438:
3436:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3412:
3410:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3386:
3384:
3381:'Miss Mellish'"
3375:
3374:
3370:
3360:
3358:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3334:
3332:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3308:
3306:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3282:
3280:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3150:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3106:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3083:
3081:
3071:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2981:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2956:
2952:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2923:
2922:
2915:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2856:
2852:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2828:
2824:
2815:
2811:
2803:
2799:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2775:
2763:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2737:
2727:
2725:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2696:
2694:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2666:
2664:
2647:
2646:
2639:
2629:
2627:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2528:
2526:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2348:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2317:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2170:
2169:
2156:
2146:
2144:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2115:
2113:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2095:on 23 May 2013.
2087:
2086:
2082:
2068:
2066:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2029:
2028:
2015:
2005:
2003:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1877:
1875:Movement symbol
1850:nuclear weapons
1832:when observing
1830:Orthodox Church
1814:
1779:Greek mythology
1663:
1650:
1643:
1640:
1631:
1628:
1619:
1616:
1584:rhizofiltration
1554:can be used in
1549:
1511:combination of
1452:and to produce
1434:
1427:
1424:
1415:
1414:Mammoth Russian
1412:
1403:
1400:
1391:
1380:
1368:
1314:
1301:Mongolian Giant
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1254:
1236:
1201:
1177:
1153:
1137:
1125:sunflower seeds
1083:
1081:
1065:
1063:
1047:
1045:
1029:
1027:
1011:
1009:
993:
991:
975:
973:
949:
930:, according to
920:Helianthus spp.
868:Tabasco, Mexico
852:
842:
838:
835:
833:
830:
802:
796:
791:
760:
728:
716:Fermat's spiral
676:
659:
658:
622:
621:
591:=1 ... 500
581:
508:
465:
444:
428:
401:
360:
324:DC. & A.DC.
277:
276:
258:
253:
247:
234:
120:
112:
103:
99:
92:
81:
77:
70:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6831:
6829:
6821:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6705:
6704:
6698:
6697:
6695:
6694:
6681:
6677:wfo-0000088131
6668:
6658:
6648:
6635:
6625:
6612:
6599:
6586:
6573:
6560:
6547:
6534:
6524:
6511:
6498:
6485:
6475:
6462:
6449:
6436:
6423:
6410:
6400:
6387:
6374:
6361:
6348:
6338:
6325:
6312:
6299:
6289:
6276:
6263:
6250:
6237:
6224:
6211:
6198:
6185:
6172:
6159:
6149:
6139:
6126:
6116:
6103:
6093:
6083:
6073:
6058:
6042:
6040:
6034:
6033:
6028:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6015:
6010:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5965:Sofiyivka Park
5961:
5959:
5955:
5954:
5952:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5929:Lesya Ukrainka
5926:
5921:
5916:
5910:
5908:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5869:
5867:
5863:
5862:
5860:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5813:
5811:
5807:
5806:
5799:
5797:
5795:
5794:
5789:
5788:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5757:
5756:
5755:
5750:
5740:
5739:
5738:
5733:
5722:
5720:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5712:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5697:
5695:
5694:
5687:
5680:
5672:
5663:
5662:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5626:
5625:
5615:
5605:
5595:
5585:
5575:
5565:
5555:
5545:
5535:
5525:
5515:
5505:
5503:Bluebonnet sp.
5495:
5463:
5453:
5432:
5422:
5401:
5391:
5372:Indian blanket
5359:
5338:
5328:
5307:
5297:
5287:
5277:
5256:
5246:
5236:
5226:
5216:
5195:
5185:
5164:
5154:
5144:
5134:
5126:Louisiana iris
5113:
5103:
5093:
5083:
5073:
5059:
5049:
5039:
5011:
4998:Orange blossom
4990:
4980:
4959:
4949:
4939:
4929:
4919:
4909:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4852:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4675:
4664:
4657:
4652:
4650:Chinese tallow
4647:
4640:
4635:
4627:
4625:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4518:
4516:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4497:Water hyacinth
4494:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4477:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4392:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4368:
4361:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4338:
4332:
4327:
4313:
4312:External links
4310:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4289:
4274:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4219:
4194:
4173:
4153:
4136:
4129:
4101:
4082:
4079:. 13 May 2021.
4068:
4040:
4029:. 17 July 2015
4014:
3988:
3979:
3960:
3925:
3894:
3883:on 1 July 2011
3864:
3833:
3778:
3743:(4): 372–377.
3723:
3714:
3701:
3677:
3658:
3646:
3634:
3621:
3614:
3588:
3575:
3549:
3523:
3497:
3472:
3446:
3420:
3394:
3368:
3355:'Loddon Gold'"
3342:
3329:'Lemon Queen'"
3316:
3290:
3264:
3239:
3208:(2): 161–170.
3188:
3161:(4): 492–501.
3138:
3094:
3069:
3039:
2989:
2967:
2959:Kirkus Reviews
2950:
2936:
2913:
2862:
2857:Smith (2006).
2850:
2835:
2822:
2809:
2797:
2785:
2747:
2735:
2704:
2674:
2637:
2599:(3): 576–577.
2579:
2561:
2536:
2510:
2503:
2476:
2449:
2431:
2414:
2392:
2378:
2358:
2327:
2292:
2274:
2254:
2240:
2220:
2154:
2124:
2098:
2080:
2049:
2042:
2013:
2002:on 7 June 2023
1983:
1953:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1895:green ideology
1876:
1873:
1838:bioremediation
1813:
1810:
1794:god of the sun
1728:In July 2015,
1649:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1610:
1586:to neutralize
1548:
1545:
1502:hypoallergenic
1494:plant diseases
1433:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1250:Giant Primrose
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1232:Chianti Hybrid
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1217:American Giant
1214:
1176:
1173:
1152:
1149:
1136:
1135:Fertilizer use
1133:
1119:
1118:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1006:
1005:
1002:
988:
987:
984:
970:
969:
960:
956:
955:
948:
945:
916:Russian Empire
851:
848:
829:
826:
798:Main article:
795:
792:
790:
787:
759:
756:
730:The sunflower
727:
724:
700:
699:
688:
683:
679:
675:
672:
669:
666:
656:
645:
640:
635:
632:
629:
580:
577:
507:
504:
464:
461:
443:
440:
427:
424:
400:
397:
362:
361:
359:
358:
350:
342:
334:
326:
318:
310:
302:
294:
286:
272:
271:
270:
267:
266:
260:
259:
254:
243:
242:
236:
235:
231:H. annuus
228:
226:
222:
221:
214:
210:
209:
204:
200:
199:
194:
190:
189:
184:
177:
176:
171:
164:
163:
158:
151:
150:
145:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
114:
113:
97:
94:
93:
75:
72:
71:
66:
63:
62:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6830:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6738:Annual plants
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6710:
6708:
6691:
6686:
6682:
6678:
6673:
6669:
6665:
6659:
6655:
6649:
6645:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6626:
6622:
6617:
6613:
6609:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6591:
6587:
6583:
6578:
6574:
6570:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6539:
6535:
6531:
6525:
6521:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6503:
6499:
6495:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6476:
6472:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6441:
6437:
6433:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6415:
6411:
6407:
6401:
6397:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6339:
6335:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6290:
6286:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6255:
6251:
6247:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6150:
6146:
6140:
6136:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6117:
6113:
6108:
6104:
6100:
6094:
6090:
6084:
6080:
6074:
6069:
6063:
6059:
6054:
6048:
6044:
6043:
6041:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6026:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6005:
6002:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5956:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5905:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5864:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5847:Cossack Mamay
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5817:Slava Ukraini
5815:
5814:
5812:
5808:
5803:
5793:
5790:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5761:
5758:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5744:
5741:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5727:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5717:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5704:
5700:
5693:
5688:
5686:
5681:
5679:
5674:
5673:
5670:
5636:
5631:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5496:
5489:
5488:
5478:
5477:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5464:
5462:
5461:Pasque flower
5459:
5458:
5454:
5447:
5446:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5423:
5416:
5415:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5392:
5385:
5384:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5367:Oklahoma rose
5365:
5364:
5360:
5353:
5352:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5329:
5322:
5321:
5320:Carolina lily
5316:
5313:
5312:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5278:
5271:
5270:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5217:
5210:
5209:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5186:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5172:Apple blossom
5170:
5169:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5135:
5128:
5127:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5040:
5033:
5032:
5031:Cherokee rose
5022:
5021:
5017:
5016:
5012:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4991:
4989:
4988:Peach blossom
4986:
4985:
4981:
4974:
4973:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4938:
4937:Apple blossom
4935:
4934:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4920:
4918:
4917:Forget-me-not
4915:
4914:
4910:
4903:
4902:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4889:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4873:
4868:
4866:
4861:
4859:
4854:
4853:
4850:
4838:
4830:
4829:
4826:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4809:Food vs. fuel
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4618:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4509:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4452:
4451:vegetable oil
4449:
4448:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4374:
4369:
4367:
4362:
4360:
4355:
4354:
4351:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4335:Sunflowerseed
4333:
4331:
4328:
4325:
4320:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4295:
4290:
4287:
4286:9780812904536
4283:
4279:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4244:
4238:
4230:
4223:
4220:
4216:
4215:0-595-36353-9
4212:
4208:
4204:
4198:
4195:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4177:
4174:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4157:
4154:
4149:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4132:
4130:9780674990463
4126:
4122:
4118:
4116:
4115:Metamorphoses
4111:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4083:
4078:
4072:
4069:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4044:
4041:
4028:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4002:
3998:
3992:
3989:
3983:
3980:
3975:
3973:
3964:
3961:
3949:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3898:
3895:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3837:
3834:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3782:
3779:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3727:
3724:
3718:
3715:
3711:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3625:
3622:
3617:
3615:0-394-50432-1
3611:
3607:
3603:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3576:
3563:
3561:
3553:
3550:
3537:
3536:'Teddy Bear'"
3535:
3527:
3524:
3511:
3509:
3501:
3498:
3486:
3484:
3476:
3473:
3460:
3458:
3450:
3447:
3434:
3432:
3424:
3421:
3408:
3406:
3398:
3395:
3382:
3380:
3372:
3369:
3356:
3354:
3346:
3343:
3330:
3328:
3320:
3317:
3304:
3302:
3294:
3291:
3278:
3276:
3268:
3265:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3192:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3139:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2990:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2939:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2851:
2846:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2786:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2760:
2751:
2748:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2723:
2719:
2717:
2708:
2705:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2678:
2675:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2652:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2557:
2555:
2550:
2548:
2540:
2537:
2524:
2522:
2514:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2417:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2396:
2393:
2381:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2362:
2359:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2328:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2293:
2288:
2277:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2258:
2255:
2243:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2231:Photomovement
2224:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2111:
2110:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1900:
1899:Vegan Society
1896:
1891:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1806:borage family
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1754:Kate Geraghty
1751:
1750:Paul McGeough
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1681:According to
1676:
1672:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1638:
1633:
1626:
1621:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1588:radionuclides
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1509:three sisters
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1468:, during the
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1417:
1410:
1405:
1398:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1373:Thousand Suns
1372:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1343:Solar Eclipse
1342:
1339:
1337:Russian Giant
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1319:Peach Passion
1318:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1294:
1289:Miss Mellish
1288:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1268:Italian White
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1241:Dwarf Sunspot
1240:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1223:Autumn Beauty
1222:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1181:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1159:, often with
1158:
1157:crop rotation
1151:Crop rotation
1150:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1090:United States
1080:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1019:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1001:
990:
989:
985:
983:
972:
971:
966:
963:(Millions of
961:
958:
957:
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946:
944:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
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893:
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849:
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815:
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809:
808:
801:
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788:
786:
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770:
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749:
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741:
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733:
725:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
686:
681:
677:
673:
670:
667:
664:
657:
643:
638:
633:
630:
627:
620:
619:
618:
617:
613:
608:
606:
602:
598:
590:
585:
578:
576:
574:
570:
569:inflorescence
566:
560:
557:
553:
549:
544:
542:
537:
536:track the Sun
528:
520:
512:
505:
503:
501:
500:H. petiolaris
497:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
462:
460:
458:
448:
441:
439:
437:
436:sunflower oil
433:
426:Domestication
425:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
406:
405:binomial name
398:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
379:
375:
374:
369:
354:
351:
346:
343:
338:
335:
330:
327:
322:
319:
314:
311:
306:
303:
298:
295:
290:
287:
282:
279:
268:
265:
261:
257:
252:
250:
244:
241:
240:Binomial name
237:
233:
232:
227:
224:
223:
220:
219:
215:
212:
211:
208:
205:
202:
201:
198:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
148:Tracheophytes
146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
124:
119:
115:
109:
95:
89:
84:
83:Least Concern
73:
69:
64:
61:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
6748:Energy crops
6037:
5743:Coat of arms
5634:
5623:Yellow elder
5617:
5607:
5597:
5587:
5577:
5567:
5557:
5553:Rhododendron
5547:
5537:
5527:
5517:
5507:
5497:
5485:
5474:
5465:
5455:
5443:
5434:
5424:
5412:
5403:
5399:Oregon grape
5393:
5381:
5370:
5361:
5349:
5340:
5330:
5318:
5309:
5299:
5295:Yucca flower
5289:
5279:
5267:
5264:Purple lilac
5258:
5248:
5238:
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5218:
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5197:
5187:
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4951:
4941:
4931:
4921:
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4899:
4890:
4677:
4671:
4667:
4659:
4642:
4638:Big bluestem
4630:
4623:energy crops
4600:
4578:
4521:
4298:. Retrieved
4277:
4270:
4264:
4222:
4206:
4202:
4197:
4186:
4176:
4167:The Guardian
4165:
4156:
4113:
4104:
4085:
4071:
4059:. Retrieved
4052:
4043:
4031:. Retrieved
4027:The Guardian
4026:
4017:
4005:. Retrieved
4001:the original
3991:
3982:
3971:
3963:
3951:. Retrieved
3941:
3916:. Retrieved
3907:
3897:
3885:. Retrieved
3881:the original
3867:
3855:. Retrieved
3851:the original
3847:Science News
3846:
3836:
3795:
3791:
3781:
3740:
3737:Weed Science
3736:
3726:
3717:
3709:
3704:
3685:
3680:
3661:
3649:
3637:
3629:
3624:
3605:
3583:
3578:
3566:. Retrieved
3562:'Valentine'"
3559:
3552:
3540:. Retrieved
3533:
3526:
3514:. Retrieved
3507:
3500:
3488:. Retrieved
3482:
3475:
3463:. Retrieved
3456:
3449:
3437:. Retrieved
3430:
3423:
3411:. Retrieved
3404:
3397:
3385:. Retrieved
3378:
3371:
3359:. Retrieved
3352:
3345:
3333:. Retrieved
3326:
3319:
3307:. Retrieved
3300:
3293:
3281:. Retrieved
3274:
3267:
3255:. Retrieved
3242:
3205:
3201:
3191:
3158:
3154:
3141:
3114:
3110:
3097:
3089:
3082:, retrieved
3052:
3042:
3009:
3005:
2992:
2980:. Retrieved
2970:
2962:
2961:75.23:1236.
2958:
2953:
2941:. Retrieved
2926:
2879:
2875:
2865:
2853:
2844:
2838:
2825:
2817:
2812:
2800:
2788:
2776:. Retrieved
2774:(4): 397–404
2771:
2767:
2758:
2750:
2726:. Retrieved
2721:
2715:
2707:
2695:. Retrieved
2691:Plant Finder
2690:
2684:
2677:
2665:. Retrieved
2655:
2650:
2628:. Retrieved
2596:
2592:
2582:
2574:ScienceDaily
2573:
2564:
2552:
2546:
2539:
2527:. Retrieved
2520:
2513:
2493:
2479:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2444:the original
2434:
2426:
2419:. Retrieved
2403:
2395:
2383:. Retrieved
2368:
2361:
2349:. Retrieved
2345:the original
2340:
2330:
2318:. Retrieved
2314:the original
2305:
2295:
2287:Google Books
2285:– via
2279:. Retrieved
2264:
2257:
2245:. Retrieved
2230:
2223:
2180:
2176:
2145:. Retrieved
2141:the original
2136:
2127:
2114:. Retrieved
2108:
2101:
2093:the original
2083:
2074:
2067:. Retrieved
2062:
2052:
2032:
2004:. Retrieved
2000:the original
1995:
1986:
1974:. Retrieved
1969:
1963:
1956:
1944:
1939:
1925:Commonwealth
1914:
1903:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1861:state flower
1858:
1815:
1802:heliotropium
1776:
1762:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1703:
1680:
1596:strontium-90
1579:
1551:
1550:
1541:
1533:medicine man
1525:allelopathic
1506:
1478:
1443:
1435:
1385:Velvet Queen
1352:Sunny Hybrid
1331:Ring of Fire
1283:Loddon Gold
1277:Lemon Queen
1194:
1190:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1154:
1138:
1122:
1104:
1099:
919:
908:
904:Great Plains
897:
853:
831:
819:
814:Downy mildew
812:
805:
803:
780:
773:
767:
761:
752:human genome
738:with a base
729:
720:golden ratio
711:
707:
703:
701:
609:
597:golden angle
594:
588:
567:below their
561:
548:heliotropism
545:
533:
506:Heliotropism
499:
493:
489:disk flowers
473:pseudanthium
466:
457:heart-shaped
453:
429:
419:
415:
411:
407:
402:
372:
371:
367:
365:
352:
344:
336:
328:
320:
312:
304:
296:
288:
280:
248:
246:
230:
229:
217:
180:
167:
154:
141:
57:
36:
6427:NatureServe
6329:iNaturalist
6062:Wikispecies
5985:Chersonesus
5944:Ivan Mazepa
5934:Ivan Franko
5603:Flores mayo
5563:Wood violet
4794:Energy crop
4741:Pellet fuel
4726:Biorefinery
4690:Switchgrass
4534:Coconut oil
4512:Energy from
4446:Cooking oil
4431:Biogasoline
4406:Babassu oil
4117:: Books 1–8
3943:Smithsonian
3857:3 September
3459:'Pastiche'"
3433:'Munchkin'"
3225:11336/44997
2529:20 February
2404:Phyllotaxis
1976:30 November
1822:cooking oil
1709:Zuni people
1664: 1633
1592:caesium-137
1529:Zuni people
1466:World War I
1450:carrier oil
1388:Yellow Disk
1367:Teddy Bear
1304:Moon-Walker
1271:Kong Hybrid
1244:Evening Sun
880:solar deity
860:prehistoric
828:Cultivation
744:genome size
541:John Gerard
481:ray flowers
442:Description
161:Angiosperms
108:NatureServe
60:cv. Sunfola
6723:Helianthus
6707:Categories
6651:WisFlora:
6551:Plant List
6152:Calflora:
5980:Khortytsia
5888:Za Ukrainu
5822:Vyshyvanka
5810:Unofficial
5523:Red clover
5234:Bitterroot
4704:Technology
4685:Salicornia
4668:Miscanthus
4591:Sugar beet
4463:cellulosic
4436:Bioliquids
4416:Biobutanol
4324:Sunflowers
4300:31 January
3953:8 February
3918:22 January
3407:'Monarch'"
3405:Helianthus
3379:Helianthus
3353:Helianthus
3327:Helianthus
3301:Helianthus
3202:Apidologie
3133:2036361008
2882:(3): 266.
2778:15 October
2421:31 January
2385:31 January
2351:31 January
2320:31 January
2281:31 January
1931:References
1869:Kitakyūshū
1846:Pervomaysk
1721:Sunflowers
1590:, such as
1426:Teddy Bear
1379:Valentine
1364:Tarahumara
1340:Skyscraper
1310:Orange Sun
1265:Irish Eyes
1259:Incredible
947:Production
748:base pairs
740:chromosome
414:'sun' and
385:Asteraceae
218:Helianthus
207:Asteraceae
6813:Oil seeds
6556:gcc-44475
6285:200024005
6259:200024005
6241:FloraBase
6122:286-14-4d
5958:Landmarks
5513:Sego lily
5445:Goldenrod
5383:Mistletoe
5254:Sagebrush
5244:Goldenrod
5162:Mayflower
5111:Goldenrod
5101:Sunflower
4779:Agflation
4672:giganteus
4601:Sunflower
4596:Sugarcane
4514:foodstock
4421:Biodiesel
4380:Bioenergy
3820:0269-7491
3757:0043-1745
3694:1835-2707
3277:'Claret'"
3234:0044-8435
3183:112613303
3079:243584066
3034:112613303
2728:4 October
2697:4 October
2667:4 October
2630:4 October
2247:15 August
2207:0036-8075
2069:22 August
1871:, Japan.
1842:Chernobyl
1742:Hilversum
1695:twin sons
1572:strontium
1486:gardeners
1482:cultivars
1462:olive oil
1458:biodiesel
1454:margarine
1402:Prado Red
1325:Prado Red
1322:Peredovik
1313:Pastiche
1229:Black Oil
1226:Aztec Sun
1198:cultivars
1018:Argentina
872:Tennessee
822:broomrape
682:∘
674:×
665:θ
556:circadian
399:Etymology
393:bird food
225:Species:
197:Asterales
131:Kingdom:
6639:VicFlora
6628:VASCAN:
6616:Tropicos
6527:PalDat:
6432:2.134717
6396:19073408
6370:10209455
6357:119003-2
6189:eFloraSA
6142:BioLib:
6047:Wikidata
5719:Official
5224:Hawthorn
5208:Tickseed
5203:Magnolia
5121:Magnolia
5071:Milkweed
5003:Tickseed
4896:Camellia
4837:Category
4772:Concepts
4655:Duckweed
4644:Camelina
4621:Non-food
4569:Rapeseed
4559:Palm oil
4502:Wood gas
4475:Methanol
4468:mixtures
4388:Biofuels
4237:cite web
4112:(1977).
3912:Archived
3828:37863250
3773:89016579
3670:Archived
3568:1 August
3542:1 August
3516:1 August
3465:1 August
3439:1 August
3413:1 August
3387:1 August
3361:1 August
3335:1 August
3309:1 August
3283:2 August
3129:ProQuest
3117:: D104.
3026:23974447
2982:13 March
2908:32121324
2625:24832509
2491:(1990).
2215:27493185
2147:8 August
2116:8 August
1537:poultice
1504:rubber.
1474:kerosene
1358:Sunshine
1307:Munchkin
1295:Monarch
1247:Florenza
1183:Hybrid,
1169:rapeseed
1112:Source:
959:Country
886:and the
807:Fusarium
565:pulvinus
552:anthesis
274:Synonymy
264:Synonyms
203:Family:
187:Asterids
174:Eudicots
88:IUCN 3.1
6690:1093449
6621:2700851
6466:NTFlora
6414:MoBotPF
6308:9206251
6176:Ecocrop
6053:Q171497
5857:Horilka
5832:Bandura
5827:Pysanka
5753:regions
5736:regions
5635:Italics
4586:Soybean
4580:Sorghum
4529:Cassava
4458:Ethanol
4441:Biomass
4411:Bagasse
4396:Alcohol
4266:Science
4254:Sources
4007:7 March
3908:Reuters
3887:25 June
3800:Bibcode
3765:4043628
3257:3 March
3163:Bibcode
2943:7 April
2899:7140811
2860:. PNAS.
2795:. PNAS.
2616:4009819
2593:Biology
2185:Bibcode
2177:Science
1818:Ukraine
1746:Fairfax
1738:tribute
1693:to her
1648:Culture
1576:uranium
1560:cadmium
1448:, as a
1328:Red Sun
1235:Claret
1165:soybean
1161:cereals
1129:Ukraine
1114:FAOSTAT
1054:Romania
1000:Ukraine
850:History
841:⁄
789:Ecology
736:diploid
612:florets
601:spirals
477:florets
403:In the
316:Douglas
213:Genus:
193:Order:
135:Plantae
106: (
104:Secure
86: (
6608:3158-1
6595:105515
6564:PLANTS
6520:515712
6478:NZOR:
6419:277199
6295:HELANN
6292:FoIO:
6233:157986
6207:468106
6130:ARKive
6119:APSA:
6096:APDB:
6076:AoFP:
5907:People
5775:Bulava
5770:Collar
5430:Violet
5285:Violet
5067:Violet
5020:Azalea
4632:Arundo
4564:Potato
4480:Stover
4426:Biogas
4296:. USDA
4284:
4213:
4127:
4061:30 May
4057:. 2015
4033:30 May
3826:
3818:
3771:
3763:
3755:
3692:
3612:
3586:72(8).
3232:
3181:
3131:
3084:4 July
3077:
3067:
3032:
3024:
2934:
2906:
2896:
2818:Nature
2623:
2613:
2556:(NCBI)
2525:. NCBI
2501:
2412:
2376:
2272:
2238:
2213:
2205:
2040:
1910:Taiwan
1865:Kansas
1798:Greece
1792:, the
1790:Helios
1786:Clytie
1781:, the
1730:viable
1723:series
1618:Pollen
1574:, and
1568:cesium
1521:squash
1519:, and
1346:Soraya
1334:Rostov
1220:Arnika
1167:, or
1087:
1072:Turkey
1069:
1051:
1033:
1015:
997:
982:Russia
979:
965:tonnes
884:Aztecs
732:genome
726:Genome
573:turgor
485:ligule
469:flower
463:Flower
420:annuus
378:annual
308:Heiser
292:Bartl.
6685:WoRMS
6661:WoI:
6603:SANBI
6569:HEAN3
6489:NZPCN
6383:36616
6365:IRMNG
6341:IPA:
6334:57983
6321:27923
6267:FoAO2
6228:EUNIS
6220:HELAN
6168:3K5TS
6145:41534
6112:75980
6099:99476
6086:APA:
5866:Songs
5852:Hopak
5081:Peony
4751:stove
4606:Wheat
4549:Maize
4539:Grape
4492:Straw
4401:Algae
3769:S2CID
3761:JSTOR
3564:. RHS
3538:. RHS
3512:. RHS
3490:9 May
3461:. RHS
3435:. RHS
3409:. RHS
3383:. RHS
3357:. RHS
3331:. RHS
3305:. RHS
3251:(PDF)
3179:S2CID
3151:(PDF)
3107:(PDF)
3075:S2CID
3030:S2CID
3002:(PDF)
2876:Genes
2806:PNAS.
2764:(PDF)
2006:4 May
1783:nymph
1517:beans
1498:latex
1376:Titan
1361:Taiyo
1100:World
1036:China
1004:13.1
986:13.3
900:clade
892:Incas
888:Otomi
764:mulch
678:137.5
356:Nutt.
348:Cass.
340:Lehm.
332:Hook.
284:Rydb.
181:Clade
168:Clade
155:Clade
142:Clade
6654:3811
6631:3189
6577:POWO
6538:PfaF
6507:6848
6494:4046
6458:4232
6453:NCBI
6391:IUCN
6378:ITIS
6352:IPNI
6344:5688
6316:GRIN
6303:GBIF
6246:8008
6215:EPPO
6181:1191
6155:4040
6107:APNI
6079:1825
5780:Seal
5765:Flag
5748:list
5731:list
5726:Flag
5613:Maga
5471:Iris
5305:Rose
4746:mill
4695:Wood
4574:Rice
4544:Hemp
4485:corn
4302:2011
4282:ISBN
4243:link
4211:ISBN
4125:ISBN
4110:Ovid
4063:2021
4035:2021
4009:2014
3955:2023
3920:2012
3889:2011
3859:2010
3824:PMID
3816:ISSN
3753:ISSN
3690:ISSN
3610:ISBN
3570:2020
3544:2020
3518:2020
3492:2023
3467:2020
3441:2020
3415:2020
3389:2020
3363:2020
3337:2020
3311:2020
3285:2020
3259:2018
3230:ISSN
3086:2023
3065:ISBN
3022:PMID
2984:2022
2945:2022
2932:ISBN
2904:PMID
2780:2014
2730:2023
2699:2023
2669:2023
2632:2023
2621:PMID
2531:2012
2499:ISBN
2423:2011
2410:ISBN
2387:2011
2374:ISBN
2353:2011
2322:2011
2283:2011
2270:ISBN
2249:2010
2236:ISBN
2211:PMID
2203:ISSN
2149:2012
2118:2012
2071:2012
2038:ISBN
2008:2014
1978:2022
1915:The
1834:Lent
1826:lard
1707:The
1687:grew
1594:and
1564:zinc
1513:corn
1456:and
1432:Uses
1212:):-
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